ISSN Print 1414-8595 ISSN Online 2179-0655
NUMBER 30 – 2018
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR NUCLEAR AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAVY (DGDNTM)
NUMBER 30 – 2018 The mission of the Revista Pesquisa Naval is to provide a formal channel of communication and dissemination of national scientific and technical productions for the scientific community, by publishing original articles that are a result of scientific research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in areas of interest for the Brazilian Navy. Articles published in the journal do not reflect the position or the doctrine of the Navy and are the sole responsibility of the authors.
SPONSORSHIP EDITORIAL BOARD Directorate-General for Nuclear and Technological Development of CDR(NE) Alessandro José Ferreira Carvalho the Navy – DGDNTM CDR Luciano Moraes de Oliveira CDR André Vinicius Faro Nunes EDITOR-IN-CHIEF LCDR(NE) Elaine Rodino da Silva 3ºSG-ET Renato Ellyson Oliveira Cavalcante Admiral Marcos Sampaio Olsen 3ºSG-ET Alexandre da Silva Junior Director General for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Navy
ASSISTANT EDITORS EDITION Directorate-General for Nuclear and Technological Development of Vice Admiral Noriaki Wada the Navy – DGDNTM Director of the Navy Technological Center in São Paulo – CTMSP www.marinha.mil.br/dgdntm/revista Rear Admiral (EN) Luiz Carlos Delgado Director of the Navy Technological Center in Rio de Janeiro – CTMRJ EDITORIAL PRODUCTION Contra-Almirante (RM1-EN) Humberto Moraes Ruivo Zeppelini Publishers / Instituto Filantropia Director of the Naval Agency for Nuclear Safety and Quality – AgNSNQ www.zeppelini.com.br
EDITORIAL COMMISSION Alexandre Mesquita – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil José Vicente Canto dos Santos – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Ana Cristina de Almeida Garcia – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Leonardo Dagnino Chiwiacowsky – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Ana Cristina Malheiros Gonçalves Carvalho – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Leonardo Lemes Fagundes – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Bojan Marinkovic – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Lilian Vanessa Rossa Beltrami – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Breno Augusto Diniz Pereira – UFSM – Santa Maria/RS/Brazil Luciana Nedel – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Carla Maria Dal Sasso Freitas – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Luis da Cunha Lamb – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Carla Schwengber ten Caten – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Marcelo Soares Lubaszewski – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Celso Romanel – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Maria Fátima Ludovico de Almeida – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Cleverson Guizan Silva – UFF – Niterói/RJ/Brazil Maria Medianeira Padoin – UFSM – Santa Maria/RS/Brazil Daniel Pedro Pubal – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Mateus Panizzon – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Douglas Mota Dias – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Miguel Afonso Sellitto – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Erick Brandão Carneiro – UFSM – Santa Maria/RS/Brazil Nelio Domingues Pizzolato – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil Frank P Missell – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Rafael Roesler – UFRGS – Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil Gabriel Vidor – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Raul Ceretta Nunes – UFSM – Santa Maria/RS/Brazil Gabriela Salatino Liedke – UFSM – Santa Maria/RS/Brazil Vania Elisabete Schneider – UCS – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Guilherme Holsbach Costa – Caxias do Sul/RS/Brazil Wilson Engelmann – UNISINOS – São Leopoldo/RS/Brazil Hans Ingo Weber – PUC-Rio – Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil
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Revista Pesquisa Naval / Diretoria-Geral de Desenvolvimento Nuclear e Tecnológico da Marinha v. 1, n. 1, 1988 – Brasília – DF – Brasil – Marinha do Brasil
Anual Título abreviado: Pesq. Nav. ISSN Impresso 1414-8595 / ISSN Eletrônico 2179-0655
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CDU 001.891.623/.9 CDD 623.807.2 CONTENTS | NUMBER 30 – 2018
1 PRESENTATION Marcos Sampaio Olsen NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND PLATFORMS
2 METHODOLOGY FOR NUMERICAL ESTIMATION OF PROPELLER VIBRATORY NOISE Metodologia para a estimativa computacional do ruído vibratório em propulsores Eduardo Ribeiro Malta, Alceu José dos Santos Moura, Rubens Cavalcante da Silva
8 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A CATAMARAN FOR RIVERINE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE Análise dinâmica de um catamarã para assistência hospitalar em rios Brenno Moura Castro, Ricardo Ramírez Gutiérrez, Ulisses Adamar Monteiro, Luiz Antonio Vaz Pinto, Juliana Barreiros NANOTECHNOLOGY
16 MICROSTRUCTURAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AL/NIO MULTI- LAYERED NANOTERMENES SYNTHESIZED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING Caracterização microestrutural e térmica de nanotermites multicamadas de AL/NiO sintetizadas por magnetron sputtering Tadeu Henrique dos Santos, Braulio Soares Archanjo, Renata Antoun Simão NUCLEAR
23 LICENCE OF NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINE: ONE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A atividade de licenciamento no submarino com propulsão nuclear: uma análise comparativa Tatyanna Barreira Manhães
30 QUALITATIVE SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE REMOVAL AND TRANSFER OF WASTE RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE IN SHORE-BASED SUPPORT INSTALLATIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES Análise qualitativa de segurança para a remoção e transferência de rejeito líquido radioativo em uma instalação de apoio em terra para um submarino de propulsão nuclear Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo SENSORS, ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND ACOUSTIC WARFARE
39 COMPUTER AID FOR LAYING SUBMARINE ARTIFACTS BASED ON SET COVERING Auxílio computacional para disposição de artefatos submarinos baseado em set covering Mauricio José Machado Guedes, Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
46 METHODOLOGY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMPETENCE IDENTIFICATION IN THE BRAZILIAN NAVY Metodologia para identificação de competências necessárias em pesquisa científica na Marinha do Brasil Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo 55 THE POST-GRADUATION PROGRAM ON MARITIME STUDIES AT THE NAVAL WAR COLLEGE AS AN INNOVATION PRODUCT O programa de pós-graduação em estudos marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval como um produto de inovação William de Sousa Moreira, Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Anna Caroline Pott, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe
63 HUMAN RELIABILITY CONSIDERATION IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS DESIGN Consideração da confiabilidade humana na concepção de sistemas complexos Marcos Coelho Maturana PRESENTATION
PRESENTATION
Continuity and perseverance in scienti!c, technological making processes, human performance, electronic warfare and innovation activities reveal, over the years, production and acoustic warfare. in the frontier of knowledge that is constantly focused on #e Brazilian Navy has been making important tech- resolving problems or challenges imposed on the Brazilian nological achievements recently, especially in its Strategic nation. #is incessant search for improvements and overruns Programs, and I congratulate the authors of the articles that requires coordinated and continuous e$orts that include aca- are part of this issue for their contributions and the work done, demic training and development, the modernization of labo- and I encourage everyone working in the areas of research ratory infrastructure and the promotion of scienti!c research, and development to persevere in their endeavors and in the especially regarding disruptive technologies. pursuit of applied technological improvement. In the area of defense, the Brazilian Navy, in partner- ship with the main university centers and industry, and in Enjoy reading! the light of its science, technology and innovation (ST & I) strategy, has been gradually providing essential investments in the promotion and development of modern autochtho- nous solutions, spreading innovative knowledge and its dual application in the face of demands related to the preparation and use of Naval Power. In the current issue of the journal Pesquisa Naval (Naval MARCOS SAMPAIO OLSEN Research), we present to the public recent scienti!c contri- Admiral butions with applications in the areas of nuclear technology, Director-General for Nuclear and Technological nanotechnology, naval architecture and platforms, decision Development of the Navy
| 1 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 1 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND PLATFORMS
METHODOLOGY FOR NUMERICAL ESTIMATION OF PROPELLER VIBRATORY NOISE Metodologia para a estimativa computacional do ruído vibratório em propulsores
Eduardo Ribeiro Malta 1, Alceu José dos Santos Moura 2, Rubens Cavalcante da Silva 3
Abstract: #e survivability of a submarine relies highly on its Resumo: A sobrevivência de um submarino depende de sua dis- acoustic discretion. Hydrodynamic and vibratory noises originated crição acústica. Ruídos hidrodinâmicos e vibratórios originados from the 5ow around the propeller may denounce its presence do escoamento em torno de seu propulsor podem denunciar a sua and must be mitigated. In this context, a propeller vibratory noise presença e devem ser mitigados. Neste contexto, é proposta uma estimation methodology, employing a combination of analytical metodologia para a estimativa do ruído vibratório em propulsores. and numerical tools, is proposed and described in this article. Tal metodologia emprega uma combinação de ferramentas ana- It takes into account hydrodynamic and structural models such líticas e numéricas. Esta leva em conta modelos hidrodinâmicos as Fluid Structure Interaction (using CFD and FEA techniques) e estruturais como Interação Fluido-Estrutura (através de CFD for the determination of the wake !eld and the estimation of the e FEA) para determinação do campo de esteira, estimativa de vibratory displacements and velocities; and Boundary Element esforços vibratórios e das velocidades de vibração e o Método dos Method to calculate the sound waves propagation from the Elementos de Contorno, para o cálculo da propagação das ondas propeller blade vibrations. acústicas geradas pela vibração das pás. Keywords: Submarine. Propeller. Vibration noise. Circulation Palavras-chave: Submarino. Propulsor. Ruído vibratório. Teoria theory. Fluid structure interaction. Numerical methods. Boundary de circulação. Interação 5uido-estrutura. Métodos numéricos. element method. Método dos elementos de contorno.
1. INTRODUCTION factor of great concern to submarine designers. Any source of underwater noise must be detected and mitigated with- According to Ross (1976), “underwater noise” is the sound out compromising other features such as maneuverability or in water that limits the military e$ectiveness of naval sys- o$ensive and defensive capabilities of submarines. One of tems. Speci!cally for submarines, their military e$ectiveness their main noise generating sources is the propeller. and its survivability depend on its discretion. Sound detec- Nowadays, conventional propulsion systems are becom- tion is the main source of information for these underwater ing more silent and new and creative ways are being used to vehicles. #ese premises make clear that noise emission is a mask or isolate their noises. Particularly, the design of quiet
1. PhD in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering by the Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo. Subproject manager at Hydrodynamic Laboratory of the Brazilian Navy Nuclear Development Directorate – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Graduated in Mechanical Engineering by the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais. Subproject manager at Hydrodynamic Laboratory of the Brazilian Navy Nuclear Development Directorate – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Graduated in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering by the Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo. Subproject manager at Hydrodynamic Laboratory of the Brazilian Navy Nuclear Development Directorate – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
| 2 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 2-7 Eduardo Ribeiro Malta, Alceu José dos Santos Moura, Rubens Cavalcante da Silva propellers is fundamental in a submarine project, as the pro- may lead to di$erent kind of vibrations that cause dynamic peller noise can interfere with a submarine’s e$ectiveness: e$orts in the propeller structure. • By generating noise that may attract homing torpedoes; Basically, the simulation of the dynamics of a propeller in a • By providing an acoustic signature to the enemy, thus 5uid 5ow must be separated in two parts. #e !rst is the numeri- allowing identi!cation; cal 5ow simulation (using computational 5uid dynamics tools or • By contaminating environmental noise, thus interfering CFD). #e second is the simulation of the structure’s mechan- with the submarine’s own sound detection system. ical response, in which is important to obtain some parameters such as tensions and vibrations. Also, it must be highlighted #e need for more e@cient and silent propellers boosted that there is an interface surface between the solid and the 5uid the hydrodynamic-acoustic research and led to sophisticated domains, and both the governing equations and the boundary tools and design methodologies. Driven by these high stan- conditions in such interface must be simultaneously satis!ed. dards, propeller design evolved from simple screws to highly #erefore, in general, a 5uid-structure interaction can be e@cient geometries (Figure 1). In that context, the aim of described by the coupling of the equations of both motions this article is to describe and analyze the current techniques of the structure and the 5uid. #e discretized equation of used to perform the computational calculation of underwater motion of the structure can be given as by Equation 1: vibration and noise propagation. At the end, a combination of these methodologies is proposed in order to perform a fully Müs Du s Ku s F s (1) integrated vibratory noise propagation analysis. In which:
Ms = the structural mass matrix;
2. INTEGRATED Ds = the structural damping matrix;
METHODOLOGY FOR Ks = the structural sti$ness matrix;
VIBRATORY NOISE ESTIMATION Fs = the applied load vector; u = the nodal displacement vector where the dot denotes the time derivative. 2.1. FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION AND Moreover, the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible OSCILLATORY MOTIONS 5uid 5ow, in general, can be reduced to Equation 2: Fluid-structure interactions play an important role in a plenty of engineering applications. In propeller design, par- §wv . · 2 U ¨vv ¸ pP vf (2) ticularly, the interactions between the 5ow and the blades ©wt ¹
In which: v = the 5ow velocity vector; A B t = the time; U = the 5uid density; p = the pressure; μ = the viscosity; f = the body forces (per unit volume) acting on the 5uid.
Also, the equation for the conservation of mass can be Figure 1. (A) 1944 German U-boat type XXI propeller (DEUTSCHES SCHIFFAHRTS MUSEUM, 2015); (B) 2016 reduced to Equation 3: Russian Varshavyanka-class submarine propeller (NAVAL TODAY, 2017). .v 0 (3)
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Furthermore, the propeller vibration is basically due to bending moment M in the direction AA, making an angle 5uctuating forces acting during its rotation, whose instability α with the axis OY of the cross-section. #e resultant stress is caused by a variation of the wake 5ow due to the hull and f at any point can be obtained by algebraically adding the its appendages. It may be stated in a very general way that stresses produced by the bending moments on the main axis the blade frequency vibration is generated by the hydrody- (Equation 4): namic forces acting on the propeller and the hull in its vicin- ity, whose frequency is a function of the propeller rotation ªcos sin º f M YD Z D (4) and the number of blades. « I I » ¬z y ¼ According to Ross (1976), with the advance of the subma- rine, the free-stream turbulence and the turbulence induced by In which: the hull will induce unsteady pressure on the outer face with Iz and Iy = the moments of inertia on axes OZ and OY, the rotation and advancing of the propeller, which will suf- respectively. fer vibration. Also, an unsteady thrust will be formed, whose longitudinal component, will induce signi!cant underwater For a propeller blade section, the de5ection is perpendic- sound radiation. ular to the neutral axis NN; thus, the blade will bend mainly On the other hand, cavitating conditions may give rise to around the OY axis and there is a tendency to 5ex in the an irregular vibration, not readily classi!able on a frequency plane of lowest inertia moment. In addition, since the maxi- basis and often of the character of noise. Of the various types mum tensile and compressive stresses in the section occur at of this phenomenon, the blade-surface cavitation on the suc- points farthest away from the NN, it will be noticed that at tion surface produces the highest noise levels. According to edgewise resonance the positions of maximum stresses will Ross (1976), noise levels increase sharply with cavitation occur at C and D in Figure 3. inception and then more gradually, as shown in Figure 2. #e study of Shannon & Forshaw (1950) shows that, 2.2 ACOUSTIC PRESSURE as a result of the twist along the blade, there is a 5apping DETERMINATION BY THE vibration coupled with an edgewise resonance which may BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD result in important blade stresses. In the case of edgewise Based on the study of Sbragio (2001), the direct boundary resonance in which the motion along the edgewise is appre- element method (BEM) is used for determining the level of ciable, the section shown in Figure 3 will be subjected to a the sound radiated by a vibrating three dimensional object. In this method, the Helmholtz integral equation is solved numerically in a two-step process. First, the acoustic variables are computed on the surface of the vibrating body. #en, the 50 acoustic response at any !eld point of interest is evaluated. 40 #e Helmholtz integral equation is derived from the wave equation. It is presented in literature and consists 30
20
10 Theoretical curve 0 1,01,2 1,4 1,61,8 2,0 2,22,4 2,6 Noise level – arbitrary scale in dB – arbitrary Noise level
Relative rotational speed-N/N > Source: Ross (1976). Source: Shannon & Forshaw (1950). Figure 2. Shape of noise curves for typical propeller blades. Figure 3. Edgewise vibration.
| 4 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 2-7 Eduardo Ribeiro Malta, Alceu José dos Santos Moura, Rubens Cavalcante da Silva in assuming a harmonic behavior of the wake equation velocity, and is the basis for the acoustic boundary element and by applying Green’s second identity. #is identity is method (Equation 10): used to transform a volumetric integral over a region into K a surface integral on its boundary. #e boundary condi- Crpr()()KK pr () K Grr KK , i Grr (,)(). KKKK r ndS (10) ³Sooª¬ ZU oo X º¼ tion used for exterior acoustics is the Sommer!eld radia- tion boundary condition, which requires that both acous- Numerical solution to the Helmholtz integral equation is tic pressure and acoustic velocities vanish as the distance achieved by dividing the surface of the radiating object in a from the source goes to in!nity. #e development leads to mesh and integrating over the area of each element. #e solu- the following Equation 5: tion is obtained in a two step process. First, the acoustic velocity and pressure are determined on the surface of the Cr()()KK r () rK Grr KK , Grr (,)(). KK rKK ndS (5) BEM model. #is requires the surface Helmholtz equation III ³Sª¬ o o o o º¼ to be solved. #e !eld points i ( i varies from 1 to the num- In which: ber of surface !eld points) are at the surface of the body and K I = the acoustic velocity potential; the vector position r shall referentiate these points, being nK = the normal to the vibrating body surface; denoted by . Coe@cient C assumes the value ½ and equation S = the surface area; (10) becomes Equation 11: rK = the coordinate of the field point where the acoustic 1 K pr()K pr () K Grr KK , i Grr (,)(). KKKK r ndS response is estimated; oi ³ Sª o o oi ZU o oi X o º (11) K 2 ¬ ¼ ro = the coordinate of the vibratory body surface. #is leads to a matrix equation from which the pressure at Coe@cient C(rK) acquires value 0 if rK is outside the acoustic surface nodes is calculated. Velocities are considered as spec- domain, value 1 if rK is inside the acoustic domain and value i!ed boundary conditions, determined from the 5uid-struc- ½ if rK is placed on the body surface (if the surface is smooth). ture interaction calculations. K K K Finally, G(ro, r) is Green’s function given by Equation 6: In the second step, the acoustic pressure p(ro) and acoustic K K velocity at any !eld position within the acoustic domain are K K exp(ik r r o ) G(r , r ) (6) computed by the exterior Helmholtz equation. Coe@cient C o 4 rK rK S o assumes the value 1 and equation (10) becomes Equation 12: #e acoustic vK velocity and the acoustic pressure p are K related to the acoustic potential by the following equa- pr()K pr () K Grr KK , i Grr (,)(). KKKK r ndS (12) ³Sooª¬ ZU oo X º¼ tions 7 and 8: #is procedure is performed for each surface velocity K v I (7) !eld correspondent to a frequency of vibration. #e velocity !eld at the propeller blades, obtained from the 5uid-struc- p ikU c I (8) ture interaction, shall be decomposed in the wake harmonics that characterize the frequencies of excitation. In which: U = the density of the medium; 2.3. INTEGRATED PROCEDURE k = the wave number, expressed by the relation between vibra- #e propeller vibration is calculated through a coupled tion frequency Z and sound speed c (Equation 9): 5uid-structure interaction and the sound wave propaga- tion is determined by the BEM. However, there is still the k Z (9) challenge of connecting these two solutions, so that the c results of one may become the input for the other. #is is Using Equations (7) to (9) in (5), one obtains the Helmholtz not a recent problem and a number of techniques have integral equation, which relates acoustic pressure and acoustic been employed to perform such integration. According to
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Everstine & Henderson (1990), there are reports of the interface between solid and 5uid meshes. #ese equations combination between !nite element models of structures are simple and may be de!ned as equations 13, 14 and 15: with 5uid loading, computed using !nite elements, bound- ary elements, combined !nite elements, and analytical or uf u s (13) T-matrix techniques.
All approaches previously mentioned are computationally uf u s (14) expensive. Given that the results vary with time, a two-way 0 transient 5uid-structure analysis is required to obtain the pf p s (15) results, thus presenting a challenge even to modern worksta- tions and clusters. Still, the most e@cient technique is still the In which: coupling between !nite element method (FEM) and BEM. uf and us = the displacements for the 5uid and for the solid, #is is simply because the FEM is still the best way to han- respectively; dle structural analysis of large scale models (EVERSTINE pf and ps = pressures, for the 5uid and for the solid as well. & HENDERSON, 1990). Naturally, some disadvantages of the method are carried to the analysis as well as, for instance, With those compatibility equations, motion equations the need for a very discretized and high quality 5uid mesh, for the coupled system and the obtained velocities, the BEM especially near the border of the propeller. formulation is capable of estimating the wave propagation in Another point to be taken into consideration is the need to run a 5uid-structure analysis prior to the BEM one. As a more recent reference, Tong et al. (2007) proposes a meth- odology in which the vibration analysis is performed twice Transient sctructural finite before the boundary element integration. #e !rst analysis element analysis of the propeller is performed with a “dry” structure and the second analysis is performed with a “wet” structure. #is is done to get the added mass e$ects on the vibration modes of the structure — in the case of Tong et al. (2007), a submarine stern section. Transient fluid analysis of the propeller surroundings BEM is quite useful for 5uid analysis and even added mass Multi0purpose FE tool calculations; however, when employed as a wave propagation method, it does not take into account the added mass in the vibration movements. #is has to be done a priori , with any Velocity results on the kind of 5uid analysis method. Figure 4 shows the proposed boundary between the methodology that takes into account all the factors men- structural and fluid mesh tioned before.
#e !rst part of the analysis should be conducted by using Acoustic variables are a general purpose !nite element tool. #at part is where calculated on the surface of most of the computational time will be spent. Results must the oscilating propeller blades be written in the form of a mapped velocity table, including nodes coordinates and velocity components for every instant. #is !le will be exported and read in an in-house built BEM Acoustic variables at any routine. One advantage of that approach is that BEM requires Helmholtz equations field point are evaluated only a “wet surface” mesh, which may be obtained by using the nodal coordinates provided. Besides mapping the surface, compatibility equations Figure 4. Step by step workflow of the FEM - BEM will have to be introduced in order to guarantee the correct integration.
| 6 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 2-7 Eduardo Ribeiro Malta, Alceu José dos Santos Moura, Rubens Cavalcante da Silva a 5uid environment. As previously mentioned, this is done and no unique way to implement it as well. #e way it is pro- in two steps, one for the solid/5uid interface and another for posed in this article involves both commercial !nite element the rest of the control volume. packages and in-house implementation of a BEM routine. In future works, the aforementioned methodology will be put into practice, by using a simple propeller. Once the 3. FINAL REMARKS methodology is tested and the results are validated, more AND FUTURE WORKS complex case studies will be carried out.
In this article, a methodology for vibratory noise estimation for propellers was presented. #e numerical tools utilized are 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS relatively well known. As mentioned in the text, some authors have already proposed a way to perform such analyses, but none The authors would like to thank the Brazilian Navy gives a full description of the method utilized and some key Nuclear Development Directorate (DDNM) for the sup- aspects are omitted. Until this moment there is no commer- port, and Captain (NE-Ret.) Ricardo Sbragio for his valu- cial software capable of fully performing this kind of analysis able orientation and ideas for this paper.
