2012 No. 2(32)
DOI: 10.5277/arc120215
Barbara Uherek-Bradecka*, Tomasz Bradecki*
Cultural aspects of sauna and SPA architecture in the city – examples of design and execution
Introduction
SPA stands for sanus per aquam which in Latin means of them could occupy from several to more than a dozen health through water . SPAs are supposed to provide the KHFWDUHV HJ WKH %DWKV RI &DUDFDOOD ± KHFWDUHV DQG atmosphere of peace and relaxation and the activities con- they housed libraries or gyms and they were big enough nected with water are to positively affect the human body to provide room for a few hundred or even a few thou- and mind [6, pp. 66–71]. The term SPA is becoming more sand people at the same time. The interior layout of the and more popular in everyday life. At present SPAs are Roman baths should be considered highly characteristic. DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VSHFL¿F DFWLYLWLHV PDVVDJHV ELRORJLFDO %HJLQQLQJ IURP WKH EDWKV RI7LWXV D GRXEOH V\PPHWUL - regeneration in its broad sense, baths, etc.) as well as prod- cal) layout of the rooms with frigidarium in its center and ucts and spaces that are connected with water treatment the other smaller rooms around it was popular. The frigi- DQGVSHFLDOULWXDOV63$VDUHDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQWKHDUFKLWHF - darium itself and the spaces around it was very impres- ture of such buildings as thermae , baths, saunas and other sive, monumental, tall and vaulted often with apses around buildings that are more and more common also in the city it, and the whole structure provided effective perspective space. YLHZV>@ )LJ The origin of SPAs can be traced back to hot baths that Later baths were public and few private Turkish baths were present in Asia and in time they were adapted in Eu- hamam ) or Arab baths popular in Islamic countries. The rope. Still in the 7 th –5 th centuries B.C. there were cases RIEXLOGLQJERQ¿UHVXVHGDOVRIRUEDWKV PDLQO\E\6ODYLF tribes as well as in Syria, Greece, and Egypt) [4, pp. 6–7]. 7KHDQFLHQW5RPDQEDWKVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGWKH¿UVW SPA spaces. The oldest baths known as thermae were dis- covered at Pompeii and they date back to the 2 nd century B.C. [5]. The Baths of Caracalla from the 3 rd century can be considered some of the biggest. The most important elements of the functional and spatial program of the an- cient baths include apodyterium URRP IRU XQGUHVVLQJ tepidarium URRP IRU ZDUP EDWK caldarium URRP IRU hot bath), frigidarium FROGZDWHUEDWK palestra RXWVLGH space for exercises). Baths were important buildings in )LJ7KH%DWKVRI&DUDFDOODLQ5RPH ± $QDWWHPSW the functional and spatial layout of ancient cities – located DWUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ OHIW DQGÀRRUSODQ ULJKW 6RXUFH >@ in the neighborhood of other important facilities so they KDQGVNHWFKHVE\7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND FRXOGEHRIWHQXVHG7KHJUHDWHVWDQGWKHPRVWPDJQL¿FHQW ,O7HUP\.DUDNDOOLZ5]\PLH ±UQH 3UyEDUHNRQVWUXNFML SROHZHM