AA FirstFirst LookLook atat thethe FishFish SpeciesSpecies ofof thethe MiddleMiddle MalinauMalinau Taxonomy,Taxonomy, ecology,ecology, vulnerabilityvulnerability andand importanceimportance

Ike Rachmatika, Robert Nasi, Douglas Sheil and Meilinda Wan A First Look at the Fish Species of the Middle Malinau Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance

Ike Rachmatika, Robert Nasi, Douglas Sheil and Meilinda Wan ISBN 979-3361-67-0

© 2005 by CIFOR, all rights reserved. Published in 2005 Printed by SMK Grafika Desa Putera Jakarta - Indonesia

Cover photo by Douglas Sheil Fish drawings by Yanuar Graphic design and layout by Eko Prianto

Published by Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Mailing address: P.O. Box. 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16680 - Indonesia Tel: +62(251) 622 622 Fax: +62(251) 622 100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cifor.cgiar.org Table of Contents

Acknowledgement iv A preamble regarding CIFOR’s work in Malinau v Introduction 1 The Malinau Research Forest 2 Material and Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion 15 References 16 Appendix 1: List and description of sampled stations 20 Appendix 2: List and characteristic of collected fish 26

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: iii Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Acknowledgement

The research was made possible by the funds from MacArthur Foundation and the European Commission, and the study contributes to a larger project undertaken by Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia and CIFOR funded by International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).

The first author would like to thank Dr. Arie Budiman (former head of Research Center for Biology, LIPI) and Dr. St. Nuramaliati Prijono (former head of Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, LIPI) who gave the first author permission to conduct the survey; Dr. Kuswata Kartawinata and Dr. Douglas Sheil (CIFOR) who facilitated the first author in conducting the survey; also Dr. Herwasono Soedjito, the Seturan camp staff and the MLA team who provided help and guidance in the field.

Our gratitude is also expressed to Drs. A.H. Tjakrawidjaja who gave permission in using the fish collec- tion under his care, to Yanuar for allowing us to use his fish drawings, as well as Dr. K. Martin-Smith who graciously sent us all his publications on the effect of disturbances on fresh-water fishes in Sabah. We are grateful to Glen Mulcahy for her early assistance in editing, and Eko Prianto for layout and cover design.

Special thanks are conveyed to the people of Seturan, Langap and Loreh villages for their hospitality and participation in the study.

iv A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance A preamble regarding CIFOR’s work in Malinau

The Malinau area of East Kalimantan (Borneo) There is an increasing appreciation of environmental was until recently little known biologically. It was values, including biodiversity, and their role in suspected that the rugged and forested landscape, maintaining human well-being and economic next to the Kayan Mentarang National Park, would development. Under Article 7 of the Convention have a high value in terms of its plants and animals. on Biological Diversity, for example, signatory A major emphasis for CIFOR’s research has been to countries must assess and monitor their biodiversity. document this biological wealth. This research has Despite these developments, there is little general had three major components: guidance - or practical consensus - on how to proceed. The academic approach to surveys has 1. Finding out what occurs and where; generally been to match very specific methods to 2. Assessing to whom it matters and in what way; very specific questions. However, the most obvious and and urgent practical questions have been too broad 3. Identifying what steps are needed to maintain this and multifaceted for such clear resolution. One such biota in the future. question, which we consider here, is ‘how can we find out what we should know to make better decisions Together, these three strands of information help about tropical forest landscapes?’ Following CIFOR’s define priorities that reflect local considerations goals, we emphasize biodiversity, forest dependent and can inform a wide range of processes, from the people and the environment. development of reduced impact logging guidelines to international forestry and conservation policy. The Much of the global concern about tropical rainforests account of fish reported here provides information derives from fears of major impending extinctions. relevant to each of these strands by combining an Considerable efforts have focused on identifying extensive field study with an evaluation of local the most important sites for protection or sensitive views and practices, as well as some review of what management. Biodiversity surveys have become a is know about the vulnerability and sensitivity of major preoccupation of conservation agencies and each species. Using available reference material are increasingly included in impact assessments. and knowledge helps provide a body of information However, the information generated by these efforts that is available to guide management (for a fuller remains less influential than many would wish. In discussion of this philosophy see Sheil and van many tropical forest countries, the opportunity costs Heist 2000). It is however, the second aspect - what of large-scale conservation are considerable and local matters and how priorities are established - that has people frequently have other priorities. The notion been so overlooked in earlier environmental science. that ‘every species must be maintained at all costs’ is Therefore, we will briefly introduce this topic. thus a view irrelevant to many key decision makers.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: v Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Local decisions can only balance ‘biodiversity’ goals willing to live for long periods in the communities with other demands if the values and preferences they will influence. What is needed is a practical of local stakeholders, especially forest dependent method or, indeed, a suite of methods, that can reduce communities, are addressed. the understanding gap and provide a comprehensible summary of what actually matters locally. Such a Local decision makers are not the only agents of approach could also determine what is important, landscape changes we need to consider: outsider-led to whom, how much, and why, as well as a means interventions can also lead to major changes for local to make these local values and preferences more people and the environment. Indeed, from a rural understandable and relevant to the decision making perspective, a town-based official may be viewed process. as much of an ‘outsider’ as an overseas funding agency or a foreigner-led research project. For many CIFOR research is thus committed to developing an stakeholders, especially commercial enterprises, such emerging paradigm in biodiversity research that fits as timber concessionaires and mining companies, these key objectives. Its goal is to record and assess their preferences and motivations are relatively clear the biophysical environment while building clear and easily communicated and understood. But, when links to the needs and priorities of key stakeholders. rural communities with strong indigenous cultures For CIFOR, the key stakeholders are often the are considered, their needs and perceptions remain poor and forest dependent people that are often hidden to most outsiders unless a specific effort is neglected in national development strategies. Such made to uncover them. knowledge helps identify the priorities and needs of local stakeholders, and identifies priorities for both Is there a solution to this problem? Ideally, detailed effective interventions and further research. knowledge would be gained through intimate personal knowledge, but few decision makers are Douglas Sheil - CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia

vi A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Introduction

Logging, agriculture, and activities like road Indonesia is one of the richest centres of biodiversity construction have led to increased sedimentation, in the world, and Kalimantan is categorised as having siltation, and decreasing water quality in numerous one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the seven rivers around the world (Alabaster & Lloyd 1981; bio-geographic regions of the Indonesian Archipelago Rivier & Seguier 1985; Scarbovick 1993; Moring (Ministry of National Development Planning 1992). et al. 1995). This is obviously of some concern Nevertheless, knowledge of freshwater fish diversity when considering the status of fish populations, in the Kalimantan is still largely incomplete (Kottelat since increased suspended sediment can adhere to 1994). gill tissue and lead to respiration difficulties, with subsequent gill abrasion leading to pathogenic The purpose of this study was to prepare an initial penetration. Suspended sediments also decrease checklist of the fish in the area bordered by the phytoplankton, attached algae, and rooted aquatic Seturan and Rian rivers. This list was to be annotated vegetation. In addition, settled sediment may impair with special reference to the habitats each species is reproduction by inhibiting egg respiration and found in, and an assessment of which species have increasing incubation periods. Finally, according importance in local communities – and for what to Moring et al. (1995), logging activity not only reasons. increases sediment load but also increases water temperature, which in turn decreases dissolved oxygen content.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 1 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance The Malinau Research Forest

Location The focal area of this research is located in the Much of the Malinau area is covered by timber Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island concessions. The principle study area is located of Borneo. The lowland rainforests on the island of within a 48,000 ha forest concession managed by Borneo are globally important for their high species INHUTANI II, a state-owned timber company. The richness and endemism (MacKinnon et al. 1996). climate is equatorial. Annual rainfall is c. 4,000 The Malinau region is part of the last relatively intact mm. The topography is deeply eroded with a dense contiguous large scale forest cover in Borneo. network of steep ridges and drainage gullies. Soils are derived principally from alluvial deposits and When CIFOR was established in 1993, the Indonesian sedimentary rocks. Altitudes in the main study area Government committed itself to providing a forest where surveys have been conducted range from 100 area where CIFOR could conduct long-term research. to 700 m above sea level. An area in East Kalimantan was finally selected and named Malinau Research Forest (previously Fish are important to local people Bulungan Research Forest). The area is about 3 A parallel study performed by CIFOR that asked degrees north of the equator in a block 2º45’ to and rated the importance of all animal and plant 3º21’ North and 115º48’ to 116º34’ East, adjacent species with seven different communities on the to the Kayan Mentarang National Park and lies in upper Malinau (see Sheil 2002; Sheil et al. 2003a, the heart of the largest more or less continuous area b, c) noted that fish (when considered as a category) of rainforests remaining in tropical Asia (more than came at number 12 on a list of most important animal 5 million ha encompassing parts of Central and East “species” for all uses (Sheil et al. unpublished data) Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah) (see Figure 1)1. – however, these assessments included communities with easy access to other sources of wild meat, and The Malinau watershed in Northeast Kalimantan is the data strongly suggests that fish become more essential for local communities both as a source of important as access to forest areas become more food and as a means of transport. The Malinau river limited. Fish actually ranked at four (after gaharu eventually joins the Mentarang river and becomes the and two timber species) as the most important species Sesayap river, which empties into the Celebes Sea, a for selling. Remarkably they were not mentioned volcanic rift that falls on the Wallace line. The two amongst the top ten most important species for food main rivers sampled in this study (Seturan and Rian by any informants. They ranked at 11. In any case, rivers) belong to the Malinau watershed. staying for any length of time with these communities makes it clear that much fishing is done and much of 1 Sungai is the Indonesian term for river and is abbreviated to “S” the catch is eaten. It was the inability of this larger (e.g. S. Temalang = Sungai Temalang). study to access information on fish – its field based

2 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Figure 1. Sampling stations of fish study in Malinau Research Forest and adjacent areas

sampling and overly broad question focusing on The 1999 survey was undertaken from 15-27 vegetation in general and forests in particular – that November and 6-12 December during the rainy encouraged CIFOR to consider a more specific study season, which was marked by particularly heavy of fish. rainfall (>300 mm/month). In the morning of 20 November 1999 the water level of Seturan river Area surveyed and weather rose up about 1.5 m and flooded the Seturan village. The second survey was carried out from 30 October conditions during survey to 27 November 2000. During the beginning of the The first survey, in 1999, sampled 46 stations, 12 second survey rainfall was less frequent and water of which were located in plots affected by logging. levels were generally lower than for the 1999 survey. Sites covered the Seturan and Rian rivers and 14 One tributary of Menalat river had no water at all of their tributaries (including Korok, Biyo, Lirung, and a large pond in the RKT3 1996/1997 area was Ulet, Lit, Belakau, Kenowan, Melalat, Temalang and very shallow. However, by 23 November heavy Bengahau). To add variability to the overall samples, rains started causing a 1.5 m rise of the Seturan river. the second survey in 2000 encompassed several new These climatic differences were important because stations in addition to stations sampled during the first variations in water level between samplings might survey. This included a relatively undisturbed stream account for some of the differences noted between with a coal layer bank (Todok river), streams with the 1999 and 2000 surveys. past logging activities (Uping and Nguhai rivers), recently disturbed streams (unnamed stream passing through plot 45, upper part of Bengahau river) and a 2 Because field naming of the various sampled stations was not consistent between 1999 and 2000 - creating some confusion during spring (often referred as a salt spring (mata air asin)) the preliminary analyses - we gave a ‘unified’ identification code habitat (Kenowan river). The listing and description for each sample. of sampled stations are given in Appendix 12 . 3 RKT = Rencana Kerja Tahun (Work Plan Year)

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 3 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Material and Methods

Community-based survey Type. Depth, width, substrate, bank height, canopy A total of 22 people from three villages (Seturan, coverage, water velocity and clarity were also Langap and Loreh) were interviewed in order to recorded. Silt depth was measured in several logged ascertain indigenous knowledge of freshwater fish. sites (plots 27, 29, 32 and RKT 1996/1997 in 1999; These interviews were conducted using participatory and plots 27, 29, the mouth of Temalang river and methods, which involved showing photographs of the upper part of Bengahau river in 2000). 45 fish species and asking interviewees to rank fish species according to which were the most abundant Collected fishes and shrimps were fixed in the field in their catches, most abundant in their diet and using 5-10% formaldehyde; for fishes larger than which were the most preferred food species. The 10 cm, this solution was injected. On arrival at interviewees were also asked to list the local medicinal the laboratory of the Research Center for Biology uses of each fish. These scoring approaches drew on (LIPI) in Bogor, the specimens were washed and parallel surveys simultaneously being applied for transferred into 70% alcohol. The specimens were terrestrial resources in CIFOR’s more vegetation then measured using criteria described by Hubbs and oriented surveys (see Sheil 2002; Sheil et al. 2003a, Lagler (1974). b, c). An additional survey examined the role of amphibians and reptiles (Iskandar 2004). Species identification was based on the key identification series outlined by Weber and de Beaufort (1913, 1916, 1922), de Beaufort and Field-based survey Briggs (1962), Inger and Chin (1962), Chin (1990) Sampling stations were 50 meter-long segments of and Kottelat et al. (1993). Comparisons of the current river or stream4 where fish were gathered. In both collection with specimen types available in Museum stream and river sites, electric fishing (10 A, 12 V) Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) were also conducted. was used for one hour per station for each survey. The Information on the geographic distribution or range results were recorded as “Catch Per Unit of Effort” of a species was gathered from Kottelat et al. (1993), (CPU) (Kallemeyn & Novotny 1977). In river sites Kottelat and Whitten (1996), Haryono (1992), and the use of electric fishing was supplemented with a Tan and Wowor (2000). Collections were later added cast net (2.6 m long and 2.5 cm mesh) which was cast into the permanent collection of MZB. ten times per station per survey. Some specimens of catfishes were also obtained from ponds using hooks and lines. In addition, catches of Punan fishermen were used as samples.

The physical and chemical parameters of the rivers (dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature and conductivity) were measured at six different points 4 ‘River’ is used to denote the mainstream of the Seturan and Rian for each sample site using a Kagaku Kit - UC Series rivers, while ‘stream’ is used for their various tributaries.