REFERENCES
DEUTSCHES SCHIFFAHRTS MUSEUM. U-Boot Wilhelm-Bauer . SHANNON, J.F.; FORSHAW, J.R. Propeller Blade Vibration: Nature Germany: Deutsches Schi>ahrts Museum, 2015. Available at:
| 7 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 2-7 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND PLATFORMS
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A CATAMARAN FOR RIVERINE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE Análise dinâmica de um catamarã para assistência hospitalar em rios
Brenno Moura Castro 1, Ricardo Ramírez Gutiérrez 2, Ulisses Adamar Monteiro 3, Luiz Antonio Vaz Pinto 4, Juliana Barreiros 5
Abstract: #is article presents a methodology for a dynamic Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia para a análise analysis of vessels through an acoustic 5uid-structure interac- dinâmica de embarcações através de um método acústico de inte- tion method to evaluate vibration levels. #e object of study is the ração 5uido-estrutura para avaliar os níveis de vibração. O objeto dynamic analysis of catamaran for hospital and assistance purpo- de estudo consiste na análise dinâmica de catamarã para !ns hos- ses, where experimental measurements are made to investigate pitalares e assistenciais, onde foram efetuadas medições experi- the modal shapes of the hull and excitation spectra. #ese mea- mentais para investigação das formas modais do casco e espectros surements were compared with the results obtained by the pro- de excitação. Essas medições foram comparadas com os resultados posed method. It was concluded that the numerical model is ade- obtidos pelo método proposto. Conclui-se que o modelo numérico quate and feasible for a dynamic analysis of the ship focusing the é adequado e exequível para a análise dinâmica da embarcação à ISO 6954 standard. In view of the results obtained, the analyzed luz da norma ISO 6954. Diante dos resultados obtidos, o catamarã catamaran take into account the requirements according with the analisado satisfaz aos requisitos exigidos pela norma citada quanto aforementioned standard regarding accommodation areas. às áreas de acomodação. Keywords: Catamaran. Vibration. Hydroelasticity. Fluid-structure. Palavras-chave: Catamarã. Vibração. Hidroelasticidade. Modal analysis. Fluido-estrutura. Análise modal.
1. INTRODUCTION #e design of the propulsive system of ships should seek the most e@cient assembly among hull, propulsion and pro- #e increase of propulsion power installed in vessels in peller associated with the lower fuel consumption. #e cur- general has brought to light some cases of new vessels with rent propulsion systems contemplate these objectives, but problems of excessive vibration in work areas and accom- most of the time they do not consider the e$ects of propul- modations. Smaller and sti$er structures may have natural sion motors, propellers and shafts from the point of view of frequencies near the excitation frequencies, a phenomenon the resulting noise and vibration levels. known as resonance and associated with most of the prob- In general, excessive vibrations are caused by coincidence lems of excessive vibration. between excitation frequency and natural frequencies of the
1. Lieutenant Commander, Naval engineer from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo – EPUSP. M. Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Universidade Federal do Pará – UFPA. Naval inspector and analyst engineer at Diretoria de Engenharia Naval – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Engineering Researcher at Laboratório de Ensaios Dinâmicos e Análise de Vibração – LEDAV. D. Sc. in Naval and Oceanic Engineering from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/UFRJ – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Adjunct Professor at Department of Naval and Oceanic Engineering at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ. D. Sc. in Naval and Oceanic Engineering from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/UFRJ – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 4. Associate Professor at Department of Naval and Oceanic Engineering at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ. D. Sc. In Naval and Oceanic Engineering from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE/UFRJ – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 5. Lieutenant Junior Grade, Naval engineer from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Analyst engineer at Technical Department of Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro, AMRJ – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
| 8 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 8-15 Brenno Moura Castro, Ricardo Ramírez Gutiérrez, Ulisses Adamar Monteiro, Luiz Antonio Vaz Pinto, Juliana Barreiros structure (resonance) or even by high intensity excitation force signals. In the case of discrete signals, the STFT is de!ned (forced vibration). In both cases, propulsion motors, propellers by Equation 2: and shaft lines act as drivers, and the resulting vibration levels f Xm, xnwnme i Z n depend on the properties of mass, sti$eners and damping of Z ¦ ªºª¬¼¬ º¼ (2) the structures. When vibration levels are excessive, the !rst n f related causes are reduced comfort for crew and passengers, In which: fatigue damage on structures and malfunction in machines x[n] = the transient vibration signal; and equipment. In such cases, corrections that must be made w[n] = the window (eg. Hanning) used in the analysis; to minimize damage are often costly and time-consuming. X(m, ω) = the discrete STFT. In this context, in order to ensure safe navigation of the vessel, the ship design must anticipate the possible causes that It should be noted that the square of the magnitude of could endanger the structure and the crew on board. #us, it is the STFT (|X( τ, ω)| 2) is called the spectrogram. It is pos- extremely important to develop reliable methods of predicting sible to present STFT results as functions of frequency and the dynamic of ship/vessels, seeking solutions that contemplate time (or rotation) or, in the form of a cascade graph, spec- propeller e@ciency and acceptable levels of noise and vibration. tral map and Bode plot (important to identify frequencies in #is article presents a numerical methodology for the which resonances occur — at amplitudes in that phase varies dynamic analysis of a vessel through an acoustic 5uid-struc- 180º — are two graphs, one of vibration amplitude × RPM ture interaction method to evaluate vibration levels in the and the other of Phase (degrees) × RPM). accommodation regions. #e study object consists of a catamaran that currently 2.3. NUMERICAL MODELING USING operates in the Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro/RJ/Brazil), FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION but that will be evaluated its operation as hospital ship in #e study of hydroelasticity involves the dynamic anal- 5uvial regions. ysis of submerged structures in 5uid. In this way, the 5u- id-structure interaction substantially changes the matrices of the dynamic structure equation. #at is, the matrices become 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS non-symmetrical and incorporate the e$ects of additional mass, sti$eners of the 5uid and its damping. 2.1. FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM Within the hydroelasticity analysis, the theory of acous- #e fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a tool through which tic waves demonstrated by the work of Sigrist (2015) was the distribution of the vibration energy in terms of the fre- used, taking into account the analogy between the acoustic quencies present in the signal is obtained, being this one of aspects of the 5uid and the dynamics of a submerged structure. the most used techniques in the analysis of stationary signals, #us, the following hypotheses are established for acoustic expressed in Equation 1. models of hydroelasticity: • #e 5uid is irrotational, inviscid and compressible; f X xn w ne i Z n • Z ¦ ªº¬¼ ªº¬¼ (1) #e ratio between 5uid density and acoustic pressure n f variation around the mean pressure is nearly constant; In which: • #e displacements of the 5uid particles next to the sub- x[n] = the stationary vibration signal; merged structure are small in order to maintain the linear w[n] = the window (eg. Hanning) used in the analysis; formulation of the acoustic theory. X( ω) = #e Discrete Fourrier Transform. In this way, by adopting the considerations and formula- 2.2. SHORT-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM tions of the works of Sigrist (2015) and Howard & Cazzolato #e short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is an adap- (2014), the discretized !nite element dynamic formulation tation of the Fourier transform to analyze non-stationary for submerged structures is given by Equation 3.
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S S 4. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ªªM º 0 º½UUªªC º 0 º ½ ¬e ¼ ª¬ º¼ °°^e ` ¬e ¼ ª¬ º¼ °°^e ` « » «» ªM º ª M f º ®¾PP0 ªC f º ®¾ «¬fs ¼ ¬ e ¼ »°°^e ` «»¬ª ¼º ¬e ¼ °°^e ` For the numerical model of this study, !rstly, the geo- ¬ ¼¯¿¬ ¼ ¯¿ (3) S metric model of the structure of the catamaran and its sur- ªªKe º ª K fs º ºUe ½ F e ½ «¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ »°^ ` °°^ ` ° rounding 5uid was elaborated. Later, both geometries were 0 f ®P ¾® 0 ¾ « ªK e º » ^e ` ^ ` ¬¬ ¼ ¼¯° ¿¯°° ¿° discretized using the !nite element method. #e boundary conditions of the computational model Note that the indices “s”, “f ” and “fs” denote the matrices (for deep water and shallow water) are: of the structure, the 5uid and the 5uid-structure interface, • free dynamic condition of the catamaran; respectively. #e matrices [ M], [ C] and [ K] are, respectively, • free surface condition in the upper surface of the 5uid the inertia, damping and sti$ness of the analyzed system. It is domain; noted that the matrices of additional mass and sti$eners of • zero impedance on the lateral and lower (bottom) faces the 5uid next to the hull structure are characterized by the of the 5uid domain (deep water analysis); • 6 matrices [Mfs ], [ Kfs ], respectively. impedance of the value 5,5 ∙ 10 on the bottom (bottom) surface of the 5uid domain (shallow water analysis).
3. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS #e null impedance condition (deep water) is related to propagation of acoustic waves to in!nity. In other words, there Measurements were carried out on board of the catama- is no re5ection of these waves as they pass through the faces ran, in the Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro/RJ), with the of the 5uid domain. However, the condition of impedance for following objectives: shallow water, extracted from the work of Hodges (2010), is • Identify experimentally the vertical natural frequencies related to the re5ection of part of the energy of the acoustic and its shape modes of vibration, which will be compared wave propagated in these faces. with the numerical results; As for the physical parameters, a 5uid density of 1,025 kg/ m3 • Obtain the vibration spectra of the region of the pro- and an acoustic wave velocity of 1,450 m/s were adopted for pulsion motors, which will serve as an excitation for the the 5uid. For the structure, they were adopted the properties numerical model. of naval aluminum 6106 T5.
During the tests, the catamaran operated at design draft, simulating the operating condition with maximum passenger capacity on board. #e Table 1 presents the main features of Table 1. Main features of the catamaran. the catamaran used as a case study. Parameter Value A total of 13 locals were instrumented throughout the Total length 29.20 m vessel, including monitoring of the rotations of the shaft Length between perpendiculars 27.80 m lines of port (BB) and starboard (BE). #e Figure 1 shows Molded mouth 9.60 m the locations where the accelerometers and tachometers were Depth 3.80 m installed along the structure of the vessel. Design draft 1.44 m #e Figure 2A shows the Bode graph for the accelerom- Service speed 25.00 m eter placed on the telescopic tube (in the vertical direction) Gross tonnage (TBP) 25.00 ton. for the !rst order of the propellant, showing that there is a Displacement 119.00 ton. resonance around 650 RPM. #e Figure 2B shows the Bode Material Aluminum graph that allowed the identi!cation of resonance frequen- Reduction gear 2.5291:1 cies using the accelerometer placed on the main deck near the bulkhead 25 (BE). Propellers (fixed pitch) 2
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Lateral view
Main deck – Stern Main deck – bulkhead no 15 Main deck – bulkhead no 25 (portside and starboard) (portside and starboard) (portside and starboard)
Awning support Removable awning Main structure engine Tables room Walkway
Auxiliary engine room main deck Rudder machine Empty Empty space 1 space 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Shaft tachometer (portside and starboard) Steering gear Packing/Stern tube (portside and starboard) (portside and starboard)
Shaft bracket (portside and starboard)
Figure 1. Locations where the sensors were installed.
A Amplitude B Amplitude 4 3.5 3.5 3 3 2.5 2.5 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 Vibration amplitude Vibration amplitude 575 575 275 275 375 375 675 675 225 225 525 525 475 475 325 325 625 625 425 425 250 250 350 350 550 550 650 650 450 450 700 700 500 500 300 300 600 600 400 400 Rotation (RPM) Rotation (RPM)
Phase Phase 360 360 270 270 180 180 90 90 0 0 575 575 275 275 375 375 675 675 225 225 525 525 475 475 325 325 625 625 Phase (degrees) Phase (degrees) Phase 425 425 250 250 350 350 550 550 650 650 450 450 700 700 500 500 300 300 600 600 400 400 Rotation (RPM) Rotation (RPM)
1st propellant order 1st axis order
Figure 2. (A) Bode graph of the accelerometer installed on the starboard (BE) telescopic tube (vertical direction); (B) bode graph of the accelerometer installed on bulkhead number 25 of the main deck BE.
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#e structure of the hull was discretized in membrane and It can be seen in Figure 5 that the natural frequencies beam elements, while the domain of the 5uid in elements decrease signi!cantly due to the decrease in depth. #is fact based on the formulation of acoustic waves. #ese elements is due to the re5ection of acoustic waves at the bottom of are intended for the study of propagation of acoustic waves the 5uid domain which, consequently, will alter the matrix and dynamic analysis of submerged structures, especially of additional mass as seen in Equation 3. More observations with respect to the modeling of the 5uid-structure interface. can be seen in the work of Sigrist (2015). #e Figure 3 depicts the acoustic model of hydroelasticity of the vessel for deep waters with the results of the vertical modal shapes obtained and their respective natural frequen- 5. ANALYSIS OF CATAMARAN cies. #e Figure 4 elucidates the comparison of these results ON RIVERINE OPERATIONS with the results experimentally obtained. It is observed in Figure 4 that the di$erence between the With the obtaining of the modal forms and validation results obtained respects the upper and lower limits of con- of the numerical model of interaction 5uid-structure, the sistency of the results. #e linear equation that correlates the dynamic analysis of the structure of the hull was realized. results presents a coe@cient of 0.95 with an error of 0.32. For this purpose, the model of the acceleration spectra of In this way, it can be concluded that the average di$erence the chicken feet and compartment of the rudder machine between the results obtained is around 5%. obtained experimentally was inserted. #e selected points of the hull structure for dynamic 4.1. SHALLOW WATER ANALYSIS response evaluation were on the main deck in the regions Based on the consistency of the numerical model for near the stern, caves 15 (midship section) and 25 (bow). All of deep waters, the modal shapes of the catamaran were deter- these points are located along the center line of the vessel. mined for shallow water, using depths of 2, 4, and 6 meters Figure 6 shows the response spectra of the hull structure at in the height variation of the 5uid domain. Unlike the pre- the selected points. vious analysis, an impedance factor of 5.5E6 was applied to Observing Figure 6, it is noted that the catamaran has the lower face of the (bottom) domain. #e other contour signi!cant hull structure displacements, especially at the stern. conditions were maintained. #ese displacements are in the range of 1.50 to 3.97 mm. After performing a mesh convergence test, the results Compared with Annex B of ISO 6954, the catamaran meets obtained from the modal forms of the catamaran for the dif- the criteria of ergonomics and crew comfort for the accom- ferent depths are presented in Figure 5. modation areas (midship section and stern).
Catamaran domain
1st mode – 9.99 Hz 2nd mode - 18.69 Hz
Fluid domain
3rd mode - 26.71 Hz 4th mode - 36.62 Hz
Figure 3. (A) Acoustic model of hydroelasticity of the catamaran; (B) result of the vertical modal forms obtained.
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40 X: 36.62 Y: 35.23 35 Y(x) = 0.95x + 0.32 2 R = 0.99 th 30 4 mode
25 X: 26.71 rd Y: 25.01 3 mode 20
X: 18.62 nd 15 Y: 18.1 2 mode
10
Frequencies (Hz) – Experimental model Frequencies X: 9.99 1st mode Y: 10.35 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequencies (Hz) – Numerical model
Ideal curve Experimental results X numerical results Correlation curve of results Upper and bottom limits (margin of 10% of correlation)
Figure 4. Comparison of the results obtained by numerical (deep water) and experimental models.
10 18.7 9.80 18.61 9.8 18.6 9.71 18.5 18.52 9.6 2 meters 18.4 9.4 9.38 18.40
Frequencies (Hz) Frequencies (Hz) Frequencies 18.3 0 1 1 2 1st modal shape 2nd modal shape 25.5 33.05 4 meters 33 33.02 25 24.96 24.81 32.95 32.96 24.5 32.9 24 32.85 23.64 32.82 6 meters (Hz) Frequencies (Hz) Frequencies 32.8 2 3 3 4 3rd modal shape 4th modal shape
2 meters of depth 4 meters of depth 6 meters of depth
Figure 5. Analysis of the modal forms of the catamaran for shallow water.
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND crew and patients, being necessary take into account the RECOMMENDATIONS depth of navigation in the design of their projects and their dynamic analysis. It is concluded that the numerical model is adequate and #us, the bene!t presented by the proposed model con- reasonable for the dynamic analysis of the vessel, especially with sists in the previous knowledge of the vibrational aspects of regard to the veri!cation of the requirements of the ISO 6954 the ship/vessel in order to guide mitigating solutions to the standard (ISO, 2000). In view of the results obtained, the problem of excessive vibration. In addition, the use of acous- catamaran analyzed meets the requirements according with tic theory for analysis of hydroelasticity and 5uid-structure the aforementioned norm regarding accommodation areas. interaction also allows the development of future work on In addition, it should be pointed out that hospital ships the prediction of noise propagation, acoustic signature and require strict compliance with the comfort standards for mapping of ambient noise.
Excitation spectrum of the starboard shaft line Excitation spectrum of portside shaft line
Excitation spectrum of the rudder compartment Stern Midship Bow
X: 23.56 4 Y: 3.148 X: 14.75 X: 41.19 Response spectrum of the bow Y: 2.635 X: 47.97 2 Y: 1.585 Y: 1.188 (mm)
Displacement 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequencies (Hz)
4 X: 41.19 X: 23.56 Y: 3.976 X: 46.19 Response spectrum of the stern 2 X: 14.75 Y: 1.484 Y: 1.398
(mm) Y: 0.9266
Displacement 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequencies (Hz) 4 X: 14.75 X: 23.56 Y: 2.757 Y: 2.042 Response spectrum of the midship section X: 38.56 2 Y: 0.6834 (mm)
Displacement 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequencies (Hz)
Figure 6. Response spectra of the catamaran structure.
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REFERENCES
HODGES, R. P. Underwater acoustic: analysis, design and performance INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION of sonar, Reino Unido: Wiley, 2010. (ISO). ISO 6954:2000: Mechanical vibration — Guidelines for the measurement, reporting and evaluation of vibration with regard to HOWARD, C.; CAZZOLATO, B. Acoustic Analyses Using MATLAB and habitability on passenger and merchant ships. ISO, 2000. ANSYS . Londres: CRC Press, 2014. SIGRIST, J. F. Fluid-Structure interaction: an introduction to finite element coupling. França: Wiley, 2015.
| 15 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 8-15 NANOTECHNOLOGY
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AL /NIO MULTI- LAYERED NANOTERMENES SYNTHESIZED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING Caracterização microestrutural e térmica de nanotermites multicamadas de al/nio sintetizadas por magnetron sputtering
Tadeu Henrique dos Santos 1, Braulio Soares Archanjo 2, Renata Antoun Simão 3
Abstract: #e use of nanotechnology in the development of Resumo: O uso da nanotecnologia no desenvolvimento de mate- energetic materials with di$erentiated performances is an riais energéticos com performances diferenciadas é um objeto de object of study of Nanoenergetics. Such materials have great estudo da Nanoenergética. Tais materiais possuem grande impor- strategic importance, and several developments are con!den- tância estratégica, e vários desenvolvimentos obtidos têm caráter tial. However, many studies also cover the civilian !eld, such evidentemente sigiloso. Muitas dessas pesquisas, porém, abran- as materials for joining technologies or the development of gem também o campo civil, como as tecnologias para junção de microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), in a new research !eld materiais ou desenvolvimento de sistemas microeletromecânicos called Nanoenergetics On a Chip (NOC). In this work, mul- (microelectromechanical systems — MEMS), que constituem um tilayer Al/NiO nanothermites were synthesized by the mag- novo campo de pesquisa chamado nanoenergetics on a chip (NOC). netron sputtering technique, with di$erent thicknesses of the Neste trabalho, nanotermites multicamadas de Al/NiO foram sin- individual layers, corresponding to di$erent stoichiometric tetizadas pela técnica magnetron sputtering , com diferentes espes- ratios. Stoichiometric !lms (E), !lms with higher amount of suras das camadas individuais, correspondendo a diferentes razões reducing metal (R) and !lms with higher amount of oxidant estequiométricas. Foram sintetizados !lmes estequiométricos (E), (O) were synthesized. #e reaction occurred at about 260°C !lmes com maior quantidade de metal redutor (R) e !lmes com below the temperature observed in the conventional thermite maior quantidade de oxidante (O). A reação ocorreu cerca de reaction, with signi!cant heat release. 260ºC abaixo da temperatura observada na reação convencional Keywords: Nanoenergetics. #in !lms. Nanothermites. das termites, com signi!cativa liberação de calor. Palavras-chave: Nanoenergética. Filmes !nos. Nanotermites.