RUD]G\VSR]\FMDSU]HVWU]HQQDU]XWX SRSUDZHM ħUyGáR >@ )DFXOW\RI$UFKLWHFWXUH6LOHVLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ V]NLFHRGUĊF]QH7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND %DUEDUD8KHUHN%UDGHFND7RPDV]%UDGHFNL greatest of them included numerous baths constructed later from the vestibule there was the main room with a stove during the Ottoman Empire also in the conquered territo- on which water was poured to get a lot of steam [4, pp. ULHV WKHPRVWIDPRXVLQFOXGHWKH7XUNLVKEDWK5XGDVLQ 6–7], [2]. Later European baths were in general privately Budapest from the 16 th FHQWXU\ 7KH¿UVWPHQWLRQVRIWKH owned by the rulers; they were also built in monasteries, EDWKVLQ(XURSHFRPHIURPWKHWXUQRIWKH th and 11 th cen- DQGSXEOLFEDWKVZHUHPRUHUDUH>SS±@ WXULHV WKH\ZHUHWKHQVPDOOZRRGHQVWUXFWXUHVZKHUHDSDUW
Contemporary Sauna Structures
The evident growth in interest in hot baths could be ± EUHDG RYHQ VDXQDV VDXQDV ZLWK EUHDG RYHQV ZKHUH REVHUYHGLQWKH th century, mainly due to the more popu- bread is baked and eaten and where the aroma is also lar knowledge of their therapeutic properties. The termi- used as an element of sauna ritual – these saunas are QRORJ\FRQQHFWHGZLWKEDWKLQJIDFLOLWLHVLVZRUWKQRWLQJ in a sense an analogy to the historical bread ovens that originally thermae meant a complex of buildings used for were used as saunas when there was no more bread). hot baths, entertainment, and relaxation; baths were often $OO WKRVH GH¿QLWLRQV DQG SDUDPHWHUV DUH SDUWO\ FRQYHQ - parts of thermae – rooms used for taking hot baths in wa- tional; at present experiments are done with different ter, water vapor or air. Sauna, on the other hand, is a more sauna types and attractions as well as different auxil- SRSXODUWHUPWRGD\PHDQLQJDVSHFLDONLQGRIEDWK DFFWR iary functions, including cooling spaces – necessary to WKHSRSXODU(QF\FORSHGLDLWLVD)LQQLVKEDWK 6RLWFDQ XVHULJKWDIWHUOHDYLQJWKHVDXQD FROGVKRZHUVEXFN - be claimed that the terms sauna and bath can be used in- ets with cold water, cold water swimming pools, caves WHUFKDQJHDEO\ LQVRPHVLWXDWLRQV EHFDXVHWKHLUIXQFWLRQV with ice rub as well as snow and ice caves) and lounges are very similar, whereas at present we can talk about an VSDFHVIRUUHVWDIWHUVDXQDVHVVLRQV evident disappearance of bathing for hygienic purposes The most famous sauna structures in Europe include and that is why the term sauna is more popular. At present Mediterana in Bergisch Gladbach in Germany with )LQODQGLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHSODFHRIRULJLQRIVDXQDV a very extensive complex of more than a dozen saunas, – places designed for hot baths. Saunas are very popular baths and numerous other auxiliary spaces dedicated WKHUHZKLFKLVUHÀHFWHGLQWKHLUQXPHURXVGHVLJQVLQSXEOLF WRWKHP7KHFRPSOH[KDVHJDURPDWLFVDOW)LQQLVK buildings and private apartments. The architecture of sau- Moorish and other saunas – all interiors are decorated na structures is usually traditional – they are made of wood ZLWKDUFKLWHFWXUDOPRWLIVDOOXGLQJWRVSHFL¿FWKHPHV$Q - WRDVVHSDUDWHEXLOGLQJVRUWREH¿WWHGLQVLGHRWKHUEXLOG - other example of a typical sauna complex is Bad Ben- ings. A typical functional and spatial design would include theim in Germany with seven external thematic saunas a vestibule to undress and a sauna room with benches and KRW)LQQLVKHXFDO\SWXVKHUEDODQGPDQ\RWKHUDX[LOLD - a stove. In most cases the space in front of a sauna is used U\IXQFWLRQVVXFKDVWHFDOGDULXPYDSRULXP KRWURRPV IRUFRROLQJ ERWKLQWKHSDVWDQGDWSUHVHQWDEXFNHWZLWK as well as a complex of recreational swimming pools and cold water, a river, lake or snow and ice can serve the cool- a group of SPA and wellness amenities. Therme Erding, ing function. one of the largest thermal bath complexes in Europe, At present one can notice a broad diversity and special- ZLWKLWVWKHPDWLFVDXQDVLVMXVWDSDUWRIDKXJHIXQF - ization of spaces designed to serve the functions connected tional program including swimming pools, slides, sports with the SPA. Some of them are dedicated exclusively for and recreation areas. WKHUDSHXWLFSUDFWLFHV PDVVDJHVWKHUDS\YDULRXVNLQGVRI Rarely do the sauna structures provide only one func- special baths. Others include sauna structures designed for tion – most often this is a supplementary function of rituals connected with building bodily strength in saunas. a greater SPA complex connected with swimming pools The rest of the article discusses the huge sauna facilities. XVXDOO\DZDWHUSDUN RUVRPHRWKHUUHFUHDWLRQFRPSOH[ At present one can notice the process of specialization of $VLJQL¿FDQWJURZWKLQWKHQXPEHURISXEOLFO\DFFHVVLEOH saunas due to different temperatures, air humidity or acces- VDXQDVLQ3RODQGEHJDQLQWKHSHULRGDIWHUWKH VDQGLW VRULHVVXFKDVVFHQWVRUOLJKW7KHPRVWSRSXODULQFOXGH has continued until now. It is also worth noting that most ± )LQQLVK VDXQDV RIWHQ GHVFULEHG DV GU\ VDXQDV ± RI WKHP RSHUDWH LQ XUEDQL]HG DUHDV LQ DOUHDG\ H[LVWLQJ &DQGKXPLGLW\XSWR buildings) or near them. ± ZHWVDXQDV WHPSHUDWXUH±&DQGKXPLGLW\XSWR The biggest sauna complexes that have been opened so IDULQ3RODQGLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ ± VPRNH VDXQDV WHPSHUDWXUH ± & DQG KXPLGLW\ ± FRPSOH[RIVDXQDVLQ:URFáDZ:DWHU3DUN ± ± FRPSOH[RIVDXQDVLQµ%DQ\D¶LQ%LDáND7DWU]DĔVND ± DURPDWLF VDXQDV WHPSHUDWXUH ± & KXPLGLW\ ± FRPSOH[RIVDXQDVLQµ7HUP\0DOWDĔVNLH¶LQ3R]QDĔ ± IUDJUDQWRLOVDUHSRXUHGRQKRWURFNV ± VDXQDFRPSOH[µ6DWXUQ¶V3DODFH¶LQ&]HODGĨ ± VDOWVDXQDV VDXQDVZLWKHOHPHQWVPDGHRIVDOWEORFNV ± VDXQDFRPSOH[LQZDWHUSDUN1HPRLQ'ąEURZD*yU - that create a sea and salty microclimate), nicza. ± VDXQDVZLWKFRORUWKHUDS\ VDXQDVHTXLSSHGZLWKVSH - The criteria of the selection included the existence of cial lamps emitting light in six colors of the prism, pro- al least four saunas of different types and auxiliary spaces viding a unique ambiance as well as healing treatment such as relaxation rooms, extensive cooling sections, baths – bioenergetic), DVZHOODVVFDOHLHWKHVL]HRIVSHFL¿FVDXQDVLQUHVSHFWRI Cultural aspects of sauna and SPA architecture in the city – examples of design and execution 91
