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Tese Antonio M L Figueiredo Versão Final.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE HUMANIDADES, ARTES E CIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA MULTIDISCIPLINAR DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CULTURA E SOCIEDADE ANTÔNIO MARCUS LIMA FIGUEIREDO LUTAS QUE CONTAM HISTÓRIAS: SAMURAIS, VIOLÊNCIA E O BUSHIDO EM AKIRA KUROSAWA SALVADOR 2019 ANTÔNIO MARCUS LIMA FIGUEIREDO LUTAS QUE CONTAM HISTÓRIAS: SAMURAIS, VIOLÊNCIA E O BUSHIDO EM AKIRA KUROSAWA Tese apresentada ao Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Cultura e Sociedade do Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito para obtenção do grau de Doutor. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Maurício Matos dos Santos Pereira. SALVADOR 2019 ANTÔNIO MARCUS LIMA FIGUEIREDO LUTAS QUE CONTAM HISTÓRIAS: SAMURAIS, VIOLÊNCIA E O BUSHIDO EM AKIRA KUROSAWA. Tese apresentada ao Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Cultura e Sociedade do Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Cultura e Sociedade, na linha de pesquisa Cultura e Arte, em 13 de maio de 2019, foi aprovada pela comissão formada pelos professores: Banca Examinadora _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Maurício Matos dos Santos Pereira Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) — BA _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Jorge Luiz Cunha Cardoso Filho Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB) — BA _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Bomfim Oliveira Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC) — BA _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Roberto Severino Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) — BA _________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Leonardo Vicenzo Boccia Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) — BA Aos meus amores: Karen, minha amante, leitora e confidente; Theo, meu filhão, sensível, crítico e inteligente; e Chico, meu galeguinho, bruto e carinhoso. AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho é fruto de incontáveis horas de solidão na frente do computador, de livros e de filmes pouco conhecidos do público geral, mas não pode jamais ser compreendido como uma obra solitária. Durante o percurso, contamos sempre com contribuições institucionais, pessoais e acadêmicas, sem as quais se tornaria impossível a realização do mesmo. Agradeço a Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, por proporcionar todas as condições profissionais necessárias para a realização da presente pesquisa; Ao professor Dr. Maurício Matos, por toda a orientação e pelo exemplo de dedicação docente que levarei comigo; Aos professores do Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Cultura e Sociedade, pelo convívio e aprendizado. Aos professores Dr. Jorge Cardoso e Dra. Marinyze Prastes, pelas sugestões durante a jornada e na banca de qualificação; A todos os Senseis com quem tive e tenho a honra de aprender nos tatames e que, de algum modo, despertaram em mim o interesse pela cultura dos guerreiros nipônicos; À minha linda companheira Karen, pela compreensão por todas as horas de ausência, por todas as leituras críticas e por todo amor. Abordagem de uma tarefa com coragem Quando pedi a Yasaburo uma amostra de sua caligrafia, ele observou: “Devemos escrever com ousadia suficiente para cobrir todo o papel com um único caráter, com vigor suficiente para destruir o papel. A habilidade na caligrafia depende totalmente da energia e o espírito com os quais é executada. O samurai deve proceder de maneira decidida, sem jamais se cansar ou desanimar, até que a tarefa esteja completada. Isso é tudo”, e ele escreveu a caligrafia. (Yamamoto Tsunetomo — O Hagakure) FIGUEIREDO, Antônio Marcus Lima. Lutas que contam histórias: violência, samurais e bushido em Akira Kurosawa. 2019. 206 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2019. Antônio Marcus Lima Figueiredo RESUMO A tese examina a construção de sentidos em torno das cenas de violência, em filmes históricos do diretor japonês Akira Kurosawa. Considerando a violência encenada como elemento fundamental nos processos de significação das obras, toma-se tais encenações como acontecimentos, frutos do encontro de estruturas próprias do cinema enquanto arte narrativa, com estruturas ancoradas na história e na cultura nipônica. Lançamos um olhar sobre a encenação da violência, buscando intercessões entre cultura e cinema, manifestadas tanto no conteúdo quanto na forma. Interessam-nos questões do estilo cinematográfico, da narrativa e da performance dos atores, na relação que estabelecem com a cultura representada, e como estas podem ser pensadas historicamente. Toma-se o bushido, o código de honra dos samurais, como baliza moral da violência levada às telas e fonte de inspiração para dramas com os quais Akira Kurosawa lançava um olhar crítico para o passado, ao mesmo tempo que respondia a demandas