1. Master in Nanotechnology Engineering by Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Lieutenant Commander at the Navy Research Institute ( Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha - IPqM) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. PhD in Physics by Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Researcher at Nucleus of Microscopy Laboratories of the Materials Metrology Division of Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO) - Duque de Caxias, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. PhD in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering by Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Professor of the Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Program at the Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Postgraduation and Research in Engineering/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
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1. INTRODUCTION Where: exp (m c/m ox ) = mass ratio between the fuel (Al) and the oxi- #e !eld of study of energetic nanomaterials is called dant (NiO) used in the experiments; est Nanoenergetics and, in a simpli!ed way, consists in the syn- (m c/m ox ) = stoichiometric mass ratio, according to Equation 2: thesis and the study of the properties of energetic materials, including propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics, mak- 2Al + 3NiO → Al 2O3 + 3Ni (2) ing use of nanostructured mixtures of those (YANG; XU; ZHANG, 2012). In the case of thermites made in the form of thin !lms, #e energetic mixtures of nanoparticulate compounds, the equivalence ratio is not given in terms of masses, but rather that is, having a particle size between 1 and 100 nanometers, volumes, which are related to the thicknesses of the layers have di$erent properties in relation to micrometric materials that constitute the !lm. in terms of performance, sensitivity, stability, rate of energy #e synthesis of the nanothermites occurs by the phys- release and mechanical properties. #is is because nanopar- ical vapor deposition (PVD), which uses the sputtering ticles have a large surface area compared to microparticulate phenomenon, consisted of the non-directional ejection of materials, due to the increased surface/volume ratio, gener- atoms or molecules from the surface of a solid target by ating an increase in surface energy. #ese properties result the transfer of momentum, from the collision of incident in higher propagation and reactivity rates of these blends, gaseous ions. #is target can be used both as a cathode of making them attractive choices for energetic materials with a direct current (DC) sputtering system and as part of a advanced properties such as additives for new types of pro- radio frequency (RF) system. Upon reaching the cathode, pellants and pyrotechnics (MIZIOLEK, 2002). the ions draw some atoms from the target, also releasing #ese new energetic materials, called nanothermites or some secondary electrons, which, along with the second- metastable intermolecular composites (MIC), are used as ary electrons from the gas ionization, help maintain the components of modern weapon systems, either as explosive luminescent discharge. Neutral target particles (atoms) will charges or as propellants for rockets and missiles. #ey have reach the substrate and attach to it, forming the thin !lm. also been the subject of research in the use of biological deac- #e term magnetron sputtering denotes the use of a mag- tivation (MULAMBA; HUNT; PANTOYA, 2013; CLARK; netic !eld, which intensi!es the sputtering (OHRING, PANTOYA, 2010), micropropulsion (ROSSI et al., 2002), 1992). #e process is illustrated in Figure 1. junction of materials (BLOBAUM; REISS, 2003), heat sources in thermal batteries (ADAMS, 2015) and molecular trans- port to cells (KORAMPALLY et al., 2012). 2. METHODOLOGY Like thermites, nanothermites are formed by mixing a metal and an oxide. #e most used metals in the synthesis Films with di$erent thicknesses, corresponding to di$er- of nanothermites are aluminum and magnesium. #ere is ent compositions and values of stoichiometric ratio (ø) were a wide variety of oxides used, but the best known compo- made: !lms of stoichiometric composition (ø=1), symbol- sitions employ MoO 3, WO 3, Bi 2O3, CuO, Fe 2O3 and I 2O5 ized by the letter E; !lms of the fuel rich type, with greater (ROGACHEV; MUKASYAN, 2010). amount of metallic reducing material (ø=5/3), symbolized In order to obtain a single value that can describe the com- by the letter R; and !lms of the fuel poor type, with greater position of a nanothermite, a number ø (!), called Granier’s amount of oxide (ø=5/9), symbolized by the letter O. #e time equivalence ratio (GRANIER; PANTOYA, 2004), or, sim- required for the deposition of each layer is speci!ed for each ply, a stoichiometric ratio of a given composition, is de!ned !lm, as detailed in Table 1. as Equation 1 (ROGACHEV; MUKASYAN, 2010): #e deposition system used in this work is composed of two magnetron sputtering cannons of 3.0”(MAK Source, (/)m m exp ø = c ox (1) US Inc.), a DC source (MDX 1K, Advanced Energy), an (/)m m est c ox RF source (RFX 600A, Advanced Energy) , an impedance
| 17 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 16-22 Tadeu Henrique dos Santos, Braulio Soares Archanjo, Renata Antoun Simão cascade for the RF system (ATX-600, Advanced Energy), In the depositions, the following substrates were used: a gas mass 5ow controller (central 247C, with 1159B con- • silicon wafers (100) sized 2 × 1 cm; troller calibrated for argon, both MKS), a two-stage rotary • glass slides (3 × 3 cm) covered with polystyrene (PS). mechanical pump (E2M-18, Edwards), a di$user pump (160 mm Di$stak, Edwards) and a Pfei$er Vacuum Single Coating with PS is required for the coats deposited Gauge pressure sensor. #e targets used, with a diameter on that !lm to be subsequently withdrawn, by treatment of 3”, were: with acetone, for the thermal analysis step. #e PS !lm • 99,9% nickel oxide (NiO), by Kurt J. Lesker Company; was made by spin coating of a 2% solution of PS in tolu- • Pure aluminum. ene. #e equipment used to make the PS glass !lms was the Chemat® Spin-Coater KW-4A, and the programming Except for the deposition times of each layer, all depo- used was 15 seconds at 500 rpm, followed by 30 seconds sition parameters were kept constant, as shown in Table 2. at 2,000 rpm.
A B Gas Incidente ion
Ejected Surface Substrates Ejected atom atoms Magnetic atom Permanent field lines magnets Target (cathode) Vacuum chamber
Gas inlet Vacuum pump Water cooling
Figure 1. (A) Scheme of a magnetron sputtering chamber; (B) sputtering mechanism.
Table 1. Compositions of stoichiometric, fuel rich and fuel poor films. Al layer NiO layer Total Number of Composition Al (nm) Deposition NiO (nm) Deposition ø Type thickness bilayers Time Time (nm)
E 30 8m46s 50 43m51s 1 6 Stoich. 480
R 40 11m42s 40 35m05s 5/3 6 Fuel rich 480
O 20 5m51s 60 52m38s 5/9 6 Fuel poor 480 E: stoichiometric film; R: fuel rich film; O: fuel poor film.
Table 2. Deposition parameters. Deposition Base pressure Argon flux (cm 3/ Al target NiO target Substrate rotation pressure (mbar) min) power (W) power (W) speed (RPM) (mbar)
<1,0 × 10-5 5,0 × 10 -3 60 100 100 20 RPM: revolutions per minute.
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Before starting the differential scanning calorime- Also in relation to Figure 2, three points were de!ned for try (DSC) of the samples, the baseline was made with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis: • the equipment under the flow of N 2 (20 mL/min), point 1: in the nickel oxide layer; with a heating rate of 10°C/min and without crucibles. • point 2: in the interface region; Thus, the baseline is established according to the con- • point 3: on the aluminum layer. ditions of the analysis. In general, the baseline was very stable and did not change throughout the measurements. #us, the intensities were obtained for each point, accord- The DSC graphics obtained were then normalized with ing to Table 3. the obtained baseline. The equipment used was DSC- At point 1, which corresponds to the NiO layer, the 60, from Shimadzu. highest intensities are for the Ni and O lines. In turn, #e microscopy analyses were carried out with a transmis- point 3 of the aluminum layer has a higher intensity for sion electron microscope model S/TEM Titan G2 80-200, Al. For point 2, which is close to the interface, intensi- owned by the Nucleus of Microscopy of the Alberto Luiz ties are higher, with emphasis on Ni and O. Especially Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Engineering for element O, the higher concentration of oxygen may Research/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. indicate a migration and the corresponding increase in NiO concentration at the interface. Bahrami et al. (2014) synthesized multilayer CuO/Al films and verified the 3. RESULTS same increase of oxygen at the interface. According to the authors, this increase is important for the energy release reaction of the film, because the thermitic reac- 3.1. TRANSMISSION MICROSCOPY tion is initiated at the interface. Transmission microscopy was done on the E !lm sample and reveals a multilayer !lm in which a di$use layer between the Al and NiO ones is perceived, as shown in Figure 2. 27 nm #is di$use layer may be related to the interdi$usion Al NiO zone and appears to be amorphous in nature, probably com- 5 nm posed of alumina, as will be observed later. #e main hypoth- Interdi,usion layer esis for its formation is the di$usion of oxygen atoms from 47 nm the NiO layer, forming a small layer of alumina between the main ones. It is possible to observe that the NiO layer has columnar grains. #is type of columnar growth comes 50 nm 20 nm from the fact that the deposition temperature is low when Figure 2. Transmission photomicrography showing the compared to the melting temperature of NiO (1.955ºC) layers of the stoichiometric film and the interdiffusion (THORNTON, 1986). layer (increase: 600K).
Table 3. Approximate values of Al, Ni and O intensities (cps/eV). Intensity (cps/eV) Point Type Al (Kα) Ni (Kα) Ni (Lα) O (Kα)
1 NiO 0.55 0.87 1.30 0.95
2 Interface 1.00 1.20 1.90 1.25
3 Al 0.95 0.45 0.45 0.65
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3.1.1. Selected area diiraction possible that the increase in substrate temperature during #e selected area di$raction (SAD) results in a di$rac- the deposition cycle has caused greater di$usion of oxy- tion !gure composed of rings, whose radius are related to gen to the aluminum layer, resulting in increased oxygen the interplanar distances (d) of the polycrystalline material. signal in the sample. #e ImageJ software, version 1.50i, was used to measure the atomic d. From there, the comparison with the atomic d data 3.2. THERMAL ANALYSIS sheets or reference standards of the composition of the ana- To perform the thermal analysis, the !lms deposited lyzed area was made. #e diameter of the ring was calculated on the PS glass plates were removed with solvent (ace- and, from that point on, the value of d was found, which is tone). #e !nal appearance is of colored crystals, as shown related to the values of 2 θ. Figure 3 shows the region of the in Figure 5. analyzed !lm. In the graphic of Figure 6, it is observed that onset #e values obtained by SAD are described in Table 4. temperatures are lower than 400°C, which, in turn, is well #e 2θ values obtained relate to the planes correspond- ing to NiO, according to the correlation obtained from the Table 4. Interplanar distances obtained by selected Crystallography Open Database (http://www.crystallog- area diffraction. raphy.net/cod/). Plans belonging to aluminum or alumina d (Å) Plans 2θ were not identi!ed. 2.420 (111) 37.10
3.1.2. Mapping by 2.070 (200) 43.66 dispersive energy spectroscopy 1.480 (220) 62.66 #e EDS mapping was done for four elements: Al, Ni, 1.283 (311) 73.74 Si and O, as shown in Figure 4. As expected, aluminum and nickel appear in their respective layers, with great 1.191 (222) 80.52 intensity. #e silicon appears in small quantity and quite 0.9462 (331) 108.9 dispersed throughout the !lm; the presence of this ele- ment was expected, since it is the substrate of the !lm. #e last element, oxygen, is dispersed through all layers; an interesting fact is that, as the layers of the !lm move away from the substrate, the oxygen gradually decreases in quantity, becoming more restricted to the NiO layers. It is
A B
50 nm 5.00 1/nm Figure 3. Selected area diffraction of stoichiometric film sample: (A) area of the film in which the selected Figure 4. Map of dispersive energy spectroscopy for area diffraction was made; (B) diffraction pattern. Al, Ni, Si and O in the stoichiometric film 2.
| 20 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 16-22 Tadeu Henrique dos Santos, Braulio Soares Archanjo, Renata Antoun Simão below the melting temperature of the aluminum, of about of the aluminum, that is, by a solid-solid di$usion mech- 660°C. This indicates a reaction based on a solid-solid anism. #is is due to the small time required for Al and O diffusion mechanism. The higher surface energy between to travel through their respective layers in the interface. NiO and Al nanostructures increases their reactivity, #e proposed aluminum thicknesses for each type of !lm thereby reducing the ignition temperature (ZHANG are presented in Table 5. et al., 2009). We see that the R !lm has a thicker aluminum layer, #e main di$erence between the compositions can be leading to less heat production. In addition, it is necessary explained in terms of, at least, two factors: to consider the stoichiometry of the !lms. #e stoichiomet- • individual thickness of aluminum layers; ric !lms generally produce higher reaction heat, due to their • !nal stoichiometry of the !lm. better balance between fuel (Al) and oxidant (NiO). Any excess, of reagents or products, will cause the reduction of According to Bahrami et al. (2014), the heat of reac- the exothermicity of the reaction, with consequent reduction tion, in constant heating rate, decreases with the increas- in the adiabatic temperature, by reducing the heat released ing Al thickness, because only the region near the inter- per unit mass (PACHECO, 2007). face reacts at temperatures below the melting temperature
4. CONCLUSIONS
A B C In this work, Al / NiO nanothermites with di$erent stoichiometries were successfully synthesized by magnetron sputtering in the form of thin !lms on silicon and glass sub- strates coated with PS. #eir characterization, using trans- Figure 5. Al/NiO multilayer reactive films: (A) stoichiometric film; (B) fuel rich film; (C) fuel poor film. mission microscopy, showed that !lms with well-de!ned Al / NiO layers were obtained. Nickel oxide had crystalline columnar growth, and the respective crystalline planes were visualized by SAD. In the punctual EDS, the higher con- centration of oxygen at the interface is important for the 7 ΔH = -1.415 J/g E thermally reactive !lm. #is is related to the low ignition 6 E ΔH = -800.43 J/g R temperature, indicating a reaction by solid-solid di$usion 5 R Δ O mechanism, with considerable amount of heat released per HO = -1.240 J/g 4 unit mass (about 1.4 kJ/g). For applications that require 3 higher energy densities, such as the manufacture of micro- 2 electromechanical systems (MEMS), the most e@cient 1
mW/mg structure is that which has stoichiometry close to the com- 0 bustion reaction (type E !lms). -1 -2 -3 100 200 300 400 500 600 Table 5. Al layer thickness for each film type. Temperature (°C) Films E R O E: stoichiometric film; R: fuel rich film; O: fuel poor film. Al thickness 30 40 20 (nm) Figure 6. Differential scanning calorimetry of multilayer reactive films. E: stoichiometric film; R: fuel rich film; O: fuel poor film.
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REFERENCES
ADAMS, D.P. Reactive multilayers fabricated by vapor deposition: MULAMBA, O.; HUNT, E.M.; PANTOYA, M.L. Neutralizing bacterial a critical review. Thin Solid Films , v. 576, p. 98-128, 2015. https://doi. spores using halogenated energetic reactions. Biotechnology and org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.09.042 Bioprocess Engineering , v. 18, n. 5, p. 918-925, 2013. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12257-013-0323-3 BAHRAMI, M.; TATON, G.; CONÉDÉRA, V.; SALVAGNAC, L.; TENAILLEAU, C.; ALPHONSE, P.; ROSSI, C. Magnetron sputtered OHRING, M. The Materials Science of Thin Films . Londres: Academic Al-CuO nanolaminates: E>ect of stoichiometry and layers thickness on Press, 1992. energy release and burning rate. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics , PACHECO, M. M. Self-sustained High-temperature Reactions: Initiation, v. 39, n. 3, p. 365-373, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300080 propagation and synthesis . Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de Delft, BLOBAUM, K.J.; REISS, M.E. Deposition and characterization of a self- Delft, 2007. propagating CuOx/Al thermite reaction in a multilayer foil geometry. ROGACHEV, A.S.; MUKASYAN, A.S. Combustion of heterogeneous Journal of Applied Physics , v. 94, n. 5, p. 2915-2922, 2003. https://doi. nanostructural systems (review). Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves , org/10.1063/1.1598296 v. 46, n. 3, p. 243-266, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-010-0036-2
CLARK, B.R.; PANTOYA, M.L. The aluminium and iodine pentoxide ROSSI, C.; ORIEUX, S.; LARANGOT, B.; DO CONTO, T.; ESTÈVE, D. reaction for the destruction of spore forming bacteria. Physical Design, fabrication and modeling of solid propellant microrocket- Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP , v. 12, n. 39, p. 12653-12657, 2010. application to micropropulsion. Sensors and Actuators A , v. 99, n. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CP00473A p. 125-133, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00900-1
GRANIER, J.J.; PANTOYA, M.L. Laser ignition of nanocomposite THORNTON, J.A. The Microstructure of Sputter-deposited Coatings. thermites. Combustion and Flame , v. 138, n. 4, p. 373-383, 2004. Journal of Vac. Sci. Technology A , v. 4, n. 6, p. 3059-3065, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.05.006 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.573628
KORAMPALLY, M.; APPERSON, S.J.; STALEY, C.S.; CASTORENA, YANG, Y.; XU, D.; ZHANG, K. E>ect of nanostructures on the exothermic J.A.; THIRUVENGADATHAN, R.; GANGOPADHAYAY, K.; MOHAN, reaction and ignition of Al/CuOx based energetic materials. Journal R.R.; GHOSH, A.; POLO-PARADA, L.; GANGOPADHYAY, S. Transient of Materials Science , v. 47, n. 3, p. 1296-1305, 2012. http://dx.doi. pressure mediated intranuclear delivery of FITC-Dextran into chicken org/10.1007/s10853-011-5903-z cardiomyocytes by MEMS-based nanothermite reaction actuator. ZHANG, K.; ROSSI, C.; ALPHONSE, P.; TENAILLEAU, C.; CAYEZ, S.; Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical , v. 171-172, p. 1292-1296, 2012. CHANE-CHING, J.-Y. Integrating Al with NiO nano honeycomb to http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.081 realize an energetic material on silicon substrate. Applied Physics A: MIZIOLEK, A.W. Nanoenergetics: an emerging technology area of Materials Science and Processing , v. 94, n. 4, p. 957-962, 2009. http:// national importance. Amptiac Quarterly, v. 6, n. 1, p. 43-48, 2002. dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4875-6
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LICENCE OF NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINE: ONE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A atividade de licenciamento no submarino com propulsão nuclear: uma análise comparativa
Tatyanna Barreira Manhães 1
Abstract: New technologies make changes at the Public Policy Resumo: Novas tecnologias impulsionam mudanças na área das area. In this sense, the submarine with nuclear propulsion will Políticas Públicas. Nesse sentido, o submarino com propulsão bring about changes in several spheres of nation; being its nuclear ensejará mudanças em diversas esferas do país; sendo o seu licensing one of the propellers of this development. #us, it will licenciamento um dos propulsionadores desse desenvolvimento. be analyzed ways to !ll a “Legal Gap” in the Brazilian nuclear Assim, analisar-se-á formas de preencher uma “Lacuna Legal” na licensing legislation through a comparative analysis whose legislação de licenciamento nuclear brasileiro por meio de uma objects of comparison will be the licensing laws of France análise comparativa cujos objetos de comparação serão as legisla- and England. ções de licenciamento da França e da Inglaterra. Keywords: Submarine with Nuclear Propulsion. Licensing. Palavras-chave: Submarino com Propulsão Nuclear. Development. Licenciamento. Desenvolvimento.
1. INTRODUCTION (Estratégia Nacional de Defesa – END). Complying with the provisions of the documents, the Brazilian Navy ( Marinha #e present work aims to analyze public policies directed do Brasil – MB) has rea@rmed its role in contributing to the to the Brazilian nuclear industry, speci!cally regarding the development of the Brazilian nuclear industry through e$orts legal system and legislation. With respect to nuclear safety, to build a nuclear submarine. the focus is on the “nuclear licensing” of a nuclear subma- #us, the main goal of this study was to help elucidate rine. In this scenario, the importance of understanding the one of the safety demands of the Submarine Development licensing policies for nuclear installations increases in paral- Program ( Programa de Desenvolvimento de Submarinos – lel with the demands of licensing a naval propulsion reactor. PROSUB) related to nuclear submarines (NS-BR), partic- Currently, the high-level political instructions for the ularly with regard to licensing. To this end, this work tried defense industry originate from guidelines provided in condi- to identify, both from a legal and conceptual point of view, tion documents such as the National Defense Policy ( Política what are the obstacles to NS-BR licensing in the current Nacional de Defesa – PND) and the National Defense Strategy Brazilian legislation.
1. Civil employer at Empresa Gerencial de Projetos Navais (EMGEPRON) – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
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2. REASONING #e countries chosen for the comparative analysis were France – a signatory country of the Submarine Program agree- The preliminary research that motivated this study ment with Brazil – and the United Kingdom – an English- identified a regulatory waiver in licensing rules, which speaking nation with an important history in the nuclear industry. will be explored and analyzed in comparison with the To meet the challenge of dealing with a subject under legislation of other countries that have such technology, continuous transformation, 2016 was set as the time limit aiming to offer alternatives that can fill the Brazilian to assess documents. normative gap.
5. DEVELOPMENT 3. OBJECTIVES #e licensing process of nuclear installations consists of • Analyze the Brazilian conceptual and normative basis two stages: environmental licensing, a process conducted by regarding nuclear legislation; the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural • Identify the barriers to nuclear submarine licensing; Resources ( Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos • Assess the structure and nature of the legal system related Naturais Renováveis – IBAMA) – mandatory for activities to licensing in the countries under study (France and that have environmental impact –; and nuclear licensing from United Kingdom). the National Nuclear Energy Commission ( Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear – CNEN), with impacts evaluated by the Environmental Impact Study-Environmental Impact Report 4. METHODOLOGY (Estudo de Impacto Ambiental-Relatório de Impacto Ambiental – EIA-RIMA) (Figure 1). #e art. 4 of Resolution no. 237/97 #is is a comparative study between two countries that have of the National Council of Environment ( Conselho Nacional such technology. Seeking alternatives in the international expe- do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA) regulates: rience, I selected countries that have nuclear submarines and laws that could serve as a basis for comparison with the Brazilian Art. 4 Falls to the Brazilian Institute of Environment legal system. and Renewable Natural Resources – IBAMA,
Environmental licensing (IBAMA)
Nuclear licensing (CNEN)
IBAMA: Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources; CNEN: National Nuclear Energy Commission. Figure 1. Nuclear Licensing as part of environmental licensing.
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executing agency of the [National Environmental The area def ined as the object of licensing should System] SISNAMA, the environmental licensing be the nuclear reactor, except when used as an of enterprises and activities with signi'cant envi- energy source in means of transport, both for pro- ronmental impact, as referred to in art. 10 of Law pulsion and other purposes; as well as the stor- no. 6,938/81. age location for nuclear materials, except for that occasionally used during transportation (CNEN, 1984, italics added). IV – intended to research, procure, produce, bene't, transport, store, and dispose of radioactive mate- Although nuclear licensing apparently comprises the rial, in any stage, or that use nuclear energy in any work scope of CNEN, and this commission seems to be of its forms and applications, upon the report from the most indicated to license NS-BR, interviews with the Nati onal Nuclear Energy Commission – CNEN members of the nuclear industry revealed doubts regarding (CONAMA, 1997, italics added). the unique characteristics of the submarine. #e follow- ing points incite vulnerability: the mobility of the vessel, As CNEN is competent for nuclear safety and autho- the need to distinguish licensing agency from the supervi- rized the operation of the existing nuclear units, concluding sory entity (a frequent critic to CNEN is the fact that the that a nuclear submarine would be under the licensing scope commission acts an authorization and executing agency as of this commission is reasonable. However, the connection well as a supervisory one), and the military nature of the between the two licensing procedures prevents the submis- submarine. Adding these issues to the textual exemption sion of NS-BR to the current licensing legislation. veri!ed in the CNEN Despite being subject to environmental rules, naval assets are exempted from environmental licensing. Such posi- tion is guaranteed by article 7, item XIV, paragraph f of the 6. FRENCH NUCLEAR REGULATION Supplementary Law no. 140 of 2011:
Art. 7 Administrative actions of the Government are: 6.1. FRENCH NOMENCLATURE [...] XIV – promote environmental licensing of enter- #e use of radionuclides, whether natural or arti!cial, is prises and activities: governed by the Code of Public Health, which constitutes [...] f) of a military nature, exempting from the General Legislative Regime. environmental licensing, under the act of the In this scenario, three major categories were de!ned to Executive Power, those provided in the prepa- classify installations that use radionuclides: basic nuclear ration and employment of Armed Forces, accord- installations ( installations Nucléaires de base – INB); instal- ing to Supplementary Law no. 97, June 9, 1999 lations classi!ed for environment protection ( installa- (BRAZIL, 2011). tions classes pour la protection de l’environnement – ICPE); and nuclear installations and activities used for defense #erefore, one of the reasons for the inapplicability of purposes ( installations et activités nucléaires intéressant la the previously mentioned CONAMA resolution to nuclear défense – IANID). submarines comes from its military nature. #e French legislation treats each of these classi!cations On the other hand, even if there were no such exemp- di$erently, that is, there is speci!c legislation for the distinct tion for naval assets, another impeditive factor for NS-BR categories of installations that use radionuclides. licensing would be found in the previously existing legis- On June 13, 2006, a new law called Transparency and lation. When analyzing the CNEN Licensing Regulation National Security ( Transparence et Securité Nacional – TSN) NE-1.04, it is clear the exemption of means of transport for provided for this matter. Law no. 686/2006, which covers propulsion, not covered: transparency and nuclear safety, named this body Nuclear
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Safety Agency ( Agence de Sûrete Nucléaire ), established as an 26, 2013. Its article R.* 1333-37 de!nes which nuclear units independent administrative authority, in other words, no lon- should be classi!ed as IANID: secret base nuclear installa- ger under any ministry (FRANCE, 2006). tions (INBS); military nuclear systems; sites and installations #e law expands the safety of a nuclear installation when for nuclear experiments used for defense purposes; old sites it proposes that equipment and installations needed for its for nuclear experiments in the Paci!c; transportation of !s- operation and located within its perimeter should also be sile or radioactive materials connected to nuclear weapon and considered part of the nuclear installation, and thus subject naval nuclear propulsion activities. to the same rules. In addition, it provides that the operator In time, it is noteworthy that, according to the French is responsible for the safety of the installation. #erefore, legislation, the equipment and facilities needed to explore a we can conclude that the safety of a nuclear installation falls nuclear installation for defense purposes and located within its to the Armed Forces. perimeter are considered part of this installation. #e French Consequently, we can consider current the indepen- Defense Code is responsible for organizing nuclear matter dence of the Nuclear Safety Authority ( Autorité de Sûreté for defense. According to this document, the competent Nucléaire – ASN). authority to ensure the safety of IANID is the Nuclear Safety A relevant document for the French nuclear policy when Authority of Defense (ASND). speci!cally covering installations used for defense purposes is #e French Minister of Defense and the Minister of the French Defense Code ( Code de La Defence ) (FRANCE, Industry nominate the Delegate for Nuclear Safety (DSND), 2019). #e most recent version of this document is from June who is responsible for the safety and radioprotection of
Defense Code
The French Minister of Defense and the Minister of Industry nominate the Delegate for Nuclear Safety (DSND).