4 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Results and Discussion

Water quality amount of time since the plot had been logged or the The water velocity in the sampling localities varied presence of active logging activities upstream. The from slow to fast. The average dissolved oxygen highest TSS, 70 mg/L, occurred in Seturan river about content ranged from 6.30 to 8.34 mg/L, average 50 m downstream of RKT 2000/2001, a site which pH ranged from 6.81 to 7.09 and average water was being logged during our 2000 survey. However temperature ranged from 25.26 to 27.30º C (see these TSS levels still fall below 80 mg/L. According Table 1a & b). to Alabaster and Lloyd (1981) anything over 80 – 400 mg/L of TSS may not support good fisheries. Siltation Over the course of the two-year survey, there were was evident in logged plots and ranged in depth from seven (unaveraged) records of sites with low oxygen 20.29 to 43.37 cm (Table 2a) 5 . levels, ranging from 1.97 to 3.58 mg/L. Such low dissolved oxygen content might be a limiting factor Interestingly, plots6 logged a few years ago did for fish life. According to Sylvester (1958) and NTAC not show any residual evidence of turbidity above (1968) in Wardoyo (1978), a dissolved oxygen content recommended levels for good fisheries. This indicates of 4 mg/L is the threshold for good fisheries activity that water quality may partially recover (in terms of and fish survival. The number of fish collected at these clarity and low siltation) following logging (Table sites did not confirm this theory, with the exception 2a), but could equally reflect the lower water levels of still water sites like the ponds (plot 45 and RKT during the survey period. 1996/1997) and the spring (mata air asin) with 0, 1 and 1 species respectively. In conclusion, overall water quality parameters are generally within the acceptable range for fish survival In most of the logged plots, water quality parameters even in logged-over areas. such as dissolved oxygen and water temperature (Table 2a & b) did not appear to be the limiting factors Uses by and views of local people for fish survival, except for pond of RKT 1996/1997 in 1999 survey, the dissolved oxygen content (3.15 Food mg/L) was lower than the threshold value for good Fish are an important element of local diets, along fishery activity and fish survival. with bearded pig (Sus barbatus), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), domesticated pig (Sus scrofa) For logged-over stations, the turbidity ranged from 2.50-37 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit); while 5 Plot 29, with a siltation depth of 40.17 cm might receive silt TSS (Total Suspended Solid), which ranged from 9- particles from the discharged silt of plot 27, located upstream. 70 mg/L (Table 2a & b), depended largely on the 6 Plots 27, 29, and 32.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 5 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 1. Summary of water quality parameters of the four main studied rivers and tributaries a) 1999 survey Seturan Seturan Water Quality Parameters Temalang Rian (upstream) (downstream) Number of station 4 11 4 14 pH 6.97 ± 0.12 7.00 ± 0.08 6.95 ± 0.08 7.08 ± 0.13 Temperature (°C) 26.31 ± 0.82 26.01 ± 0.84 25.26 ± 0.32 25.89 ± 0.96 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 8.34 ± 0.79 7.30 ± 1.04 NA 8.21 ± 1.54 Conductivity 0.118 ± 0.017 0.051 ± 0.018 0.064 ± 0.007 0.061 ± 0.030 (2mS/cm) 0.49 ± 0.171 0.68 ± 0.261 0.86 ± 0.141 Velocity (m/sec) 0.27 ± 0.071 0.30 ± 0.022 0.32 ± 0.072 0.60 ± 0.232 Water colour Clear Clear Clear Clear to turbid Young jekau (fallow), old Current ladang jekau, current ladang Bank vegetation Primary forest Primary forest (agriculture) (agriculture) & primary forest b) 2000 survey Seturan Seturan Water Quality Parameters Temalang Rian (upstream) (downstream) Number of station 5 11 4 21 pH 7.04 ± 0.22 7.09 ± 0.15 6.81 ± 0.09 6.86 ± 0.21 Temperature (ºC) 25.68 ± 1.04 25.92 ± 1.19 27.30 ± 0.82 26.41 ± 1.18 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 6.33 ± 2.17 7.33 ± 0.73 6.82 ± 1.46 6.30 ± 1.91 Conductivity 0.106 ± 0.010 0.058 ± 0.020 0.070 ± 0.007 0.075 ± 0.030 (2mS/cm) 0.46 ± 0.381 0.51 ± 0.201 Velocity (m/sec) 0.57 ± 0.041 0.56 ± 0.201 0.53 ± 0.082 0.42 ± 0.142 Water colour Clear Clear Clear Clear-turbid

Varied: from jekau to Bank vegetation Primary forest Primary forest Primary forest primary forest

1 Measured in the main stream 2 Measured in the tributaries and chicken. Twenty-two villagers (Punan, Merap Differences in fishing equipment depend on the and Kenyah) were interviewed to ascertain the most species sought and the gender of the person fishing. commonly caught fish, the most commonly eaten fish In general men who look for larger fishes during the and the most preferred fish (Table 3a, b & c). They beginning of the rainy season will use gill nets, cast recognised a total of 45 different fish species. nets and spears (tumbak). Women will primarily fish for smaller species8 during the dry season using dip In the three surveyed communities: the most nets and sometimes traps. It was also rumored that commonly caught fish are Hemibagrus cf. some people catch fish using potash, an activity much nemurus, Osphronemus septemfasciatus, Barbodes more destructive and prohibited by law; therefore, cf. balleroides, Barbodes sp. and Rasbora never openly acknowledged. caudimaculata; the predominant fish in the diet are Pangasius sp., Barbodes sp., Tor tambroides, People almost always fish only for their own Barbodes cf. balleroides and Ompok bimaculatus; domestic consumption. However, some fishes fetch and the most preferred fish are Pangasius sp., Tor good market prices and are; therefore, also fished spp., Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii, Leptobarbus for sale. Tor tambroides has a good market price, melanotaenia and Osphronemus septemfasciatus. Not surprisingly, these species, with the exception 7 There are, of course, exceptions: Hampala macrolepidota is often of Neogastromyzon, have large individuals with large (up to 47 cm total length), but is regarded as tasteless, and relatively few bones7 . thus less widely consumed. 8 Garra borneensis, Gastromyzon spp. and Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii.

6 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 2. Summary of water quality parameters of streams/rivers passing through the Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) and Conventional Logging (CL) areas a) 1999 survey Seturan river Water Quality Parameters Plot 27 Plot 29 Plot 32 Pond RKT 1996/1997 (RKT 2000/2001) Number of stations 4 2 3 2 1 pH 6.73 ± 0.12 6.99 ± 0.07 7.08 ± 0.11 6.78 ± 0.09 6.90 ± 0.01 Temperature (°C) 25.53 ± 0.32 24.98 ± 0.25 25.69 ± 0.53 26.95 ± 0.28 25.62± 0.07 Dissolved oxygen 7.66 ± 0.59 7.48 ± 0.58 7.97 ± 0.61 3.15 ± 0.64 8.03 ± 0.49 (mg/L) Conductivity 0.011 ± 0.000 0.012 ± 0.000 0.040 ± 0.000 0.029 ± 0.000 0.062 ± 0.000 (2mS/cm) Velocity (m/sec) 0.34 ± 0.07 0.31 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.05 NA 1.14 ± 0.05 Water colour Muddy Muddy Muddy-clear Muddy Clear Turbidity (NTU) 21 NA 30 37 24 TSS (mg/L) 20 NA 40 28 70 Siltation (cm) 35.60 40.17 20.29 43.37 0.00 b) 2000 survey Water Quality Pond RKT Seturan river Plot 27 Plot 29 Plot 32 Parameters 1996/1997 (RKT 2000/2001) Number of stations 3 2 3 2 1 pH 6.98 ± 0.09 6.91 ± 0.10 6.76 ± 0.26 6.98 ± 0.10 7.13 ± 0.01 Temperature (°C) 25.05 ± 0.55 24.73 ± 0.10 25.62 ± 0.54 33.67 ± 0.34 25.22 ± 0.14 Dissolved oxygen 7.06 ± 0.76 7.61 ± 0.32 7.66 ± 0.63 4.33 ± 0.72 6.95 ± 0.30 (mg/L) Conductivity 0.015 ± 0.010 0.010 ± 0.000 0.080 ± 0.030 0.050 ± 0.000 0.076 ± 0.000 (2mS/cm) Velocity (m/sec) 0.37 ± 0.09 0.53 ± 0.08 0.49 ± 0.00 NA 0.74 ± 0.05 Water colour Clear1 Clear1 Clear1 Muddy Clear-Turbid Turbidity (NTU) NA NA 2.5 NA 16.0 TSS (mg/L) NA NA 9.0 NA 53.0 Siltation2 Not significant Not significant Not significant Present Not significant

1 Water was clear though rain occurred the night before sampling 2 In some areas (plot 27 and plot 32) rocky substrate was covered by green algae but thin siltation (5-15 cm deep) remains at the bank of the stream averaging Rp7,000/kg, with a relatively wide market Comprehensive data on the abundance and variation in the surrounding area. During the dry season, the of these high value species through routine monitoring migratory and hence seasonally scarce Pangasius would be valuable to ensure that population numbers are species are widely fished with individuals selling for kept in check. Also, since information on the population Rp15,000/kg. Such a high value, of course, increases dynamics, life cycle, and ecology of these species is demand for these species beyond subsistence not well known, research on this matter would be of levels. invaluable assistance for future monitoring efforts.

The most consumed or preferred fish species are Other uses also disconcertingly low in abundance and in Some fish are believed to have medicinal values. For frequency of occurrence (Table 4). Though there is example, eating Clarias anfractus is believed to help little information on the fecundity, growth rates or a woman physically recover from childbirth, while habitat preferences of most of these species other than powder made from the spiny pectoral fin of Hemibagrus Tor spp., the combined high demand and apparent cf. nemurus is used to relieve toothache. Fat from the low abundance suggests that these fishes could be second dorsal fin of Hemibagrus can be applied to ease potentially vulnerable or threatened. The community any wound caused by its spiny pectoral fin. In addition, members have already noted that Pangasius sp. and the macerated flesh of Puntius sp. is believed to ease Tor spp., two the most widely preferred fish species, the sting of a caterpillar when applied to the inflamed are becoming rare in the Seturan watershed. skin.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 7 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 3. Catch, diet and preferred species

• Three questions were asked in our survey: 1) which is the most common fish caught, 2) which is the most commonly eaten, and 3) which is the most preferred. • For each question, respondents were asked to distribute 100 seeds among the various fish species randomly listed, according to their importance. • The average scores are the mean number of the total seeds for each fish divided by number of respondents. a) Seturan community1 Catch Average Diet Average Preferred food Average Rank (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score Hemibagrus cf. 1. 10.14 Pangasius sp. 13.00 Tor tambroides 19.33 nemurus Osphronemus 2. 10.00 Barbodes cf. balleroides 11.66 Leptobarbus melanotaenia 14.71 septemfasciatus Barbodes cf. Osphronemus 3. 9.80 Tor tambroides 11.50 11.71 balleroides septemfasciatus 4. Barbodes sp. 9.60 Ompok cf. bimaculatus 11.00 Pangasius sp. 10.66 Rasbora Leptobarbus 5. 9.00 10.70 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 10.60 caudimaculata melanotaenia Leptobarbus 6. 8.28 Barbodes sp. 10.00 Lobocheilus cf. bo 10.33 melanotaenia 7. Tor tambroides 8.00 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 10.00 Barbodes sp. 9.40 Osphronemus 8. Clarias anfractus 7.60 9.30 Barbodes cf. balleroides 8.60 septemfasciatus Gastromyzon cf. Cyclocheilichthys 9. 7.33 9.16 Osteochilus waandersii 8.00 lepidogaster armatus Mastacembelus cf. 10. 7.25 Parachela ingerkongi 8.60 Ompok bimaculatus 7.33 maculatus Gastromyzon sp. 8.00 Mastacembelus maculatus 7.33 Homaloptera 8.00 stephensoni 1 In Seturan three men and five women, ranging from 20 to 55 years old, were interviewed. At the time of the interview all eight were still active in farming and fishing. The interview was held on 23 November 2000. b) Langap community2 Catch Average Diet Average Preferred Food Average Rank (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score Barbodes cf. 1. 8.37 Barbodes sp. 12.10 Pangasius sp. 32.50 balleroides Barbodes cf. 2. Barbodes sp. 7.50 11.40 Tor tambroides 16.60 balleroides Leptobarbus Cyclocheilichthys 3. 6.30 10.40 Osphronemus septemfasciatus 13.70 melanotaenia armatus Tor tambroides 6.30 Hemibagrus cf. 4. Pangasius sp. 6.10 10.00 Leptobarbus melanotaenia 13.40 nemurus Hemibagrus 5. 6.00 Lobocheilus cf. bo 8.90 Tor tambra 11.00 baramensis Nematabramis Hemibagrus 6. 5.20 8.80 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 8.50 everetti baramensis Osphronemus Leptobarbus 7. 5.10 7.70 Clarias anfractus 8.30 septemfasciatus melanotaenia 8. Lobocheilus cf. bo 4.80 Pangasius sp. 6.70 Lobocheilus cf. bo 8.00 9. Garra borneensis 4.30 Tor tambroides 6.30 Cyclocheilichthys armatus 7.00 Cyclocheilichthys Trichogaster 10. 4.14 6.20 Hemibagrus baramensis 6.70 armatus trichopterus 2 In Langap four men and four women, ranging from 20 to 55 years old, were interviewed. At the time of the interview all eight were still active in fishing. The interview was held on 18 November 2000.

