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Philipp Franz Balthasar Von Siebold, the Author of Fauna Japonica (1833

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Philipp Franz Balthasar Von Siebold, the Author of Fauna Japonica (1833 Kawakatsu’s Web Library on Planarians: October 31, 2010. Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold, the author of Fauna Japonica (1833-1850) and Flora Japonica (1835-1870), a cousin of Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold, a famous German Zoologist who founded in 1848 the Journal Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie --- With Notes on Four Western Naturalists (W. Stimpson, P. B. W. Heine, F. M. Hilgendorf and H. N. Moseley) Who Visited Japan in the Nineteenth Century --- By Masaharu KAWAKATSU, Ronald SLUYS, Anno FAUBEL, Hugh D. JONES and Kiyohiko YAMAMOTO Prologue When Kawakatsu was a biology professor of the Fuji Women’s College (now University) from 1961 to 1999 (and a part-time professor until the end of March 2002), one of the topics of his general biology lectures for students of Literary, Domestic Sciences and Nursing Courses was ‘Historical Review of Biological Studies in Japan’. During that period Kawakatsu gathered up various copies and examples of those topics from related articles, books, catalogues, etc. Since that material contained old records on planarians, especially so-called Materia Medica of China and Japan, three papers were published on that topic (Kawakatsu, 1969; Kawakatsu & Lue, 1984; Lue & Kawakatsu, 1986). For the records of planarians found in various copies of Materia Medica as well as in several old Western publications, explanatory articles were published by Sasaki (2001a, b) with the full support of Kawakatsu. (Five references cited here are shown in the section on H. N. Moseley in the present web article.) Among Kawakatsu’s material mentioned above, various biographies of the Western naturalists who visited Japan during from the 17th to 19th Centuries are included. Some of them are directly or indirectly concerned with turbellariology. In the present web article, a collection of natural history essays will be given about six Western naturalists. For the correct understanding of those essays, or sections, in this web article, the full knowledge of the ‘400 Years Relationship between Japan and The Netherlands’ and on the ‘Dejima in Nagasaki’ (now Nagasaki City) is necessary. The cooperation of Sluys (Amsterdam), Faubel (Hamburg), Jones (Manchester) and Yamamoto (Nagasaki) as coauthors is most opportune for this web article, I believe (Kawakatsu). - 1 - Note. References will be shown separately at the end of each topic. Many URLs are also shown for each section. When they are opened, various information with related topics, figures and photographs (including portraits of naturalists) can be seen. From the ‘Tokugawa Shôgunate’ to the ‘Meiji Restriction’ A Brief Explanation of the Edo Period, or the Tokugwa Period (17thＣ-19th C) For the understanding of changes in conditions of public life in the middle and recent ages in Japan, the contents of the following web articles are recommended. Key titles: Edo Period; Tokugawa Shôgunate; Hatamoto; Daimyô; Sankin Kôtai; Imperial Court in Kyôto; Kuge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatamoto http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimyo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankin_k%C5%8Dtai http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuge Under the political system in the Edo Period (i.e., the period of the Tokugawa Shôgunate), Japan was divided into 80 or more local domains except for Ezo (Hokkaidô) and Ryûkyû (Okinawa in the Southwest Islands of Japan). Cf. Kawakatsu & Sasaki (2004: 5-9, figs 1 and 2). Each domain was managed by a territorial lord (‘Daimyô’ in Japanese). Kawakatsu, M. & Sasaki, G.-Y., 2004. A blank topographical map of Japan, with explanatory maps of the Izu-Ogasawara Islands and the Southwest Islands for the chorological study of planarians. Kawakatsu’s Web Library on Planarians. http://victoriver.com . Left Button: planarian.net mirror. No. 43. Attendance at Edo (Tôkyô) in alternate years was a duty of each territorial Daimyô for most of the duration (1635-1862) of the Tokugawa Shôgunate (1603-1867). This means every Daimyô had a local residence (usually a castle) and a Daimyô’s residence in Edo (usually called as an ‘Edo Yashiki’ in Japanese). Families of each Daimyô should remain at his ‘Edo Yashiki’ even when he remained in his local residence. Under this kind of political condition of feudalism that started after the beginning of the 17th Century, Japan had a stable period of over 260 years. The traffic of men and horses accelerated commercial activities in various areas of Japan. On the other hand, chronic financial difficulties of the ruling class (so-called ‘Samurai’ Class in Japanese) had increased year by year. It must be said that the real economic power was controlled by the prosperous merchant class after the middle of the Edo Period. - 2 - De Liefde On the morning of April 16th in