Table 1. Characteristic features of selected sauna complexes; on the basis of information SXEOLVKHGE\WKHIDFLOLWLHV HGE\7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND 7DE&KDUDNWHU\VW\NDZ\EUDQ\FKNRPSOHNVyZVDXQRZ\FK QDSRGVWDZLHLQIRUPDFML SXEOLNRZDQ\FKSU]H]Z\EUDQHRĞURGNL RSUDF7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND
Location Year Number Number Number Number Rituals Space Separate space Other function of of of of of for for SPA for consumption establishment saunas, baths indoor outdoor many practices next to saunas baths and saunas saunas participants and other other :URFáDZ:DWHU 5 2 2 1 + + + water recreation 3DUN:URFáDZ complex $TXD3DUNµ)DOD¶ 5 4 1 - + - water recreation àyGĨ complex Terma Bania, 6 2 2+1 1 - + - water recreation %LDáND7DWU]DĔVND complex Water Park, 4 1 3 - - - water recreation .UDNyZ complex 7HUP\0DOWDĔVNLH 11 5 4 2 + + - geothermal 3R]QDĔ recreation complex Saturn’s Palace, 9 5 3 1 + + + hotel, conference &]HODGĨ center Water Park Nemo, 1 1 4 1 + - - water recreation 'ąEURZD*yUQLF]D complex volume or area. Table 1 presents the characteristic features the number of publicly accessible saunas, including espe- of the buildings. cially those next to large water recreation centers has been It can be claimed on the basis of collected data 1, the growing over the last years. However, only in some cases most important of which are presented in the Table, that do the sauna spaces provide the possibility of rituals for many participants; most of them rather complement the 1 7KHGDWDSUHVHQWHGGRQRWUHÀHFWWKHTXDOLWDWLYHIHDWXUHVRILQGL - offer of the main building. Apart from numerous interior YLGXDOFHQWHUV7KLVDSSOLHVERWKWRVDXQDVDQGEDWKV WKHGLVWLQFWLRQFDQ saunas and baths which can be considered contemporary EHFRQYHQWLRQDO DVZHOODVWRWKHUHOD[DWLRQDQGFRROLQJVHFWLRQV QRW included in the table which affect the architecture of the complex) and reinterpretation of ancient thermae , external saunas are be- WKHVSDFHSURYLGHGIRU63$SUDFWLFHV LQWKLVFDVHLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRGHVFULEH coming more and more popular. WKHPEULHÀ\ZLWKRXWTXDOLWDWLYHIHDWXUHV
Examples of Original Sauna Designs
External saunas for many users, which so far have not wood so that it would blend into the existing garden and EHFRPHVRSRSXODULQ3RODQG WKHUHDUHRQO\DIHZVXFK WKH)LQQLVKVDXQD )LJ designs), can be considered rather important in the func- $WSUHVHQWWKHFRPSOH[RI7HUP\5]\PVNLH 5RPDQ tional and space program of sauna complexes. The article 7KHUPDH DWWKH6DWXUQ¶V3DODFHLQ&]HODGĨLVRQHRIWKH presents the original design of an external complex of most famous buildings dedicated exclusively to SPA in WKHPDWLFVDXQDVDW:URFáDZ:DWHU3DUNZKLFKFRPSOH - Poland. The main motif of the style of the complex is ments the offer of the existing saunarium. The main as- worth noting; it is supposed to resemble the ancient ther- sumption of the design was the creation of an original mae in Pompeii. The saunas are located in the basements complex of saunas with varied size and themes, and so of the converted Saturn’s palace from the beginning of the