8 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance c) Loreh community3 Catch Average Diet Average Preferred Food Average Rank (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score (Fishes Species) Score Rasbora 1. 7.00 Clarias anfractus 10.00 Tor tambroides 15.15 caudimaculata Neogastromyzon 15.15 nieuwenhuisii 2. Tor tambroides 6.75 Ompok bimaculatus 9.00 Pangasius sp. 14.75 Leptobarbus 3. 6.66 Hemibagrus baramensis 8.25 Anguilla nebulosa 11.00 melanotaenia 4. Clarias anfractus 4.75 Clarias anfractus 7.66 Gastromyzon sp. 10.00 Glyptothorax 5. Lobocheilus cf. bo 4.60 7.50 Leptobarbus melanotaenia 9.75 platypogonoides Pangasius sp. 4.60 Lobocheilus cf. bo 7.50 Hemibagrus cf. 6. 4.00 Barbodes cf. balleroides 7.33 Trichogaster trichopterus 9.00 nemurus H. baramensis 4.00 Ompok bimaculatus 9.00 Barbodes sp. 4.00 Clarias anfractus 9.00 Anguilla nebulosa 4.00 Channa sp. 4.00 Nematabramis 7. 3.80 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 7.00 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 7.75 everetti Osteochilus 3.80 Hemibagrus baramensis 7.75 waandersii Cyclocheilichthys 8. 3.50 Pangasius sp. 6.60 Parhomaloptera microstoma 7.00 repasson Neogastromyzon 9. Puntius sp. 3.40 6.50 Lobocheilus cf. bo 6.33 nieuwenhuisii Glyptothorax 10. 3.25 Tor tambra 6.00 Nemachilus spiniferus 6.00 platypogonoides

3 In Loreh, four men and two women, ranging from 20 to 65 years old, were interviewed. At the time of the interview four of them

Table 4. Some favorite species and their abundance in the samples Abundance Maximum Size: Occurrence1 Indonesian Weight and Number of individual Species (%) Name Standard (% of total number) Length 1999 2000 1999 2000 0.1 kg 38 57 Barbodes cf. balleroides Tawes 15.56 24.14 18 cm (2.36) (5.55) - 2 10 Barbodes sp. Tawes 4.44 8.62 9 cm (0.12) (0.97) - 45 27 Hampala macrolepidota Hampal 40.00 27.59 47 cm (2.79) (2.63) 1.0 kg 14 3 1.72 Leptobarbus melanotaenia Jelawat 17.78 34 cm (0.87) (0.29) 4.1 kg 2 0 Osphronemus septemfasciatus Gurami 4.44 0 65 cm (0.12) (0) Kancra 2.6 kg 17 12 Tor tambra 15.56 8.62 Sungai 52 cm (1.05) (1.17) Kancra 2.5 kg 1 8 Tor tambroides 2.22 1.72 Sungai 62 cm (0.06) (0.78) 0.3 kg 12 1 Lobocheilus cf. bo Purot 13.33 1.72 25 cm (0.74) (0.10)

1 Number of stations where the species is recorded/Total number of stations

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 9 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Field sampling and Tor spp. deserve careful monitoring (Kottelat et al. 1993). It is also important to note that the law Diversity prohibits export of individuals less than 5 mm of Over the course of the surveys, 47 species belonging Anguilla nebulosa and A. borneensis (Tjakrawidjaja to 32 genera, 13 families and 3 orders were identified 2001). in the Seturan watershed (Table 5). The most common families are Carp (Cyprinidae), Hill-stream loach Restricted range species (Balitoridae) and Bagrid catfish (Bagridae) accounted Fifteen of the 47 collected species (32%) have a narrow respectively for 68%, 10.63% and 6.38% of the distributional range: Garra borneensis, Hemibagrus samples. Despite the thoroughness of the sampling, baramensis, Puntius sealei, Nematabramis seasonal variation is not well reflected. At least one everetti, Parhomaloptera microstoma, Protomyzon important genus (Pangasius) caught and sold by the griswoldi, Leptobarbus melanotaenia, Homaloptera local community members was not represented in our stephensoni, Betta unimaculata, Gastromyzon cf. sample, as it is a migratory fish that only inhabits the lepidogaster, Gastromyzon sp., Neogastromyzon cf. Seturan river during the dry season. nieuwenhuisii, Clarias anfractus, Awaous sp. and Ompok sabanus. The two genera Gastromyzon and New forms, perhaps new species, of Puntius and Neogastromyzon are endemic to Borneo. Gastromyzon were discovered during this survey from the Seturan and Rian rivers. In addition, the survey Species potentially vulnerable to logging has extended the known range of several species: Several of the surveyed species present specific Anguilla nebulosa, Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii, auto-ecological or biological features that might be Protomyzon griswoldi, Nemacheilus selangoricus, of importance in the context of existing logging or Nemacheilus spiniferus, Nemacheilus saravacensis, coal-mining operations in the region. Nematabramis everetti and Osphronemus septemfasciatus, none of which were previously Since demersal species live on or near the river known to occur in the Seturan river area. bottom and feed on benthic organisms, they could be affected by excessive siltation created There was no significant differentiation between by logging infrastructure (culverts, river crossing the fish fauna of the upper and lower parts of the by heavy equipment, etc.). Eels (Anguilla), spiny Seturan watershed. The upper part of the watershed eels (Mastacembelus, Macrognathus), Bagrid or was found to have 43 species, while the lower part Sisorid catfish and hill-stream loach (Gastromyzon, had 41 species. The actual difference in the species Neogastromyzon, etc.) are all demersal fishes. composition between upper and lower rivers seems based on habitat preferences. Pangio anguilaris, Among the demersal species, some have a special Parhomaloptera microstoma and Nemacheilus apparatus to fix themselves on substratum (rocks, spiniferus were only found in fast flowing waters boulders, logs, etc.) in fast flowing waters. A flattened up-river, while Ompok sabanus and Trichogaster ventral surface and down-turned mouths to graze trichopterus were found in muddy waters down- algae characterise these species. Generally grouped river. However, given the low numbers of individuals under the generic names of “hill-stream loaches” or involved, this apparent difference should be “sucker-belly fishes”, they belong to three families considered with caution. and are not all loaches: • Balitoridae (genera Gastromyon, Homaloptera, A comparison of the present survey with previous Neogastromyzon, Parhomaloptera, Protomyzon). ones (Table 6) carried out in similar environments These are the “true” hill-stream loach. As the confirms its quality. The most thorough of the name implies, these fishes come from fast flowing previous surveys (Martin-Smith & Hui 1998) shows streams and rivers. There are dozens of species similar species, genus and family numbers. It seems that range throughout most of Southeast Asia. therefore reasonable to consider that we have now a They have adapted to these fast, turbulent waters comprehensive list of the fish fauna of the Seturan by developing suction mechanisms in their bellies catchment. and fins, and down-turned mouths to graze the algae beds found there. The complete description of the collected taxa can • Cyprinidae (genus Garra). Species of this genus be found in the Appendix 2 of this report. include G. borneensis, one of the most abundant species in our survey, and are often referred to as Protected species “stone-lapping minnows” because of an upper-lip No species with a formal protected status were found modified into a suctional disk. during the survey. As a result of their low reproductive • Sisoridae (Sisorid catfishes). The only one of rates and intense local harvesting, Leptobarbus spp. these species found in our survey, Glyptothorax

10 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 5. Summary of the species collected during 1999 and 2000 surveys of the Seturan watershed Local Name No Species Distribution English Name Merap Kenyah Punan 1 Anguilla malgumora Up & Lp Telakai Telakai Telakai Freshwater eel 2 Anguilla nebulosa Up & Lp Telakai Telakai Telakai Freshwater eel 3 Awaous sp.* Up & Lp Tawo Ait Baluh Goby 4 Barbodes cf. balleroides Up & Lp Hala Salap Merah Alap Barb 5 Barbodes sp. Up & Lp Hala Salap Putih Alap Barb 6 Betta unimaculata Up - Madang - Fighting fish 7 Channa cf. lucius Up Dung Udun Udun Snake-head fish 8 Clarias anfractus Up & Lp Tun Kati Utet Walking catfish 9 Cyclocheilichthys armatus Up & Lp Turui Turing Turing - 10 Cyclocheilichthys repasson Up & Lp Turui Turing Turing - 11 Garra borneensis Up & Lp Paha Lemak Ruam Stone lapping fish 12 Gastromyzon lepidogaster Up & Lp Kat Leket Leket Hill-stream loach 13 Gastromyzon sp. Up Kat Leket Leket Hill-stream loach 14 Glyptothorax platypogonoides Up & Lp Kuyung Kuyut Kuyun Sucking catfish 15 Hampala macrolepidota Up & Lp Lungau Baling Sunau Silver and red barb 16 Hemibagrus baramensis Up & Lp Tikien Teliken Cike Bagrid catfish 17 Hemibagrus cf. nemurus Up & Lp Tikien Teliken Cike Bagrid catfish 18 Homaloptera stephensoni Up & Lp Kat Blow Leket Bulo Rungan Hill-stream loach 19 Leiocassis sp. Up & Lp Lucau Lucau Lucau Bagrid catfish 20 Leptobarbus melanotaenia Up & Lp Hanyan Sayen Anyen - 21 Lobocheilos cf. bo Up & Lp Paha Pasa Pa/Neha - 22 Macrognathus maculatus Up & Lp Lan Kuai Telan Kuai La Kuai Spiny eel 23 Mastacembelus unicolor Up & Lp Lan Kuai Telan Kuai La Kuai Spiny eel 24 Nemacheilus saravacensis Up & Lp Tao Lanya - Hill-stream loach 25 Nemacheilus selangoricus Lp Tao Lanya - Hill-stream loach 26 Nemacheilus spiniferus Up Tao Lanya - Hill-stream loach 27 Nematabramis everetti Up & Lp Lelapeh Lepeh Cipih - 28 Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii Up & Lp Kat Blow Leket Bulo Leket Hill-stream loach 29 Ompok cf. bimaculatus Lp Lao Lao Tukalo Sheat fish 30 Ompok sabanus Lp Lao Lao Tukalo Sheat fish 31 Osphronemus septemfasciatus Up & Lp Kaloi Kaloh Kaluh Giant gouramy 32 Osteochilus kahajanensis Up & Lp Pao Lemak Pa 33 Osteochilus waandersii Up & Lp Pao Lemak Pa Black-banded Osteochilus 34 Pangio anguillaris Up - Uak - Loach 35 Parachela ingerkongi Up & Lp Lelempau Lepeh Bacan Empu - 36 Parhomaloptera microstoma Up Kat - Leket Hill-stream loach 37 Protomyzon griswoldi Up & Lp Kat Blow Leket Bulo Rungan Hill-stream loach 38 Puntius binotatus Up & Lp Kuamnie Betutu Banga Betutung Spotted barb 39 Puntius sealei Up & Lp Lungo Betutung Betutung Barb 40 Puntius sp. Up & Lp Hala Kuamenyi Bunau Barb 41 Rasbora argyrotaenia Up & Lp Lalau Lalang Lalape Silver rasbora 42 Rasbora caudimaculata Up & Lp Betelah Beteloh Beteluh Greater scissortail 43 Rasbora elegans Up & Lp Lalau Lalang Lalape Elegant rasbora 44 Rasbora lateristriata Up & Lp Hanyan Beteloh Beteluh - 45 Tor tambra Up & Lp Perian Padak Tengah Carp 46 Tor tambroides Up & Lp Perian Padak Tengah Carp Bacan 47 Trichogaster trichopterus Lp Karok Bacan Karok Climbing perch Karok

* Fish species added during 2000 survey Up = upper part, Lp = lower part of Seturan watershed

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 11 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 6. Summary of various fish survey in similar environments Location Species Genera Families References Sayap-Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Borneo) 12 7 2 Nyanti (1998) Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Borneo) 22 5 Abdullah (1990) Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Borneo) 32 Chin (1978) Upper Segama river 47 35 12 Martin-Smith and Hui (1998) (Danum Valley Field Center, Sabah, Borneo) Crocker Range National Park (Sabah, Borneo) 17 9 4 Rahim et al. (2002) Crocker Range National Park (Sabah, Borneo) 10 4 Kavanagh (2002) Kelabit Highlands (Sarawak, Borneo) 24 19 7 Nyanti (1999) Seturan water catchment 47 32 13 This study (East Kalimantan, Borneo)

platypogonides, has a specialised adhesive dropped by 81% from 1999 to 2000 but presence apparatus made of smooth folded skin on its dropped only by 27%). anterior flattened ventral fin that enables it to attach onto rocky surfaces. It is difficult to explain such a trend with only two surveys. In a first approximation, the decrease could Because of their very peculiar biology these species be linked with: are likely to be vulnerable to increased siltation • the low level of water during the majority of the (destruction of the algae beds and inability to fix 2000 survey themselves onto rocky substrate). • human disturbance

Other potentially vulnerable species are the To account for the possible disturbance effect we benthopelagic fishes that feed on micro-algae, diatoms compared the 27 stations that were measured in (Lobocheilos bo, some Osteochilus sp., Tor spp.) or both years and that were not logged either before or forest fruits and plants (Leptobarbus melanotaenia, during samplings. Ponds were also excluded as they Tor spp.). These fishes can be affected by a reduction are generally linked to obstruction of watercourses in food availability following logging. by logging infrastructures. Even in this case, the same level of decrease in numbers is observed: Abundance 1178 individuals collected in 1999 against 571 in A total of 1612 and 1027 individuals were caught in 2000. Site-specific species like hill-stream or sucker 1999 (46 stations) and 2000 (58 stations) respectively. belly loaches show a somewhat reduced decrease, Given the greater number of stations collected in especially in presence/absence, when using this sub- 2000, this shows a sharp decrease in numbers from sample; indicating a possible confounding between 1999 to 2000. This decrease is confirmed when logging and low water level effects. comparing only the stations that were both sampled in 1999 and 2000 (37 stations): 1392 individuals in 1999 It seems that the lower numbers in 2000 are likely versus 714 in 2000. Some species have decreased linked to the low level of water or to inter-annual in abundance by more than 80%: Nemacheilus variations in populations rather than to human selangoricus (37 to 2), Mastacembelus unicolor disturbance. This also implies that we can only (34 to 2), Lobocheilos cf. bo (10 to 1), Rasbora readily compare disturbed/undisturbed sites within lateristriata (25 to 3) and Garra borneensis (203 years without having to devise observation sampling to 39); others have increased: Puntius sealei (13 regimes that can take account of temporal sources to 23), Leiocassis sp. (5 to 10), Macrognathus of variation. maculatus (3 to 8), Rasbora argyrotaenia (5 to 21) or Barbodes sp. (2 to 10). These numbers, however, Impacts of logging on fish fauna could be misleading because of the low number of Because of the preceding remark, we will study the individuals involved in several cases. We therefore impact of logging within a single year by comparing examined if the presence of a species in the stations stations that were logged a few years before or during followed a similar or a distinct pattern to that revealed the survey and stations that have never been logged, by abundance. Using only presence/absence data, excluding ponds, stations logged more than five the overall decreasing trend is confirmed, though years before the survey and specific habitats from the somewhat differently for some species: some have comparison. This gives us the following samples: sharply decreased in abundance and presence; • For 1999: unlogged (32 stations), logged either others have sharply decreased in abundance but before or during the 1999 survey (9 stations), not in presence (e.g. Garra borneensis individuals ponds (4 stations)

12 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance • For 2000: unlogged (41 stations), logged either Logging ponds before or during the 2000 survey (10 stations), A very depauperate fauna characterises ponds and ponds (3 stations), special habitat (1 station – salt their outlets. Merging the results of the two surveys, spring) a total of 16 species have been recorded from this type of environment (Table 8). All the vulnerable Comparisons of logged and unlogged demersal species are absent except for one specimen stations of Anguilla malgumora at the outlet of one of the The comparison for 1999 (Table 7) shows a sharp ponds. Some species appear, however, to be over- difference in the number of potentially vulnerable represented in ponds: species both in terms of abundance and presence • In the 1999 survey: Cyclocheilichthys armatus in the stations. Hill-stream loach and other site- (44% of the individuals were found in ponds), specific demersal species (Gastromyzon spp., Garra Nemacheilus saravacensis (36%), Puntius sealei borneensis, etc.) seem the most affected but some (29%) benthopelagic herbivorous or frugivorous species • In the 2000 survey: Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Lobocheilos bo and Tor spp.) appear absent in (13% of the individuals were found in ponds), logged stations. The difference is less striking for the C. repasson (29%), Nemacheilus saravacensis year 2000 but this may be because six of the studied (25%), Puntius sealei (31%) stations were logged at the time of survey, making it too early to assess impacts. If we compare the areas Betta unimaculata seems to prefer outlets and is unlogged in 2000 with the stations logged before the absent or rare in the ponds proper. This species is survey, then we find the same pattern as for 1999: also the only one that was collected in the mata air smaller numbers and the presence of potentially asin station. vulnerable species.