Minister of Industry Minister of Defense
Civil Military
ASND
ASND DSND (Délegué à Sûreté Nucléaire et à la Radioprotection ASN pour les activités et Installations interessant a la Defénse)
The DSND is elected for a renewable 5-year term Source: prepared by the author and co-authored by Linhares (2015).
Figure 2. Nomination of the French Delegate for Nuclear Safety.
| 26 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 23-29 Tatyanna Barreira Manhães activities and installations for defense purposes. #e delegate No person may use a site for the purpose of installing must study and propose a policy of nuclear safety applicable or operating any nuclear reactor (other than a nuclear to installations and defense nuclear activities. #e DSND reactor comprised in a means of transport, whether and the team that helps him or her ful!ll the requirements by land, water or air) (United Kingdom, 1969). of the position comprise the ASN. #e diagram that shows this subordination is bellow (Figure 2). Thus, despite being an agency intended for nuclear #is position makes the delegate responsible for study- licensing by NIA65, ONR is not responsible for licens- ing issues of nuclear safety and protection against radia- ing reactors of any propulsion. #erefore, licensing nuclear tion and proposing solutions applicable to nuclear installa- submarines is not part of the scope of this agency, just as tions and activities for defense purposes to the Minister of it occurs in Brazil. Defense and Minister of Industry. On the other hand, the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions acts to promote the safety of the personnel who will work in the nuclear site. Speci!cally, the Health and Safety 7. NUCLEAR LICENSING at Work etc. Act 1974 also regulates nuclear licensing. IN THE UNITED KINGDOM #e Ministry of Defense (MoD) is responsible for intro- ducing management rules and mechanisms that will produce, #e authority responsible for licensing a nuclear plant is within reason, results at least as good as those required by the Nuclear Installation Inspectorate (NII). In the United the legislation. Faced with the legislative gap opened by the Kingdom, the licensing of nuclear installations falls to the two laws cited, the MoD established its independent regu- Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), a civil agency of lator in nuclear safety, the Defense Nuclear Safety Regulator the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), under the Health (DNSR). #e Secretary of State for Defense Policy requires and Safety Commission. #e Commission is connected to that the MoD acts in case of exceptions. the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and focuses on #e aspects of the MoD regulation for the defense nuclear health and safety at work. program are in the formal agreement established between #e most signi!cant nuclear licensing laws are the “Nuclear MoD-ONR, called MoD-ONR General Agreement (GA). Installations” Act (Act 1965 and 1969) and the Health and #is agreement regulates the legal situation of the relation- Safety at Work etc. Act (Act 1974), since, in their understand- ship between the organizations in developing their activities ing, the safety of a nuclear site encompasses the safety of its and within the responsibilities of the Department of Nuclear employees. In a recent document – #e Health and Safety Power (DNP) regulations. In addition, the GA allowed the and Nuclear (Fees) Regulations 2016 – the United Kingdom ONR and DNSR to write a Letter of Understanding (LoU). government rea@rms the concepts of safety, nuclear installa- As the licensing agency is civil, it is not entirely responsible tion, as well as the relevance of the acts mentioned. for licensing reactors used in naval propulsion. #e Defense #e ONR works with a control system based on a robust agency should oversee the rules and regulations of the civil licensing process to ensure the safety of nuclear installations agency concerning the items pertinent to the limitation of in the United Kingdom. #e law used to license nuclear doses, radioactive waste, emergency plans, and other aspects installations is the Nuclear Installation Act 1965 (NIA65), from which the Defense has no legal exemption. #e legal which establishes the ONR as an institution with the power exemption of the Defense is clearly restricted to the licens- to require the licenses it deems necessary for each installa- ing of naval reactors. tion. #ere is, however, a case of nuclear installation not reg- ulated by NIA65: 8. RESULTS Nuclear Installation Act (1965 and 1969) 1 - Restriction of certain nuclear installations to #e study sought contributions to the topic in the French licensed sites: and British legal systems to have an overview of the licensing
| 27 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 23-29 Tatyanna Barreira Manhães process for naval propulsion reactors in both cases. Although Brazilian legislation is aimed at the “nuclear installation.” these countries have nuclear weapons (nuclear states), unlike Despite the divergences about the de!nition of this term, Brazil (non-nuclear state, according to the Treaty on the Non- the Convention on Nuclear Safety-94 – an important docu- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons), this work focused only ment for the nuclear industry – considers “nuclear installation” on the issues related to the operation of a propulsion reactor a civil power plant; therefore, not applicable to a naval asset. and power generation for naval assets. #e !rst reason is the nature of the licensing process #e Brazilian case was based on the procedure used to in Brazil. Analyzing the Brazilian licensing legislation, license existing nuclear sites, given that the country does not I noticed that the process identi!ed by the law is the envi- yet have a propulsion reactor, be it naval or not. ronmental licensing conducted by IBAMA, which has the It is noteworthy that, both in France (ASND) and the CNEN authorization as one of its stages, in this work called United Kingdom (ONR + DNSR), the licensing of propul- “nuclear licensing.” I found no law that recognizes the term sion reactors has a close relationship with at least one civil “nuclear licensing.” agency – Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Due to a legislative exception regarding the unenforceability Strategy and Department for Work and Pensions, in the of environmental licensing in the case of naval defense assets, case of the United Kingdom; and Ministry of Defense, no nuclear licensing would, therefore, be required. However, in the French case. In Brazil, until the conclusion of this I underline that for other MB assets, eliminating the need study, the agencies that dealt with licensing (IBAMA and for licensing does not exempt them from nuclear licensing, CNEN) were not formally connected to military authori- as they do not comprise any nuclear site. #us, the dilemma ties for this purpose. results from the discussion of safety rules for NS-BR. One explanation for the di$erence between Brazil and Here, I draw a parallel with the French law which also France is the acquisition process of defense products (nuclear textually excludes nuclear units in its environmental legis- submarine) in both countries. In Brazil, the project authority lation. Consequently, it de!nes that nuclear rules require is the Armed Forces (Brazilian Navy), while in France, it is a di$erent treatment than that of the legislation applied the industry that builds the products. #is scenario justi!es to other environmental areas. Another point learned with the connection between licensing and the French Ministry France that seems bene!cial to Brazil is the separation of Industry. Another signi!cant detail is that in Brazil, the between basic nuclear installations (civil and !xed) and project authority belongs to the state, and in France, to a those used for defense purposes – including both !xed private entity. (research reactors etc.) and mobile (so far, only NS-BR) In addition, there are independent entities that regulate installations. the matter. In the French case, they are the Delegué à Sûreté In turn, the British legislation, like the Brazilian, recog- Nucleaire et à la Radioprotection pour les Activités et Installations nizes that means of transport with propulsion reactors should Interessant la Défence (DSND), and in the United Kingdom, not be licensed following the rules of nuclear installations, so the DNSR, under the Defense Safety Authority (DSA), it separates the nuclear units. As a result, the doubt regard- which is an independent regulatory body connected to the ing the existence of a nuclear installation in the NS-BR does Secretary of State for Defense. not exempt its licensing, considering the safety of operation of the asset. In conclusion, parallel legislation to license NS-BR should 9. CONCLUSION be considered instead of changing the current one, which is based on the existence of a nuclear installation. #e !eld of nuclear safety is broad and complex and gives #e lack of legislation indicated the existence of another rise to extensive discussions. Based on previously generated possible gap in the Brazilian legal landscape: the lack of an knowledge on the subject – in Brazil, France, and the United independent regulator for all nuclear units, both !xed and Kingdom –, this study discussed the nuclear licensing rules mobile. Thus, an agency focused on nuclear safety should that could guide the NS-BR case. be created.
| 28 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 23-29 Tatyanna Barreira Manhães
REFERENCES
BRASIL. Lei Complementar nº 140, de 8 de dezembro de 2011 . Fixa normas, ______. Le déroulement et la conduite des opérations d’armement . nos termos dos incisos III, VI e VII do caput e do parágrafo único do art. 23 Apresentação realizada na Marinha do Brasil. França, 2010. da Constituição Federal, para a cooperação entre a União, os Estados, o Distrito Federal e os Municípios nas ações administrativas decorrentes ______. Lei nº 2.006/686, Lei de Transparência e Segurança em do exercício da competência comum relativas à proteção das paisagens matéria nuclear (Transparence et Securité Nacional, TSN) . França, 13 naturais notáveis, à proteção do meio ambiente, ao combate à poluição jun. 2006. em qualquer de suas formas e à preservação das florestas, da fauna e da flora; e altera a Lei n o 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981. Brasil, 2011. LINHARES, T.Q. Uma proposta de modelo de gerenciamento da cultura de segurança para o submarino brasileiro com propulsão COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR (CNEN). Norma nuclear. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Experimental 1.04: Licenciamento de Instalações Nucleares. Rio de Janeiro: CNEN, 1984. Janeiro, 2015.
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE MEIO AMBIENTE (CONAMA). Resolução REINO UNIDO. Nuclear Installation Act . Reino Unido, 1965. nº 237, de 19 de dezembro de 1997 . CONAMA, 1997. ______. Nuclear Installation Act . Reino Unido, 1969. FRANÇA. Código de Defesa . 2019. Disponível em:
| 29 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 23-29 NUCLEAR
QUALITATIVE SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE REMOVAL AND TRANSFER OF WASTE RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE IN SHORE- BASED SUPPORT INSTALLATIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES Análise qualitativa de segurança para a remoção e transferência de rejeito líquido radioativo em uma instalação de apoio em terra para um submarino de propulsão nuclear
Leonardo Amorim do Amaral 1, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo 2
Abstract: This work aims to conduct a qualitative risk analy- Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise qua- sis in shore-based support installation for nuclear powe- litativa de risco de uma instalação de apoio em terra de um subma- red submarine during the operation of removal and trans- rino de propulsão nuclear, durante a operação de remoção e trans- fer of radioactive liquid waste produced by the SN-BR ferência do rejeito líquido radioativo produzido pelo Submarino to the CR-EBN throughout operational life. To do so, the Brasileiro de Propulsão Nuclear (SN-BR) para o CR-EBN ao longo Preliminary Hazard Analysis technique was used to postulate de sua vida operacional. Foi usada a técnica Análise Preliminar de the accidental scenarios and calculate their respective risks for Perigos com o objetivo de postular os cenários acidentais e calcular two different ways of operation in order to compare them to os seus respectivos riscos às duas formas distintas de realizar a refe- the risk. rida operação, a !m de compará-las quanto ao risco. Keywords: Safety analysis. Preliminary hazard analysis. Accidental Palavras-chave: Análise de segurança. Análise preliminar de scenarios. Risk matrix. perigos. Cenários acidentais. Matriz de risco.
1. INTRODUCTION support system for submarines should include a safety anal- ysis (TALARICO, 2015), as it will support, when neces- Brazil and France signed an agreement, in 2008, to enable sary, SN-BR when docked, as well as having a radiological the production of the !rst Brazilian Nuclear Propulsion complex — Radiological Complex of the Shipyard and Submarine ( Submarino Brasileiro de Propulsão Nuclear – Naval Base of Itaguaí ( Complexo Radiológico do Estaleiro SN-BR), the Submarine Development Program ( Programa e Base Naval de Itaguaí – CR-EBN), which will have the de Desenvolvimento de Submarinos – PROSUB). In addi- objective of treating and storing radiological materials tion to the SN-BR concept, there is also the complex from SN-BR. ground-to-submarine support system under construction #e safety analysis of the ground support facilities for in the city of Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro. #is complex ground the SN-BR would be a complementary study to the safety
1. Master in Nuclear Engineering by Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Lieutenant Commander (FN). Head of the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation of the CTecCFN - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. PhD in Nuclear Engineering by the Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Postgraduation and Engineering Research, Universidade Federal do Riode Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
| 30 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo analysis of the submarine itself (GUIMARÃES, 1999). 3. DESCRIPTION OF #erefore, the postulation and classi!cation of operating THE WORK CARRIED OUT scenarios for the SN-BR and ground support facilities could help to understand the problem of nuclear safety. For this work, the PHA technique was used to postu- late accidental scenarios, since it is a structured technique to identify potential hazards arising from the installation of 2. OBJECTIVES new units/systems or the operation of existing units/systems that use hazardous materials, meeting the ongoing project of #is work aimed to conduct a qualitative risk analysis of the CR-EBN (SILVA et al., 2011). An example PHA sheet a ground support facility for a nuclear propulsion submarine, is shown in Chart 1. since it has a nuclear reactor that will receive support from In order to complete the spreadsheet, the frequencies of ground installations for various operations with radioactive the accidental scenarios were determined and the severity materials. #e study was carried out for a speci!c operation of each one was estimated. Chart 2 shows the classi!cation of removal and transference of waste radioactive liquid pro- of the scenarios identi!ed according to the category of their duced by the SN-BR by means of two di$erent processes frequency of occurrence and Chart 3, the classi!cation of of execution, qualitatively comparing them to the risk in a the scenarios identi!ed according to severity category (MRS risk matrix, using the hazard identi!cation technique called ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA., 2005). Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA). #e classi!cation of severity categories for each postulated #e results will serve as a basis for future safety analyzes, accidental scenario was arbitrated by estimating the quan- related to the operational activities carried out in ground sup- tity of radioactive liquid waste leaked during its removal and port facilities for the SN-BR, such as fuel exchange, cargo transfer to the Wastewater Treatment Unit in the CR-EBN, movements and armaments for the submarine, among others. following the criteria shown in Chart 4 (ALVES et al., 2013).
Chart 1. Preliminary hazard analysis worksheet to be used in the study. Preliminary Hazard Analysis
System: Module: Date: Page:
Detection Frequency Severity Risk No. of Hazard Cause(s) Ebect(s) Recommendations mode (s) category category category scenarios
Chart 2. Classification of frequency categories for the preliminary hazard analysis. Classification Detailing Frequency (a -1 ) Description
It is expected to occur at least once A Frequent f > 10-2 over the lifetime of the installation
It is expected to occur up to once over B Probable 10 -4 ≤ f ≤ 10-2 the lifetime of the installation
C Occasional 10 -5 ≤ f ≤ 10-4 Unlikely to occur during the lifetime of the installation
Extremely unlikely to occur during D Remote 10 -7 ≤ f ≤ 10-5 the lifetime of the installation
E Improbable f < 10-7 Should not occur during the lifetime of the installation Source: MRS Estudos Ambientais LTDA. (2005).
| 31 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo
With the information obtained from the frequency which their classification can be identified as risk cate- of occurrence and severity categories, it is possible to gories “insignificant”, “marginal”, “moderate”, “critical”, qualify the risks for each of the postulated accident and “catastrophic” (MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS scenarios using a risk matrix, as shown in Table 1, in LTDA., 2005) .
Chart 3. Classification of severity categories for the preliminary hazard analysis. Classification Detailing Description
Irreparable damage to equipment, property and/or the environment, leading to unplanned shutdown of the unit and/or system (slow or impossible repair); I Catastrophic and causes death or serious injury to several people (employees and/or people in the outside).
Severe damage to equipment, property and/or the environment, leading to an orderly shutdown of the unit and/or system; injuries of moderate severity II Critical to employees, third parties and/or outsiders (remote probability of death of employees and/or third parties); and requires immediate corrective action to prevent its unfolding in catastrophe.
Light damage to equipment, property and/or the environment (damage is III Marginal controllable and/or low repair cost); minor injuries to employees, third parties and/or outsiders.
No damage or insignificant damage to equipment, property and/or the environment; no injuries /deaths of employees, third parties (non-employees) IV Negligible and/or outsiders (industries and Community) occur; the most that can occur are cases of first aid or minor medical treatment. Source: MRS Estudos Ambientais LTDA. (2005).
Chart 4. Classification of severity categories for the estimation of quantity of cast radioactive material. Types of Scenarios Severity
Scenarios with small leakage (up to 10%) of total inventory Negligble
Scenarios with large leakage, without leakage of all content (up to 50% of total inventory) Marginal
Scenarios with large leakage with more than 50% of total inventory leak Critical
Scenarios with large leakage, with leak of the entire inventory Catastrophic Source: Alves et al. (2013).
Table 1. Risk Matrix used to classify accidental scenarios. Severity
Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic
Frequent Insignificant Moderate Critical Catastrophic
Probable
Occasional Marginal
Remote Frequency
Improbable Source: MRS Estudos Ambientais LTDA. (2005).
| 32 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo
#e operations performed in SN-BR will comprise all the account the duration 90-day of each SN-BR mission in activities during its operational life cycle that will occur while the sea, wharf and dike should be prepared to receive up it is in the CR-EBN. For the purposes of this work, we con- to 5 m 3 (estimate) of liquid waste, considering the thermal sidered the possible accidental scenarios occurring during the power of the SN-BR reactor as in the order of 50 MWt removal and transfer of waste liquid from the drain tank of and the inventory of radioactive products proportional to a the primary reactor circuit and the SN-BR pressurizer relief nuclear reactor of a nuclear power plant, such as the Angra tank. For the veri!cation of nuclear safety conditions at the II power station, as a factor of the order of 70 times lower time of the operation, the possible states of the nuclear reac- (GUIMARÃES, 1999). tor were veri!ed (hot-shutdown, hot-standby and cold-shut- #e calculation of the frequency of an accidental sce- down) (MAIA, 2015). nario (Fc) involved the use of the frequency of some event #is operation will normally occur for depletion of the (Fop) that is not a fault and its associated probabilities (Pf ), drain tank of the primary circuit refrigerant discharge system expressed by Equation 1: and the pressurizer relief tank, which will produce a volume of radioactive waste by expanding the inventory of the pri- Fc = F op .p f (1) mary reactor circuit (MAIA, 2015). In order to calculate the operating frequency of the SN-BR In order to calculate the frequencies of scenarios with liquid wastes removal and transfer activity, it was necessary to equipment failures (leakage of valves, 5anges, and gaskets), estimate its operational life. In the case of SN-BR, a 30-year Equation 2 was used (LEWIS, 1996): operational life was considered (GUIMARÃES, 1999).
-( λ1+λ2)t In addition, consideration was given to a possible mainte- pf = 1 – e (2) nance routine for a submarine over its operational life, shown in Chart 5 (BIRKLER et al., 1994). Where:
Liquid waste removal and transfer operation will normally λ1 e λ2 = the failure rates related to the equipment leaks occur for depletion of the drain tank of the primary circuit involved in the operation. refrigerant discharge system and the pressurizer relief tank. #e liquid from this tank should be removed to the wharf In order to calculate the frequencies of human errors, and transported by the transport vehicle (TV) to the liq- the TESEO technique was used (empirical technique for uid waste treatment unit in the CR-EBN. Taking into estimation of operator error probabilities), which allows estimating the probability of a human error for the prod- uct of factors related to the type of activity (BELLO;
Chart 5. Number of maintenance periods of the COLOMBARI, 1980). Brazilian Nuclear Propulsion Submarine. #e risk level was then established, using the matrix in Quantity Table 1, indicating the frequency and severity of undesirable Maintenance Period over life events, as indicated in Charts 2 and 3.
Routine Maintenance 35 Period (RMP) 4. RESULTS OBTAINED Routine Docking Period (RDP) 4
Routine Docking Period with 4 Fop (Equation 1) was calculated based on the number Fuel Exchange of times SN-BR will be at the quay carrying out the liquid General Maintenance 3 waste removal and transfer operation throughout its oper- Period (GMP) ational life, which will occur in the Routine Maintenance Final Docking Period (FDP) 1 Periods (RMP) indicated in Chart 5. #erefore, it was Source: Amaral (2016). considered that the operation being dealt be carried out
| 33 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo on the quay in all RMP, that is, 35 times over the 30 years that could damage the equipment used in the removal of of the submarine’s operational life and that they last, on liquid waste during maintenance and civil works on the average, 2 hours at a time (LEWIS, 1996). #erefore, the quay, it was considered, in the use of the TESEO tech- frequency of the operation will be given by 1.17 times/year nique, that: the maintenance activity is simple and routine × 2 hours/time, which, reducing to the same units, origi- (K1 = 0.001), the activity lasts for 20 seconds (K2 = 0.5), nates Equation 3: whether the person performing the task is poorly trained or has little knowledge (K3 = 3), whether the situation is Fop = 2.67E-04/year (3) normal (K4 = 1) and whether the microclimate and the interface with the plant are discrete (K5 = 3). #erefore, we #is operating frequency was used for all accidental sce- can observe the probability of human error ( Ph ) through narios postulated. Equation 5 (AMARAL, 2016): As an example, to calculate the probability of fail- ure ( Pf ) for a scenario that contemplated failures in the Ph = (0.001) × (0.5) × (3) × (1) × (3) = 4.5E-03 (5) various equipment involved in the liquid waste removal operation, we used Equation 2. Considering that 4 valves, #erefore, we can calculate the frequency of the scenario 10 flanges, 10 gaskets and a hose will be used during through Equation 6: the operation, the total failure rate will be the sum of each of their rates multiplied by their respective quan- Fc = Fop x Ph = 2.67E-04 x 4.5E-03 = 1.20E-6/year (6) tities. The failure rate data were extracted from Mannan (2005). Hence, the value of Pf = 6.63E-05 is reached. 26 accidental scenarios were proposed for the removal and Applying Equation 1, we calculate the frequency for transfer of liquid waste by 5exible hose (M scenarios), of which the Fc scenario with small leakage by equipment failure 15% were classi!ed as “marginal” and 85% as “insigni!cant”. in the filling section of the liquid waste removal vehi- As for the removal by ampoules, 17 accidental scenarios (sce- cle (LWRV), considering a radioactive liquid factor narios A) were postulated, in which only 5.9% were classi!ed that forms a pool of 0.792, representing the fraction of as “marginal” risk and 94.1% as “insigni!cant”, as shown by non-evaporated liquid, as follows, according to Equation the risk matrix of Table 2, in which M (X) means that the 4 (ALVES et al. 2013): postulated scenario was a result of the form of removal by hose and scenario A (X) by the removal of liquid waste per Fc = 2.67E-04/year × 6.63E-05 × 0.792 = 1.40E-08/year (4) vacuum suction ampoule, where X is the number of postu- lated scenarios, that is, M (4) represents four scenarios pos- As an example for calculating the frequency of scenar- tulated in the PHA by removal of the liquid waste 5exible ios involving human failure, such as the fall of heavy tools hose classi!ed as “marginal” risk (AMARAL, 2016).
