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PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD and the OPENING of JAPAN Philipp Franz Von Siebold, 1860 PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD and the OPENING of JAPAN • a RE-EVALUATION •

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PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD and the OPENING of JAPAN Philipp Franz Von Siebold, 1860 PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD and the OPENING of JAPAN • a RE-EVALUATION • PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD AND THE OPENING OF JAPAN Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1860 PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD AND THE OPENING OF JAPAN • A RE-EVALUATION • HERBERT PLUTSCHOW Josai International University PHILIPP FRANZ VON SIEBOLD AND THE OPENING OF JAPAN Herbert Plutschow First published in 2007 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD PO Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Herbert Plutschow 2007 ISBN 978-1-905246-20-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in 9.5/12pt Stone Serif by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester Printed and bound in England by Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wilts. Contents Preface vii 1. Von Siebold’s First Journey to Japan 1 • Journey to Edo 9 • The Siebold Incident 16 2. Von Siebold the Scholar 26 • Nippon 26 • The Siebold Collection 30 3. Von Siebold and the Opening of Japan 33 •Von Siebold and the Dutch Efforts to Open Japan 33 •Von Siebold and the American Expedition to Japan 47 •Von Siebold and the Russian Expedition to Japan 80 4. Von Siebold’s Second Journey to Japan 108 •Shogunal Adviser 115 • Attack on the British Legation 120 • The Tsushima Incident 127 • Banished Again 137 5. Back in Europe 149 • Advising Russia 149 • Opinion-maker 164 • Advising France and Japan 171 •Von Siebold’s Death 178 6. The Second-generation Siebolds and the Opening of Japan 184 • Kusumoto (Shimoto) Ine 184 •Alexander von Siebold 197 •Heinrich von Siebold 202 7. Conclusions 207 Bibliography 215 Appendix: Example of von Siebold’s handwriting 224 Index 225 This book is dedicated to Seiko Sanchez-Yoneyama, Philipp Franz von Siebold’s sixth descendant on the Japanese side Preface his study draws on new documents, principally the correspon- Tdence, written advice and draft treaties, produced by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866), which in August 2002 were placed in the public domain. Hitherto, they had lain dormant in the archives of the Brandenstein-Zeppelin family in Germany, though accessed occasionally, such as for the investigations and subsequent book by Hans Koerner (1967). All of these documents are now available in the microfilm library of the Siebold Memorial Museum in Nagasaki, although the microfilm numbering currently applied appears pre- liminary. There is an index volume, which helps one to locate the correspondence and documents by the names of those they were addressed to, or from whom von Siebold had received them. Portions of the von Siebold documents, which the Japan-Institut in Berlin had acquired from Baroness Erika von Ehrhardt (1890–1965), a cousin of von Siebold’s son Alexander, were published earlier. They contained von Siebold’s correspondence with his Japanese wife Taki and other important manuscripts and drafts. Confiscated by the US Army in the Second World War, they were rediscovered in the Library of Congress and returned in 1957; they are now at the Ruhr Universität in Bochum.1 These newly-released documents provide fresh insight into von Siebold’s advisory role before and after the opening of Japan, revealing and or suggesting that von Siebold influenced the letters and diplo- matic negotiations of the United States, Russia, the Netherlands and other nations, and that von Siebold’s role was much more important than hitherto prevailing documentation and historiography had led one to believe. Though The Cambridge History of Japan: The Nineteenth Century (1989), for example, mentions von Siebold, it fails to see in him an important ‘player’ in the mid-nineteenth-century opening of Japan. The need to acknowledge Edgar Franz’s recent Philipp Franz von Siebold and Russian Policy and Action on Opening Japan to the West in viii Philipp Franz von Siebold and the Opening of Japan the Middle of the Nineteenth Century (2005) has delayed publication of this book. Undoubtedly, Edgar Franz’s well-researched book must be taken into account especially regarding von Siebold’s role in the Russian expedition of 1853–55. More than Americans, Europeans (Germans, Austrians and the Dutch in particular) still look upon von Siebold as the father of Japanology and numerous books as recently as the two-volume Philipp Franz von Siebold, Leben und Werk (1996) and the multi-volume Acta Sieboldiana help maintain this image. Japanese scholars, too, hold von Siebold in high esteem and articles