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Geometric Morphometric and Heavy Metals Analysis of Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil Cephalus), from Agusan River, Butuan City, Philippines

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Geometric Morphometric and Heavy Metals Analysis of Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil Cephalus), from Agusan River, Butuan City, Philippines J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2017 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 134-151, 2017 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Geometric morphometric and heavy metals analysis of flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), from Agusan River, Butuan city, Philippines Cresencio C. Cabuga Jr*, Romell A. Seronay, Manilyn A. Busia, Nova P. Billuga, Maria Anita Ayaton, Mafi Kamille A. Angco, Candy Claire D. Joseph, Jevonie R. Guilleno, Rea Mae A. Colon, Honelyn C. Havana, Marco Lawrence M. Budlayan, Suzette M. Arriza Biology Department, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan city, Philippines Article published on July 21, 2017 Key words: Fluctuating asymmetry, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Physico-chemical parameters Abstract Geometric Morphometric used as a tool in quantifying phenotypic variations among species of the same population. The analysis of heavy metals in the fishes created to determine the extent of harmful elements found since it serves as a human food source. This study aims to determine the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the body shapes of Mugil cephalus and levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in the muscles. In FA, a total of 100 samples (50 males & 50 females) were randomly collected and subjected to Symmetry and Asymmetry Geometric Data software. Results of Procrustes ANOVA showed a highly significant difference (P<0.0001) between sexes. Females obtained the highest percentage of FA (77.93%) than males (77.43%). This indicates that females change in body shape was associated with sustaining homeostasis and metabolic responses during reproduction. For the analysis of Cd, Cr and Pb three stations were established with three replicates each. A total of nine fish of the same size and weight regardless of sexes were collected and subjected to analysis. The concentrations of heavy metal were found in the order of Pb>Cr>Cd. Pb had the highest concentrations (4.11 ± 0.11 ppm), Cr (0.5 ± 0 ppm) and Cd (BDL) Below Detection Limit. One-way ANOVA showed that the concentrations of heavy metals were significantly higher (P<0.05). Pb and Cr exceeded the recommended safe limit in foods set by US EPA, FAO and WHO (Pb ≤0.5 ppm, Cr ≤0.01 ppm). This suggests that frequent consumption may pose risk to human health. *Corresponding Author: Cresencio C. Cabuga Jr. [email protected] 134 | Cabuga Jr. et al. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2017 Introduction In determining morphological variations in the body Since fish inhabit high trophic levels, they are shapes of M. cephalus, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) commonly used as a bioindicator of pollutants was employed. FA used as a tool to quantify variances present in the aquatic ecosystem (Blasco et al., 1998; among the left and right side of two-sided traits of an Agah et al., 2009). It performs as functional genetic organism (Swaddle, 2003). It is known as an efficient models for the estimation of aquatic pollutants mechanism to evaluate an environmental condition (Mitchell and Kennedy, 1992). Their existence works and organisms state of well-being (Lecera et al., as a biomarker of effluents thus making them 2015). FA performs as morphometrics way of significant for bio-monitoring in this environment describing asymmetry; thus giving the overall (Cabuga et al., 2016). Provides appropriate dissimilarities of the bilateral symmetry of the species representation for examining aquatic genotoxicity as (Moller & Swaddle 1997; Palmer & Strobeck 2003). they metabolize xenobiotics and accumulate The FA widely recognized by many studies in pollutants (Grisolia and Cordeiro, 2000). Ecological investigating developmental instability and deficiency contributes forces that may alter identifying subtle differences (Klingenberg and environmental capacity (Chau, 2008) thus causing McIntyre 1998; Savriama et al., 2012; Hermita et al., impairment to the species (Duruibe et al., 2007). The 2013). Sommer (1996) concluded that stress is an habitat variables and its imbalances would create unswerving factor that could develop fluctuation in developmental instability upon the resistance and the organism morphology due to its resistivity in the forces exerted of the organisms. Rapid change of the environment. The increased levels of FA caused by environment might alter genomic makeup of various stresses could be lead to the undesirable organisms; and may result in genetic alteration and development of individual organisms (Muallil et al., diversity of the population (Trono et al., 2015). The 2014). Nonetheless, abiotic factor such as study shows, that