Table 2. Risk matrix for the removal and transfer of liquid waste by flexible hose m(x) and by vacuum ampoules A(X). Severity
Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic
Frequent
Probable
Occasional M(1) and A(2)
Remote M(4) and A(4) M(4) and A(1) Frequency
Improbable M(9) and A(3) M(5) and A(4) M(3) and A(3)
| 34 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo
4.1. ACIDENTAL SCENARIOS POSTULATED according to the model presented by Crowl and Louvar (2002). FOR FLEXIBLE HOSE REMOVAL #en, scenario frequency was calculated using Equation 1 Of the 26 postulated liquid waste leakage scenarios and the results of Equations 3 and 4 plus the aforementioned during the removal or transfer to the CR-EBN by the TV, factor (Equation 7): it is worth mentioning the four that had a marginal risk classi!cation and the three in which, despite being classi- FM-18 = 2.67E-04 × 4.5E-03 × 0.208 = 2.5E-07/year (7) !ed as “insigni!cant”, the category of severity was “critical”, as described in Chart 6. #erefore, the scenario was classi!ed as “remote” in terms For such scenarios, Chart 7 shows a summary of the of frequency category and, as it is a scenario of leakage of results of the PHA for frequency, severity and risk catego- large amounts of liquid waste, it was classi!ed as “marginal” ries, as well as recommendations to avoid or mitigate them. severity and, therefore, classi!ed in the matrix of risk as a As an example of calculations for frequency categories, “marginal accidental scenario”. #e postulation of the other the postulation of the M-18 scenario involved the probabil- scenarios is available in (AMARAL, 2016). ity of falling heavy tools that could damage the equipment used for the removal of liquid waste, already demonstrated 4.2. ACIDENTAL SCENARIOS by Equation 4, in which Ph = 4.5E-03 is the probability of POSTULATED FOR REMOVAL human failure associated with the event. In order to calcu- BY VACCUM AMPOULES late the frequency of this scenario, the evaporation fraction Similarly, for the 17 postulated liquid waste casting sce- of the puddle formed by radioactive waste leakage (ALVES narios during the removal and transfer to the CR-EBN by et al., 2013) was taken into account, for the calculation of a vacuum suction ampoules, it is worth highlighting the sce- similar scenario, considering evaporation fraction as 0.208, nario that obtained “marginal” risk classi!cation and the three
Chart 6. Description of accidental scenarios in the operation of removal and transfer of liquid waste by flexible hose with marginal risk classification and critical severity. Scenario Description
Large leakage due to failure of equipment such as valves, flanges, gaskets and hose, in the filling M-15 section of the LWRV with a feed pump connected
Large leakage due to falling object on the flexible hose, causing guillotine cutting with the feed pump M-17 connected and forming a radioactive pool on the asphalt surface of the quay, being able to reach the drainage network and exposing the personnel involved in the operation to the radiation
Large leakage due to object falling over the hose causing guillotine cutting with the feed pump M-18 connected, forming a radioactive cloud of leaked liquid fraction
Large leakage due to rupture or cut of the hose by fragments from the explosion of the high pressure compressed air pipeline of the quay with the pump connected forming a radioactive pool on the M-21 asphalt surface of the quay, being able to reach the drainage network exposing the personnel involved in the operation to radiation
Large leakage resulting from fire followed by an explosion in the transport vehicle caused by the M-24 leakage of fuel which causes the rupture of a LWRV drain line
Fire followed by an explosion in TV caused by fuel leakage causes rupture of a LWRV drainage line M-25 forming a radioactive cloud of fraction of leaked liquid waste
Fire followed by an explosion of the TV caused by fuel leakage causes disruption of a LWRV drain line M-26 with radioactive material release directly from the transfer vehicle forming a cloud LWRV: liquid waste removal vehicle; TV: transport vehicle.
| 35 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo that, despite classi!ed as “insigni!cant”, were categorized as As an example of calculation for frequency categories, of critical severity, as shown in Chart 8. the postulation of scenario A-16 requires the frequency For such scenarios, Chart 9 shows a summary of the of occurrence of open fires per year and their duration. results of the PHA for frequency, severity and risk cat- This frequency was obtained by a Bayesian approach egories, as well as recommendations to avoid or miti- (BOX; TIAO, 1973; SIU; KELLY, 1998) to estimate gate them. the annual fire frequency ( λi) using a non-informative
Chart 7. Result of the preliminary hazard analysis for the scenarios described in Chart 6. Frequency Severity Risk Scenario category category category
M-15 1.40E-08/year — Remote Marginal Marginal
M-17 1.20E-6/year — Remote Marginal Marginal
M-18 2.5E-07/year — Remote Marginal Marginal
M-21 Remote (estimated due to lack of data) Marginal Marginal
M-24 1.69E-10/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
M-25 3.52E-11/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
M-26 2.04E-10/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
Chart 8. Description of accidental scenarios in the removal and transfer operation of liquid waste by vacuum suction ampoule with marginal risk classification and critical severity. Scenario Description
Large leakage due to the falling of an object over an ampoule at the quay, causing guillotine- A-10 like cut with puddle formation on the surface of the quay exposing the personnel involved in the radiation operation
A-13 Large leakage caused by fire in loaded TV whose fuel was spilled, burning the ampoules
Large leakage cause by fire followed by an explosion of the TV, caused by fuel leakage which causes rupture of the ampoules loaded with the formation of puddles on the asphalt surface of A-15 the quay, reaching the drainage network of the quay and exposing the personnel involved in the operation to radiation
Large leakage caused by fire followed by an explosion of the TV caused by a fuel leakage which A-16 causes the rupture of the ampoules loaded with radioactive cloud formation of a fraction of the leaked liquid waste TV: transport vehicle.
Chart 9. Summary of the preliminary hazard analysis for accidental scenarios in Chart 8. Scenario Frequency category Severity category Risk category
A-10 1.20E-6/year — Remote Marginal Marginal
A-13 1.69E-10/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
A-15 1.69E-10/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
A-16 1.06E-11/year — Improbable Critical Insignificant
| 36 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo distribution, called the Jaynes distribution (Equation 8) 4. CONCLUSIONS (SIU; KELLY, 1998): 1 A qualitative comparison was made between two dif- f( λi) = ⎯ (8) √ λi ferent ways to perform the SN-BR liquid reject removal and transfer operation in CR-EBN. #e results obtained Where: by PHA, using the descriptions and guidelines discussed, λ = the desired frequency. 1 demonstrate that they can serve as parameters for a Security
To determine this parameter, we used the mean Poisson Analysis for other operations that will take place in the distribution (SOONG, 2004) a posteriori , given by (Equation 9): ground support facilities for SN-BR. It is worth remem- bering that it is necessary that the frequencies of occur- r+1/2 λi = ∫ λf (λ ∨ r, t)d λ= (9) t rence of some postulated scenarios need to be better cal- culated, since, in this study, it was not possible to obtain Where: accurate information, because it is a reserved subject with r = the number of occurrences in a time period t. restricted availability in the literature. In spite of these uncertainties regarding the calculation of accidental sce- #e λi frequency was calculated by assuming an occur- rence ( r = 1) for a period of 30 years (SN-BR life). Using narios frequencies, it was possible to notice that the results Equation 9, we arrive at the value of λi = 5.0 × 10 -2 /year, that of the matrices were close to the results for the same type is, one !re every 20 years. #erefore, the calculation of the of liquid waste transfer operation from Angra 1 to Angra probability ( Pi ) of occurrence of a 20-minute-duration !re 2 units (ALVES et al., 2013). in the TV while traveling from the quay to the CR-EBN, to It was also possible to analyze, in percentage terms, the transfer the liquid waste, was calculated through Equation frequency categories, where for the removal and transfer 2, given by Equation 10: operation of liquid waste pumped by 5exible hose, 65.4%
-02 of the postulated scenarios were classi!ed as “improbable”, Pi = 1 – exp – (5 ×10 /ano × 20/60 h × 1ano/8760h) = 1,9E – 07 (10) 30.7% as “remote” and only 3.9% as “occasional”. For the same operation using the vacuum suction ampoules, 58.8% of the From Equation 1, we arrive at the frequency of sce- postulated scenarios were considered “improbable”, 29.4% nario A-16, where Pf = Pi , adding the evaporation factor of as “remote” and 11.8% as “occasional”. #ese data may point the radioactive pool to the value of 0.208 (MELLO, 2009) to scenarios that will merit more attention for subsequent (Equation 11): quantitative studies. Finally, it is recommended that the accidental postulated FA-16 = 2.67E-04 × 1.90E-07 × 0.208 = 1.06E-11/year (11) risk scenarios classi!ed as “marginal” in this study are the result of a Probabilistic Security Analysis, as well as those #erefore, the scenario was classi!ed as “improbable” in the frequency category and, due to is being a large-scale leak- classi!ed as “critical” for severity, from the moment more age scenario, it was classi!ed as “critical” as for its severity detailed information on the frequencies of occurrence of the and “accidental insigni!cant scenario”. described operations are obtained.
| 37 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 Leonardo Amorim do Amaral, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo
REFERENCES
ALVES, A.S.M.; PASSOS, E.M.; DUARTE, J.P.; MELO, P.F.F. Radiological MAIA, Y.M. Descomissionamento de Submarinos Nucleares no Brasil . Risk Curves for the Liquid Radioactive Waste Transfer from Angra 1 to Dissertação (Mestrado) – Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós- Angra 2 Nuclear Power Plants by a Container Tank. In : INTERNATIONAL Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de NUCLEAR ATLANTIC CONFERENCE, 2013, Recife. Anais... 2013. Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
AMARAL, L.A. Diretrizes Operacionais para a Postulação de Cenários MANNAN, S. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries . Burlington: Acidentais de Instalações de Apoio em Terra para Submarinos de Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. Propulsão Nuclear . Dissertação (Mestrado) – Instituto Alberto Luiz MELO, P.F.F.F. Evento E2 – Estudo do Escoamento de Rejeito Líquido Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade do Contêiner-Tanque para o Meio Ambiente devido à Capotagem do Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2016. Mesmo, Relatório ETN BN 2_0068_1170_09018 . Rio de Janeiro, 2009. BELLO, G.C.; COLOMBARI, V. The human factors in risk analyses MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA. EIA-RIMA do Depósito Inicial – of process plants: the control room operator model TESEO. Depósito 2-B de Rejeitos Radioativos da Central Nuclear Almirante Reliability Engineering, v. 1, n. 1, p. 3-14, 1980. http://dx.doi. Álvaro Alberto CNAAA e Prédio de Monitoração do Ativo Isotópico do org/10.1016/0143-8174(80)90010-4 CGR . Brasília: MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA., 2005. BIRKLER, J.; SCHANK, J.; SMITH, G.; TIMSON, F.; CHIESA, J.; SILVA, A.C.B.; SANTOS, I. da C.; CONCEIÇÃO, W. L. da; SILVA, D. J. A. GOLDBERG, M.; MATTOCK, M.; MACKINNON, M. The U.S. Submarine da; NASCIMENTO, S.; SILVA, V. T. da. Operação Ooading: Análise Production Base: An Analysis of Cost, Schedule and Risk for Selected Preliminar de Perigo e os Impactos Ambientais. Revista Eletrônica Force Structures. Estados Unidos: National Defense Research Institute, Novo Enfoque , v. 13, n. 13, p. 207-221, 2011. RAND, 1994. SIU, N.O.; KELLY, D.L. Bayesian parameter estimation in probabilistic BOX, G.E.P.; TIAO, G.C. Bayesian inference in statistical analysis . risk assessment. Reliability Engineering and System Safety , v. 62(1-2), Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1973. p. 89-116, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00159-2 CROWL, D.; LOUVAR, J. Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with SOONG, T.T. Fundamentals of probability and statistics for engineers . Applications. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002. Nova York: Wiley, 2004. GUIMARÃES, L.S. Síntese de Doutrina de Segurança para Projeto e TALARICO, M.A. Considerações sobre a Aplicação da Tomada de Operação de Submarinos Nucleares . Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Decisão com Informação do Risco ao Processo de Licenciamento de de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1999. Instalações Industriais Especiais. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Instituto LEWIS, E.E. Introduction to Reliability Engineering . Nova York: Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Wiley, 1996. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
| 38 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 30-38 SENSORS, ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND ACOUSTIC WARFARE
COMPUTER AID FOR LAYING SUBMARINE ARTIFACTS BASED ON SET COVERING Auxílio computacional para disposição de artefatos submarinos baseado em Set Covering
Mauricio José Machado Guedes 1, Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa 2 , Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo 3
Abstract: This paper presented the construction of a low Resumo: Este trabalho apresentou a construção de um auxílio, com computational cost aid decision facing location underwater baixo custo computacional, voltado para apoio à decisão quanto à artifacts. Despite its development stems from a subproblem localização de artefatos submarinos. Seu desenvolvimento decorre of sonobuoys positioning in the AS warfare, its use may be de um subproblema de posicionamento de sonoboias na guerra A/S. adapted for other positioning activities such as mine warfare. No entanto, sua utilização pode ser adaptada para outras ativida- Its formulation is based on integer linear programming, and it des de posicionamento, tal como guerra de minas. Sua formulação é is constructed so it can be used by an operator without specific baseada em programação linear inteira, e é construída de modo que mathematical formation, being necessary only be familiar with possa ser utilizada de maneira simples, por operador familiarizado com Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Excel, não prescindindo de formação matemática especí!ca. Keywords: Set covering. Positioning. Integer programming. Palavras-chave: Cobertura de conjuntos. Posicionamento. Progamação inteira.
1. INTRODUCTION on existing and widely known software, is also present in Scherer (2009). The objective of this work was to present a com- It is therefore intended to be an easy-to-use tool, although putational aid, called detection coverage (COBDET), it deals with a complex problem, which, based on discrete for a classic problem of naval warfare: the protection of mathematics, has the characteristic of combinatorial explo- a port’s entry and exit against submarines. Sonobuoys sion solutions. Likewise, it is also recognized that its con- are used for underwater detection, though there was an struction in this way has limited applicability, which, however, attempt to minimize their quantity due to their high cost. This aid was built in Microsoft Excel using the solver can also serve other related problems, including the provision add-in, so as to facilitate its use and not require robust of mines, for example. computational resources. This concern about the use of Brie5y, the research question can be described as fol- simple decision aid and low computational cost, based lows: How can the minimum number of sonobuoys be
1. PhD in Computing by Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Civil servant. Senior technologist III at the Center for Naval Systems Analysis (CASNAV) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. PhD in Production Engineering Science by Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Postgraduation and Engineering Research (COPPE) of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Lieutenant Commander. Analyst at the Center for Naval Systems Analysis (CASNAV) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. PhD in Statistics by University of Warwick. Lieutenant Commander. Analyst at the Center for Naval Systems Analysis (CASNAV) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]
| 39 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 39-45 Mauricio José Machado Guedes, Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo positioned to cover a limited area, obeying approximate distribution of sensing sensors to cover a limited area of geographical constraints? reduced dimensions. #e initial motivation is the problem of protection of the port’s entry and exit. Given the !xed characteristic of the area, we consider the distribution of the 2. METHODOLOGY minimum set of points to be clari!ed as if they were inde- pendent !xed antennas. The motivation for a scientific approach to anti-sub- Consider a rectangular grid to be applied as a tem- marine warfare (ASW) includes both qualitative and plate over the port input or output area. #is rectangular quantitative aspects. In the qualitative field, we can con- grid is subdivided into squares, of variable scale, but with sider as examples: the concern with the joint use of dif- a !xed number of rows (7) and columns (14), represented ferent branches of the Armed Forces (FFAA) in coordi- in Figure 1. nation for the ASW war, exemplified in Brunson (1989), #e model includes the following elements: and specifically regarding the use of P3 in ASW, in • Decision variable Xij: binary variable associated to each Hallowell (1994). The interest in quantitative treatment square of row i and column j of the grid. It assumes for the study of aspects related to the ASW can be men- value 1 if a sonobuoy is placed in it; otherwise it tioned in Hayes (1942), Koopman (1946) and Kinland assumes value 0; and Kotchka (1967). • Individual coverage variable Yijz: binary variable associ- Regarding the decision aid, Leal et al. (1978) and ated with each square of row i and column j of the grid Mann (2004) can be mentioned; Bakos (1995) uses sim- with reference to the decision variable Xrs, where z = ulation to analyze the tactics of approach and attack, 14*(r-1) + s. #e variable assumes value 1 if it is within while in the field of optimization we see examples in the sensing range of the sonobuoy positioned at (r, s); Timmerman (1994), Son (2007), Thomas (2008) and otherwise it assumes value 0; Scherer (2009). • Aggregate coverage variable Yij: non-negative full vari- #e problem described in the objective is an optimiza- able associated with each square of row i and column tion one, since it aims to minimize a given resource, and j of the grid. It corresponds to the sum of all variables the formulation of optimization problems involves the Yijz at index z; following elements: decision variable, objective function • Objective function: to minimize the sum of all decision and constraints (CAMPONOGARA, 2006). variables; #e problem of set covering can be described generi- • Coverage constraint: the decision maker can specify cally as an integer linear programming problem, that is, in cells in the grid that do not need to be ensonified. which the objective function and the constraints are linear, For a cell (i, j) of this type, we have Yij ≥ 0; other- and make use of discrete variables (CAMPONOGARA, wise, Yij> 0. 2006). Assuming a graph G = (V, E), where V and E are, • Positioning: there are cells in the grid that do not respectively, its set of vertices and its set of edges. #e prob- allow the placement of sonobuoy. This may be the lem is to identify the minimum subset of vertices S of V case, for example, of a high-bottom or small island. in order to ensure that all vertices in V/S are adjacent to at least one vertex of S (CAMPONOGARA, 2006; positioning reference FARAHANI et al., 2012).
3. RESULTS
#e program is intended to produce an optimum sug- gestion, i.e., using the fewer number of positions, for the Figure 1. Positioning grid.
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If a cell (i, j) falls into this situation, then necessarily • Positioning reference: this frame is intended to represent Xij = 0. how the 7 rows and 14 columns are named, and is com- posed of 98 cells that depict the positions of the sensors. In this way, it becomes possible to particularize the for- It was built with this limit because of the restrictions on mulation for a speci!c geographic area, changing the cover- the maximum number of equations of the program; age restrictions of the problem, identifying the squares that • Positioning constraints: represents the possibility (1) or do not need to be covered, or in which the positioning of the impossibility (0) of positioning the sensors in the cor- artifact is not possible. responding geographic locations. In this !eld, the user It presents the use of the developed aid, which consists of will !ll with 0 the positions in which the placement of !le.xls with two spreadsheets: Core and Interface. the sensor is not possible, not being considered in the #e Core worksheet should not be used by the user, but is !nal solution; necessary for the calculation of the problem, constituting the • Coverage Constraints: Represents positions where no adjacency matrix of the cells, that is, de!nes the cells covered sensor coverage is required. #e user must !ll in with from the choice of positioning in each grid, from the scope 0 the cells in which the detection sensors will not need de!ned by the user. to be covered; The Interface worksheet is responsible for the user’s • Solution: a frame that should not be changed by the use and is represented in Figure 2, containing six dif- user; represents the positions of the sensors given in the ferent grids. optimal solution;
positioning reference solution
positioning constraints ositioning constraint confirmation
coverage constraints solution coverage
center
Figure 2. Interface worksheet.
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• Con!rmation of positioning restrictions: only reiterates Note that, automatically, cells with zero become incarnated, which cells were considered viable by the Core work- as shown in Figure 3. sheet. #us, the user can verify that the restrictions Similarly, cells considered to be of coverage restriction inserted were correctly interpreted by the worksheet (11, 12, 13, 14, 1D, 1E, 21, 22, 23, 2D, 2E, 31, 32, 33, 37, (not altered by the user); 38, 3D, 3E, 41, 47, 48, 4E, 5E, 57, 58) should be equaled • Solution Coverage: Identi!es the cells being covered, to 0. #e signi!cance of these restrictions is to render such and by how many sensors (should not be changed by cells unnecessary for detection. Di$erently from position- the user). ing restrictions, these constraints refer to the minimum number of sensors within range, rather than to decision And also the !elds described below: variables, according to Figure 4. Note that cells are auto- • Center: represents, respectively, the row and column matically colored in yellow. used as central parameters for the problem. It can be #e “alc” !eld must also be de!ned by the user, which will changed by the user to be considered a focus other than de!ne the scope considered. #e completion of this !eld the default; will automatically provide the data for the construction of • np: represents the number of positions used; np: repre- the adjacency matrix of the Core worksheet. senta o número de posições utilizadas; To facilitate the computational construction of the prob- • vt: should not be changed by the user. Total value of lem, we represent the individual coverage variable, that is, the the solution, representing the comparison value of the coverage generated in case one chooses the layout in each solution (which includes the number of positions used cell, through an adjacency matrix. Figure 5 shows part of and their positioning in relation to the center being the Core worksheet, representing the adjacency matrix gen- considered); erated for the example. • alc: data to be !lled by the user representing the range #e Core worksheet comprises an array of 98 rows per of the sensor in “squares”. It should be mentioned that a 98 columns, which explains the nonlinear growth of the prob- cell needs to be fully covered by the range of the sensor lem, with the addition of more cells. to be considered valid (diagonal distance). After executing the Excel solver, a corresponding response is obtained in the decision aid, shown in Figure 6. 3.1. EXAMPLE OF USE It is verified that the presented solution correctly In this item, we show the step by step of the calculation interpreted the positioning restrictions, the solution of a solution, with the following initial conditions: being presented in the corresponding grid. The number • Positioning constraints: positions that are not possible for the sensor in the following cells: 1D, 1E, 2D, 2E, 33, positioning reference 37, 38, 3D; 3E, 47, 48, 4E, 5E, 57 and 58; • Coverage constraints: #ese correspond to cells in which no sensor coverage is required. In this example, they cor- respond to cells: 11, 12, 13, 14, 1D, 1E, 21,22,23,2D, 2E, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 3D, 3E, 41, 47, 48, 4E, 5E, 57 and 58; • Sensor range: 1.5 grid. positioning constraints With this information, the cells considered as restric- tive for positioning (1D, 1E, 2D, 2E, 33, 37, 38, 3D, 3E, 47, 48, 4E, 5E, 57, 58) must be !lled with the value 0. #is pro- cedure equals value constraints, forcing the corresponding decision variables to equal zero in the optimization problem. Figure 3.Positioning constraints.
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positioning reference of positions used (12) is in np, while the solution cover- age frame shows by how many sensors each cell is “illu- minated” or covered.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
positioning constraints The present work presented the development of a computational aid for the arrangement of submarine artefacts, based on set covering, which may be applied not only for the sonobuoys arrangement, but also for other applications. As a limitation, its use is restricted to a median number of cells, and it should also be emphasized that the optimality coverage constraints to be obtained in this solution simply gathers the maximum geographic coverage by the available sensors, but it does not represent uniqueness, that is, it is possible that there are other equally satisfactory solutions. Nevertheless, the computational aid was devel- oped in a widely available and disseminated platform. Figure 4. Coverage constraints. Its structure requires a low computational cost, in spite
Figure 5. Core worksheet.