WKHSURMHFWIHDWXUHV DPXOWLPHGLDVDXQD ZLWKDQDXGLR th century that once housed the headquarters of Saturn YLVXDOV\VWHPLQWHJUDWHGZLWKLQWHULRUOLJKWLQJ DIRUPRI FRDO PLQH )LJ ,W LV RQH RI IHZ H[DPSOHV RI GHVLJQ FRORUWKHUDS\ DVDOWJUDGXDWLRQWRZHU ZLWKVDOW ZDWHU where the recreation function does not dominate – the SPA running down on the walls for a better and more health- FRPSOH[ LQ &]HODGĨ FRPSOHPHQWV WKH KRWHO DQG FRQIHU - IXOPLFURFOLPDWH DVDXQDIRUDVPDQ\DVWRSHRSOH ence functions that are located in the remaining part of the and a bread stove sauna and a sauna partly submerged building. The functional program offers a number of sau- in the ground, similarly to the original Russian sauna so nas and baths which allude with their themes to antiquity, called banya .) The whole complex shall be located in which was expressed primarily in the interior decorations WKHH[LVWLQJJDUGHQLQWKHVDXQDVHFWLRQDW:URFáDZ:D - )LJ 7KHFRPSOH[LQFOXGHVDODUJHH[WHUQDOVDXQD FD ter Park with a separate entrance and exit to any of the îP 7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIWKHSURMHFWZDVWRGHVLJQ attractions. The design also includes a large relaxation a sauna for a number of users with benches on three levels ORXQJHZLWKD¿UHSODFHDQGDFRQVXPSWLRQDUHD$OOVDX - for as many as 49 people sitting around the center for the QDVVKDOOEHORFDWHGLQRQHJURXQGÀRRUEXLOGLQJPDGHRI person conducting the ceremony. 92 %DUEDUD8KHUHN%UDGHFND7RPDV]%UDGHFNL
)LJ7KHIXQFWLRQDOSODQRIWKHH[LVWLQJDQGSODQQHGVDXQDVHFWLRQDQG63$DW:URFáDZ:DWHU3DUN WKHH[LVWLQJVDXQDVHFWLRQ 1 – relaxation room, 2 – stands for warming up hands, 3 – solaria, 4 – steam bath, 5 – swimming pool for Kneipp hydrotherapy, ±LFHIRXQWDLQ±VWRQHEDWK±7KHODVVRVZLPPLQJSRROZLWKVDOWZDWHU ±FROGZDWHUURRP±)LQQLVKVDXQD±ELRVDXQD ±JDUGHQ±H[WHUQDO)LQQLVKVDXQD±H[WHUQDOVZLPPLQJSRROZLWKFROGZDWHUSODQQHGVHFWLRQ S±PXOWLPHGLDVDXQD S±VDOWJUDGXDWLRQWRZHUSMDFX]]LZLWKDFRROLQJVZLPPLQJSRROLQWKHURFNVDOWFDYHS±VDXQDIRUPDQ\SHRSOH S±EUHDGVWRYHVDXQDS±EDUS±UHQWDOS±LFHFDYHS ±HDUWKVDXQDS±H[WHUQDO.QHLSSZDWHUPDVVDJH p11 – recreation pergola with deckchairs; hatched external section, garden HGE\7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND ,O8NáDGIXQNFMRQDOQ\LVWQLHMąFHMRUD]SURMHNWRZDQHMVWUHI\VDXQRZHMLVSDZH:URFáDZVNLP3DUNX:RGQ\P F]ĊĞüVDXQRZDVWDQLVWQLHMąF\ ±SRNyMUHODNVDF\MQ\±VWDQRZLVNDGRUR]JU]HZDQLDUąN±VRODULD±áDĨQLDSDURZD±EDVHQGRK\GURWHUDSLL.QHLSSD ±IRQWDQQDORGRZD±áDĨQLDNDPLHQQD±EDVHQ7KHODVVR]VRODQNą ±VDOD]LPQHMZRG\±VDXQD¿ĔVNDELRVDXQD±RJUyG ±VDXQD¿ĔVND]HZQĊWU]QD±]HZQĊWU]Q\EDVHQ]]LPQąZRGąF]ĊĞüSURMHNWRZDQD S±VDXQDPXOWLPHGLDOQDS±WĊĪQLDVRODQNRZD SMDFX]LLRUD]EDVHQVFKáDG]DMąF\ZJURFLHVNDOQHMS±VDXQDZLHORRVRERZDS±VDXQDFKOHERZDS±EDUS±Z\SRF]\ZDOQLD S±JURWDORGRZDS ±VDXQD]LHPQDS±]HZQĊWU]Q\PDVDĪZRGQ\.QHLSSDS±SHUJRODZ\SRF]\QNRZD]OHĪDNDPL NUHVNRZDQLHPR]QDF]RQRF]ĊĞü]HZQĊWU]QąRJURGRZą NUHVNRZDQLHPR]QDF]RQRSU]HVWU]HQLH]HZQĊWU]QHRJURGX RSUDF7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND
)LJ3HUVSHFWLYHYLHZRIWKHSODQQHGFRPSOH[RIWKHPDWLFVDXQDVYLHZIURPDERYHRQWKHULJKWSHUVSHFWLYHYLHZRQWKHOHIW ±WKHH[LVWLQJVZLPPLQJSRROIRUFRROLQJDQGWKHQHZO\GHVLJQHGEXLOGLQJ HGE\7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND ,O:LGRNLSHUVSHNW\ZLF]QHSURMHNWRZDQHJRNRPSOHNVXVDXQWHPDW\F]Q\FKSRSUDZHMZLGRN]JyU\SROHZHMSHUVSHNW\ZD ±LVWQLHMąF\EDVHQGRVFKáDG]DQLDRUD]QRZRSURMHNWRZDQ\EXG\QHN RSUDF7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND Cultural aspects of sauna and SPA architecture in the city – examples of design and execution 93
)LJ&RPSOH[RI5RPDQ7KHUPDHLQ6DWXUQ¶V3DODFHLQ&]HODGĨ RQWKHOHIW±PDLQHQWUDQFHRQWKHULJKW IXQFWLRQDOSURJUDP ±5HFHSWLRQPDLQ entrance, 2 – Apodyterion men’s dressing rooms, toilet, shower, 3 – Apodyterion women’s dressing rooms, toilet, shower, 4 – nudist beach, ±UHVWDXUDQW±UHQWDO±UHFUHDWLRQGHFN±H[WHUQDOVZLPPLQJSRRO ±VZLPPLQJSRROZLWKPDVVDJHFKDLUV±VZLPPLQJSRROZLWK ZDWHUVWUHDP±7HPSOHRI6XQVRODULXP±7HPSOHRI&OHRSDWUDEDWKDQGPDVVDJH±7HPSOHRIZDWHU±)ULJLGDULXPFROGZDWHUZHOO VKRZHU±DWULXPZLWKLFHIRXQWDLQ±6DXQDRI&OHRSDWUD±ELRVDXQD±6DXQDRI&HVDU ±/DFRQLXPGU\EDWK±7HSLGDULXP UHQWDO±&DOLGDULXPWKHUPDOFDYH±*UDGXDWLRQ7RZHU WKHUPDOVDOWEDWK±5DVXO±+DPDP±5HFHSWLRQ±&DOGDULDKHUEDOEDWK ±&DOGDULDÀRZHUEDWK±9,3$SRG\WHULRQGUHVVLQJURRPVWRLOHWVKRZHU ±%HDFK±7HPSOHRI6DWXUQ±'HFNV 6RXUFH >@ HGE\7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND ,O.RPSOHNV7HUP\U]\PVNLHZ3DáDFX6DWXUQDZ&]HODG]L SROHZHM±ZHMĞFLHJáyZQHSRSUDZHM SURJUDPIXQNFMRQDOQ\ ±UHFHSFMDZHMĞFLH JáyZQH±$SRG\WHULRQ V]DWQLHPĊVNLH:&SU\V]QLF±$SRG\WHULRQ V]DWQLHGDPVNLH:&SU\V]QLF±SODĪDQDWXU\VW\F]QD±UHVWDXUDFMD ±Z\SRF]\ZDOQLD±WDUDVZ\SRF]\QNRZ\±EDVHQ]HZQĊWU]Q\ ±EDVHQ]OHĪDQNDPLPDVXMąF\PL±EDVHQ]SU]HFLZSUąGHP ±ĝZLąW\QLD6áRĔFD VRODULXP±ĝZLąW\QLD.OHRSDWU\ NąSLHOLPDVDĪ±ĝZLąW\QLD:RG\ SU\V]QLFHZUDĪHĔ±)ULJLGDULXP VWXGQLD]LP - QHMZRG\QDWU\VN±$WULXP]IRQWDQQąORGRZą±6DXQD.OHRSDWU\±ELRVDXQD VDXQDZUDĪHĔ±6DXQD&H]DUD ±/DFRQLXP áDĨQLD VXFKD±7HSLGDULXP Z\SRF]\ZDOQLD±&DOLGDULXP JURWDWHUPDOQD±7ĊĪQLDWHUPDOQD áDĨQLDVROQD±5DVXO±+DPDP ±UHFHSFMD±&DOGDULD áDĨQLD]LRáRZD±&DOGDULD áDĨQLDNZLDWRZD±9,3$SRG\WHULRQ V]DWQLH:&SU\V]QLF ±SODĪD ±ĝZLąW\QLD6DWXUQD±WDUDV\ħUyGáR >@ RSUDF7%UDGHFNL%8KHUHN%UDGHFND
)LJ([WHUQDOVDXQDIRUPDQ\XVHUVDWWKH6DWXUQ¶V3DODFHFRPSOH[LQ&]HODGĨ SKRWRE\7RPDV]%UDGHFNL ,O=HZQĊWU]QDVDXQDZLHORRVRERZDZNRPSOHNVLH3DáDF6DWXUQDZ&]HODG]L IRW7RPDV]%UDGHFNL
Cultural and Spatial Aspects of Sauna Structures
The architecture of sauna complexes and consequently performed there and the space provided opportunities for WKHZD\LQZKLFKVDXQDVDUHXVHGLVUDWKHUVLJQL¿FDQWDV - meetings and discussions. The typical contemporary spe- pect connected with sauna structures. The historical Ro- FL¿FVDXQDULWXDOVLQFOXGHZDVKLQJXSHQWHULQJWKHVDXQD man baths located in the centers of large cities had two ZDUPLQJXS VWHDPLQJXS OHDYLQJDQGFRROLQJ$WSUHVHQW EDVLFIXQFWLRQV XWLOLW\IXQFWLRQ±WKH\ZHUHXVHGWRPHHW such group sauna rituals as pouring fragrant oils on hot the real needs of people in respect of hygiene and recrea- stones, fanning the users with hot air or other attractions tion as well as the social function – the rituals which were are more and more popular. Silence is recommended dur- 94 %DUEDUD8KHUHN%UDGHFND7RPDV]%UDGHFNL