These results are coherent with the life-history of the species present and with the few available published references (Martin-Smith 1998a, b). Given their low mobility, their sensitivity to siltation and their general abundance in undisturbed sites, the sucker-belly loaches (Gastromyzon, Neogastromyzon, Protomyzon) and the stone-lapping minnow (Garra borneensis) could be used as early warning bioindicators for monitoring logging impact.

Interestingly, Awaous sp., a species with a preference for brackish waters was collected in several recently disturbed areas (RKT 2000/2001 and INHUTANI). The banks of these sample plots had been converted into landing sites and were relatively open. Water quality measured in RKT 2000/2001 indicated that water temperature and conductivity was higher, whereas dissolved oxygen content was lower than before disturbance (Table 2a & b). A concurrent decrease of Ostariophysian fish9 was detected in these logged localities (Table 7). While the presence of Awaous sp. might be due to the low water levels experienced during the 2000 survey, their invasion might also be an indicator of disturbed habitats. Monitoring is necessary to determine if Awaous sp. is really becoming dominant (following the theory of devoid niche, Myers 1951 in Inger and Chin 1962, and in Banarescu 1990). Awaous sp. is not found in Kayan Mentarang National Park, an undisturbed protected area (Haryono 1992, Tan & Wowor 2000).

9 Group consisting of the families: Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Cobitidae, Homalopteriidae, Gyrinocheilidae, Siluridae and Pangasidae.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 13 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Table 7. Comparison of fish abundance and occurrence between unlogged and logged stations in 1999 Unlogged Logged over Species Individuals Occurrence Individuals Occurrence Number % Stations % Number % Stations % Nematabramis everetti 127 9.6% 23 71.9% 65 35.5% 9 100.0% Osteochilus waandersii 146 11.0% 22 68.8% 8 4.4% 6 66.7% Rasbora elegans 92 6.9% 17 53.1% 4 2.2% 2 22.2% Hampala macrolepidota 43 3.2% 16 50.0% 1 0.5% 1 11.1% Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 26 2.0% 16 50.0% 11 6.0% 7 77.8% Mastacembelus unicolor 41 3.1% 15 46.9% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Garra borneensis 247 18.6% 14 43.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Gastromyzon sp. 131 9.9% 14 43.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Gastromyzon cf. lepidogaster 113 8.5% 14 43.8% 4 2.2% 2 22.2% Nemacheilus selangoricus 31 2.3% 11 34.4% 2 1.1% 1 11.1% Anguilla malgumora 19 1.4% 11 34.4% 5 2.7% 4 44.4% Rasbora caudimaculata 21 1.6% 10 31.3% 23 12.6% 7 77.8% Puntius sp. 18 1.4% 10 31.3% 2 1.1% 2 22.2% Cyclocheilichthys armatus 22 1.7% 9 28.1% 2 1.1% 1 11.1% Cyclocheilichhtys repasson 34 2.6% 8 25.0% 1 0.5% 1 11.1% Puntius binotatus 21 1.6% 8 25.0% 12 6.6% 7 77.8% Rasbora lateristriata 17 1.3% 8 25.0% 9 4.9% 4 44.4% Homaloptera stephensoni 13 1.0% 8 25.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Barbodes cf. balleroides 38 2.9% 7 21.9% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Tor tambra 17 1.3% 7 21.9% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Glyptothorax platypogonoides 10 0.8% 7 21.9% 1 0.5% 1 11.1% Parachela ingerkongi 13 1.0% 6 18.8% 1 0.5% 1 11.1% Lobocheilos cf. bo 12 0.9% 6 18.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Leptobarbus melanotaenia 9 0.7% 6 18.8% 3 1.6% 1 11.1% Ompok cf. bimaculatus 7 0.5% 6 18.8% 1 0.5% 1 11.1% Leiocassis sp. 7 0.5% 6 18.8% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Nemacheilus saravacensis 7 0.5% 5 15.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Rasbora argyrotaenia 6 0.5% 5 15.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii 9 0.7% 4 12.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Hemibagrus baramensis 7 0.5% 4 12.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Puntius sealei 4 0.3% 3 9.4% 8 4.4% 4 44.4%

Table 8. Fish fauna in ponds Individuals in total Individuals in ponds % Species sample 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 Cyclocheilichthys armatus* 19 2 43 16 44.2% 12.5% Betta unimaculata 14 5 30 12 46.7% 41.7% Nematabramis everetti 11 1 203 185 5.4% 0.5% Puntius binotatus 7 6 49 28 14.3% 21.4% Rasbora elegans 7 4 103 48 6.8% 8.3% Rasbora caudimaculata 7 51 71 13.7% 0.0% Puntius sealei 5 10 17 32 29.4% 31.3% Puntius sp. 5 25 17 20.0% 0.0% Nemacheilus saravacensis 4 2 11 8 36.4% 25.0% Nemacheilus selangoricus 4 37 2 10.8% 0.0% Hemibagrus cf. nemurus 2 1 39 18 5.1% 5.6% Leptobarbus melanotaenia 2 Nemacheilus spiniferus 2 Anguilla malgumora 1 Hampala macrolepidota 1 Cyclocheilichthys repasson* 11 31 38 0.0% 28.9%

* There is a possible taxonomic confusion between Cyclocheilichthys armatus and C. repasson

14 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Conclusion

Seturan water catchment has high fish diversity Some species are vulnerable to local land-use changes (contained 47 fish species, 32 genera, 13 families (mainly sedimentation). and 3 orders) where these fishes are important to local people as food items, for sale and other purposes. Properly planned logging activities and good fisheries appear possible at the same time. Local knowledge is clearly underlined by the fact that virtually all species recorded are known and distinguished by local informants.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 15 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance References

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Chin, P.K. 1978. Freshwater fishes of Kinabalu Inger, R.F. and Chin, P.K. 1962. The freshwater fishes National Park and its vicinities in Kinabalu of North Borneo. Fieldiana Zoology 45: 1-268. summit of Borneo. Sabah Soc. Mon. 279-340. Iskandar, D.T. 2004. The amphibians and reptiles Chin, P.K. 1990. The freshwater fishes of North of Malinau region, Bulungan research forest, Borneo, supplementary chapter. 47pp., 45 figs. East Kalimantan: Annotated checklist with In reprint of Inger & Chin (1962) by the Sabah notes on ecological preferences of the species Zoological Society, Sabah. and local utilization. CIFOR, on line at http: //www.cifor.cgiar.org/mla/_ref/publication/ de Beaufort, L.F. and Briggs, J. 1962. The fishes of amphibian.htm the Indo-Australian Archipelago XI. Scleroparei, Hypostomides, Pediculati, Plectognathi, Kallemeyn, L.W. and Novonty, J.F. 1977. Fish and Ophistomi, Discocephali, Xenopterygii. Brill, fish food organism in various habitats of the Leiden, 48 p. Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa. Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-77/

16 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance 25, August 1977. Performed for National Stream Martin-Smith, K. 1998b. Biodiversity patterns of Alteration Team Office of Biological Services, tropical freshwater fish following selective timber Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of extraction: a case study from Sabah, Malaysia. the Interior. 99 p. Italian Journal of Zoology 65 (suppl.): 363-368.

Karnasuta. 1993. Systematic revision of Southeastern Martin-Smith, K. and Hui, T.H. 1998. Diversity of Asiatic Cyprinid fish Genus Osteochilus with freshwater fishes from eastern Sabah: annotated description of two new species and a new checklist for Danum Valley and a consideration of subspecies. Kasetsart University Fish Research inter- and intra-catchment variability. The Raffles Bulletin No 19. Bulletin of Zoology 46 (2): 573-604.

Kavanagh, K. 2002. Fishes from mountain streams Ministry of National Development Planning/National in the Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Development Planning Agency 1992. Biodiversity Malaysia. Article 10, ASEAN Review of Action Plan for Indonesia. 141 p. Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (ARBEC), on line at http://www.arbec.com.my/ Moring, J.R., Gorman, G.C. and Mullen, D.M. 1995. pdf/art10julysep02.pdf Effects of logging practices on fishes in streams and techniques for protections, a review of four Kottelat, M. 1984. Revision of the Indonesian studies in the United States. In I.G. Cowx (Ed.). and Malaysian Loaches of the subfamily Rehabilitation of freshwater fisheries. Fishing Noemacheilinae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology News Books. 485 p. 31 (3): 225–260. Ng, H.H. 1999. Two new species of Catfishes of the Kottelat, M. 1994. The fishes of the Mahakam River, genus Clarias from Borneo (Teleostei: Clariidae). East Borneo: an example of the limitations of The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47 (1): 17-32. zoogeographic analysis and the need for extensive fish survey in Indonesia. Tropical Biodiversity 2 Ng, H.H. and Rachmatika, I. 1999. The catfishes (3): 401-426. of Bentuang Karimun National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Kottelat, M. and Lim, K.K.P. 1993. A review of The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47: 167-184. the Eel Loaches of the genus Pangio (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from the Malay Peninsula, with Ng, P.K.L. and Lim, K.K.P. 1990. Snakeheads descriptions of six new species. Raffles Bulletin (Pisces: Channidae): natural history, biology of Zoology 41 (2): 203-249. and economic importance. In Essay in zoology, Paper commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Kottelat, M. and Lim, K.K.P. 1995. Hemibagrus Department of Zoology, National University of hoevenii a valid species of Sundaic Catfish Singapore (Eds.Chou, CM and P.K.L. Ng) pp. (Teleostei:Bagridae). Malayan Nature Journal 127-152. 49: 41-47. Ng, P.K.L. and Ng., H.H. 1995. Hemibagrus gracilis, Kottelat, M. and Whitten, A. 1996. Freshwater fishes a new species of large riverine Catfishes (Teleostei: of western Indonesia and Sulawesi: Additions and Bagridae) from Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Corrections 8 p. Periplus Editions Limited. Bulletin of Zoology 43 (1): 133-142.

Kottelat, M., Whitten, A.J., Kartikasari, S.N. and Nyanti, L. 1998. Fish fauna of Sayap-Kinabalu Park, Wirjoatmodjo, S. 1993. Freshwater fishes of Sabah. ASEAN Review of Biodiversity and Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Second Environmental Conservation (ARBEC), on line Edition Limited. 293 p + plate 84. at http://www.arbec.com.my/pdf/aug-5.pdf

MacKinnon, K., Hatta, G., Halim, H. and Mangalik, Nyanti, L. 1999. Freshwater fishes from Bario, Kelabit A. 1996. The ecology of Kalimantan, Indonesia Highlands, Sarawak. Article 4, ASEAN Review Borneo. Periplus Editions, Singapore. of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (ARBEC), on line at http://www.arbec.com.my/ Martin-Smith, K. 1998a. The effects of disturbance pdf/art4sepoct99.pdf caused by logging on freshwater fish communities in Sabah, Malaysia. Environmental Biology of Rachmatika, I. 1992. Tambra, traditionally conserved. Fishes 53: 155-167. Voice of Nature 89: 56-57.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 17 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Rahim, K.A.A., Long, S.M. and Abang, F. 2002. Sheil, D., Liswanti, N., Basuki, I., Wan, M., Heist, M. A survey of freshwater fish fauna in the van, Samsoedin, I., Kartawinata, K., Rukmiyati, upper rivers of Crocker Range National Park, and Agung, M. 2003a. Prioritas lokal dan Sabah, Malaysia. Article 9, ASEAN Review of keanekaragaman hayati dalam lansekap hutan: Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation apa yang penting menurut masyarakat? Jurnal (ARBEC), on line at http://www.arbec.com.my/ Hutan Indonesia (Indonesia Forest Journal), pdf/art9julysep02.pdf Edisi Agustus.