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positioning reference solution
positioning constraints ositioning constraint confirmation
coverage constraints solution coverage
center
Figure 6. Solution found. of dealing with a problem with reasonable complexity, feasibility to be used aboard the ships of the Brazilian besides making possible a contribution with practical Navy (MB).
REFERENCES
BAKOS, G.K. Submarine Approach and Attack Tactics: Simulation and HAYES, H.C. The A-B-C’s of Anti-Submarine Warfare . Washington, Analysis . Tese (Doutorado) – Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1995. D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory, 1942.
BRUNSON, B.H. Anti-Submarine Warfare on the Continental Shelf . KINLAND, I.N. Jr.; KOTCHKA, J.A. A game theoretic analysis of the Montgomery: Maxwell, AL, 1989. Convoy-ASW problem . Tese (Doutorado) – Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1967. CAMPONOGARA, E. Métodos de Otimização: teoria e prática – versão preliminar. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 2006. KOOPMAN, B. Search and screening. Washington, D.C.: Navy Department, 1946. FARAHANI, R.Z.; ASGARI, N.; HEIDARI, N.; HOSSEININIA, M.; GOH, M. Covering problems in facility location: A review. Computers LEAL, A.; CHEN, K.K.; GARDINER, P.C.; FREEDY, A. Studies and & Industrial Engineering , v. 62, n. 1, p. 368-407, 2012. https://doi. Application of Adaptive Decision Aiding in Anti-submarine org/10.1016/j.cie.2011.08.020 warfare . 1978.
HALLOWELL, P.E. Maritime Patrol Aircraft: operational versatility MANN, J.J. ASW Fusion On a PC . Monterey: Naval Postgraduate from the sea. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, 1994. School, 2004.
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SCHERER, S.D. Game-Theoretic Anti-Submarine Warfare Mission THIMMERMAN, M.J. A genetic algorithm based anti submarine warfare Planner (Heuristic-Based, Fully Excel Capable) . Tese (Doutorado) – simulator . Tese (Doutorado) – Naval Postgraduate School., Monterey, 1994. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 2009. THOMAS, A.J. Tri-level optimization for anti-submarine warfare SON, B. Track Spacing for An Archimedes Spiral Search by a Maritime mission planning. Tese (Doutorado) – Naval Postgraduate School, Patrol Aircraft (MPA) in Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Operations. Monterey, 2008. Disponível em:
| 45 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 39-45 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
METHODOLOGY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMPETENCE IDENTIFICATION IN THE BRAZILIAN NAVY Metodologia para identificação de competências necessárias em pesquisa científica na Marinha do Brasil
Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa 1, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo 2
Abstract: A new approach is presented so as to identify science !elds Resumo: Apresenta-se neste trabalho uma adaptação da meto- needed for the Brazilian Navy, using a Competency Management dologia de gerenciamento de pessoas por competências em con- framework. #e proposal focuses on the “Competence Mapping” tribuição à gestão do conhecimento em áreas cientí!cas de inte- phase, speci!cally on the “Identifying Needed Competences” resse para a Marinha do Brasil. Com foco na fase de mapeamento activity. #e method is based on two axis: individual and orga- de competências, a proposta discute nova abordagem para realizar nizational. #e !rst deals with individual competencies, focusing a atividade de identi!cação de competências necessárias. O novo on “knowledge” dimension, while the second refers to scienti- método embasa-se em dois eixos centrais: o individual e o organi- !c research characteristics, that di$er from other organizational zacional. O primeiro diz respeito à gestão de competências indi- !elds, because science research processes are not easily mapped, as viduais, com forte ênfase na dimensão conhecimento, enquanto o they vary accordingly to the employed methods on each research. segundo refere-se à gestão das particularidades das áreas de pes- #e paper shows a bibliographic review, adapting it to military- quisa cientí!ca, que a diferem das demais competências organi- -naval context. #e proposed approach is applied to Operations zacionais por não possuírem processos cristalizados. O trabalho é Research !eld so as to present its pertinence and utility. conduzido metodologicamente a partir de uma revisão bibliográ- Keywords: Competency management. Brazilian Navy. !ca de conceitos de gestão de pessoas por competência, contextua- Scienti!c research. lizados para o ambiente militar-naval. A pertinência e a utilidade da proposta desenvolvida são evidenciadas a partir de um estudo de caso realizado em uma instituição de ciência e tecnologia da Marinha do Brasil, tendo por base a área de pesquisa operacional. Palavras-chave: Gestão de pessoas por competência. Marinha do Brasil. Pesquisa cientí!ca.
1. D.Sc. in Production Engineering from Institute for Graduate Studies and Engineering Research Alberto Luiz Coimbra, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ). Commander of the Center for Naval Systems Analysis – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. PhD in Statistics by University of Warwick. Lieutenant Commander. Analyst at the Center for Naval Systems Analysis (CASNAV) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
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1. INTRODUCTION objectives. Individual competency is de!ned by three dimen- sions: knowledge, skill, and attitudes (DUTRA; HIPÓLITO, Competency-based people management (CPM) is a consol- SILVA, 2000). However, the importance of these dimensions idated model in growing interest within the Navy and the pub- is not necessarily even. It is, thus, expected that certain orga- lic service aimed at “guiding the e$orts to plan, capture, develop nizational processes demand competencies more focused on and evaluate at di$erent levels of the organization (individual, one or two of these dimensions. group and organizational), the skills needed to achieve their goals” Competency can also be an attribute not only of an (PIRES et al., 2005). As basic understanding of CPM, the word individual, but of teams and the organization as a whole “competency” can be represented by a tripod formed by the KSA (BRANDÃO, GUIMARÃES, 2001). #e academic discus- dimensions: Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes (BRASIL, 2012). sion in this context can be divided into three spheres: edu- One of the areas that may represent important organiza- cation systems and competency training, the latter referring tional competencies for the Navy is scienti!c research, which to both individual and organizational competencies, or core depends heavily on knowledge dimension and has peculiar competencies (FLEURY; FLEURY, 2001). process’ characteristics. Competency management is referred to when one dis- #e importance and need of scienti!c research should not cusses how to identify skills, knowledge, behaviors and have its results measured only by the product of the research capacities needed to meet current and future personnel obtained; it should rather be considered as an investment with selection needs, in line with the di$erentiation between potential for future return, either by enabling new developments strategy and organizational priorities (BUITELAAR; not yet listed, or by not having all its potential of use glimpsed. EIGNER, 2008). Likewise, the processes for its monitoring and contin- We may conclude, hereafter, that there are competencies ued, permanent management are not related to the return, needed in an organization. However, properly identifying or potential return, of scienti!c research itself. It is import- them is important in recruitment and personnel training, to ant to point out the return of investments in research and match the organizational strategy. #e goal of competency the rationalization of resources in continued and permanent management is to guide the e$orts to plan, capture, develop management of such competencies. #us, a method for the and evaluate competencies at different levels of a com- management of competencies required in scienti!c research pany: individual, group, and organizational (BRANDÃO; for the Brazilian Navy, which guarantees a portfolio of human BAHRY, 2005). resources with the capabilities needed to add value to both short- and long-term processes, becomes fundamental. 2.1. COMPETENCY-BASED #e objective of this work is, therefore, to present a proposal MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE that helps in the identi!cation of needed competency in scienti!c We considered convenient to start from a methodological research for the Brazilian Navy, seen mainly under the knowl- structure of management by competency, in order to connect edge bias, and an example of practical use to prove feasibility. the new proposal to the theoretical structure of competency In the next section we will discuss the fundamental con- management currently used in the Brazilian Navy. cepts of CPM and the proposal, which will serve as an initial #e methodological framework selected (BRANDÃO; theoretical reference. In the following section, a case study is BAHRY, 2005) comprises the following phases: formulating showed, focused on the area of operational research. #en, we an organizational strategy; mapping skills; capturing skills; present a brief discussion and conclusions. monitoring and evaluating them; and retributing. Precisely in the mapping phase, the following activities must be carried out: identi!cation of competencies needed; 2. METHODOLOGY inventory of existing ones; mapping of skills gap; planning of funding and/or development. Competency can be described as the ability of an indi- Figure 1 represents the structure of competency-based vidual to generate results within an organization’s strategic management used as the basis for the work.
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2.2. COMPETENCY-BASED dimension; inventory of trained human resources; and MANAGEMENT IN THE BRAZILIAN NAVY analysis of potential risks. #e Policy for Personnel Development of the Federal After consolidating the basic elements, it is possible to Autarchic and Foundational Administration (PPD) is of great indicate in which way this work’s contribution is delimited importance for the adoption of competency management con- within the expected phases of competency-based manage- cepts in the context of the Brazilian navy (BRAZIL, 2016). ment. Figure 2 shows how these steps relate to the phases According to PPD, competency can be understood as “a and activities of the structure presented in the item “struc- set of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the func- ture of competency-based management”. tions of employees to be performed aiming to achieve the #e !rst step (veri!cation of organizational alignment) objectives of the institution” (BRAZIL, 2012). is related to the phase of organizational strategy formula- To improve the personnel management at the Brazilian tion, which is not subject to frequent changes within the navy, the Personnel Management Program (PROPES) was military context. created (BRAZIL, 2016), having the CPM as fundamen- #us, this adaptation proposes a contextualized analysis of tal tool to map processes (BRASIL, 2014). #e mapping of the scienti!c !eld in discussion, aiming at identifying possi- processes in the context of PROPES is based on listing “the ble alignments between it and the navy’s Mission, the Naval tasks of each sector of the military organization and its exec- Military Doctrine (NMD), and other organizational aspects. utors” (BRAZIL, 2016). Based on these possible alignments, the new proposal However, scienti!c research activities, which are also points to a bibliographical and documental research, show- necessary for the Brazilian navy, are more di@cult to map ing fundamental aspects of the !eld of research analyzed, in by nature. #e organizational processes of military organiza- order to consolidate the potentialities of all possible align- tions involved in scienti!c research that can be mapped are ments to the Brazilian navy’s Mission, to the NMD, and to more related to research follow-up tasks, rather than to sci- the organizational aspects, which may re5ect the short-term enti!c research itself. #is makes it di@cult to identify the needs of the Brazilian Navy. areas of research that are relevant to the Brazilian navy, and It is possible that, even if the Brazilian navy does not pres- helps identify the skills of a good manager, but not necessar- ent any development in the scienti!c !eld analyzed, needs ily of a good researcher. to be considered in the future are identi!ed. And, at some point, these competencies focused on scienti!c areas can be 2.3. APPROACH PROPOSED developed by “learning” (BRAZIL, 2012). Competency management in the scienti!c !eld depends Having veri!ed the pertinence of organizational align- on the knowledge dimension, which is obtained individ- ment, one can carry out the steps related to the phase of ually. At the same time, the organizational competency in competency mapping, especially to the identi!cation of com- the Brazilian navy aimed at scienti!c research is not as eas- petencies needed. It is important to highlight that identify- ily delimited as it would be in a non-military organization. ing the competencies needed is one of the most important #erefore, it is appropriate, within this structure of com- phases within the CPM process, and it can be initiated by petency management, to promote the adaptations required documental analysis (BRANDÃO et al., 2008). It is coher- for a consistent use within the military-naval context. ent, therefore, to base this step on a documental and bibli- #e proposal is part of the !rst three phases of the ographical review. structure of competency-based management methodol- It is proposed that the justi!cation of the need for a ogy: formulation of organizational strategy; mapping of certain competency in the scienti!c !eld for the Brazilian skills; and uptake of skills. It consists of the following steps: navy is guided by two main axes: military-use and dual-use veri!cation of organizational alignment; military poten- potentialities, also considering potential uses in addition to tial; dual potentialities; applications in use at the Brazilian current uses. navy; analysis of scienti!c competencies in the area within #e steps of inventorying existing skills are carried out the Brazilian navy; analysis of competence knowledge concomitantly.
| 48 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 46-54 Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo
Define mission, Establish vision of the future performance and strategic indicators and
strategy objectives targets organizational organizational Formulation of Formulation
Identify required skills Map skills gap and plan funding/ development
Mapping of List competencies existing skills
Admit, Select external allocate and competencies integrate Uptake of Uptake competencies
Define Provide
Process 1 Process development and guide mechanism achievement Development of competencies
Monitor and establish results achieved
Monitoring Compare
and evaluation achieved with expected results
Recognize and Compensation for reward good competencies Retribution performance
Source: Adapted from Brandão and Bahry (2005). Figure 1. Structure of competency-based people management.
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#e gathering of applications in use is made by check- Navy, and can support the mapping of competency gap and ing the explicit jobs of the area analyzed, developed specif- the planning of funding and/or development. ically for the Brazilian navy by internal personnel. #is step #e step of inventory of trained human resources consists has the subset of proper applications in the area, and proper of listing the human resources with the knowledge required applications by the Brazilian navy in this !eld of research. for a certain competency. Although it does not de!ne all #e step scienti!c competency analysis is a search for the KSA elements, scienti!c quali!cation in the knowledge scientific publications in the area by internal personnel, dimension is sine qua non for scienti!c research. but made available by means that are external to the Navy. #e step of analysis of potential risks uses the previous More than a quantitative analysis of works by researchers, it step to evaluate the permanence of these human resources also provides elements indicative of quality. In order to be and the planning of their replacement. accepted for publication in periodicals, or in annals of scien- In Figure 2, one can see that the mentioned steps can also ti!c congresses, papers are commonly evaluated by experts contribute with more than one activity. As an example, the of the !eld. #is process (peer review) is the basis to attest step of applications in use within the Brazilian navy impacts scienti!c quality (LINS; PESSÔA, 2010). the following activities: identi!cation of competences needed #e analysis of the knowledge dimension of competencies and inventory of existing competencies within the compe- provides information on how individual scienti!c knowledge tency-based management structure. is obtained in the Brazilian navy. Although this step is simple, #e steps listed for this methodological adaptation are it de!nes how the capturing and training of human resources shown to be consistently related to the activities of compe- for the scienti!c !eld in question has been dealt with at the tency-based management structure presented. In order to
Structure of competency management Proposal
Formulation of organizational strategy Verification of Organizational Alignment
Competency Mapping Military Potential
Identification of required competencies Non-military potential
Applications in use in the Brazilian Navy
Activities List existing skills Analysis of scientific competencies of the Brazilian Navy
Analysis of competency knowledge dimension Mapping of skills gap and plan funding and/or development Inventory of trained human resources
Analysis of potential risks
Figure 2. Approach proposed for the structure of competency-based people management.
| 50 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 46-54 Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo present a practical application of this methodological adap- #ese uses in naval operations is indicate a direct con- tation, the following section applies these concepts to oper- nection of OR with the use of the naval power, which is a ational research (OR) in the context the navy. fundamental aspect of the Navy Mission, and, in the same way, is already aligned with aspects of NMD.
3. RESULTS 3.2. ANALYSIS OF MILITARY/DUAL POTENTIALITIES AND #is section describes the approach proposed to the area APPLICATIONS IN THE BRAZILIAN NAVY of OR, an area of science that originates in the military !eld As a military example, the adjustment of deep-water bombs and which was proven relevant for success in military oper- carried out by the Blackett’s circus in 1941-42 is enlighten- ations, based on a multidisciplinary scienti!c framework. ing. Research has oriented di$erent settings for the same #e OR portion considered for this paper was the classical commonly used bombs, but had such impressive results that approach, which is based on quantitative methods (PERES; German submarine crews reported new and more powerful FANNO, 2013). bombs in use. #e increase in damage was estimated at 400% for Royal Navy attacks and 700% for Royal Air Force attacks 3.1. VERIFICATION OF (TREFETHEN, 1970). Pessôa et al. (2016) describe further ORGANIZATIONAL ALIGNMENT examples of the use of OR tools for anti-submarine warfare. Scienti!c applications are mentioned as a means to improve Despite its military genesis, after World War II several the use of military capacity since old years. #e origin of concepts developed in the military centers of OR began to OR is not a historical consensus, as some authors consider be applied to the industry, using scienti!c managerial con- the Roman !re of the 5eet in Syracuse an ancestral exam- cepts developed by Taylor, Gantt and Emerson as precursors ple of OR (PERES, FANNO, 2013). However, it began as (TREFETHEN, 1970). an organized form of research before the World War II and #erefore, OR has been appropriate for non-military use was pushed into this period by strides, paving the way for the as well, focused mainly on more e@cient use of resources, act- decisions that aided the allied victory (TREFETHEN, 1970). ing both on performance improvement and cost reduction. Undoubtedly, the development of OR is strongly owed #is last aspect is very interesting for the current Brazilian to Professor Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, who was reality, with organizational or administrative use. At the asked to assist in the coordination of British antiaircraft moment, the Brazilian navy undergoes a heavy contingency, radars, as these appeared to have a performance at work that and OR can help save resources or obtain more e@ciency was not compatible with estimates in tests, a discrepancy with resources available. that required scienti!c observation in loco during operation To illustrate this possibility, we use the example of the (TREFETHEN, 1970). Franz Edelman competition prize, destined to contributions #e team assembled by Blackett had three psychologists, of OR to society. Since this award was invented, the !nalist two mathematical physicists, an astrophysicist, an army o@- projects have accumulated gains of US$ 210 billion due to cer, a researcher, a general physicist and two mathematicians, improvement of organizational e@ciency (INFORMS, 2016). and was named “Blackett’s Circus”, given the diversity of its In an economic environment requiring cost reduction, the composition, which would prove useful for the multidisci- non-military potential of OR for the Brazilian navy is evi- plinary approach to operational problems that would later on dent, as there is potential for resource savings and e@ciency be faced (TREFETHEN, 1970). #is illustrates the multi- improvement. Competency in OR is shown to be important disciplinary nature of OR since its inception. for the Brazilian navy and the military bias, since OR can In addition to the antiaircraft bias, the Blackett’s circus contribute with more e@cient use of means and the improve- also helped to detect ships and submarines with radar equip- ment of e@ciency with cost reduction. ment and to increase antisubmarine operations e@ciency #e Brazilian navy’s internal OR developments is closely (TREFETHEN, 1970). linked to the Naval Systems Analysis Center (CASNAV), and
| 51 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 46-54 Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo above all to operational evaluation (OE). OR is used in the of individual competencies. #e Brazilian navy, unlike the development of operational procedures and decision-support Army and Air Force, which have centers aimed at training systems (PESSÔA et al., 2016). Non-con!dential processes, masters and doctors, develops and maintains this capability in addition to CASNAV’s OR projects, are noteworthy; for through universities, referring o@cers and civil servants to be example, works directed to command and control (COLLAZO, students. #us, interaction with the academy is very import- SOUZA, 2012) or the discussion over use of simulations when ant to maintain the continuing development of the knowl- performing OE (GUEDES; KISCHINHEVSKY, 2009). edge dimension for OR within the navy.
3.3. ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC 3.6. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL RISKS COMPETENCIES OF THE In order for this organizational competency to be obtained, BRAZILIAN NAVY IN THE FIELD speci!c individual competencies in the scienti!c !eld must #is analysis can be carried out by checking publications be developed and translated as the training of masters and related to non-military applications of OR, conducted by doctors in the area. #e relevance of the knowledge dimen- military personnel quali!ed in OR within the Brazilian navy. sion to this competency, as de!ned by Dutra, Hipólito and In statistical models, the creation of chain event graphs Silva (2000), and the importance of trained personnel man- (COLLAZO; GOERGEN; SMITH, 2018; COLLAZO; agement can be understood as an asset of this competency TARANTI, 2017) is highlighted. Pessôa et al. (2015) show the (FLEURY; FLEURY, 2001). planning and discussion of a hydroceanographic commission. #e management of knowledge regarding OR in the As for multicriteria decision support, we can cite some authors Brazilian navy can only be achieved with a constant 5ow of (TARANTI, PESSÔA, COSENZA, 2017, BOTELHO et al., training of human resources, allowing an adequate replace- 2017, PESSÔA, FERREIRA, ALMEIDA, 2016, COSENZA, ment of researchers who become inactive. #e Navy develops DORIA and PESSÔA, 2015). Arti!cial neural networks and sup- and maintains this capacity through federal public universi- port vector machine are compared in a study (COLLAZO et al., ties, mainly Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade 2016). Simulations are also present in other papers (PESSÔA, Federal do Rio de Janeiro . 2015; TARANTI; CHOREN; LUCENA, 2011a; 2011b; #e option to use universities as a training means by the 2012; TARANTI et al., 2010; SANTOS; MARTINS, 2013; Brazilian navy allows greater 5exibility, as it targets di$er- SANTOS; MARTINS; NASCIMENTO, 2013; OLIVEIRA ent speci!c areas of knowledge with di$erent supervisors. et al., 2010; COLLAZO et al., 2009; PESSÔA et al., 2009). At the same time, it does not guarantee lines of research aimed directly at the Navy, with sustained development, and 3.4. INVENTORY OF also has serious consequences for the recruitment and main- TRAINED HUMAN RESOURCES tenance of personnel trained in OR, since candidates must Along with the titles held by its sta$ in this area, doc- also be selected by the universities. umental veri!cation of published scienti!c articles whose authors are military or active civil servants is suggested, since peer review can measure quality. After verifying the works 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS mentioned in the previous section, conducted by a signi!- cant portion of military and civil servants, masters and doc- #is paper showed a methodological approach that allows tors still on duty (PESSÔA et al., 2016), we can a@rm that to pinpoint the need of competency in scienti!c research for such competency is currently present in the Brazilian navy. the Brazilian navy, contributing to the identi!cation of com- petencies needed. #is is an important part of the competency 3.5. ANALYSIS OF THE mapping phase within the competency-based management KNOWLEDGE DIMENSION framework de!ned by Brandão and Bahry (2005). In order Although envisaged as an organizational competency, OR to exemplify the use of the approach proposed, the case of competency can only be achieved as part of the development the need for OR within the Navy was explored. In order to
| 52 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 46-54 Leonardo Antonio Monteiro Pessôa, Rodrigo Abrunhosa Collazo achieve this, a bibliographic review was carried out, with dis- reduce costs and obtain greater organizational e@ciency. cussion about military and dual aspects and about contem- In addition, the potential risks analyzed suggest atten- porary uses of OR in the scope of the Navy. tion to the constant 5ow of training that must be kept in #e methodology proposed also allows to verify the avail- order to retain organizational competency. Also, because ability of this competency in the Brazilian navy by means of this training depends largely on institutions outside the exempli!cation of its contemporary use, and to attest the Navy, it is important that the relationship with the scholar quality of individual scienti!c competency by analyzing the world be strengthened with view to the development of academic production in scienti!c publications by peer review, joint lines of research. proving the current competency of the Navy. #e proposal herein discussed incorporates peculiarities of In the case study presented as example, it is argued that, the Brazilian navy that had not been previously addressed in within the current economic context, besides the military the literature, and has potential to be used in other scienti!c potential uses of OR, the Brazilian navy can use OR to help research areas, within the context the navy, in future works.