ing sauna sessions, the users are, however, willing to ‘re- est space is occupied by swimming pools and other water ceive’ information and not to ‘transmit’ it, which is similar attractions, whereas the other spaces such as saunas have during cultural events. Such group sauna rituals require become cozy and much smaller. In some cases the space VSDFHVELJHQRXJKWRDFFRPPRGDWHDWOHDVW±SHR - development has also changed; originally it was a large, SOH6XFKUHTXLUHPHQWVFDXVHVSHFL¿FVSDFHGHVLJQ LWLV monumental building with its facilities inside, whereas at necessary to design a building that can accommodate the SUHVHQW %DG%HQWKHLPWKHSODQQHGVDXQDVLQ:URFáDZ XVHUVRQEHQFKHV DXGLWRULXP ZLWKXQREVWUXFWHGYLHZRU it can operate as small, separate facilities located outside. access to the center with a stove and a place for the person 7KHELJJHUWKHEXLOGLQJVWKHPRUH¿WWLQJWKH\DUHIRUFRO - SHUIRUPLQJWKHULWXDORIIDQQLQJWKHKHDW VWDJH ,WLVDOVR lective behaviors typical of cultural events – the water rec- QHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGHDVXI¿FLHQWO\ELJVSDFHLQIURQWRIWKH reation spaces are in some cases so big that they can be HQWUDQFH IR\HU LHWKHFRROLQJDUHDZLWKYDULRXVHTXLS - used as venues for cultural events – examples can include PHQWXVHGE\DQXPEHURISHRSOHDWWKHVDPHWLPH VKRZ - WKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH3XSSHW7KHDWHULQ:URFáDZ:DWHU ers, buckets of cold water, cold water swimming pools, ice 3DUN µ6KDUNVLQWKH6ZLPPLQJ3RRO¶ RUFRQFHUWVDQGPX - GLVSHQVHUVRUVQRZFDYHV$URPDWLFVpDQFHV VSHFWDFOHV VLFSHUIRUPDQFHVLQ7KHUPH(UGLQJ WKHVZLPPLQJSRRO HJZLWKRGRUV DUHRUJDQL]HGZLWKIUDJUDQWRLOVSRXUHG provided space for the audience). The growing number of on the stones in saunas or thematic evenings with con- such cultural events taking place in this type of buildings sumption. Such events attract as many as several dozen of in a way forces their location. After leaving their locations, people, which also creates opportunities for interpersonal ZKLFKFDQEHREVHUYHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH th century, contacts. A separate space for consumption in sauna sec- sauna structures go back to the urban space and become WLRQVLVDUDWKHUVLJQL¿FDQWVSDWLDOHOHPHQWEXWIHZFRP - important culture forming elements more and more often plexes offer it. That function enables the participants to used by the inhabitants of big cities. stay longer in the SPA and sauna facilities, which can in- The contemporary expectations of the SPA and sauna crease the culture forming role of the whole complexes. spaces are bigger and bigger, and consequently there is The contemporary sauna architecture is contemporary a need to create new buildings that will meet those ex- only in some cases; usually it reinterprets or sometimes im- SHFWDWLRQV2QHFDQWDONDERXWDWUHQG HYLGHQWHVSHFLDOO\ itates ancient patterns. Despite imitating the classical aes- among people living in large agglomerations) to often use WKHWLFVWKHPRGHORIXVLQJWKLVW\SHRIVSDFHKDVFKDQJHG saunas with many other people at the same time, which in