Rivier, B. and Seguier, J. 1985. Physical and biological Sheil, D., Liswanti, N., Heist, M. van, Basuki, I., effects of gravel extraction in river beds. In Syaefuddin, Samsoedin, I., Rukmiyati, and J.S. Alabaster (Ed.). Habitat modification and Agung, M. 2003b. Local priorities and biodiversity freshwater fisheries. Proceeding of a Symposium in tropical forest landscapes: asking people what of the European Inland Fisheries Advisory matters. Tropical Forest Update 13:1 (http: // Commission. Published by arrangement with www.itto.or.jp/newsletter/Newsletter.html.) the FAO of the United Nations, by Butterworths. London. 278 p. Sheil, D., Puri, R.K., Basuki, I., Heist, M. van, Wan, M., Liswanti, N., Rukmiyati, Sardjono, Robert, T. 1982. The Bornean Gastromyzontine M.A., Samsoedin, I., Sidiyasa, K., Chrisandini, fish, Genera Gastromyzon and Glaniopsis Permana, E., Angi, E.M., Gatzweiler, F. and (Cypriniformes, Homalopteridae) with Wijaya, A. 2003c. Exploring biological diversity, descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the environment and local people’s perspectives in California Academy of Sciences 42 (20): 497- forest landscapes: Methods for a multidisciplinary 524. landscape assessment. 2 nd ed. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) with Robert, T. 1989. The freshwater fishes of western ITTO, Bogor, Indonesia. Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia). California Academy of Science. 210 p. Silas, E.G. 1952. Classification, zoogeography and evolution of the fishes of the Cyprinoid families Robert, T.R. 1992. Systematic revision of the Southeast Homalopteriidae and Gastromyzonidae. Rec. Asian anabantoid fish genus Osphronemus, with India. Mus. 50: 173-264. descriptions of two new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 2 (45): 351-360. Sulastri and Hartoto, D.I. 1985. Feeding habit of Rasbora lateristriata and Puntius binotatus Robert, T.R. 1993. The freshwater fishes of Java, as in Citamanjaya and Cibinua Ujung Kulon. observed by Kuhl and Van Hassel in 1820 – 23. ZooIndonesia 4: 1-7. Zoologische Verhandelingen. 94 p. Sulastri, Rachmatika, I. and Hartoto, D.I. 1985. Sabar, F. 1983. Perlindungan ikan Tambra Feeding and reproductive patterns of Tor spp. (Labeobarbus sp.) di Sumatera Barat. Fauna as a base for its aquaculture. Berita Biologi 3 Indonesia 1 (1): 15-16. (3): 84-90.

Scarbovick, E. 1993. A regional study of erosion Tan, H.H. and Ng, H.H. 2000. The catfishes from several land use activities in The Seberida (Teleostei: Siluriformes) of Central Sumatra. and Pasir Penyu Districts, Riau, Indonesia. In Journal of Natural History (34): 267-303. O.Sandbukt and H.Wiriadinata (Eds.). Rain forest and resources management. Proceedings Tan, H.H. and Wowor, D. 2000. A preliminary of the NORINDRA Seminar. Jakarta, 25-26 May annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes and 1993. 233 p. decapod crustacean of the Kayan Basin (Lalut Birai and Data Dian areas), East Kalimantan, Sheil, D. 2002. Biodiversity Research in Malinau. Indonesia. University of Singapore. In: Technical Report Phase I (1997-2001), ITTO Project PD 12/97 Rev.1 (F): forest, science and Tjakrawidjaja, A.H. 2001. Jenis-jenis ikan yang sustainability: the Bulungan model forest. CI- dilindungi perundang-undangan Indonesia. In FOR, MOF and ITTO, Bogor, Indonesia. M. Noerdjito and I. Maryanto (Eds.). Jenis-jenis hayati yang dilindungi perundang-undangan Sheil, D. and M. van Heist. 2000. Ecology for tropical Indonesia, p.117-124. Bidang Zoologi (Museum forest management. International Forestry Review Zoologicum Bogoriense) Puslit Biologi LIPI, The 2: 261-270. Nature Conservancy & USAID. 221 p.

18 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Wardoyo, S.T.H. 1978. Kriteria kualitas air untuk Weber, M. and de Beaufort, L.F. 1922. The Fishes keperluan pertanian dan perikanan. Seminar of the Indo-Australia archipelago IV. Heteromi, Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Direktorat Solenichthyes, Synentognathi, Percesoces, Jendral Pengairan Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. Labyrinthici, Microcyprini, Brill, Leiden. 410 p. Bandung 13 - 18 November 1978. 35 p. Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries ecology of Weber, M. and de Beaufort, L.F. 1913. The Fishes of floodplain rivers. Longman Group Limited. the Indo-Australia Archipelago II. Malacopterygii, London. 317 p. Myctophoidea, Ostariophysi:I Siluroidea, Brill, Leiden. 404 p. Zakaria-Ismail. 1990. Cyprinid fishes of the genus Cyclocheilichthys in Peninsular Malaysia. Weber, M. and de Beaufort, L.F. 1916. The Fishes of Malayan Nature Journal 44: 109-121. the Indo-Australia Archipelago III. Ostariophysi. II, Cyprinoidea, Apodes, Synbranchii, Brill, Leiden. 455 p.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 19 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Appendix 1 List and description of sampled stations

Code UTM Description 1999 Description 2000 asin 50 N 444895 344103 Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bank flat. Intermitten small stream. Bottom detritus, clay, woody debris and rock. Depth 0.2 m. Width ±1 m. Water clear. bela1 50 N 442788 339608 At the mouth of the stream. Young jekau (±4 years old) at the left and the right (at this side mixed with plant crops such as cassava and bamboo). Bank steep, 1-2 m high. Width 4 m. Depth max 0.80 m. Bottom sand, clay and rock. Water turbid. bela2 50 N 442716 339246 Ladang/padi tugal at the left, old jekau (±6 years old) at right. Bank flat. Bottom gravel and rock. Depth max 0.80 m. Water clear. bela3 50 N 442716 339244 Old jekau (±6 years old) at the left and right. Up a waterfall of height ±4 m. Bank flat. Depth max 0.75 m. Width 4.5 m. Substrate gravel and rock. Water turbid. belakau 50 N 445302 339186 Shore vegetation old ladang and Shore vegetation shrub and primary rain primary rain forest. Width ±3 m. forest. Bank steep 1-2 m high. Depth 0.2- Banks steep 1-2 m high. Depth 0.3 m. Bottom sand, gravel rock and woody 0.2-0.3 m. Bottom clay, sand and debris. Water clear. gravel. Flow type riffles. beng1 50 N 445466 331758 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bottom forest. Banks steep, ±3 m high. sand, detritus and rock. Riffles and pool. Width ±4.5 m. Depth max 0.20 Bottom at the mouth silt, sand and detritus. m (±1 m deep at the mouth). Width ±3.5 m. Depth max 0.72 m (at the Bottom gravel, rock, sand and mouth of this stream). Bank steep (±2-3 m woody debris. high). Water clear. beng2 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest/Bina Benoa Co. camp. Pool and stagnant water. Width ±4.5 m. Bottom silt. Depth max 1 m. Water colour muddy.

20 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance biyo 50 N 444190 339889 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bank forest. Banks flat - steep, 1.5 m flat - steep, ±5 m high. Width ±2-2.5 m. Depth high. Width ±2 m. Depth max 0.4 max 0.30 m. Substrate sand, gravel and rock. m. Bottom rock, gravel, woody Water clear. debris, log. Flow type pools and slowly moving water. cif1 50 N 445582 332121 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. At the forest. Banks steep, 1.5-2 m high. mouth of the stream width ±4-5 m. Bank Width 4-5 m. Depth max 0.4 m. flat- steep, 2 m high. Bottom clay, sand and Bottom clay, woody debris and detritus. Depth max. 0.75 m. Water colour log, sand, gravel. muddy. cif2 50 N 445755 332093 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary forest. Type of flow forest. Banks steep, 1.5-2 m high. riffle and small pools. Width 2-4 m. Bottom Width 4-5 m. Depth max 0.4 m. sand, gravel and rock. Clay and detritus at the Bottom clay, woody debris and bank. Depth max 0.85 m. Water clear. log, sand, gravel. cif3 50 N 445755 332093 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary forest. Type of flow forest. Banks steep, 1.5-2 m high. riffle and small pools. Width 2-4 m. Bottom Width 4-5 m. Depth max 0.4 m. sand, gravel and rock. Clay and detritus at the Bottom clay, woody debris and bank. Depth max 0.85 m. Water clear. log, sand, gravel. kela 50 N 441400 338506 Old jekau (6 years old) mixed with crop planted at the left and the right. Bank flat. Width 4-5 m. Depth max 1.15 m. Substrate sand and clay. Water turbid. ken1 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bank forest. Banks flat - steep. Width 5- flat - steep. Width max 6 m. Depth max 0.95 6 m. Depth max 0.70 m. Bottom m. Type of flow riffles and pools. Bottom clay, silt, log, woody debris, rock detritus, clay, sand rock and boulder. Water and boulder. Type of flow pools colour muddy. and riffles. ken2 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bank forest. Banks flat - steep. Width 5- flat - steep. Width max 6 m. Depth max 0.95 6 m. Depth max 0.70 m. Bottom m. Type of flow riffles and pools. Bottom clay, silt, log, woody debris, rock detritus, clay, sand rock and boulder. Water and boulder. Type of flow pools colour muddy. and riffles. kujau 50 N 444511 340369 Old jekau (8 years old) at the left and the right. Bank flat. Width ±2-3 m. Depth max 0.45 m. Substrate sand and sticky clay, which was ±60 cm deep. Water turbid. kurok 50 N 444951 341001 Shore vegetation old ladang Old jekau and primary rain forest. Bank steep, (jekau) and primary forest. Banks 2 m high. Width ±1.5-2 m. Depth max. 0.20 m. flat ±2 m high. Width ±1.5 m. Substrate sand, gravel and rock. Water clear. Bottom clay, sand, gravel and woody debris. lirung 50 N 443321 340083 Shore vegetation current ladang Old jekau (7-8 years old) and padi tugal at and rice field. Banks flat ±2m the left and the right. Bank steep, 2-3 m high. high. Depth max 0.2 m. Width Width 2.5-3 m. Depth max 0.15 m. Substrate 2.5 m. Bottom sand, gravel and sand, rocks, woody debris. Water clear. debris. lit 50 N 443656 340353 Shore vegetation young jekau. Young jekau (4 years old) at the left and right. Banks flat ±2 m high. Depth max Bank flat, steep, 2 m high. Width 3 m. Depth ±0.5 m. Width ±3 m. Bottom clay max 0.60 m. Substrate clay and sand. Water and sand. Water colour brown. colour turbid. men1 Not available Primary rain forest at the right and the INHUTANI Production camp at the left. Width 1-2 m. Water colour muddy. Depth ±0.2 m.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 21 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance men2 Not available Open area within INHUTANI Open area within INHUTANI Production Production camp, near the Camp, near the bridge. Bank steep, 2-6 m bridge. Bank steep, 2-6 m high. high. Width ±6-8 m. Bottom silt, clay, sand Water colour muddy. Width 6- and rock. Water colour muddy. Depth max 8 m. Bottom silt, clay, log and 1.5 m. woody debris. Depth max 1.5 m. men3 Not available Primary rain forest. Width ±6-8 m. Bank steep (up to 4 m high). Bottom sand, rock and boulder. Depth max 0.75 m. Water colour muddy. nguh 50 N 444895 344103 Shore vegetation shrub and primary rain forest of RKT 1992 (?). Width ±6 m. Depth 0.30 m. Bottom rock, sand and gravel. Silt covered the rocky substrate. Water turbid. otl9697 50 N 445021 336082 Outlet of big pond. Depth max Shore vegetation primary forest of RKT 1996/ ±0.5 m. Bottom silt, logs, and 1997. Bank flat. Bottom clay and sand. Depth woody debris. Water colour 0.10-0.15 m. Width 0.30-0.50 m. Water colour muddy. muddy. p271 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT forest (logged area). Banks flat 1998/1999. Bank flat. Depth max 0.25 m. - steep 2-6 m high. Width 2.5-4.5 Width 4.5 m. Substrate gravel, rock (some m. Depth max ±0.3 m. Bottom were attached by green algae) and detritus. rock, sand silt, logs, and woody Water clear. debris. Riffles and pool. p272 50 N 445433 333208 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT forest (logged area). Banks flat 1998/1999. Bank flat - steep, 6 m high. Depth - steep 2-6 m high. Width 2.5-4.5 max 0.80 m. Width 1.5-4.5 m. Substrate gravel m. Depth max ±0.3 m. Bottom rock, silt remain at the bank. Water clear. rock, sand, silt, logs, and woody debris. Riffles and pool. p273 50 N 445433 333208 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT forest (logged area). Banks flat 1998/1999. Bank flat - steep, 6 m high. Depth - steep 2-6 m high. Width 2.5-4.5 max 0.80 m. Width 1.5-4.5 m. Substrate m. Depth max ±0.3 m. Bottom gravel rock, silt remain at the bank. Water rock, sand silt, logs, and woody clear. debris. Riffles and pool. p274 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest (logged area). Banks flat. Width 4 m. Depth max ±0.3 m. Bottom clay, sand, gravel and loggs. Water color clear. In pool, water color muddy. Riffles and pools p291 50 N 445216 333324 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT forest (logged area). Banks flat. 1999. Bank flat. Depth max 0.75 m. Bottom Width ±3-4 m. Depth max ±0.75 clay, sand and rock. Water clear. Siltation (5-20 m. Bottom rock, silt and logs. cm deep) remain at the bank. Water colour muddy. Riffles and pools. p292 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT forest (logged area). Banks flat. 1999. Bank flat. Depth max 0.75 m. Bottom Width ±3-4 m. Depth max ±0.75 clay, sand and rock. Water clear. Siltation (5-20 m. Bottom rock, silt and logs. cm deep) remain at the bank. Water colour muddy. Riffles and pools. p321 50 N 450340 330114 Shore vegetation primary rain Primary rain forest of RKT 1999. Bank flat forest. Width ±4.5 m. Depth max - steep, 10 m high. Width ±5 m. Depth max ±0.80 m. Banks flat - steep (±10 0.40 m. Substrate rock and boulder. Silt m high). Bottom rock, boulders, remain at the bank. silt and logs. Flow type small cascades, riffles and pools.

