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Patricia Noller, Sharon Atkin Family Life in Adolescence

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Patricia Noller, Sharon Atkin Family Life in Adolescence Patricia Noller, Sharon Atkin Family Life in Adolescence Patricia Noller, Sharon Atkin Family Life in Adolescence Managing Editor: Aneta Przepiórka Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2014 Patricia Noller, Sharon Atkin ISBN: 978-3-11-040248-3 e-ISBN: 978-3-11-040249-0 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Managing Editor: Aneta Przepiórka www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Thinkstock/ Geogre Doyle Preface Many parents fear the time when their beautiful happy children will become adolescents. Because of the continual media attention given to a small group of adolescents who engage in risky or destructive behaviour, many seem to believe that every adolescent is out of control and that all parents are likely to have a terrible time trying to manage them. Yet, this is far from the truth. As the large amount of research reported in this book shows, most adolescents are responsible young people who care about their families and crave the support of their family members, particularly their parents. We also show that how parents behave towards their adolescents is critical to their wellbeing. Are parents prepared to set limits on their adolescents? Do they expect them to behave responsibly? Are they warm and caring in their relationships with their adolescents or are they controlling and critical towards them? The answers to these questions are crucial to how young people are likely to develop. We also believe, on the basis of research that adolescence builds on earlier experiences in the family. In other words, children who have experienced positive, caring relationships with their parents are likely to become responsible adolescents. Because we are both psychologists, we focus on these research findings. We acknowledge that we have emphasized psychological research, most of which has been carried out using quantitative data, although we have also included qualitative research. Because psychology is such a broad discipline, the research has been carried out by psychologists working from a range of perspectives including those of social psychologists, clinical psychologists, developmental psychologists and health psychologists. Despite our tendency to focus on our own discipline, we have also included studies carried out by researchers in communication, family studies, sociology, psychiatry and criminology. The research, as we have interpreted it, indicates that a well-functioning nuclear family (with two biological parents) is overall the best environment for children, although it is not always possible for a range of reasons. We realise that there are families of all forms that produce competent and happy adolescents, but also recognise that nonnuclear families are more likely to struggle due to a range of circumstances including access to resources. In this book, we focus on a number of family types, although we also acknowledge that we have omitted a discussion of the large body of research on adoptive and foster families. We believe that these are huge and complex areas that need a specific focus rather than just being part of a more general treatment of families with adolescents. Of course, the issues discussed in this book are also relevant for these types of families. Although the positive psychology movement is important in that it argues for focusing on the strengths of adolescents and against negative stereotypes, it is also clear to us that there are a lot of potential traps for adolescents that need to be acknowledged and discussed. There is also a great deal of research around the problems that some adolescents experience. In general, a relatively small proportion VI Preface of adolescents are involved in problem behaviours, but the effects of some of these potential traps can be devastating to the lives of those adolescents involved and their families. Because of the large amount of research discussed in this book, we believe it will be useful to social workers, youth leaders, teachers, welfare workers, religious leaders, psychologists and psychiatrists, in fact anyone who comes into regular contact with adolescents. Although we have not been able in the space provided to cover all the research that has been carried out, even in the last decade, we hope that our overview will contribute to a better understanding of young people and their development and the importance of families to that development. Patricia Noller Ph.D Sharon