the year 1600, the Dutch ship ‘De Liefde’ was cast ashore at Sashû, the Domain of Buzen (i.e., Sashû in Usuki City, Ôita Prefecture, Kyûshû)(ca. 39º10’N and 131º50’E). Members of the crew received a good reception from the people of Japan. Pl. I (Fig. 1.) Two officers, Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (a Dutchman: 1560-1623) and William Adams (an Englishman: 1543-1616), had traveled to Ôsaka and ‘Edo’ (Tôkyô) at the invitation of the ‘First Shôgunate’ (i.e., Ieyasu Tokugawa: 1543-1616). They were utilized by the Shôgunate as key advisers on Western matters and granted houses in Edo. Since the area of Jan Joostein’s house was called ‘Yayosu Quay’ after him – his name was pronounced ‘Yan-Yôsuten’ in Japanese – it was now called Yaesu, i.e., the Westside of Tôkyô Station. W. Adams was naturalized in Japan as a key adviser on Western matters. His new Japanese name was Anjin Miura (‘Anjin’ means the pilot in Japanese). Key titles: Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn; Yaesu; William Adams (sailor); Miura Anjin; Tokugawa Shôgunate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Joosten_van_Lodensteijn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaesu http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E6%B4%B2 (In Japanese.) http://wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(sailor) http://homepage2.nifty.com/anjintei/willadams5.html (In Japanese.) http://www.city.usuki.oita.jp/modules/usukisyoukai/article.php?storyd=7 (In Japanese.) ‘Sakoku’ or ‘Sea Restriction’ In 1616, a diplomatic policy of the ‘Tokugawa Shôgunate’ was changed as the ‘Sakoku’, or the ‘Sea Restriction’. Only two open ports, Nagasaki and Hirado, located in Hizen (Nagasaki Prefecture in the present) were open and only for the Chinese and Dutch factories. Hirado Port was closed in the year 1641 at the occasion of the opening of the new Dutch trading house in Nagasaki (i.e., The Nagasaki Branch of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie = VOC). This policy continued until the year 1855. Key titles: Sakoku; Oranda Higashi-Indo-Gaisha; Dutch East India Company. http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/Sakoku http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki%E9%8E%96%E5%9B%BD (In Japanese.) http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki%E3%82%AA%E3%3%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6 %9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company During the 240-year-duration of the ‘Sea Restriction’, Japan was visited by several Western physicians and naturalists - they always said “I am a Dutchman” at the Dejima Guard Box of Japan when landing. The main scholars were: Engelbert Kaempful (German, 1651-1716; stayed in Japan from 1690-92), Carl Peter Thunberg (Swedish, 1743-1828; stayed in Japan from 1775-76), Philipp Franz von Siebold (German, - 3 - 1796-1866; stayed in Japan from 1823-29 and again from 1859-62); Carl Johann Maximowicz (Russian, 1827-1891; stayed in Japan from 1860 to 61); Wiliam Stimpson (U. S. A., 1832-72; stayed in Japan in 1854); Peter Wilhelm Heine (German and American, 1827-85; stayed in Japan in 1853 and again in 1854). After they returned to their homelands, each of them published books about Japan and/or special taxonomic papers and books on Japanese plants and animals. Their collections of Japanese samples (dried samples of plants and insects, shells of molluscs, fresh samples kept in fixatives, temporary stuffed birds, dried skins of mammals, etc.) were also studied by European specialists. Key titles: Engelbert Kaempfer; Carl Thunberg; Carl Maximowicz. For Philipp F. von Siebold, W. Stimpson, and Petr W. Heine, see each Section for them in the text of this web article. The Residents of Dejima. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E 3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3 %E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB (In Japanese.) http://www.1b.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/search/ecolleigakushi/Thunberg/Thunberg.html (In Japanese.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg http://www.lib.a.u-tokyo.acjp/tenji/125/38.html (In Japanese.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maximowicz http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB %E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E83%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82 %AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A2%E3%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83 %81 (In Japanese.) http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/dejima/en/glass/contents/main_04.html Ph. F. B. von Siebold’s Cousin: Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804-1885) February 16, 1804 in Würzburg – April 7, 1885 in Munich (München). His father, Adam Ellias von Siebold (1775-1828), was the younger brother of Johann George Christoph von Siebold (1767-1798), i.e., the father of Philip Franz Balthasar von Siebold (1796-1866). Namely, K. Th. E. von Siebold was a cousin of Ph.
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