22 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance p322 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Width ±4.5 m. Depth max ±0.80 m. Banks flat - steep (±10 m high). Bottom rock, boulders, silt and logs. Flow type small cascades, riffles and pools. p323 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Width ±4.5 m. Depth max ±0.80 m. Banks flat - steep (±10 m high). Bottom rock, boulders, silt and logs. Flow type small cascades, riffles and pools. p324 50 N 450340 330114 Shore vegetation primary rain Primary rain forest of RKT 1999. Bank flat forest. Width ±4.5 m. Depth max - steep, 10 m high. Width ±5 m. Depth max ±0.80 m. Banks flat - steep (±10 0.40 m. Substrate rock and boulder. Silt m high). Bottom rock, boulders, remain at the bank. silt and logs. Flow type small cascades, riffles and pools. p325 50 N 450340 330114 Primary forest of RKT 1999. Bank steep, ±2 m high. Width ±3 m. Depth max 0.40 m. Bottom silt, rock and boulder (some of them were attached by green algae). Silt remain at the bank. Water clear. p451 Not available Shore vegetation primary forest of RKT 2000/2001. Width ±3 m. Bottom sand, gravel, rock and woody debris. Bank steep. Depth max 0.40 m. Water clear. p452 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Width ±6 m. Depth max 0.40 m. Bank steep, 3 m high. Substrate sand, gravel, rock and boulder. Water clear. patak Not available Shore vegetation young jekau (5 years old) mixed with padi tugal. Width 3-4 m. Depth max 0.85 m. Bottom clay and sand. Water color turbid. Slowly moving water and stagnant water at the mouth. pnd27 Not available At the side of the road (±200 m from plot 29, on direction to the CIFOR camp). Open area. Shallow. Water clear. Bottom sand, clay, woody debris and logs. pnd45 50 N 450340 330117 Ponding with area 5 x 12 m². At the logging road. Bottom sticky clay and sand. Water turbid, milkish. Depth max 0.60 m. pnd9697 50 N 445021 336082 Pond with muddy water, ±3 m Shore vegetation primary rain forest of RKT max depth, clay, silt bottom. 1996/ 1997. Bottom clay. Water muddy, the level was lower ±1m than 1999’s survey. pndken 50 N 445640 332307 At the entrance to the CIFOR At the entrance to the CIFOR camp. Bottom camp. Water colour muddy. clay and rock. Depth max ±1.5 m. Water Banks flat. Depth max ±1.5 m. colour muddy. rian1 Not available Shore vegetation current ladang, At the mouth of Ulet river. Old jekau (±6 ricefield. Banks steep, ±0.5 m years old) planted with annual plant. Width high. Depth max ±0.75 m. Width 10 m. Substrate rock and sand. Depth max 2 ±15 m. Bottom sand, gravel, rock. m. Water clear. Water colour muddy. rian2 Not available Shore vegetation current ladang, ricefield. Banks steep, ±0.5 m high. Depth max ±0.75 m. Width ±15 m. Bottom sand, gravel, rock. Water colour muddy.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 23 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance rian3 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Banks steep, 3-10 m high. Depth max 1.5 m. Width ±16 m. Bottom gravel, rock. Water colour brown. rian4 50 N 444885 339034 Shore vegetation current ladang and primary forest. Banks steep, 2-5 m high. Width ±12 m. Depth max ±4 m. Bottom sand, gravel and rock. rian5 50 N 445282 339260 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation INHUTANI camp at the left, forest. Width ±14 m. Depth max primary forest and shrub at the right. Width 0.60 m. Bottom rock, gravel. Type ±14 m. Depth max 2 m. Bank flat - steep (±3 of flow riffles and run. Bank flat m high). Bottom sand, rock and gravel. Type - steep (±3 m high). of flow riffle and run. Water clear. rian6 50 N 442716 339244 At the mouth of Udun river. Padi tugal at the left, old jekau with crop plants at the right. Width ±15 m. Bank steep, 2 m high. Substrate rock and boulders. Depth max 0.50 m. Water clear. rian7 50 N 443562 34040 Old jekau (6-7 years old) at the left, young jekau (3 years old) at the right. Bank flat. Width ±20 m. Depth max 0.75 m. Substrate rock. Water clear. serub 50 N 444508 340370 Old jekau (8 years old) mixed with primary rain forest at the left and the right. Width ±2 m. Bank steep, 3 m high. Depth max 0.75 m. Substrate sand, clay and detritus. Water turbid. set1lp 50 N 442102 339870 Shore vegetation current Padi tugal at the left. Old jekau (7 years old) ladang. Banks flat - steep (hill). mixed with crop planted such as cassava, Depth max 2.5 m. Width ±18 m. banana along the bank and young jekau (3 Bottom gravel, rock. Water colour years old) off the bank. Bank steep, 3 m high. greenish. Some muddy pools at Bottom sand and rock. Depth max 4 m. Water the bank. clear - slightly turbid. set1up 50 N 445138 331572 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. These forest. Banks flat. Width ±14 m. stations flank the ±40 m long delta. Width Depth max 0.75 m. Bottom sand, ±8-14 m. Depth max 1m. Bottom sand, rock. rock. Water clear. Flow type riffles Type of flow run, riffle with small cascades. and run. Water clear. set2lp 50 N 441379 338696 Shore vegetation current Young jekau (4-5 years old) at the left and ladang. Banks flat - steep (hill). right. Bank flat (the left), very steep, ±10 m Depth max 2.5 m. Width ±18 m. high (right). Width ±20 m. Depth max 4 m. Bottom gravel, rock. Water colour Substrate rock. Water slightly turbid. greenish. Some muddy pools at the bank. set2up 50 N 445462 331858 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. These forest. Banks flat. Width ±14 m. stations flank the ±40 m long delta. Width Depth max 0.75 m. Bottom sand, ±8-14 m. Depth max 1m. Bottom sand, rock. rock. Water clear. Flow type riffles Type of flow run, riffle with small cascades. and run. Water clear. set3lp 50 N 442442 337788 Shore vegetation current ladang. Banks flat - steep (hill). Depth max 2.5 m. Width ±18 m. Bottom gravel, rock. Water colour greenish. Some muddy pools at the bank. set3up 50 N 445730 331893 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest passed forest with grassy bank. Banks by Bina Benoa logging road. Bank flat. Width flat. Width ±20 m. Depth mostly ±20 m. Depth max ±0.80 cm (lower than ± 0.3 m. Flow type runs and 1999’s survey). Substrate gravel and rock. riffles. Bottom rock. Type of flow run, riffle and pool. Water clear.

24 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance set4lp 50 N 442470 337827 Primary rain forest (for St.12). Old jekau at the left, old jekau and primary rain forest at the right. Bank flat - steep, 4 m high. Width ±16 m. Depth max 4 m. Substrate rock. Water slightly turbid. set4up Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest passed forest with grassy bank. Banks by Bina Benoa logging road. Bank flat. Width flat. Width ±20 m. Depth mostly ±20 m. Depth max ±0.80 cm (lower than ± 0.3 m. Flow type runs and 1999’s survey). Substrate gravel and rock. riffles. Bottom rock. Type of flow run, riffle and pool. Water clear. tana 50 N 443225 339878 Old jekau (7-8 years old) at the left, young jekau (4-5 years old) at the right. Bank flat - steep, 1 m high. Width 1.5 m. Depth max 0.45 m. Substrate sticky clay. Water muddy. tem1 50 N 445462 331861 Shore vegetation primary rain ±50 m from the mouth. Shore vegetation forest. Banks flat - steep (±10 m primary rain forest. Bank flat - steep, 1 m high. high). Width 8-12 m. Depth max Width 10-12 m. Depth max 2 m. Substrate ±2 m. Bottom rock, sand, gravel. gravel and rock. Silt at the bank. Water clear- Flow type riffles, run, pools slightly turbid. (logged area). tem2 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. The forest. Banks flat - steep (±10 m most up reach station was passed by the high). Width 8-12 m. Depth max logging road of RKT 2001. Width 8-12 m. ±2 m. Bottom rock, sand, gravel. Bank flat - steep, 2 m high. Depth max 0.45 m. Flow type riffles, run, pools Substrate gravel and rock. Water clear. (logged area). tem3 Not available Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. The forest. Banks flat - steep (±10 m most up reach station was passed by the high). Width 8-12 m. Depth max logging road of RKT 2001. Width 8-12 m. ±2 m. Bottom rock, sand, gravel. Bank flat - steep, 2 m high. Depth max 0.45 m. Flow type riffles, run, pools Substrate gravel and rock. Water clear. (logged area). todok 50 N 448646 333216 Shore vegetation primary rain forest (Recreational Park). Below a waterfall of height 10 m. Width 7.5 m. At left, bank very steep, ±20 m high, containing coal. Bottom rock and boulders. Depth max 0.80 m. Water clear. Type of flow pool and cascades. udun 50 N 442716 339244 Old jekau (6-7 years old) planted with crop plant (at the right), young jekau (4 years old) at the left. Bank steep, 2 m high. Width 1-1.5 m. Substrate clay. Depth max 0.33 cm. Water clear-turbid. ulet1 50 N 443252 339604 Shore vegetation old ladang Ladang/padi tugal at the right, young jekau (jekau). Banks flat. Depth max (±1-4 years old) at the left. Bank flat. Width 0.5 m. Width 3-5 m. Bottom sand, 1-4 m. Depth max 0.60 m. Type of flow riffle gravel and rock. Water clear. and small pool. Substrate sand, gravel, woody debris. Water clear. ulet2 Not available Shore vegetation old ladang Ladang/padi tugal at the right, young jekau (jekau). Banks flat. Depth max (±1-4 years old) at the left. Bank flat. Width 0.5 m. Width 3-5 m. Bottom sand, 1-4 m. Depth max 0.60 m. Type of flow riffle gravel and rock. Water clear. and small pool. Substrate sand, gravel, woody debris. Water clear. ulet3 50 N 443336 339517 Shore vegetation primary rain Shore vegetation primary rain forest. Bank forest. Banks flat. Depth max 0.5 flat. Width ±1.5 m. Bottom rock, sand and m. Width 3-5 m. Bottom sand, detritus. Depth max 0.35 m. Type of flow riffle gravel and rock. Water clear. and small pool. Water clear.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 25 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Appendix 2 List and characteristic of collected fish

Anguillidae SL: Up to 1300 mm 1. Anguilla malgumora (Kaup 1856) Local name: Telakai (Merap, Kenyah, Punan) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM1 Distribution: East Africa to Sumatra (The presence Standard length (SL): Up to 328.7 mm; the smallest of this species in the Seturan watershed extends its specimen collected from the Seturan river was 149.73 known range). mm. Habitat: Specimens were found in the flooded-grassy Local name: Telakai (Merap, Kenyah, Punan) area at the bank of Malinau river near Langap village, Distribution: Borneo, Sulawesi and in the Seturan river near the CIFOR camp. Habitat: Moderately fast flowing water2 of gravel3 Comments: Like A. malgumora, A. nebulosa is a or rock-bottomed rivers; or in sand, silt bottomed catadromous fish. streams4 . References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:244 as A. Diet: Carnivorous, feeds on crabs and aquatic insects elphinstonei); Kottelat et al. (1993:11, Figure 29e). (Inger & Chin 1962). Comments: Like most freshwater eels, this species is Belontiidae catadromous, which explains the fact that no juvenile 3. Betta unimaculata (Popta 1905) or elder were found in the sampled localities. Localities: SWu, SWl, KM References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:247 as SL: Up to 51.80 mm part of A. celebensis); Inger & Chin (1962:39 as Local name: Madang (Kenyah) A. borneensis); Chin (1990 SC-6 as A. borneensis); English name: Howong Betta Kottelat et al. (1993:10, Figure 29b). Distribution: North East, East and South Borneo Habitat: Small, shallow pools (10-30 cm deep) in 2. Anguilla nebulosa (McClelland 1844) streams, with clear to turbid water on sandy or silty Localities: SWu, SWl (Malinau river at Langap) substrate.

1 SWu refers to locations in upper Seturan river including streams passing through plots 27, 29, 32, 45; and Kenowan, Temalang, Bengahau, Menalat rivers; the unnamed stream behind the CIFOR camp; and the ponds of RKT 1996/1997. SWl refers to locations in the lower Seturan watershed including the tributary of Kelarok river and the larger Rian river with all of its tributaries: Korok, Kujau, Biyo, Serubak, Lit, Lubang Tana, Lirung, Udun, Ulet, Belalang and Patak rivers. KM refers to fish species found in the Kayan Mentarang National Park that were also found in the Seturan watershed (see Haryono 1992, Tan & Wowor 2001). 2 Current: slowly moving water has a velocity of less than 0.25 m/sec.; moderately moving water has a velocity of 0.25–0.50 m/sec.; fast flowing water has a velocity of 0.51-1 m/sec.; and very fast moving water has a velocity >1 m/sec. 3 Substratum: gravel refers to stones between 0.5–5.0 cm in diameter; rock 5.1-30 cm in diameter; boulders are more than 30 cm in diameter. 4 The term river is used to denote the mainstream of the Seturan and Rian rivers, while stream is used for the tributaries of these rivers.