Atkin Ph.D Acknowledgments We would like to thank reviewers for their invaluable feedback on earlier outlines for this volume. We also appreciated the input from our colleagues for the support and encouragement they have given us to continue with this project, and the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland for supporting us in our research and writing about adolescents. We need to acknowledge that the book does not cover every family type in detail. The area of foster care, kinship care and adoption involve specific knowledge and expertise that cannot be adequately covered in a book such as this one. As someone who has worked with such families for many years Sharon would like it noted that she was uncomfortable about doing a brief overview of a body of knowledge so important and extensive that it is really a book in and of itself. We need also to thank the parents and adolescents who have helped us in our research, and others who have helped us carry out our studies. Of course, we need to thank those who have conducted research and those who have participated in projects around the world so that we have been able to draw upon such a large body research. We hope that we have been able to help our readers better understand that research, but we acknowledge that any omissions or errors are totally our responsibility. Finally, we would like to thank our families for their support during this project. Unfortunately, Charles Noller died suddenly during the revising of this volume and will not see the final version. Between us (the authors), we have experienced seven children going through adolescence and survived, as did they. The first author also has eight grandchildren, three of whom are currently adolescents and doing well. In addition, the eldest has reached the grand age of 26, and is clearly an adult. Patricia Noller Sharon Atkin Contents Preface V Acknowledgments VII 1 Adolescence and Families 1 1.1 Views of Adolescence 1 1.2 Stereotypes of Adolescence 3 1.3 The Chronology of Adolescence 5 1.3.1 Childhood to Adolescence 5 1.3.2 Early Adolescence to Late Adolescence 6 1.4 The Developing Brain 7 1.5 Community and Political Involvement 8 1.6 Summary 9 2 Theoretical Perspectives on Adolescents in the Family 11 2.1 Family Systems Theory 12 2.2 Cognitive Theories 13 2.2.1 Adolescent Egocentrism 14 2.3 Individuation 15 2.4 Identity Formation 18 2.4.1 Family Structure and the Development of Identity 20 2.4.2 Ethnicity and Identity 20 2.4.3 Marcia’s Identity Statuses 21 2.4.4 Identity Styles 23 2.5 Attachment Theory 24 2.5.1 Attachment Functions 25 2.5.2 Attachment Styles 26 2.5.3 Transfer of Attachment 28 2.6 Life Course Theory 29 2.7 Positive Youth Development 30 2.8 Summary 32 3 Family Environment and Adolescent Development 34 3.1 Family Structure 34 3.1.1 The Role of Financial Difficulties 35 3.1.2 Financial Difficulties or Problems with Parenting? 36 3.1.3 Presence or Absence of Fathers 37 3.1.4 Instability of Family Structure 38 3.2 What Makes a Positive Family Environment? 40 3.2.1 Characteristics of Parent/s 41 3.2.2 Parent Personality 42 3.2.3 Attachment Security 42 3.2.3.1 Correspondence Between Attachment Styles of Parents And Offspring 43 3.2.3.2 Impact of Attachment on Parenting Style 44 3.3 Mental Health of Parents 44 3.3.1 Parent Depression 45 3.3.2 Alcoholism and Drug Abuse 46 3.4 Marital or Relationship Satisfaction, Conflict And Violence 46 3.4.1 Marital Satisfaction 46 3.4.2 Marital or Relationship Conflict 47 3.4.2.1 Violence 49 3.5 Relationships with Extended Family and Community 49 3.5.1 Social Class/Economics 50 3.5.2 Neighbourhoods and Communities 50 3.6 Work and Family 52 3.7 Family Functioning and Discipline 54 3.7.1 Parenting Style 54 3.7.1.1 Encouragement of Autonomy 56 3.7.1.2 Cohesion, Flexibility and Communication 57 3.7.1.3 Parental Rejection 57 3.7.1.4 Level of Control and Monitoring 58 3.7.1.5 Discipline 60 3.8 Sibling Relationships 60 3.8.1 Differential Parenting 62 3.8.2 Sibling Relationships and Adolescent Adjustment 63 3.9 Summary 63 3.10 Implications for Practitioners 65 4 Communication in Families with Adolescents 67 4.1 The Changing Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 67 4.2 Parent-Adolescent Communication 68 4.2.1 Gender of Parent Differences 69 4.3 Transmission of Values 70 4.4 Decision-Making in Families with Adolescents 71 4.5 Disclosure and Secrecy 74 4.6 Conflict in Families with Adolescents 75 4.6.1 Identity Styles and Conflict 76 4.6.2 Gender of Adolescent Differences in Parent-Adolescent Conflict 76 4.6.3 Conflict Styles 77 4.6.4 Positive Aspects of Parent-Adolescent Conflict
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