and books are still being written (e.g. Miyasaka Masahide’s Shiiboruto to Sakoku, Kaikoku Nippon (1997)), on his role at the threshold of Japan’s modern century. Even so, von Siebold has received little attention from American and British scholars for whom von Siebold is overshad- owed by the exploits of Commodore Perry and the roles of Townsend Harris, the first American diplomatic representative, and of the British envoy Rutherford Alcock. One of the reasons may be found in the fact that von Siebold’s monumental Nippon (1897) was never fully translated into English and was inaccessible to people unable to read German or Dutch, or to those unable or unwilling to afford the high price of the books, not to mention the likelihood that by the time of its publication, the book was mostly outdated. Nevertheless, the new documentation forces all of us Japanologists to reevaluate von Siebold, something we must do critically since it is at times difficult to separate von Siebold’s political ambitions from a selfless love for Japan. Von Siebold has been and still is a controver- sial figure whose role was more often than not tinged with consider- able selfish aspirations and a belief in his personal infallibility. During the time of the German-Japanese Axis alliance in the Second World War, von Siebold became a legend, inspiring a histor- ical novel entitled Ein Deutscher gewinnt Japans Herz written by Werner Siebold in 1943. In this novel, Werner Siebold portrays von Siebold’s life as one dedicated to Japan.2 A new version of von Siebold’s Nippon (more on this important work later) also appeared at that time. On the Japanese side, too, Siebold studies thrived as a sign of the times, while, in the immediate post-war period, the Japanese seem to have been more interested in von Siebold’s much romanti- cized liaison with his Japanese wife Taki (Sonogi) and daughter Ine, as is evidenced in Takeda Michiko’s Gin no Saji: Shiiboruto no Musume no Monogatari (A Silver Spoon: The Story of Siebold’s Daughter) and Hani Setsuko’s Shiiboruto no Musumetachi (Siebold’s Daughters). Von Preface ix Siebold was thus put side by side with Townsend Harris’s Japanese mistress in Shimoda and Pierre Loti’s Madame Chrysanthème, not to mention the celebrated Madame Butterfly. One question this book will dispel for good is the allegation that von Siebold was a Russian spy, an accusation that has simply refused to go away during the more than one-and-a-half centuries since Siebold’s banishment from Japan in 1829. If we define a spy as a paid agent who secretly delivers sensitive information to another country, then von Siebold was not a spy. During his first stay in Japan, von Siebold was a scholar eager to make Japan known to the West and to integrate it into the then growing knowledge of global geography and ethnography. He was by all definitions a nineteenth-century eth- nologist, trying to record and describe one of the last unknown cul- tures on earth. At the same time, he was an ‘Aufklärer’, an active participant and exponent of the European enlightenment. However, between his first and second stay, but especially during his second stay and also thereafter, von Siebold was driven by what seems to have been a political and diplomatic ambition which, though cen- tering on Japan, was not limited to any nation not even to his native Germany or adopted Holland, as we learn through his efforts vis-à- vis Russia, France and even Brazil. Nevertheless, we must not forget von Siebold’s emotional attach- ment to Japan. Despite his banishment and the frequent setbacks that kept plaguing him until the very end of his life, von Siebold kept displaying in his writings a deep concern for Japan’s welfare. Hence, the shift we discover in his later life from science to politics. So con- cerned was he about the welfare of Japan, that, according to my reading of the documents, he was quite willing to pit other nations against each other in order to safeguard Japan. Japan, after all, was the native country of his Japanese wife and daughter who, by law, were unable to leave Japan and join him in Germany or the Netherlands. As the native country of his offspring, von Siebold com- mitted himself to the welfare of Japan. But his view of what that welfare should be was not, as we shall see, entirely devoid of selfish interest. Like his predecessors Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716, in Japan 1690–92) and Per Thunberg (1743–1828, in Japan 1772–75), von Siebold saw in the Tokugawa (Edo) period (1600–1868) an ideal society increasingly pitted against the colonial and commercial ambitions of what he called the great maritime nations. In his writ- ings and advice, he committed himself to the preservation of the x Philipp Franz von Siebold and the Opening of Japan feudal system of the shoguns and the daimyos, often adopting out- dated views and positions, which were unpopular among the treaty nations.
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