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Corpus Delle Iscrizioni Bilingui Aramaico Nabateo-Greche

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Corpus Delle Iscrizioni Bilingui Aramaico Nabateo-Greche Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità Dottorato di Ricerca in Filologia e Storia del Mondo Antico XXIX ciclo Curriculum Filologie del Vicino e Medio Oriente Corpus delle iscrizioni bilingui aramaico nabateo-greche Approfondimenti onomastici e problemi di ricostruzione del sistema fonologico del nabateo Giuseppe Petrantoni Matricola n° 1522624 Relatore Correlatore Prof. Alessio Agostini Prof. Francesco Guizzi A.A. 2015/2016 Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Dottorato di ricerca in Filologia e storia del Mondo antico – Filologie del Vicino e Medio Oriente XXIX ciclo CORPUS DELLE ISCRIZIONI BILINGUI ARAMAICO NABATEO- GRECHE. Approfondimenti onomastici e problemi di ricostruzione del sistema fonologico del nabateo. Giuseppe Petrantoni 1 Ringraziamenti Desidero ricordare tutti coloro che hanno svolto un ruolo fondamentale nella stesura della presente tesi tramite suggerimenti, critiche ed osservazioni: a loro va la mia gratitudine, anche se vorrei precisare che ogni errore contenuto in questa tesi è imputabile soltanto a me stesso. Ringrazio anzitutto il Professor Alessio Agostini, Relatore, ed il professor Francesco Guizzi, Co- relatore, che sono stati sempre disponibili a dirimere i miei dubbi durante la stesura di questo lavoro: senza il loro supporto e la loro guida sapiente questa tesi non esisterebbe. Inoltre ringrazio sentitamente il Professor Marco Moriggi e il Professor Federico De Romanis, Valutatori esterni, per avere contribuito alla revisione del mio lavoro con annotazioni, correzioni e integrazioni fondamentali per il completamento della tesi. Un ringraziamento particolare va alla Professoressa Laura Boffo, che con pazienza ha letto la tesi, per la competenza con la quale è intevenuta con sagge osservazioni, correzioni e suggerimenti bibliografici permettendomi di perfezionare e di completare la tesi. Infine, vorrei ringraziare il Professor Adalberto Magnelli per l’aiuto sempre attento e preciso che ha saputo darmi, spendendo parte del proprio tempo a impartirmi consigli preziosi. Ma un grazie soprattutto a te, Sonia….. Dicembre 2016 2 Indice Premessa 5 I. Introduzione 11 1. Il contesto storico 12 2. Il nabateo all‟interno delle varietà aramaiche 27 3. La θνηλή nella Nabatea ellenistica: il greco come lingua franca 30 II. Iscrizioni bilingui nabateo-greche 32 III. Problemi di ricostruzione della fonologia nabatea 193 1. Le consonanti 195 1.1 Le consonanti occlusive sonore b, g, d 195 1.2 Le consonanti occlusive sorde k, p, t 197 1.3 Le consonanti faringali spiranti ‘, ḥ 200 1.4 Le consonanti laringali ’, h 203 1.5 La consonante dentale spirante enfatica ṣ 206 1.6 Le consonanti sibilanti sorde s e š 207 2. Le vocali brevi a, i, u 209 2.1 La vocale a 209 2.2 La vocale i 211 2.3 La vocale u 213 2.4 La riduzione vocalica 214 3. Le vocali lunghe ā, ī, ū 214 3.1 La vocale ā 215 3.2 La vocale ī 217 3.3 La vocale ū 218 4. I dittonghi aw e ay 220 4.1 Il trittongo aya > ā 224 3 5. Il suffisso femminile singolare –at = -α(ο)/-αζ- 224 6. Il caso della –w finale nei nomi propri maschili 225 7. Conclusioni 228 Fonti classiche 232 Bibliografia 234 Indici 275 Carte geografiche 284 4 Premessa Negli ultimi anni le ricerche che hanno riguardato il campo dell‟epigrafia semitica si sono arricchite di importanti progetti; tra questi il più significativo sembra essere il “The Phoenician Data Bank: The International Project Corpus Inscriptionum Phoenicarum necnon Punicarum”, a cura di una equipe internazionale guidata da P. Xella (Roma, Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico) e A. Zamora (Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Islamicos y del Oriente Pròximo), una banca dati, con versione cartacea e on-line, che dal 2007 raccoglie tutti i testi fenici dell‟area del Mediterraneo. Ultimamente l‟equipe del CSAD (Centre for Studies of Ancient Document) di Oxford, sotto la direzione di Alan Bowman, ha dato inizio ad un progetto che riguarda la realizzazione di un corpus telematico, con versione cartacea, delle bilingui greche dell‟Egitto tolemaico. Per quanto concerne la Penisola Araba, sono fruibili banche dati come il DASI (Digital Archive for the Study of pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions), diretto da Alessandra Avanzini dell‟Università di Pisa, che raccoglie circa 8.000 iscrizioni sudarabiche, e l‟OCIANA (Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabian), progetto del Khalili Research Center dell‟Università di Oxford, diretto da J. Johns e M.C.A. Macdonald, che cataloga le iscrizioni nordarabiche fino ad oggi note. Il CNI (Corpus of Nabataean Inscriptions) è un progetto, all‟interno del DASI, nato grazie all‟accordo con il CNRS laboratory UMR 8167 – Mondes Sémitiques sotto la supervisione di L. Nehmé, che attualmente include solo le iscrizioni tombali provenienti da Hegra. Infine, sempre nell‟ambito del nabateo, occorre