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| 54 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 46-54 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
THE POST-GRADUATION PROGRAM ON MARITIME STUDIES AT THE NAVAL WAR COLLEGE AS AN INNOVATION PRODUCT O programa de pós-graduação em estudos marítimos da Escola de Guerra Naval como um produto de inovação
William de Sousa Moreira 1 , Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros 2 , Anna Caroline Pott 3 , Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe 4
Abstract: #is paper aims at exploring the potential of the Post- Resumo: O trabalho propõe-se a explorar o potencial do Programa graduate Program in Maritime Studies at the Naval War College de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos da Escola de Guerra as an innovation product in the !eld of education. #ree aspects Naval como um produto de inovação no campo da educação. guide the research, which associates learning and innovation under Três aspectos conduzem a pesquisa, que associa ensino e inovação a new perspective: the civilian-military integration, the interdis- sob uma nova perspectiva: integração civil-militar, interdisciplina- ciplinary and the cooperative academic production. #rough col- ridade e produção acadêmica cooperativa. A partir de levantamento lection and analysis of data and drivers, the study categorizes pro- e análise de dados e indicadores, categorizam-se per!s e resulta- !les and results, so that to set the Program in the proposed con- dos, de forma a enquadrar o Programa no framework conceitual ceptual framework. Results show a new learning characterization proposto. Os resultados apontam para uma nova caracterização de in the !eld of Maritime Studies that include the theoretical and ensino no campo dos Estudos Marítimos, que inclui o arcabouço applied approaches of Science Politics and International Relations. teórico e aplicado da Ciência Política e das Relações Internacionais. #e research area in Defense establishes a link between the Armed A área de concentração em Defesa estabelece um elo entre Forças Forces and the Academy, deepening thoughts on diversi!ed topics, Armadas e Academia, aprofundando as re5exões sobre temas diver- both in the hard sciences and in the humanities. Furthermore, an si!cados, tanto no âmbito das ciências naturais e exatas, quanto no international achievement of the Program inserts it in a set of ins- das ciências humanas. Além disso, a amplitude internacional do titutional contributions, creating a value network of production programa insere o mesmo num conjunto de contribuições institu- and collaboration. cionais, formando valiosa rede de trabalho e colaboração. Keywords: Post-graduation Program on Maritime Studies. Palavras-chave: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Innovation. Interdisciplinary. Civilian-military integration. Marítimos. Inovação. Interdisciplinaridade. Integração civil-militar.
1. Captain, Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Maritime Studies of the Naval War School - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Associate Professor II of the Postgraduate Program in Maritime Studies of the Naval War School - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Master in Marine Studies by the Naval War School - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 4. Master in Marine Studies by the Naval War School - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
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1. INTRODUCTION training opportunities. #is, according to the authors, is at odds with the size of the maritime industry in international Innovation can be understood as the development or trade and with the !nancial 5ows that characterize global- enhancement of a product, process or organizational form. ization. #e sector is considered capital intensive and, despite It is a complex, non-linear and interactive 5ow, carried out the technical conditions of its training in dealing with elective with the work of di$erent agents that contribute with infor- quali!cation, there is a progressive and visible opportunity mation and knowledge (LEMOS, 2000). #e concept was for the expansion of its strategic human capital, focused on updated by Law No. 13243 (BRAZIL, 2016a), known as the new forms of international governance. “new legal framework of Science, Technology, and Innovation In this way, it becomes possible to overcome the frag- (Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação – CT&I)”, being de!ned as the mentation of teaching, seeking an integral student forma- tion, since interdisciplinarity represents the most advanced introduction of novelty or improvement in the pro- degree of relation between disciplines. For this reason, it ductive and social environment that results in new has been “one of the main strategies of higher education to products, services or processes or which includes the train professionals able to think and act based on the artic- aggregation of new functionalities or characteristics ulation of the di$erent knowledge obtained” (FURLANI; to an existing product, service or process that may OLIVEIRA, 2015, p. 137). result in improvements and in an e8ective quality Based on the foundations of interdisciplinarity and gain or performance (BRASIL, 2016a). innovation, in the 2000s, the !rst graduate programs began to focus on defense issues. #e importance of the Amazon In this way, innovation presents itself as a result of nov- and military concern with its border protection inaugurated elties or productive and social improvements. the possibility of research marked by disciplinary plurality, For Lemos (2000), the context of accelerated changes in bringing together works of History, Anthropology, Political markets, technologies, and organizations demands new skills Science, Geography, International Relations and Sociology and knowledge. Individuals and institutions intensify their (MARQUES; FUCCILLE, 2015). ability to learn, transforming learning into a competitive vec- According to Marques and Fuccille (2015), Defense Studies tor. #e di$usion of new knowledge can generate innovations today has a small epistemic community bene!ted by govern- so that the many changes demand “capacity to respond to the mental initiatives, giving national defense issues greater vis- needs and opportunities that open up. #ey demand, in turn, ibility in university and civilian environments. We highlight new and increasing investments in research, development, a series of publications that have strengthened this objective, education and training” (LEMOS, 2000, p.164). #us, it is such as the revision of the National Defense Policy ( Política concluded that “the innovative process is a process of inter- Nacional de Defesa – PND) (BRAZIL, 2016b), the creation action of a social nature” (LEMOS, 2000, p. 168). and revision of the National Defense Strategy ( Estratégia In this perspective, the intrinsic relationship between Nacional de Defesa – END) (BRASIL, 2008; 2016c) and the e$ectiveness in the training process and interdisciplinarity !rst draft of the White Paper on National Defense (Livro (FURLANI; OLIVEIRA, 2015) is highlighted. #e com- Branco de Defesa Nacional – LBDN) (BRASIL, 2012). plexity of the contemporary world, under social, political, Marques and Fuccille (2015) point out that the epistemic economic and cultural aspects, among others, requires the defense community bene!ted from the creation of postgraduate interaction of curricular subjects — between themselves and courses within the Military Schools of Command and Sta$ with reality. Ng, Koo and Ho (2009) and NG, Koo and Pallis of the Forces. #e master’s programs were submitted to and (2011) point to an increased interest in maritime studies at assessed by the Ministry of Education and the Coordination the graduate level, either because the maritime world has System for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel become a complex environment and requires updating and (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – internationalization, or because among the professionals not CAPES). #ey emerged with the help of resources from the yet included in this market, it is an expanding sector with few Support Program for Teaching and Scienti!c and Technological
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Research in National Defense (PRO-DEFENSE) (CAPES the maritime !eld, in order to contribute to the improvement and Ministry of Defense) and the Support Program for of the training of specialized personnel and promote research Teaching and Scienti!c and Technological Research in Strategic for the expansion of maritime academic knowledge in areas of Matters National Interest (PRO-STRATEGY) (CAPES interest to naval power and defense” (BRASIL, 2017). and Secretariat for Strategic A$airs of the Presidency of the #e program explores the multi and interdisciplinary aspect, Republic), which stimulated the partnership between military following the tradition of countries in which Maritime Studies schools of high studies and universities. are already consolidated, such as the United Kingdom and the In order to provide a new type of specialized education, United States. According to the regulation made available, the Postgraduate Program in Marine Studies ( Programa de “the objective of the PPGEM is to o$er a stricto sensu course Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos – PPGEM) was created based on eminently interdisciplinary knowledge of maritime, at the Naval War School ( Escola de Guerra Naval – EGN). theoretical and applied studies” (BRASIL, 2013, p. 2). #e category is an educational policy that aims at the forma- A di$erential of the PPGEM is based on a speci!c char- tion of a speci!c type of professional that relates theoretical acteristic of the teachers of EGN, whose signi!cant portion knowledge to practice (WERLE, 2015). Completion works of the doctoral professors, although graduated in the area of may take the form of a dissertation, prototype development, applied human and social sciences, had the formation of the technical report, projects, among others. According to Werle Naval School and of the courses of career strongly supported (2015), the professional master’s degree is a “course that enables in the typical subjects of engineering. #is enables them, in training for advanced professional practice and transformation, a special way, for the transit and dialogue between two sci- focused on innovation by incorporating scienti!c method and enti!c cultures: Humanities and Sciences. methodological rigor in management, production, and tech- nological improvements” (WERLE, 2015, p. 16). #e proposal to create the PPGEM was approved without 2. OBJECTIVES restrictions in 2013 by CAPES. EGN then became the !rst military organization (MO) of the Brazilian Navy (BN) to #e work had the main objective of exploring the con- conduct, with its own human and material resources, a mas- dition of the PPGEM as an innovative “product” in the area ter’s degree stricto sensu program, under the terms required of postgraduate training in the !eld of Maritime Studies, by the CAPES. #e 181 st Meeting of the Scienti!c Technical from the perspective of interdisciplinarity, social integration, Council of Higher Education ( Conselho Técnico Cientí3co da civil-military integration, and cooperative academic produc- Educação Superior – CTC-ES), held on November 30 th , 2018, tion. #e ongoing research seeks to interpret and monitor the also approved the institution of the professional doctorate potential of the program with regard to the development of course under the program. Evaluated with a score !ve in maritime mentality, contributions to the solution of com- the CAPES system, the PPGEM now has both postgradu- plex problems and the generation of autochthonous strategic ate levels, training quali!ed professionals even more fully to thinking with a focus on maritime power. Secondly, it aims meet the social and organizational demands related to the to review the concepts of innovation and interdisciplinarity, maritime theme. #is has broadened the capacity for scien- from the point of view of teaching as an innovative vector, and ti!c research, led by a faculty sta$ed by military and civilian to map the pro!le of the PPGEM, di$erentiating it within graduates at doctoral and master’s levels, who are now leading the areas of Defense and Maritime Studies. research in the !eld of Marine Studies and Naval Sciences. One of the re5exes of these new capacities in the research area was the signi!cant increase in the intellectual production 3. METHODOLOGY of EGN, in Brazil and abroad, with several publications and participation, with some works being awarded in national com- In order to achieve the objectives, the exploratory meth- petitions. #ese results adhere to the proposal of the PPGEM odology was used to carry out a bibliographic review of to “prepare civilian and military cadres with an emphasis on the themes of innovation and interdisciplinarity through
| 57 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 55-62 William de Sousa Moreira, Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Anna Caroline Pott, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe the collection of data and information. For this, indirect and student bodies of the PPGEM. In general, teachers have documentation was used, encompassing documentary and academic experience in both the Sciences and Humanities, bibliographic research. #e bibliographic survey included which improves the intersection between the two !elds, cre- searches in public databases. ating bridges of understanding between di$erent languages #e research was complemented with data collection and and discursive formations originating in di$erent cognitive information on the structure of the PPGEM, including bib- domains. #e degree in Marine Sciences or Engineering is com- liographical and technical productions, !nal course papers, plemented, in most cases, by the postgraduate or specialization students, teachers, and other data. #e research was done in in Political Science and History. With regard to the students, the o@cial websites of BN, EGN and Sucupira and Lattes there is a varied formation, encompassing courses in Pedagogy, platforms. It should be noted that the Sucupira Platform is Letters, Engineering, Law, Physical Education, International a database developed by CAPES and the Federal University Relations, Administration, among others. In addition, there are of Rio Grande do Norte ( Universidade Federal do Rio Grande cases of students who are trained in the area of Exact Sciences do Norte – UFRN) with the objective of collecting informa- as well as in the area of Humanities, for example. tion from the Brazilian postgraduate programs recognized In addition to the multiple academic pro!les, the pro- by CAPES. #e information available in this system can be fessional pro!le variety stands out. #ere are students with accessed by the entire academic community, reinforcing the experience in the areas of Education, Journalism, Law, principle of transparency. International Relations, Foreign Trade, Engineering, Merchant In order to achieve the project’s purpose of interpreting Navy, Management, Public Policy, Defense, among others. and monitoring the potential of the program in terms of Work experience reaches both the private and public sectors. the development of maritime mentality, contributions to the Both the academic and the professional pro!le contrib- solution of complex problems and the generation of autoch- ute to the interdisciplinarity of the program, since the var- thonous strategic thinking focused on maritime power, their ied academic backgrounds, professional experiences and the own indicators were developed. age range of the student body combine to enrich the debates held in the classroom or in the scope of research developed within the program. #e discussions, in turn, contribute to 4. RESULTS quality scienti!c research, serving the interests not only of EGN and BN but also of the academy and society in general. Initially, it should be noted that PPGEM is linked to the It should be emphasized that the research carried out under area of concentration called Maritime Defense, Governance the PPGEM involves the !elds of strategic studies, defense, and Safety, which symbolizes the natural vocation of this and international security, and receives contributions from EGN program. For the purpose of organizing research and other areas of knowledge, including hard sciences when they teaching e$orts, the area of concentration originates three turn to human relations with the sea. In these surveys, good lines of research: maritime policy and strategy; regulation of national and international methodological practices are adopted. the use of the sea, decision-making process and prospective From this perspective, a range of subjects explored in methods; and policy and management in science, technol- the works of the conclusion of course in the ambit of the ogy and innovation in the maritime environment. #e area of masters can be observed. #e themes of the research devel- concentration and lines of research are aligned with Maritime oped by the students can be inserted in the areas of Political Studies as they focus on interdisciplinary studies on “the seas Science, International Relations, Law, History, Science and and inland waters of the world, with the purpose of study- Technology, Biology, Administration, among others. Chart 1 ing the political and social relations of man and the seas” refers to some of the master’s dissertation projects defended (BRAZIL, 2017), including the economic, strategic, scien- in the PPGEM between 2014 and 2017. ti!c-technological, environmental aspects, among others. In addition to the course completion work, the most The interdisciplinarity present in Maritime Studies is important is the intellectual productions, which include bib- re5ected in the academic and professional pro!le of the teaching liographical and technical publications produced by teachers
| 58 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 55-62 William de Sousa Moreira, Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Anna Caroline Pott, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe and students. Graphic 1 shows the total production between the potential contribution that the institution has to Maritime 2014 and 2016, as well as the quantity of bibliographic and Studies and BN interests. technical production per year. It should be noted that, for EGN receives civilians dedicated to academic research in the professional master’s degree, technical production has a the area of international defense and security, opening space greater weight in the CAPES evaluation. It is noteworthy for civil-military relational and institutional integration. In the that, like the master’s degree studies, the productions re5ect space sphere, the shared infrastructure between civilians and the interdisciplinarity of the program. the military stands out. Although it is a military organization, #e types of academic production mentioned above add the school allows students of PPGEM to enjoy their facili- up to the number of theses, monographs, and essays produced ties, and students can use common spaces frequented by mil- within the career courses o$ered by EGN. In addition, the itary students of career courses and civil servants. In this way, productions carried out in the Laboratory of Simulations and environments such as the library and the cafeteria become Scenarios (LSC) cannot be discarded. #eir research groups places to exchange knowledge and experiences. and projects are coordinated by the teachers of the PPGEM. In addition, the LSC itself consists of a space of coexis- #us, the increasing academic production of EGN points to tence between civilians and military, as it serves as institutional
Chart 1. Examples of master’s dissertation projects defended. Master student Title
Ana Fernanda O impacto das condições e da organização do trabalho em espaço Moreira Calder confinado: um olhar sobre os submarinos brasileiros
Cineme Dantas Escassez no meio da abundância: os impactos dos cenários de escassez de água para o Brasil
Eduardo André A questão da segurança e defesa cibernética: esforço político-administrativo da Marinha do Brasil Araujo de Souza
Felipe Augusto As práticas internacionais de acordos de oLset: contribuições às Rodolfo Medeiros bases teórica, normativa e de políticas públicas do Brasil
Os meios pacíficos de solução de controvérsias entre a República de Angola e a Gildo José dos Reis República Democrática do Congo relativos à delimitação de fronteiras marítimas
Jéssica de Freitas e Na paz, cumpre-se preparar a guerra: a armada imperial e a defesa da fronteira Gonzaga da Silva da província do Mato Grosso contra a República do Paraguai (1852-1864)
CMG Luciano Ponce A defesa proativa da Amazônia Azul e a área estratégica do pré-sal Carvalho Judice
CMG (Refº) Milton Um estudo da evolução da marinha mercante brasileira com ênfase na navegação Ferreira Tito de longo curso: seu desenvolvimento e reflexos no comércio exterior
Oscar Bittencourt O direito do mar e a biotecnologia azul: investigação científica marinha e bioprospecção Neto
Ramon Martins A explotação de algas calcárias: uma fronteira na mineração brasileira Andrade
Soraya Fonteneles A territorialização do mar no século XXI: a estratégia marítima da República de Menezes Popular da China na Ásia-Pacífico à luz do direito internacional do mar
Tatyanna Ramos A atividade de licenciamento no submarino com propulsão nuclear Barreira Source: adapted from Brasil (2017). See complete list at
| 59 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 55-62 William de Sousa Moreira, Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Anna Caroline Pott, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe support for the scienti!c researches from the simulations #e PPGEM cooperative network includes other insti- carried out in the Center for War Games ( Centro de Jogos de tutions such as: the Brazilian Association of Defense Studies Guerra – CJG) of EGN. Integration, in this case, is estab- (Associação Brasileira de Estudos de Defesa – ABED), the lished through civil participation in games, whether in the Brazilian Association of International Relations ( Associação organization or research development based on the results Brasileira de Relações Internacionais – ABRI), the Brazilian presented by the CJG. Maritime Law Association ( Associação Brasileira de Direito With the spatial aspect linked to the relational, it is empha- Marítimo – ABDM), the Maritime Studies Foundation sized that civil-military integration can occur through the ties (Fundação de Estudos do Mar – FEMAR), the Pandiá formed, mainly between teachers and students, since there Calógeras Institute ( Instituto Pandiá Calógeras – IPC), the are teachers and students of military origin. In this sense, it Brazilian Association of Defense and Security Materials was estimated that 22% of the student body is in a military Industries ( Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Materiais career. #e weekly intercourse between the two cultures brings de Defesa e Segurança – ABIMDE), the Rio de Janeiro bene!ts to classroom discussions and research, as experience Industries Foundation ( Fundação das Indústrias do Rio de is exchanged, enriching debates and worldviews. Janeiro – FIRJAN), Defense Technologies Amazônia Azul Regarding the institutional scope, it is noted that EGN Inc. ( Amazônia Azul Tecnologias de Defesa S.A. – Amazul), has bounds with civil institutions. #e main example is the link the Management Company for Naval Projects ( Empresa between the PPGEM, the Ministry of Education and CAPES. Gerencial de Projetos Navais – EMGEPRON), General #is link re5ects an opening of military institutions to the aca- Coordination of the Submarine Development Program demic community, thus characterizing civil-military integration. with Nuclear Propulsion ( Coordenadoria-Geral do Programa In this sense, it is observed that PPGEM has a cooperative de Desenvolvimento de Submarino com Propulsão Nuclear – network for research and academic production that includes COGESN) and Secretariat for Strategic A$airs (Secretaria Brazilian and international institutions, both civil and military. de Assuntos Estratégicos – SAE). According to the program’s website, there are four types of partner- It is important to highlight the role of the LSC in foster- ships: support, promotion, national and international (BRAZIL, ing cooperative academic production since it brings together 2017). #e description of the types of PPGEM partnerships all external researchers linked to EGN through voluntary and some participating institutions can be found in Chart 2. or paid research exchanges with scholarships or internships.
400
350 342 331
300 263 270
250 224 Total Technical 200 191 Bibliographic 150 107 100 79 79
50
0 2014 2015 2016
Source: adapted from Sucupira Platform (BRASIL, 2017).
Graphic 1. Intellectual production of the Postgraduate Program in Maritime Studies of the Naval War School between 2014 and 2016.
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Interactions with the courses of International Relations of dissemination and social insertion of the program, as and Defense and International Strategic Management well as mechanisms for strengthening institutional, civil of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro can be men- or military relations. tioned. #us, LSC acts as a complementary structure to Finally, it is pointed out that such a cooperative research EGN and to PPGEM itself, serving as research support network generates diverse academic interactions and and in holding events. exchanges that foster the organization of events, the devel- There are also groups and research projects developed opment of academic productions and the exchange of within the scope of the school, such as the Geocorrent international experiences. #e end of 2017 and the course Bulletin, an initiative of the Marine Assessment Center, of 2018 included a number of international insertions of and the EGN Journal, an edited journal that receives both students and teachers of the program, among them articles from researchers from various institutions. student placements at the Permanent Representation of The national and international events organized in sev- Brazil at the International Maritime Organization, in eral thematic areas also aim to bring debates about the London, and presentations at King’s College London and defense of the academic community, being instruments at the University of Greenwich.
Chart 2. Partnerships under the Postgraduate Program in Maritime Studies and participating institutions (2014-2017). Type of Description Institutions partnership
Institutions that support the holding of events and/or grant scholarships for Fundação Ezute; Diretoria Support PPGEM students in the same parameters as de Portos e Costas; Clube Naval development institutions
Federal or federative research funding institutions that support PPGEM Fomentation CNPq; CAPES with financial resources for their own or interinstitutional projects
Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército; Universidade da Força Aérea; Escola Superior de Guerra; Pontifícia Universidade Católica; Universidade de Brasília; Universidade Partner institutions through which PPGEM de São Paulo; Universidade de Campinas; Nacional (EGN) maintains links through Project notices Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; and research groups Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal Fluminense
Partner institutions through cooperation Universidade de Lisboa; King’s College London; agreements of EGN, editorials for research Leiden University; Naval War College ; Colégio Internacional promotion, participation in academic events, Interamericano de Defesa ; Convênio COFECUB: Exchange of teachers and students, workshops, Université de Brest , Aix-Marseille Université, Le seminars, courses, etc. Havre Université and Université de Rouen Source: adapted from Brasil (2017). PPGEM: Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Marítimos ; EGN: Escola de Guerra Naval ; CNPq: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ; CAPES: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior .
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5. CONCLUSION Studies that di$erentiate it in the !eld of Political Science and International Relations. The study identified the PPGEM, with its masters #e analysis of the teaching and learning bodies, besides and now doctoral courses, as an innovation in the area of the academic and professional partnerships, are examples of education, highlighting aspects of interdisciplinarity, civ- achievements that directly a$ect society. By combining the il-military integration, and cooperative academic produc- natural, exact and human sciences, PPGEM attracts a dis- tion, especially regarding the internationalization of the tinguished audience that works to improve teaching, mar- program. #e program is for the constitution of its sixth ket, and military relations. In this sense, PPGEM became class (2019) and has been outstanding for academic excel- an innovative opportunity for the quali!cation of BN as an lence and a wide institutional network, besides showing the institution that manages specialized personnel in the !eld of number and variety of productions voted in the Maritime research and research on marine and ocean issues.