políticas, sociais e estéticas do seu tempo. A análise dos filmes toma como estratégia metodológica o ir e vir nos níveis de descrição (filme, sequência e plano) para examinar pontos de encontro entre a cultura e o cinema, buscando evidenciar o aspecto múltiplo que tais encenações adquirem: são imagens de atos violentos inseridos na narrativa, são construções imagéticas violentas em termos de estilo cinematográfico e são discursos que se inserem em cadeias discursivas ancoradas na história, ao tensionar a figura do samurai, importante símbolo da cultura nipônica. Palavras-chave: Cinema. Chanbara. Japão. Estruturas de agressão. Imagem-ação. ABSTRACT The thesis examines the construction of meanings surrounding scenes of violence in historical films by Japanese director Akira Kurosawa. Considering the violence staged as a fundamental element in the processes of signification of the works, such scenarios are taken as events, fruits of the meeting of structures proper to the cinema as narrative art, with structures anchored in the history and culture of Japan. We take a look at the staging of violence seeking intercessions between culture and cinema, manifested both in content and in form. We are interested in issues such as the cinematographic style, the narrative and the performance of the actors, in the relationship they establish with the culture represented and can be thought historically. The bushido, the code of honor of the samurai, is taken as a moral beacon of violence taken to the canvas and source of inspiration for dramas with which Akira Kurosawa cast a critical eye on the past, while responding to political, social demands and aesthetic of your time. The analysis of the films takes as a methodological strategy the coming and going at the levels of description (film, sequence and plan) to examine points of encounter between culture and cinema, seeking to highlight the multiple aspect that such scenarios acquire: they are images of violent acts inserted in the narrative, are violent imagery constructions in terms of cinematographic style and are discourses that are inserted in discursive chains anchored in the history, when tensing the figure of samurai, important symbol of the nipônica culture. Keywords: Cinema. Chanbara. Japan. Structures of aggression. Action Image. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 — Fotogramas do filme “Trono manchado de sangue”(1957) - Cena final. .......... 102 Figura 2 — Fotogramas do filme Os Sete Samurais’ (1954) – Início da sequência de apresentação de Kambei. ........................................................................................................ 111 Figura 3 — Fotogramas do filme Os Sete Samurais’ (1954) — Kambei salva a criança ..... 113 Figura 4 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Rashomon’ (1950) — Versão de Tojumaru, o bandido. 115 Figura 5 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Rashomon’ (1950) — Versão do lenhador. .................... 118 Figura 6 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Os sete samurais’ (1954) — Desafio Kyuzo. ................. 120 Figura 7 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Sugata Sanshiro’ (1943) — Aplicação do Yama-arashi no desafio Sanshiro vs Monna .................................................................................................... 130 Figura 8 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Sugata Sanshiro’ (1943) — Movimento panorâmico que revela o resultado do golpe aplicado por Sanshiro no desafio 1 ............................................ 131 Figura 9 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Sugata Sanshiro’ (1943) — Final da luta Sanshiro vs Murai. ..................................................................................................................................... 135 Figura 10 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Sugata Sanshiro’ (1943) — Final da luta Sanshiro vs Murai (continuação). .............................................................................................................. 135 Figura 11 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Zoku Sugata Sanshiro’ (1944) —Marinheiro americano agredindo carregador na sequência inicial do filme. .............................................................. 138 Figura 12 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Zoku Sugata Sanshiro’ (1944) —Marinheiro americano agredindo carregador na sequência inicial do filme (continuação). ....................................... 138 Figura 13 — Fotogramas do filme ‘Zoku Sugata Sanshiro’ (1944) — Desfecho da luta entre Sanshiro e o marinheiro americano. Exemplo do golpe Kataguruma. ................................... 140 Figura 14 — Fotograma do filme Yojimbo (1961 )— Cachorro com mão decepada na boca. ...............................................................................................................................................
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