ancient times the baths took a lot of space and were FDXVHVVSHFL¿FEHKDYLRU FXOWXUH LQVDXQDVDQGXQGRXEW - monumental and their individual functions were directly edly affects the space development in those buildings. The connected with one another, whereas at present those func- contemporary architecture of sauna structures, especially tions are separate. When comparing the scale of the whole those located in the cities or around them, obviously dem- complexes it can be claimed that contemporary Aquaparks onstrates some cultural aspects. The question remains if correspond to ancient thermae , however, the main func- SPA is and will be only a fad or will it become a timeless tion of baths was assumed by sauna, SPA, and wellness function permanently connected with the life of city dwell- VHFWLRQV±LWLVHVSHFLDOO\HYLGHQWLQWKHQXPEHURIXVHUV ers with its own contemporary patterns of both human be- the biggest contemporary complexes can take as many as KDYLRU FXOWXUDOQRWRQO\LQWKHFXOWXUHRIXVLQJ63$ DQG WKRXVDQGSHRSOH HJ:URFáDZ:DWHU3DUN ZKHUHDVHJ also in architecture. WKH%DWKVRI&DUDFDOODFRXOGDFFRPPRGDWHDERXWXV - Translated by HUV7KHSURSRUWLRQVRIVSDFHKDYHDOVRFKDQJHG WKHODUJ - 7DGHXV]6]DáDPDFKD
References
[1] Butters Ch., Housing and timber construction in Norway: status [5] Watkin D., Historia architektury zachodniej , Wydawnictwo Arka- trends and perspectives for sustainability >,Q @ Eco – House North , G\:DUV]DZD ..XLVPDQHQ HG 2XOXSS± [6] Widera B., Architektura obiektów SPA ³$UFKLYROWD´ , 1R [2] Cieniawa T., 6DXQD Z GRPX L ]DNáDG]LH SUDF\ , IWZZ Warszawa pp. 66–71. >@ ZZZPHGLWHUDQDGH DFFHVV [3] Wagner A., Historia powstania sauny ³6DXQD ± 2JyOQRSROVNL >@ ZZZSDUNZRGQ\ZURFSO DFFHVV .ZDUWDOQLN=ZLą]NX6DXQRZHJR´1RSS± > @ ZZZVDXQDSDUNHSHGH DFFHVV [4] Wagner A., Koper K., Historia powstania sauny ³6DXQD±2JyOQR - >@ ZZZWHUP\U]\PVNLHHX DFFHVV SROVNL.ZDUWDOQLN=ZLą]NX6DXQRZHJR´1RSS± >@ ZZZWKHUPHHUGLQJGH DFFHVV
$UFKLWHNWXUDRELHNWyZVDXQRZ\FKRUD]63$ZNRQWHNĞFLHNXOWXU\PLDVWDQDSU]\NáDG]LHSURMHNWyZLUHDOL]DFML
3U]HGVWDZLRQR SUREOHPDW\NĊ ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK RELHNWyZ VDXQRZ\FK VQ\FKNRPSOHNVyZUHNUHDF\MQ\FK SPA SR]ZDODMąQDKLSRWH]ĊĪHSRPL - RUD] 63$ :DUW\NXOH ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR ZVSyáF]HVQH NLHUXQNL ZJ NWy - PRVZRMHMUHNUHDF\MQHMIXQNFMLRELHNWPRĪHNV]WDáWRZDüVW\OĪ\FLDDZLĊF U\FK UHDOL]XMH VLĊ WHJR W\SX SU]HVWU]HQLH RUD] SU]HSURZDG]RQR DQDOL]Ċ UyZQLHĪNXOWXUĊZPLHĞFLH-DNRSU]\NáDGZVSyáF]HVQ\FKWHQGHQFMLZWHM SRUyZQDZF]ą VSUDZG]RQRF]\LZMDNLVSRVyEREHFQHWHUP\áDĨQLHF]\ G]LHG]LQLHDXWRU]\DUW\NXáXSUH]HQWXMąDXWRUVNLSURMHNWNRPSOHNVXVDXQ VDXQ\SU]\SRPLQDMąLFKRGSRZLHGQLNL]QDQH]KLVWRULL3U]HSURZDG]RQR WHPDW\F]Q\FKSU]\:URFáDZVNLP3DUNX:RGQ\P=DSUH]HQWRZDQRDNWX - UyZQLHĪG\VNXVMĊZMDNLVSRVyEWHJRW\SXRELHNW\RGG]LDá\ZDá\NLHG\Ğ DOQąZLHG]ĊQDWHQWHPDWRUD]RSLVDQRUROĊMDNąPRJąSHáQLüWHJRURG]DMX LZVSyáF]HĞQLHQDNXOWXUĊPLDVWD6NDODLSURJUDPIXQNFMRQDOQ\ZVSyáF]H - RELHNW\ZNV]WDáWRZDQLXNXOWXU\PLDVWD
.H\ZRUGV SPA structures, saunas, recreation spaces 6áRZDNOXF]RZH obiekty SPA VDXQ\SU]HVWU]HQLHUHNUHDFML