REFERENCES
BRASIL. Estratégia Nacional de Defesa. Brasília: Ministério da Defesa, 2008. FURLANI, R.M.; OLIVEIRA, E.R. de. Currículo, interdisciplinaridade e o pensamento sistêmico novo-paradigmático como inovação no curso ______. Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional. Brasília: Ministério da de administração. Pensamento & Realidade , v. 30, n. 1, p. 129-150, 2015. Defesa, 2012. LEMOS, C. Inovação na era do conhecimento. Parcerias Estratégicas , ______. Lei nº. 13.243, de 11 de janeiro de 2016a. Dispõe sobre v. 5, n. 8, p. 157-179, maio 2000. estímulos ao desenvolvimento científico, à pesquisa, à capacitação científica e tecnológica e à inovação, e dá outras providências. Diário MARQUES, A.A.; FUCCILE, A. Ensino e pesquisa em defesa no Brasil: Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, Brasília, estruturação do campo e desafios. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de DF, 12 jan. 2016, p. 1. Defesa, v. 2, n. 2, p. 57-73, jul./dez. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26792/ rbed.v2n2.2015.64674 ______. Política Nacional de Defesa. Brasília: Ministério da Defesa, 2016b. NG, A.K.Y.; KOO, A.C.; HO, W.C.J. The motivations and added values of ______. Estratégia Nacional de Defesa. Brasília: Ministério da embarking on postgraduate professional education: Evidences from Defesa, 2016c. the maritime industry. Transport Policy , v. 16, n. 5, p. 251-258, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.08.004 ______. Marinha do Brasil. Escola de Guerra Naval. Regulamento do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Marítimos . Rio de Janeiro: NG, A.K.Y.; KOO, A.C.; PALLIS, A.A. Professionalization of the shipping Marinha do Brasil, 2013. Disponível em:
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HUMAN RELIABILITY CONSIDERATION IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS DESIGN Consideração da confiabilidade humana na concepção de sistemas complexos
Marcos Coelho Maturana 1
Abstract: #e recognized contribution of the human factor in Resumo: A reconhecida contribuição do fator humano em acidentes accidents involving complex systems — sometimes attributed to envolvendo sistemas complexos — por vezes atribuída à falta de fer- the lack of suitable tools for its consideration in the design phase — ramentas adequadas para sua consideração na fase de projeto — evi- highlights the need for models and processes dedicated to the early dencia a necessidade de modelos e processos dedicados à fase de con- design phases. In this context, this paper presents a methodology cepção de sistemas. Nesse contexto, este artigo apresenta o desenvol- and a technique developed for the early consideration of human vimento de uma metodologia e de uma técnica para a consideração reliability in complex systems design — named Technique for Early precoce da con!abilidade humana na concepção de sistemas comple- Consideration of Human Reliability (TECHR). #e proposed xos — a Technique for Early Consideration of Human Reliability methodology and technique result in a simple procedure capable (TECHR). A metodologia proposta e a TECHR resultam em um of producing useful models for the design phase, representing an procedimento simples e capaz de produzir modelos extremamente original contribution to the state of the art of systems conception úteis na fase de projeto, representando uma contribuição original para under uncertainty. o estado da arte da concepção de sistemas baseada em dados incertos. Keywords: Complex systems design. Probabilistic safety Palavras-chave: Concepção de sistemas complexos. Análise assessment. Human reliability analysis. Technique for early probabilística de segurança. Análise de con!abilidade humana. consideration of human reliability. Technique for early consideration of human reliability.
1. INTRODUCTION comprehensive and structured methodology, focused on the identi!cation and evaluation of the risks of complex techno- #e uncertainty about the behavior of complex systems logical systems, with the !nal purpose of improving its safety (NORMAN; KURAS, 2006) that precedes their exposure and performance characteristics, maintaining an acceptable to the operating environment contributes to 80% of the cost-bene!t ratio (NASA, 2011). costs and problems observed during the life of these sys- Despite the di@culty of handling uncertainties during tems (PAHL et al., 2007) — i.e., these problems also origi- the design, the risk associated with the operation of critical nate in the system’s development phase. #e risks associated systems should be limited — in general, in compliance with with these problems can be analyzed quantitatively through a design criterion, such as the limit for the reactor’s core the Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) (HAYNS, 1999). damage frequency in nuclear power plants (USNRC, 2014). #e PSA of industrial plants is a subject that has evolved To quantify this risk, in addition to operating environment with the complexity of the systems, being considered a logical, information — e.g. , natural phenomena statistics —, PSA is
1. D.Sc. Militar Technology engineer from the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Militar Technology engineer at Centro Tecnológico da Marinha – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
| 63 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana based on a combination of equipment and operator reliabil- reliability — e.g. , NASA (1995) —, which is not the case ity data. #e importance of considering the human factor for human reliability. in system design has been consensual since the early years In this context, the objectives of the research presented of PSA development (BORING, 2007), being the human in this article were: performance data obtained through the Human Reliability • to develop a methodology for the design of systems that Analysis (HRA) techniques. #ere is a number of tech- considers the human factor; niques and models dedicated to HRA, some still under • to develop prospective human performance models appli- development (MATURANA, 2017), applicable to di$er- cable to the systems design phase. ent phases of the life cycle of the systems. However, for the design phase, there is a preference for the development of #e results and a case study will be presented in the fol- qualitative techniques, limiting the use of their results for lowing sections. the comparison of the cost-bene!t of the project alterna- tives (IMO, 2013). #e use of PSA and HRA results for the comparison 2. METHODOLOGY OF CONCEPTION of design alternatives has been applied or identi!ed as AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE important in a variety of areas (MARTINS; FRUTUOSO PROSPECTIVE MODEL & MELO; MATURANA, 2015). #e study of the PSAs carried out in several industries helps to understand the #e proposed methodology allows the early consider- consensus around this concept, highlighting the potential ation of reliability in complex systems design, as well as contribution of these analyzes in the development of new the comparison of the agents that can compose the sys- systems. #e exploration of this potential depends on the tem. In the development process, a method characterized elaboration of prospective processes and models that are by a clear understanding of steps and results was searched, simple, quantitative, realistic, capable of feeding analy- regardless of its use by HRA specialists. Next, we present sis at the design stage and that bring results that can be its nine steps, considering the dependence relations repre- interpreted by the professionals involved in the decision sented in Figure 1: making process. Nowadays, it is possible to !nd publica- 1. Scenario: de!ning the needs to be met by the system and tions with these characteristics in the case of equipment elaborate the operational scenario;
1. Scenario
3. Applicable 8. System 2. Task analysis 9. Solution description technology reliability
5. Human functions
4. Equipment 6. Grouping 7. Selection of functions agents greatest reliability
CICLIC STEPS
Source: Maturana (2017). Figure 1. Methodology flowchart.
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2. Task analysis: searching for a sequence of events resulting thus improving the model representativeness for the exe- from the actions of the system which meets the require- cution context of the action. ments established in the scenario proposed in Step 1; In order to demonstrate the application in concrete cases 3. Applicable technology: forming an equipment database of the methodology and the model obtained by TECHR, applicable to the area for which the system is developed; Maturana (2017) presented two case studies with the fol- 4. Equipment functions: discriminating the functional and lowing scopes: reliability data for the functions of the equipment listed • conception of the operation of a system; in Step 3; • design of a complete system (equipment and operation). 5. Human functions: de!ning a model for human reliability dedicated to the area of the system application; #is article presents the results of the !rst study, which 6. Grouping agents: grouping the possible agents for the refers to the design of an operational procedure for Fuel required actions — described in Step 2 — among the Storage Pool Cooling System (FSPCS), de!ning the con- solutions presented in Steps 4 and 5; !guration of the human factors without changing the equip- 7. Selection of greatest reliability: choosing the solution ment preset for this system — i.e., the equipment are part of which presents greater reliability from Step 6, consider- a pre-conceived system. ing the uncertainty data about its estimate; 8. System reliability: evaluating the adequacy of the results previously obtained; 3. DESIGN OF THE 9. Solution description: describing the system, thus showing FUEL STORAGE POOL the reliability of the found solution, as well as the results COOLING SYSTEM OPERATION of an uncertainty analysis. #e FSPCS are being designed to cool the compartments Steps 6, 7 and 8 — steps highlighted (in red) in Figure 1 — of a Fuel Storage Pool (FSP) storing the Fuel Element (FE) are considered in solution development cycles (when the infor- removed from a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), which mation obtained in previous steps is used for constructing a still produce heat and maintain the faculty to contaminate the probabilistic model to compare design alternatives). water which cools them. In the absence of cooling, this heat TECHR was developed with the purpose of obtaining can damage the cladding of the FE and expose its radioac- an up-to-date prospective model of human performance tive contents, thus severely contaminating the environment. that can be exploited at the system design stage. #is is pre- #e next sections present the results of each the methodol- cisely the demand from Step 5 — Human Functions of the ogy step, as organized in Figure 1. proposed design methodology. #us, the model obtained by employing TECHR can be used in its application. 3.1. STEP 1: SCENARIO Maturana (2017) presented the application of TECHR and #e scheme presented in Figure 2 was developed to facili- the resulting model — presented as a Bayesian Network tate the FSPCS description — the equipment involved in the (BN) (CHARNIAK, 1991) —, using the taxonomy of operation can be identi!ed by the following codes: fuel ele- Reason (1990) to classify the human error types and the ment (FE); heat exchanger (T); pump (B); control panel (P); taxonomy of Bloom et al. (1956) to classify human actions, sound and/or light signal (S); and valve (V). In this scheme, resulting in a comprehensive, structured and 5exible model the continuous lines represent the pipes considered in this that can be used in the system design phase. Given the work, whereas the dotted lines represent the control, instru- availability of information, this model can be explored for mentation and power cables that connect the FSPCS com- de!ning the Human Error Probability (HEP) in a spe- ponents; the dashed lines represent the pipes of the systems ci!c way — e.g., considering the types of errors which not modeled in this work. Additionally, the sensors which can occur in the action under analysis, as an alternative activate the monitoring and control signals are represented to associating performance data of the generic actions —, by circles positioned on the monitored equipment.
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In addition to the aforementioned characteristics, the the frequency of non-cooling of the FSP water due to the following restrictions for the system operation design are FSPCS failure. #e frequency λ(EI) of the cooling requirement presented as follows: was estimated considering that the FSP receives one annual 1. Reliability: the FSPCS failure rate must be less than load of FE. #e events #A1, #A2, #M1, #M2, #D1 and #D2 1.00E-03 in a year’s time; had the probabilities de!ned in Step 8 of this study (see item 2. Fluid mixing: in order to minimize the generation of 3.2.2). #e other events, related to FSPCS equipment failures, tailings, the 5uids in the di$erent compartments must be had the probabilities calculated based on the reliability of the independently cooled — without the occurrence of 5uid system components. #e results were presented in Table 1. mixing, it is found that di$erent operating modes can be achieved by the proper alignment of the valves shown in 3.2. CYCLIC STEPS Figure 2. #e cyclic steps of the methodology are performed itera- tively — see Figure 1. Two iterations were performed in this #e event tree reproduced in Figure 3 — which is valid for application. #is topic presents the results of the second iter- any operational FSPCS mode — was elaborated to calculate ation in this group of steps. It should be noted that in this
Cleaning and Safety Water Purification Cooling System System (CPS) (SWCS)
Fuel building (FB) V74 V73 V40 V5 V4 V56 Compartment T1 B1 B2 FSP-I V17 V7 V9 V11 FE V46 V14 T2 V10 V64 V70
V57 V45 V75 Compartment V71 V52 FSP-II P1 V34 (CT)
V51 Canal de transferência V47 V37
V72 V22 Compartment V23 V38
FSP-III V35 V62 V65 V36 B3 B4 FE T3 V31 V63 V28 V27 V25
V44 V76 V53
Sampling Drainage S2 System System (SS) (DS) S3 P2 S1 Control room (CR)
Source: Maturana (2017). Figure 2. Fuel Storage Pool Cooling System schematic arrangement.
| 66 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana application — because there is no possibility of alteration of 3.2.1. Step 2: Task analysis the equipments that compose the FSPCS —, Steps 3 and 4 In order to determine the initial sequence of the tasks were not performed as part of the design process. #e appli- which compose the FSPCS operational procedure, the cable technology and equipment functions were studied in Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) technique was applied, Step 1. In addition, the human performance data considered as described by Stanton (2006). #us, considering the con- in Step 5 were obtained directly from the prospective model text described in Step 1, the primary objectives of the oper- presented in Maturana (2017) — resulting from the appli- ational procedure directly related to the events ordered in cation of the TECHR. the Figure 3 event tree were de!ned. #e HTA application cooling – EI cooling mode – #A1 success – *E1 success Need for FSP Need for success – #E3 success detection – #D1 detection detection – #D2 detection Realignment (in a Realignment Equipment failure failure Equipment Equipment failure failure Equipment Alignement of the Equipment alignement Equipment degraded mode) – #A2 mode) degraded cooling operation – #M2 – operation cooling Equipment realignment realignment Equipment Temperature monitoring monitoring Temperature Equipment success – #E2 success Equipment Equipment success – #E4 success Equipment Water cooling in FSP cooling Water system in a non-degraded in a non-degraded system and cooling operation –#M1 operation and cooling Temperature monitoring and and monitoring Temperature
λ (EI) P(#E1) P(#D1) P(#A1) P(#M1) P(#E2) P(#D2) P(#E3) P(#A2) P(#M2) P(#E4)
Success IRR Failure
Success
Failure
Failure
Failure REC Failure
Failure
Failure
Failure
Success IRR Failure
Success
Failure
Failure
Failure REC Failure
Failure
Failure
Failure
Failure FSP: fuel storage pool; IRR: irrecoverable failure; REC: recoverable failure. Source: Maturana (2017). Figure 3. Event tree for Fuel Storage Pool Cooling System.
| 67 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana allowed for the discretization of the primary objectives of logic presented in the event tree of Figure 3, the reliability the tasks of FSPCS operators and the possibility of associ- data presented in Table 1, and the HEPs obtained from the ating human activities in order to achieve such objectives. human performance model allowed the completion of the Based on these objectives, it was possible to organize a logi- Conditional Probability Tables (CPTs) for the nodes of this BN. cal sequence of activities executed by the operators — repro- In the BN of Figure 5, when data from the “5 th Percentile” duced in Figure 4 —, thus meeting the scenario proposed in column of the HEP tables ( e.g. , Table 3) were used, instead Step 1, i.e. , that results in the system behavior which meets of the data from the “Median” column, for the actions related the requirements. to the most impacted activities when considered failure of SRPEC — i.e. , related to events #A1 and #M1 —, the prob- 3.2.2. Steps 6, 7 and 8: ability of FSPCS failure was estimated at 0.1%. #is result Solution development cycles meets the goal set out in Step 1. #e use of the data from the In this application, four solution development cycles “5 th Percentile” column for the HEP of an action was associated were performed — Steps 6, 7 and 8 of the methodology (see with the evidence of proper conditions for its execution, to Figure 1). In Step 6, agents were de!ned for the activities be reached during the operation. Such conditions refer to the considered in Step 2 (see subsection 3.2.1) and correlations performance factors which in5uence the operator in a signif- were found, according to the Bloom’s taxonomy, between the icant way, for example (MARTINS; MATURANA, 2013): activities of these agents and the actions of the prospective • Management and Organizational Factors (MOF): e.g. , human performance model. As an example, Table 2 shows the training, selection of personnel; correlation for activity 33 of the sequence shown in Figure 4. • Environmental factors: e.g. , visibility, heat; #ese correlations allow the association of the HEP of the • Internal factors (to the operator): e.g. , fatigue, intelligence. model with the agents de!ned in Step 6, as shown in Table 3 for the actions of activity 33. #ese contextual factors should be evaluated in the imple- #e selection of the most reliable set of agents and the mentation of the operational procedure as part of an HRA, calculation of system reliability (Steps 7 and 8, respectively) thus guaranteeing the proper conditions for the execution of were performed by means of a revised and updated BN for the actions to which the most optimistic HEPs were associated. each solution development cycle. #e resulting BN was repro- Evidence of FSPCS failure demonstrates that event #E2 duced in Figure 5. In this BN, the green nodes reproduce the is the most impacted among those related to equipment fail- event tree shown in Figure 3, the blue nodes reproduce the ures, with the most impacted equipment being pumps, 5ow sequence of events presented in Figure 4, and the other nodes sensors and connections. Otherwise, when the evidence of represent the actions of the prospective model of human per- success in BN node “E2” is considered, the probability of formance obtained by the application of TECHR. #us, the failure in cooling falls from 0.1% to 0.05%, suggesting that
Table 1. Events related to equipment failure. P(Recoverable P(Not recoverable Event Description failure) failure) #E1 Equipment success in FSPCS alignment 6,74E-04 - Equipment success during #E2 4,00E-04 2,62E-04 cooling (in normal condition) #E3 Equipment success in FSPCS realignment - 2,82E-04 Equipment success during #E4 - 1,13E-03 cooling (in degraded condition) FSPCS: Fuel Storage Pool Cooling System. Source: Maturana (2017).
| 68 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana 18 END standby system to to system Switch the Switch 17 23d 32d 22d FSPCS inspect standby pipelines via P1/P2 act in the system to to system Switch the Switch Perform the Perform pipe sections flow test on the test flow 15 16 31d 21d 24d signal Decide Monitor Monitor outages to act in to radiation radiation at FSPCS at the system List system system List Evaluate the Evaluate possibility of possibility in the system Decide to act Decide to panel Spurious 14 25d 30d 20d mode FSPCS Monitor Monitor the FSP status of status Check the possibility possibility operational operational of spurious/ temperature Evaluate the Evaluate components Define a new Define a new low-flow signal low-flow 13 19d 26d 29d mode valves valves FSPCS Align the in FSPCS Act in the Act Check the the pumps operation of operation Monitor flow flow Monitor according to to according the operational the operational 12 33 time Measure Measure of the FSP Monitor the Monitor temperature temperature 27d 28d mode mode pumps Align the operational operational operational operational exchangers exchangers Align the heat Align the heat according to the to according according to the to according FE in the FSP deposition 11 START action) anomaly Solve the Solve Monitor the Monitor system after after system the activation (undeveloped (undeveloped behavior of the behavior 2 9 6 4 10 FSPCS general general buttons Activate presence presence via P1/P2 of a stuck of a stuck Check the Check the Check the pump test activation) presence of presence Perform the Perform valve (in the valve conditions of conditions the activation the activation identification) stuck valve (on (on valve stuck Sequence of activities in the Fuel Storage Pool Cooling System operational procedure. operational System Cooling Pool of activities in the Fuel Storage Sequence 1 7 3 8 5 to an to Align mode mode mode mode mode to the to valves valves Align the Align the according according the pumps operational operational operational operational operational operational operational operational exchangers exchangers according to to according Associate the Associate Align the heat Align the heat the operational the operational control systems systems control need for cooling cooling need for according to the to according according to the to according Source: Maturana (2017). Maturana Source: Figure 4. Figure
| 69 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana the improvement in FSPCS reliability can be achieved by the system (equipment and operators), in a comparison of equipment recon!guration and/or automation. both the reliability characteristics of these agents and the amount of resources applied. In a common approach, reliabil- 3.3. STEP 9: DESCRIPTION OF ity is introduced quantitatively into more advanced phases of THE SOLUTION FOR THE SYSTEM the project. #is approach presents relevant challenges when #e results presented in the previous steps propose that there is a need for a improved reliability, for example: the operation of the FSPCS could be carried out by at least • resistance of decision-makers to return to the design stage two operators, identi!ed by OP1 and OP2 in the description to introduce the necessary changes — usually due to the of the activities which must be performed concomitantly ( e.g. , involved costs; Table 2). In order for a greater independence of such opera- • in the return to the design phase, designers’ lack of de!- tors, their distribution in di$erent areas of the plant, as well nition on how to act in the system to increase reliability; as the performance of one operator without the presence of • mistaken consideration that human adaptability can the other in the veri!cation activities, are proposed solutions. resolve any vies. By applying the Monte Carlo Method (ROBERT; CASELLA, 2004) in the BN solution shown in Figure 5, In order to attenuate these limitations, this work proposed the variability of the FSPCS failure probability was obtained. a methodology for complex systems design that considers reli- #is was done by varying the HEPs of the network actions ability quantitatively already in the design phase, as an instru- according to the performance model’s probability functions. ment for decision making on the agents that must compose #us, the median was calculated at 1.08E-03, the 5 th percen- the system (both equipment and operators). Given the need tile was calculated at 8.00E-04, and the 95 th percentile was for quantitative techniques to consider human reliability in calculated at 1.35E-03. #e probability 1.00E-03 (goal for the initial phases of the project, TECHR was presented for the system conception) was obtained for the 28 th percentile. the development of prospective human performance mod- els — using BN to consider dependencies, combine data and perform Bayesian updating in an expeditious manner. 4. CONCLUSION #e development of FSPCS demonstrated the potential of the methodology and TECHR as design tools. An original Given the design requirements, reliability information can contribution to the state of the art of system design based be explored in the choice of the parts that should compose on uncertain data is therefore presented.
Table 2. Correlation with the actions of the prospective model of human performance. Cognitive Performance Activity Actions Domain Category Code process level 33.1 Measure Cognitive Evaluating Checking A_C_5a Rule time (OP1) 3.3 Measure time 33.2 Measure Cognitive Evaluating Checking A_C_5a Rule time (OP2)
Table 3. Human Error Probability for actions related to activity 33 of Figure 4. Code Performance level 5 th percentile Median 95 th percentile Median A_C_5a Rule 4.00E-02 1.00E-01 4.00E-01 1.57E-01 Source: adapted from Maturana (2017).
| 70 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Brasília - DF, n. 30, 2018, p. 63-72 Marcos Coelho Maturana 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 A_C_5a_9 A_C_5a_11 A_C_5a_12 A_C_5a_10 A_C_3a A_C_3a_1 A_C_3a_2 A_C_3a_3 Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error 91.0 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 9.00 A_C_3b A_C_3a_7 A_C_3a_5 A_C_3a_6 A_C_3a_4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 5.00 5.00 5.00 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 A_P_2 A_C_5a A_C_5b A_p_2_1 A_P_2_2 Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error A_C_5b_1 A_C_5b_4 A_C_5a_17 A_C_5a_15 A_C_5a_13 A_C_5a_16 Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.00 99.5 99.5 7.00 93.0 95.0 99.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 96.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 0.50 0.50 5.00 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 4.00 S17 S18 S16 S10 S33 S31d S32d S29d S30d A_C_5a_1 A_C_5a_2 A_C_5a_3 A_C_3a_8 A_C_5b_2 A_C_5b_3 Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error 91.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 98.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 20.0 2.00 80.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 9.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 S2 S6 S9 S4 S11 S27d S25d S28d S24d S26d A_C_4a A_C_4a_1 A_C_5a_7 A_C_5a_5 A_C_5a_8 A_C_5a_6 A_C_3a_9 A_C_4a_2 A_C_5a_4 A_C_5a_14 Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error Success Error 68.1 31.9 31.6 1.00 33.5 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 66.5 7.00 0.53 .055 99.9 93.0 68.4 0.56 99.4 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 99.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 4.00 4.00 4.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 D1 A1 M1 S7 S5 S3 S8 D2 A2 M2 S12 S15 S13 S14 S21d S19d S22d S23d S20d Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Success Failure Success Failure Success Failure Success Failure Success Failure Success Failure Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate Adequate Inadequate 0.11 100 99.3 .028 0.67 .067 99.9 99.9 99.9 .040 Bayesian Network for the reliability goal evaluation – Second Iteration: Cycle 2. Cycle Iteration: – Second goal evaluation the reliability for Network Bayesian E1 E2 E3 E4 Water cooling in FSP cooling Water Success Failure Success Failure Success REC Failure Success Failure Success Failure Failure IRRFailure .026 Source: Maturana (2017). Maturana Source: Figure 5. Figure
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