menzionare il The Rock Inscription Project online che cataloga tutte le iscrizioni e i graffiti nabatei, greci, armeni e georgiani ritrovati nella Penisola del Sinai e che fanno parte dei tre volumi cartacei del catalogo The Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti Project editato da Michael E. Stone tra il 1992 e il 1994 (vd. bibliografia). La presenza di corpora di testi semitici è la testimonianza del fervore con il quale gli studi epigrafici, nel settore della filologia vicino orientale, stanno acquisendo una posizione sempre maggiore. In questo ambito l‟esperienza dei contatti tra genti semitiche ed elleniche si pensa che possa rivestire un certo interesse non solo dal punto di vista strettamente filologico-letterario, ma anche di storia delle tradizioni linguistiche, religiose e della acculturazione dell‟area che, partendo dal Vicino Oriente, raggiunge l‟estremità occidentale del Mediterraneo con le esperienze principalmente puniche. 5 Il contesto mediterraneo orientale, nel periodo storico tra la fine del VII secolo a.C. e il V secolo d.C., vede un fitto scambio culturale-commerciale tra la sponda siro-palestinese e l‟area egea. I contatti frequenti tra le popolazioni di origine semitica (in special modo fenici, cananei e siro-palestinesi) e i parlanti greco si moltiplicano sulle sponde nordafricane, a Rodi, a Cos, nelle isole dell‟Egeo centrale, a Creta e fino sul Continente, per trasporsi poi nel quadrante occidentale a raggiungere le colonie dell‟Italia meridionale e della Sicilia, per mezzo anche dell‟esperienza marittima cartaginese. Questa intricata rete di rapporti ha originato, in campo epigrafico, quell‟interessante fenomeno culturale-linguistico e strorico-religioso rappresentato dalle bilingui, iscrizioni in greco e semitico che testimoniano in taluni casi, specialmente nelle aree di confine e di contatto prolungato, una vera e propria intercultura fra etnie differenti. L‟esperienza fenicia nell‟area egea ha originato anche la trasmissione della scrittura alfabetica in ambito occidentale e, stante gli studi più recenti, sempre più si è propensi a ritenere che tale passaggio significativo sia avvenuto esattamente nelle zone appena ricordate, aree non solo di scambio commerciale, ma di stabile presenza di insediamenti ellenici e semitici nel periodo a cavallo tra IX e VIII secolo a.C. In questa sede si è preferito restringere il campo di indagine e raccogliere le iscrizioni provenienti dalle aree in cui si parlava la varietà aramaica nabatea. Difatti, il presente lavoro prende le mosse dall‟assenza, allo stato attuale, di una silloge che raccoglie le iscrizioni bilingui aramaico nabateo-greche dell‟area mediterranea e vicino orientale dal II-I secolo a.C. al III secolo d.C. Questo permetterà di approfondire gli aspetti morfosintattici e lessicali peculiari delle due aree linguistiche (nabatea e greca) e gettare uno sguardo complessivo sulle modalità di scambio culturale (sociale, politico e religioso) tra le realtà semitica occidentale ed ellenica. Sebbene la presente raccolta riguardi le testimonianze epigrafiche bilingui nabateo-greche fino ad oggi note, il lavoro non deve essere considerato concluso e si spera che possa essere ampliato da ulteriori ritrovamenti epigrafici. 6 Traslitterazione arabo traslitterazione nabateo traslitterazione ‟ a/ā/‟ ا b b ب t g خ ṯ d ث j h ج ḥ w ح ḫ z خ d ḥ د ḏ ṭ ذ r y ز z k ش s l ض š m غ ṣ n ص ḍ s ع „ ṭ ط ẓ p ظ ṣ „ ع ġ q غ f r ف q š/ś ق k t ك l ه m ً n ُ h ٓ w/ū و y/ī ً 7 Altri: Le vocali brevi sono rappresentate nella trascrizione fonematica da /a, i, u/ e le rispettive varianti lunghe da /ā, ī, ū/; I dittonghi sono rappresentati nella trascrizione fonematica da /aw/ e /ay/; La hamzah iniziale è omessa; La alif maqṣūrah è rappresentata da /ā/; L‟articolo arabo è rappresentato foneticamente con al-; Il fonema lam dell‟articolo arabo non è assimilato alle lettere cosiddette „solari‟ nella trascrizione fonematica: /al-šams/ e non /aš-šams/; La tā’ marbūṭah è resa fonematicamente con /-ah/, tranne nello stato costrutto in cui è resa con /-at/. Nota alla traslitterazione: per convenzione, il grafema in nabateo è solitamente associato al fonema /š/. Tuttavia la fonetica dell‟aramaico nabateo manifesta sintomi di influenza di una varietà linguistica di tipo arabo e pertanto il medesimo grafema può essere utilizzato per trascrivere il fonema /ś/. Per quanto concerne le occlusive b, g, d, k, p, t (begadkefat), la loro spirantizzazione dopo vocale è ben attestata, oltre che in ebraico biblico1, in quasi tutte le varietà aramaiche. Trattandosi di un fenomeno esclusivamente fonetico, nel presente lavoro non se ne darà indicazione, poiché nel corpus delle iscrizioni verrà fornita la sola trascrizione grafematica. 1 TSERETELI 1995, pp. 27-28. La spirantizzazione avvenne nelle fasi più antiche della lingua aramaica, affermandosi come fenomeno consonantico in aramaico classico. Rosenthal (2006, p. 17, § 15) sostiene che tale fenomeno cominciò a manifestarsi a partire dal VI secolo a.C. 8 2 Abbreviazioni acc. accadico ama.
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