26 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Diet: Carnivorous, terrestrial insects and aquatic Cike (Punan) invertebrates (Inger & Chin 1962). Distribution: North Borneo Comment: Existence of sexual dimorphism: male has Frequency/Abundance: Both rare and in low two iridescent coloured scales above and below the abundance in sampling localities. eye, and no black mark at the base of the caudal fin. Habitat: Various in main streams Female has a black mark at the base of the caudal fin Diet: Carnivorous on arthropods and decapod but lack iridescent scales. crustaceans (Inger & Chin 1962). References: Weber & de Beaufort (1922:355); Inger Comments: It is distinguished from H. nemurus by & Chin (1962:158); Kottelat et al. (1993:226 pl.77) the absence of black-mid lateral stripe and black spot at the end of adipose fin. 4. Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas 1770) References: Weber & de Beaufort (1913:338, Localities: SWl Macrones baramensis); Inger & Chin (1962:139, SL: Up to 59.78 mm Figure 70); Robert (1989:122); Kottelat et al. (1993: Local name: Bacan Karok (Merap); Karok, Tebarin 91, Mystus baramensis) (Kenyah); Bacan Karok (Punan) English name: Three Spot Gourami 8. Hemibagrus cf. nemurus (Valenciennes in Cuvier Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina & Valenciennes 1840) Habitat: Rice fields Localities: SWu, SWl, KM References: Inger & Chin (1962:162); Kottelat et al. SL: Up to 210 mm (1993:228, pl.78) Local name: Tikien (Merap); Teliken, Bala (Kenyah); Cike (Punan) Gobiidae English name: Asian Red Catfish 5. Awaous sp. Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina Localities: SWu, SWl Habitat: Various; standing streams with sandy/silty SL: Up to 84.31 mm substrate, fast flowing rivers and streams with a rocky Local name: Can Tawo (Merap), Ait (Kenyah), Baluh substrate, and in turbid ponds within logged areas (Punan) (particularly adults). Distribution: Borneo Diet: Omnivorous bottom dweller (Vass 1954 in Habitat: Gravelly or rocky bottomed areas, in Welcomme 1979); feeds on fish, shrimp, crabs, moderately fast water. aquatic and terrestrial insect and vegetation (Inger Comments: Characterised by the presence of a finger- & Chin 1962). like flap on the shoulder gilder. Comments: This species group needs revision (Tan References: Kottelat et al. (1993:197) & Ng 2000). References: Weber & de Beaufort (1913:341, Macrones nemurus); Inger & Chin (1962:138, Mystus Channidae nemurus); Robert (1989:121, Mystus nemurus); Ng 6. Channa cf. lucius (Cuvier in Cuvier & & Ng (1995:134); Kottelat & Lim (1995:41-47, Valenciennes 1831) Figure 2) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM SL: Up to 860 mm 9. Leiocassis sp. Local name: Dung (Merap), Udun (Kenyah), Udun Localities: SWu, SWl (Punan) SL: Up to 117.02 mm Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo Local name: Lucau (Merap, Kenyah, Punan) Habitat: Muddy water with clay and sandy Frequency/Abundance: Both rare and in low substrate. abundance in sampling localities Diet: Carnivorous on fish, small birds and amphibians Habitat: Shallow, slow to fast flowing water of river (Ng & Lim 1990). and stream with rocky substrate. Comments: Black colouration with a series of Comments: This species has a yellow colouration on irregular black dots along side. ventral area, between the posterior of first dorsal fin References: Weber & Beaufort (1922:322 as O. and the end of adipose fin; and brownish colour that bistriatus, 1922:326 as O. lucius); Kottelat et al. runs from the snout to the base of the caudal. From (1993:230) the dorsal area this colour expands downward into base of ventral fin and above anal fin. Its mouth is Bagridae inferior; head is narrow and long (3.72-4.05 times in 7. Hemibagrus baramensis (Regan 1906) SL). It is similar in form to Leiocassis species that was Localities: SWu, SWl, KM found in the inland water of Sabah and the Segama SL: Up to 190.75 mm basin (Martin-Smith & Hui 1998). This sample needs Local name: Tikien (Merap); Teliken, Bala (Kenyah); further taxonomic study.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 27 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Clariidae 14. Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii (Popta 1905) 10. Clarias anfractus (Ng 1999) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Localities: SWu, SWl SL: Up to 41.47 mm SL: Up to 265 mm Local name: Kat Blow (Merap), Leket Bulo (Kenyah), Local name: Tun (Merap), Kati (Kenyah), Utet Leket (Punan) (Punan) Distribution: Sarawak, the presence in the Seturan Distribution: Northeastern Borneo Watershed extends its known range. Habitat: Slow to moderate flowing rivers and streams Frequency/Abundance: Rare and in low abundance with a rocky, gravel or silty substrate stranded by dead Habitat: Clear, moderate to very fast flowing water vegetation. Adult individuals predominated in silty with rock and gravel bottoms. ponds of the logged-over areas. Comments: Slender body and narrow light brown Comments: The C. anfractus found in this survey vertical bars on body sides (Figure 2). had a longer head than C. teijsmanni as reported by References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:4); Inger Kottelat et al. (1993). & Chin (1961:175, G. nieuwenhuisi); Kottelat et al. References: Ng (1999:18, Figure 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a) (1993:77, pl.26)

Balitoridae 11. Gastromyzon cf. lepidogaster (Robert 1982) Localities: SWu, SWl SL: Up to 69.70 mm Local name: Kat (Merap), Leket (Kenyah), Leket (Punan) Figure 2. Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii Frequency/Abundance: A common species Habitat: Clear fast flowing rivers and large streams with rocky bottoms; often found sympatrically with 15. Parhomaloptera microstoma (Boulenger other Gastromyzon species. 1899) Comments: Black colouration with 6-8 white vertical Localities: SWu, KM bars on its posterior body. In juveniles individuals, SL: Up to 42.18 mm these bars were also present on the anterior body. The Local name: Kat (Merap), Leket (Punan) caudal fin has 2-3 black vertical cross bands. Distribution: Borneo References: Robert (1982:509, Figure 10 Gastromyzon Frequency/Abundance: Rare, only two specimens lepidogaster); Chin (1990 SC-23, Figure S22); Smith recorded & Hui (1998:585, Figure 6) Habitat: One individual was found in the Seturan river and the other in Menalat river, a shallow, fast flowing 12. Gastromyzon sp. stream with a rocky substrate. Localities: SWu, SWl, KM References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:20, Figure SL: Up to 69.83 mm 5); Silas (1952:225); Inger & Chin (1962:108, Figure Local name: Kat (Merap), Leket (Kenyah), Leket 51); Kottelat et al. (1993:77, pl.26); Martin-Smith & (Punan) Hui (1998:587) Distribution: Borneo Habitat: Clear fast flowing water with a rocky bottom; 16. Protomyzon griswoldi (Hora & Jayaram common in the main stream of the Seturan and Rian 1952) rivers. Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Comments: This is an undetermined species of river SL: Up to 21.73 mm loach. It has uniform black colouration with fins Local name: Kat Blow (Merap), Leket Bulo (Kenyah), marked by thin whitish vertical edge. Rungan (Punan) Distribution: North Borneo, West Borneo (Sarawak 13. Homaloptera stephensoni (Hora 1932) and Kapuas Basin). The presence in Seturan Localities: SWu, SWl, KM watershed extends the known range of the species. SL: Up to 56.65 mm Frequency/Abundance: Very rare Local name: Kat Blow (Merap), Leket Bulo (Kenyah), Habitat: Very fast flowing water with rocky substrate; Rungan (Punan) found in the Seturan river, near the mouth of Distribution: Borneo Temalang and Menalat rivers. Habitat: Slow to fast flowing clear water with rocky References: Silas (1952:239, Progastromyzon substrate. griswoldi); Inger & Chin (1962:109, Figure 52); References: Robert (1989:90, Figure 70); Chin (1990 Kottelat et al. (1993:78, pl.27); Martin-Smith & Hui SC 31, Figure S31); Kottelat et al. (1993:73, pl.24) (1998:588, Figure 10)

28 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Cobitidae Cyprinidae 17. Nemacheilus saravacensis (Boulenger 1894) 21. Barbodes cf. balleroides (Valenciennes in Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Cuvier & Valenciennes 1842) SL: Up to 37.81 mm Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Local name: Tao (Merap), Lanya (Kenyah) SL: Up to 178.49 mm Distribution: West Borneo. The presence of this Local name: Hala (Merap), Salap Merah (Kenyah), species in the Seturan watershed extends its known Alap (Punan) range. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malaya, Cambodia, Habitat: Moderate to fast flowing rivers or streams Thailand,Vietnam with rocky, sandy or gravel substrates. Habitat: Various, standing to moderately fast flowing References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:40 part of streams with clay, sandy substrate, stranded by dead N. fasciatus); Kottelat (1984:236, Figure 9); Kottelat vegetation and fast flowing rivers with gravel and et al. (1993:76, pl.26) rock substrate. Diet: Feeds on plants and insects (Inger & Chin 18. Nemacheilus selangoricus (Duncker 1904) 1962) Localities: SWu, SWl Comments: Alive, the specimen has a yellowish SL: Up to 44.05 mm colouration on pelvic fins, anterior half of the anal Local name: Tao (Merap), Lanya (Kenyah) fins and at the edge of hollow caudal lobes. It also Distribution: Sumatra, North Borneo and Malaya. had a black submarginal stripe along each caudal The presence of this species in the Seturan watershed lobe, with black marking at the tip of dorsal fin. extends its known range. These features agree with the specimen (Kottelat Habitat: Variable, moderately flowing stream with 1994) from the Mahakam Basin that was tentatively silty substrate, fast flowing river with rocky substrate identified as Barbodes cf. balleroides. Fang (1943) in and shallow pond in logged-over area with a sandy Kottelat (1994) regarded B. bramoides as a synonym and clay substrate stranded by branches. of B. balleroides though Kottelat (1994) stated that B. Diet: Terrestrial and aquatic insects (Inger & Chin balleroides might be not-yet described taxon, distinct 1962) from B. bramoides. Females were sexually mature at Comments: Females reaching 44 mm SL were 150 mm SL (N=10, 119-180.66 mm SL). gravid. References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:195, Puntius References: Inger & Chin (1962:123, Figure 59); bramoides); Robert (1989:61, P. bramoides); Kottelat Kottelat (1984:254); Kottelat et al. (1993:77, pl.26) et al. (1993:43, pl.5); Kottelat (1994:407, Figure 2)

19. Nemacheilus spiniferus (Kottelat 1984) 22. Barbodes sp. Localities: SWu Localities: SWu, SWl SL: Up to 47.79 mm SL: Up to 88.74 mm Local name: Tao (Merap), Lanya (Kenyah) Local name: Hala (Merap), Salap Putih (Kenyah), Distribution: West and North West Borneo. The Alap (Punan) presence of this species in the Seturan watershed Frequency/Abundance: Rare, only two specimens extends its known range. were collected Habitat: Moderate to fast flowing streams with rocky, Habitat: One was collected from shallow, moderately sandy or silty substrates. flowing water with rocky substrate, while the other References: Kottelat (1984:250); Kottelat et al. came from a fisherman catch. (1993:77) Comments: Species confirmation and distribution requires study. This unclassified carp species has 20. Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant 1902) a black submarginal stripe along each caudal lobe, Localities: SWu reddish colouration at pelvic and anal fins, black SL: Up to 48.12 mm stripe on the mid of the first branched anal fin and Local name: Uak (Kenyah) 16 scales on the circumcaudal peduncle. It has Distribution: Borneo, Sumatra, Malaya, Indochina interrupted lateral line above the origin of anal fin, Frequency/Abundance: Very rare, only one specimen 12 predorsal scales and 7.5 scales between lateral found line and dorsal fin. Habitat: Fast flowing water with rocky substrate in the Seturan river 23. Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes in Diet: Carnivorous on benthic invertebrates Cuvier & Valenciennes 1842) References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:34, Localities: SWu, SWl Acanthopthalmus vermicularis); Kottelat & Lim SL: Up to 115.94 mm (1993:214, Figure 5); Kottelat et al. (1993:83, Local name: Turui (Merap), Turing (Kenyah), Turing pl.28) (Punan)

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 29 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Distribution: Java, Borneo, Malaya, Indochina, English name: Hampala Barb Palawan Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina Habitat: Various, standing to moderate flowing Habitat: Clear, moderate to fast flowing rivers or streams, moderate to very fast flowing rivers with streams with sandy, gravel and rocky substrate. The approximately 30% of the samples found in turbid larger specimens of this fish lived in deep pools within ponds of logged-over areas. the Seturan and Rian rivers. A few specimens (2,38%) Comments: Distinguished from its congeners by the were found in turbid ponds. presence of one pair of maxillary barbels, obvious Diet: Larger individuals feed on fish, while small black spots along scales and at caudal base, and 16 individuals feed on insects (Inger & Chin 1962). circumpeduncular scales. Comments: Has a distinct oblique terminal mouth; References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:159 C. de and black lateral line at the upper and lower margin Zwaani, 1916:162 C. lineatus and C. deventeri); of the caudal lobes, and at the edge of the first dorsal Kottelat et al. (1993:46, pl.7) fin. References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:143, Figure 24. Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker 1853) 60); Inger & Chin (1962:78); Kottelat et al. (1993: Localities: SWu, SWl, KM 47, pl.8) SL: Up to 105.26 mm Local name: Turui (Merap), Turing (Kenyah), Turing 27. Leptobarbus melanotaenia (Boulenger 1894) (Punan) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina SL: Up to 340 mm Habitat: Standing to moderate flowing streams with Local name: Hanyan (Merap), Sayen (Kenyah), clay and sandy substrate, littered by debris and Anyen (Punan) moderately fast flowing rivers with gravel and rock Distribution: Borneo substrate. Habitat: Various, clear, moderate to fast flowing Diet: Omnivorous (Inger & Chin 1962) rivers or standing to moderate flowing streams with Comments: Identified by its two pairs of barbels, clay and sand substrate, littered with debris and in 20 circumpeduncular scales and the yellowish turbid ponds within a logged area. Moderately sized colouration at the anal and pelvic fins. individuals were found in turbid ponds within logged References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:160); areas, while smaller individuals (N=7; 19- 34 mm SL) Zakaria-Ismail (1990:117, Figure 5); Kottelat et al. were found in the clear, shallow parts of the Rian and (1993:47, pl.8) Seturan rivers. Diet: Aquatic plants, leaf litter, fallen fruit and seeds 25. Garra borneensis (Vaillant 1902) (Vaas 1954 in Welcomme 1979) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Comments: Distinguished from other Leptobarbus SL: Up to 71.94 mm species by the presence of a black midlateral line Local name: Paha (Merap); Lemak, Tulem (Kenyah); running from the posterior operculum to the base Ruam (Punan) of the caudal fin (Figure 3). Sexual maturity was Distribution: Borneo observed in female specimens of SL=290 mm (from Frequency/Abundance: Among the most abundant seven individual observed which were 190-340 mm fish sampled SL). Habitat: Clear, moderate to very fast moving rivers References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:97); Inger & and streams with rocky substrate with a preference Chin (1962:64, Figure 27); Chin (1990 SC-9, Figure for water with overhanging vegetation. S7); Kottelat et al. (1993:50, pl.10) Diet: Diatoms and plants (Inger & Chin 1962) Comments: The upper lip of the mouth is modified into a suctorial disk with a flattened ventral surface of head and body. This allows the fish to cling to rocks in fast flowing water. References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:228, Discognathus borneensis); Inger & Chin (1962:98, Figure 3. Leptobarbus melanotaenia Figure 45); Chin (1990 SC-17, Figure S17); Kottelat et al. (1993:47, pl.8) 28. Lobocheilos cf. bo (Popta 1904) 26. Hampala macrolepidota (Valenciennes in Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Cuvier & Valenciennes 1842) SL: Up to 250 mm Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Local name: Paha (Merap), Pasa (Kenyah), Pa/Neha SL: Up to 470 mm (Punan) Local name: Lungau (Merap), Buleng (Kenyah), Distribution: Borneo Sunau (Punan)