adverse situation of the temperatures, nutrient deprivation, and pollutants environment develops negative effects to its are ecological perturbation causes developmental organisms affecting the morphology or to the extent homeostasis (Mpho, 2000, Velichovic, 2004;).FA of mortality (Jumawan et al, 2016). Increased focus the likeness and dissimilarities of organism deformities of organisms morphology would be overall morphology (David Polly, 2012). FA, reflected as the unfavorable response towards considerably a scientific means of detecting ecological settings. Evidently, organisms differ in phenotypic modifications and evaluating ecological morphology as a mechanism to compensate to the condition (Angtuaco and Leyesa, 2004). It is believed changing environment. Thus, morphology is a basis in that it measures developmental instability of which organisms may diverse among and within its organisms due to genomic interference and ecological population. The inconsistency of the environment disturbances. Further, a great percentage of FA have suggests biological and morphological been related to the exposure of organisms towards transformations due to the adaptation of the heavy metal pollution, industrial wastes, household organism (Cazzaniga, 2002; Torres et al., runoffs and anthropogenic activities (Natividad et al., 2013).Therefore, morphology plays an essential factor 2015). in species differentiation. It is a primary component to quantify shape and shape variations (Cabuga et al., The study area was Agusan River, a part of the three 2016). Thus, in evolutionary biology, the importance sub-basins in Mindanao emptying Butuan Bay (CTI- of shape has been an ultimate requisite together with Halcrow, 2008). Several studies have been identifying shape variations is an argument in which conducted, including fluctuating asymmetry and biological forms diverged from any other (Richmeier heavy metal assessment. It was found out that the et al., 2002). River known to have a mercury pollution from the 135 | Cabuga Jr. et al. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2017 study of (Roa, 2001) and associated with the mining comparable studies conducted. This study aims to activities happens in the upper sub-basin the determine the possible effects of pollutants into the Compostella Valley where Mt. Diwalwal located. fish morphology and determing the levels of Along with the study conducted by (Cabuga et al., cadmium, chromium and lead in the muscles. Thus, 2016) lead (Pb), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and the results of the study would be an essential Cadmium (Cd) were positively present in the muscles information both of the fish eating community as well of the fish Mesopristes cancellatus that is also found as in the government, which has the authority for the in the area. The local community depends on fish management of the Agusan River. farming as livelihood source where the M. cephalus is part of their commodity. This species widely found in Materials and methods the area, consumed and available in the local market. Description of the area This fish species ischaracterized as a freshwater, The study area was Agusan River located in Butuan brackish and marine species and yet there were no City, Agusandel Norte Philippines (Fig. 1.). Fig. 1. Map of the study area: Agusan River, Butuan city, Agusandel norte, Philippines It geographically lies between 9001’58.36”N Sample collection and processing 125030’27.41”E. The fish collection was done in the About 100 samples of M. cephalus (50 males and 50 month of March 2017 through the aid of local females) were randomly collected in the study area. fisherman utilizing motorized bancas and gillsnet as The collected samples were immediately transported their catching gears. While the physicochemical water to the laboratory and proper preservation was parameters was completed with the same date stated applied. After which, the individual fish were above. positioned in a Styrofoam for pinning of its fins. 136 | Cabuga Jr. et al. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2017 To make it wider and visible to locate the point of The level of FA was stipulated through percentage (%) origin for land marking methods; it was applied a 10% which were analyzed and compared between male Formalin all over its fins to make it hardened using and female samples (Natividad et al., 2015). the small brush. The samples were then Physico-chemical water parameters photographed using the digital camera (Lenovo-13 By means of the standardized protocol, the test for megapixels). To obtain the total length of the physicochemical parameters was also determined in samples, the left and the right bilateral side were the study. Using the multi-parameter water quality taken using a ruler (Natividad et al., 2015). meter (EUTECH PCD), the following were examined: Sex determination Conductivity, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), pH, Salinity, Temperature and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS). In the The samples were then examined through looking its
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