30 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Habitat: Slow to fast flowing clear water with a gravel References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:136); and rocky substrate, in the Seturan river. Karnasuta (1993:28, Figure 13); Robert (1989:54, Diet: Diatoms, filamentous algae, plant fragments Figure 39); Kottelat et al. (1993:56, pl.13) (Inger & Chin 1962). Comments: Silvery-greenish colour, with pectoral 32. Parachela ingerkongi (Banarescu 1969) fins longer than the head length, one pair of barbels Localities: SWu, SWl, KM and 34 scales on linea lateralis. SL: Up to 117.94 mm References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:221 Local name: Lelempau (Merap), Lepeh (Kenyah), Tylognathus bo); Inger & Chin (1962:84); Chin Bacan Empu (Punan) (1990 SC-13, Figure S14); Kottelat et al. (1993:50, Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina pl.10); Martin-Smith & Hui (1998:581) Frequency/Abundance: Rare, low abundance Habitat: Moderately to fast flowing rivers and streams 29. Nematabramis everetti (Boulenger 1894) with gravel and rocky substrate. Localities: SWu, SWl, KM References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:51 Chela SL: Up to 100.93 mm oxygastroides Figure 22); Kottelat et al. (1993:56, Local name: Lelapeh (Merap), Lepeh (Kenyah), pl.13); Kottelat (1994:410) Cipih (Punan) Distribution: North Borneo. The presence of this 33. Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & species in the Seturan watershed extends its known Valenciennes 1842) range. Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Frequency/Abundance: The most abundant and SL: Up to 92.29 mm widely distributed fish in the sample survey. Local name: Kuamnie (Merap), Betutu Banga Habitat: Various, from slow to very fast flowing rivers, (Kenyah), Betutung (Punan) standing to fast flowing streams and in turbid ponds Distribution: Sundaland, Bali, Lombok, Philippine, within logged-over areas. Indochina Diet: Insectivore (Inger & Chin 1990) Habitat: Various, fast flowing water of river; moderate Comments: Compressed, thin body with pale flowing stream over clay with silt and sand substrates colouration and a silvery lateral line littered by dead vegetation and turbid ponds within References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:46); Inger logged areas. & Chin (1962:49, Figure 17); Kottelat et al. (1993: Diet: Omnivorous (Inger & Chin 1962, Sulastri & 52, pl.11); Smith & Hui (1998:582) Hartoto 1985) Comments: Small specimens of 64.05 mm SL 30. Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker 1857) generally have black dots running longitudinally Localities: SWu from the posterior part of operculum to the base of SL: Up to 182.8 mm caudal. In larger specimens, however, these black dots Local name: Pao (Merap), Lemak (Kenyah), Pa disappear. Females of 61.39 mm SL (N=6, 61.39- (Punan) 73.21 mm SL) were found to be sexually mature. Distribution: Sundaland References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:186, Figure Habitat: Varied 74); Robert (1989:60); Inger & Chin (1962:71, Figure Comments: Presence of two well-developed tubercles 32); Kottelat et al. (1993:57, pl.15); Herre (1924: on the snout and of a black round spot on the caudal 290) peduncle. References: Weber & Beaufort (1916:130); Karnasuta 34. Puntius sealei (Herre 1933) (1993:85); Robert (1989:49) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM SL: Up to 77.30 mm 31. Osteochilus waandersii (Bleeker 1852) Local name: Lungo (Merap), Betutung (Kenyah), Localities: SWu, SWl Betutung (Punan) SL: Up to 139.52 mm Distribution: North East Borneo Local name: Pao (Merap), Lemak (Kenyah), Pa Habitat: Small streams with clear water, silty, sandy (Punan) and gravel substrate littered by woody debris Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya, Indochina Diet: Vascular plants, insect and crustaceans (Inger Habitat: Various, from slow to fast flowing rivers & Chin 1962) and streams, with gravel and rocky substrates and Comments: Distinguished from the somewhat similar in standing to moderate flowing streams with clay, Puntius binotatus, by having six roundish black spots sandy substrate littered with debris. on the body sides: four are distributed laterally on Comments: Distinguished by the presence of a the middle line of sides, one is at base of the anal fin conspicuous black-mid lateral strip extending from and one is at base of the dorsal fin. It is endemic to its gill opening to the end of median caudal fin ray. North Borneo.

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 31 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:191 P. 38. Rasbora elegans (Volz 1903) elongatus); Inger & Chin (1962:73); Chin (1990 Localities: SWu, SWl SC-11, Figure S10); Kottelat et al. (1993:60, pl.16) SL: Up to 93.86 mm Local name: Lalau (Merap), Lalang (Kenyah), Lalape 35. Puntius sp. (Punan) Localities: SWu, SWl Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore SL: Up to 94.35 mm Frequency/Abundance: Common, moderately Local name: Hala (Merap), Kuamenyi (Kenyah), abundant Bunau (Punan) Habitat: Various, moderate to fast flowing section of Habitat: Various, moderately flowing rivers with rivers and streams with gravel and rocky substrate; gravel and rocky substrate, standing to fast flowing streams with silty, sandy substrate littered with debris; streams and turbid ponds within logged-over areas. turbid ponds in logged area. Small individuals were Comments: It could be an undescribed species but found only in streams. this needs confirmation and further distributional Comments: Distinguished by three black spots: two investigation. It has 22-23 lateral line scales, two pairs of which are connected by a black mid-lateral line, of barbels (mandibulary and maxilary barbels). Fins located at the base of the caudal fin and below dorsal formulae are D.III - IV. 8½; A.III. 5½. Moreover, it fin. The third spot, which is small and elongated, is has a triangular black mark running from the dorsal located at the base of the anal fin. fin insertion downward to ventral area. In the bigger References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:78 Rasbora individuals there are series of black spots scattering lateristriata var. elegans); Brittan (1954:64); Inger behind the opercle anterior to the blurred triangular & Chin (1962:54, Figure 20); Kottelat et al. (1993: bar. The profile of predorsal is convex ascending from 63, pl.18) the occipital process to the origin of dorsal. 39. Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker 1854) 36. Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker 1850) Localities: SWu, SWl Localities: SWu, KM SL: Up to 63.59 mm SL: Up to 45.09 mm Local name: Hanyan (Merap), Beteloh (Kenyah), Local name: Lalau (Merap), Lalang (Kenyah), Lalape Beteluh (Punan) (Punan) English name: Yellow Rasbora Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok, Frequency/Abundance: Rare Sumbawa Habitat: Moderate to fast flowing streams with silty/ Habitat: Moderate to very fast flowing rivers with sandy bottoms, and fast flowing rivers with gravel rocky substrate and moderate flowing streams with and rocky substrate. rocky, sandy and clay substrates. Comments: Has a black mid-lateral line running from Diet: Feeds on aquatic insects, plants and detritus the opercula to the base of the caudal, most evident (Sulastri & Hartoto 1985) in the posterior half of the body. Comments: Resembles R. argyrotaenia, however has References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:61); Brittan a narrower body5 and faint black marking at the edge (1954:107); Inger & Chin (1962:59, fig 24); Kottelat of caudal lobes. et al. (1993:60, pl.16) References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916; p.76); Brittan (1954; p.37); Kottelat et al.(1993; p.60, 37. Rasbora caudimaculata (Volz 1903) Figure 16); Herre (1924; p.265) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM SL: Up to 79.72 mm 40. Tor tambra (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Local name: Betelah (Merap), Beteloh (Kenyah), Valenciennes 1842) Beteluh (Punan) Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya SL: Up to 520 mm/TL up to 620 mm Frequency/Abundance: common Local name: Perian (Merap), Padak (Kenyah), Tengah Habitat: Moderate to fast flowing rivers and streams (Punan) over gravel, rocky substrates and streams that have Distribution: Sundaland sandy, silty substrate littered by debris. Many small Habitat: Very fast flowing water with rock and gravel individuals, (19.03 cm to 40.48 mm SL) were found substrate. Smaller individuals are found in shallow in a section of stream near a Eusideroxylon zwageri water while adults are found in deep river pools. tree. Diet: Diatom, algae and part of higher plants (Sulastri References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:67 part of et al. 1985) R. trilineata); Brittan (1954:77, Figure 13); Kottelat Cultural Significance: Tor tambra (Figure 4) is a et al. (1993:62, pl.17) 5 (3.99 – 4.34 times in SL of R. lateristriata versus 3.41 – 3.90 times in SL of R. argyrotaenia)

32 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance highly sought after fish, with a good market price Comments: There are still some problems with the gillnetted when migrating downstream during the taxonomy of Southeast Asian Glyptothorax and rainy season. Given their relatively low reproductive formal identification of this species is still tentative rates, and their high demand, population numbers (Ng & Rachmatika 1999, Tan & Ng 2000). G. need to be closely monitored (Kottelat et al. 1993). platypogonoides has a specialised adhesive apparatus, In other areas of Indonesia this fish is already being made of smooth folded skin on its anterior flattened traditionally conserved, given its cultural and dietary ventral fin, that enables it to attach onto rocky importance (Sabar 1985, Rachmatika 1992). surfaces. Comments: Distinguished by a short median lobe on References: Weber & de Beaufort (1913:267); the lower lip, not reaching a line connecting corners Kottelat et al. (1993:107 pl.37); Ng & Rachmatika of mouth. It is a migratory species and during the (1999:182); Tan & Ng (2000:291) flooding of the rainy season moves away from the turbid upland waters to the clearer tributaries down Osphronemidae stream where they will spawn. 43. Osphronemus septemfasciatus (Robert 1992) References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:152 Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Labeobarbus tambra); Robert (1993:22, Figure SL: Up to 490 mm 21-24); Robert (1989:80); Kottelat et al. (1993:68 Local name: Kaloi (Merap), Kaloh (Kenyah), Kaluh pl.22) (Punan) Distribution: West, East and North Borneo. The presence of this species in the Seturan watershed extends its known range. Habitat: Variable, deep river pools, the main stream of the Seturan river and other clear, shallow rivers. Habitat seemed to be size dependent. Diet: Feeds on vegetal matter and insects (Inger & Figure 4. Tor tambra Chin 1962) Cultural signifance: a preferred element of local diets 41. Tor tambroides (Bleeker 1854) and highly sought after. Localities: SWl, SWu, KM Comments: O. septemfasciatus (Figure 5) differs SL: Up to 620 mm from the better-known O. goramy, which is not Local name: Perian (Merap), Padak (Kenyah), Tengah found in Seturan, by the number of vertical bars on (Punan) its side. O. septemfasciatus has seven vertical bars, English name: Thai Mahseer while O. goramy has 8-10 bars (Robert 1992). This Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Burma, species exhibits sexual dimorphism. Thailand, Laos References: Robert (1992:355, Figure 2); Kottelat et Habitat: Fast flowing water with gravel and rocky al. (1993:221, Figure 316b) substrate Cultural significance: This fish though less common than T. tambra is also one of the preferred species of local people. Comments: Distinguished from T. tambra by a longer mental lobe, which reaches the corner of the mouth. a References: Weber & de Beaufort (1916:150 Labeobarbus tambroides); Robert (1989:81, Figure 61); Kottelat et al. (1993:68, pl.22)

Sisoridae 42. Glyptothorax platypogonoides (Bleeker 1855) SL: Up to 43.28 mm Localities: SWu, SWl b Local name: Kuyung (Merap); Kuyut, Kiung (Kenyah); Kuyun (Punan) Figure 5. Osphronemus septemfasciatus Distribution: West Sumatra, West Borneo a. young individual (67,28 mm SL) Frequency/Abundance: Rare and in low abundance b. adult individual (490 mm SL) Habitat: Very fast flowing water with rocky substrate

A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: 33 Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance Siluridae Mastacembelidae 44. Ompok cf. bimaculatus (Bloch 1794) 46. Macrognathus cf. maculatus (Cuvier in Cuvier Localities: SWu, SWl & Valenciennes 1832) SL: Up to 187.62 mm Localities: SWu, SWl Local name: Lao (Merap), Lao (Kenyah), Tukalo SL: Up to 110.49 mm (Punan) Local name: Lan Kuai (Merap), Telan Kuai (Kenyah), English name: Butter Catfish La Kuai (Punan) Distribution: Sundaland, Indochina, India English name: Frankelfin Eel Frequency/Abundance: Rare and in low abundance Distribution: Sundaland Habitat: Moderate to fast flowing rivers and streams Frequency/Abundance: Rare and low abundance, with banks littered with woody debris. only two specimens found. Comments: Distinguished among Silurids by its lack Habitat: Fast flowing water, and sand and gravel of dorsal fins, a very long anal fin, nearly straight substrates. predorsal and a concave head. It has a brown Comments: de Beaufort & Briggs (1962:428); Robert mottled body and black marking above pectoral fin. (1989:181, Figure 132c); Kottelat et al. (1993:232, Females of 187.62 mm SL were found to be sexually pl.80). mature. References: Weber & de Beaufort (1913:202 Wallago 47. Mastacembelus unicolor (Cuvier in Cuvier & miostoma; 1913:209 Callichrous Valenciennes 1831) bimaculatus); Kottelat et al. (1993:97 pl.34); Tan & Localities: SWu, SWl, KM Ng (2000:285) SL: Up to 227.32 mm Local name: Lan Kuai (Merap), Telan Kuai (Kenyah), 45. Ompok sabanus (Inger & Chin 1959) La Kuai (Punan) Localities: SWl Distribution: Sundaland, Burma SL: Up to 134 mm Habitat: Clear, moderate to very fast flowing rivers Local name: Lao (Merap), Lao (Kenyah), Tukalo and streams with rocky and gravel substrate; living (Punan) in crevices amongst the rocks. Distribution: Borneo References: de Beaufort & Briggs (1962:431); Robert Frequency/Abundance: A rare species found in only (1989:182, Figure 132a, b); Kottelat et al. (1993:232, one site pl.81) Habitat: Near stagnant, turbid stream, Patak river Comments: In comparison to O. bimaculatus, O. sabanus is transparent and smaller in size. References: Kottelat et al. (1993:98); Inger & Chin (1962:129); Robert (1989:151)

34 A first look at the fish species of the middle Malinau: Taxonomy, ecology, vulnerability and importance