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Gregg Gallina Biography Gregory (Gregg) Gallina is forecaster at NOAA's Weather Prediction Center (WPC) in College Park, MD since 2015 with a focus on heavy rainfall and model diagnostic discussions as part of rotation on the Metwatch Desk. Like most meteorologists, Gregg's weather obsession started very early in life, growing up in Cincinnati, Ohio, mainly as a fear of thunderstorms and tornadoes (having an over-sensitivity due to the 1974 Super Outbreak and an early morning Oct 1, 1977 tornado touch down very close to home). The need to know when thunderstorms were coming grew into understanding, and then obsession while watching early Weather Channel and local on-air meteorologists, and was particularly enamored with animated satellite and radar imagery particularly hurricanes. Gregg received his B.S. degree in meteorology and geography from Valparaiso University in 1999. While at Valpo, he was the captain of the Men's Swimming and Diving program his junior and senior seasons; and continues to love watching/analyzing swimming at all levels of competition having traveled to multiple Olympic Trials and World Championships. Gregg moved onto completing his Master's Thesis in Atmospheric Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2001 with a focus on Satellite Analysis/Applications and Tropical Cyclones. After school, he worked at the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) as a senior meteorologist with eXpertise in tropical cyclones, volcanic ash, fire/smoke analysis, oil detection as well as a heavy rainfall analysis utilizing satellite imagery and derived products. This dovetailed nicely to the current Mesoscale Discussion (MPD) when the function was transferred to WPC from SPC in April 2013; with Gregg eventually transferring from SAB to WPC in 2015. Gregg, also remains an avid weather observer and continues to serve as the CoCoRaHS coordinator for Anne Arundel County in Maryland since 2005. His obsession with all forms of satellite analysis is not limited to weather; which also led to discovery credit of two comets using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite in 2004 and 2005, as well as contributions to the discovery of a few near-earth asteroids utilizing social science websites. .

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Article a Climatological Perspective on the 2011 Alabama Tornado
Chaney, P. L., J. Herbert, and A. Curtis, 2013: A climatological perspective on the 2011 Alabama tornado outbreak. J. Operational Meteor., 1 (3), 1925, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15191/nwajom.2013.0103. Journal of Operational Meteorology Article A Climatological Perspective on the 2011 Alabama Tornado Outbreak PHILIP L. CHANEY Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama JONATHAN HERBERT and AMY CURTIS Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, Alabama (Manuscript received 23 January 2012; in final form 17 September 2012) ABSTRACT This paper presents a comparison of the recent 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak with a tornado climatology for the state of Alabama. The climatology for Alabama is based on tornadoes that affected the state during the 19812010 period. A county-level risk index is produced from this climatology. Tornado tracks from the 2011 outbreak are mapped and compared with the climatology and risk index. There were 62 tornadoes in Alabama on 27 April 2011, including many long-track and intense tornadoes. The event resulted in 248 deaths in the state. The 2011 outbreak is also compared with the April 1974 tornado outbreak in Alabama. 1. Introduction population density (Gagan et al. 2010; Dixon et al. 2011). Tornadoes have been documented in every state in Alabama is affected in the spring and fall by the United States and on every continent except midlatitude cyclones, often associated with severe Antarctica. The United States has by far the most weather and tornadoes. During summer and fall tornado reports annually of any country, averaging tornadoes also can be produced by tropical cyclones. A about 1,300 yr-1.
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Another Look at the 11 April 1965 Palm Sunday Outbreak
Central Region Technical Attachment Number 15-02 December 2015 Another Look at the 11 April 1965 Palm Sunday Outbreak JON CHAMBERLAIN National Weather Service, Rapid City, South Dakota ABSTRACT The 11 April 1965 tornado outbreak was one of the most devastating tornado outbreaks in recorded history, affecting six Midwestern states with significant loss of life and property. This storm system was particularly interesting for the number of discrete tornadic supercells in the southern Great Lakes, especially given the number of F3+ tornadoes. In addition, many supercells were observed to contain multiple funnels and multiple tornado cyclones (some occurring simultaneously). Dr. Theodore Fujita performed a comprehensive analysis of this event in the late 1960s, featuring a detailed analysis of both the meteorology and tornado damage paths. However, technology and science have progressed much between 1970 and 2015, with new forecast parameters and techniques available to forecasters. The Palm Sunday Outbreak of 1965 was re-examined using modern-day severe weather forecast parameters derived from observational data to help understand why this storm system produced such violent thunderstorms, particularly across extreme northern Indiana. In order to do this, approximately 200 handwritten surface observations were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center’s Electronic Digital Archive Data System web interface. Once these observations were put into a database, several surface weather maps, synthetic soundings, hodographs, and upper-level analyses were constructed. These data, along with archived upper-air data, were used to calculate several severe weather forecast parameters, which truly revealed the magnitude of the event. 1. Introduction The 11 April 1965 tornado outbreak was one of the most devastating tornado outbreaks in recorded history.
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U.S. Violent Tornadoes Relative to the Position of the 850-Mb
U.S. VIOLENT TORNADOES RELATIVE TO THE POSITION OF THE 850 MB JET Chris Broyles1, Corey K. Potvin 2, Casey Crosbie3, Robert M. Rabin4, Patrick Skinner5 1 NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Storm Prediction Center, Norman, Oklahoma 2 Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, and School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma 3 NOAA/NWS/CWSU, Indianapolis, Indiana 4 National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma 5 Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma Abstract The Violent Tornado Webpage from the Storm Prediction Center has been used to obtain data for 182 events (404 violent tornadoes) in which an F4-F5 or EF4-EF5 tornado occurred in the United States from 1950 to 2014. The position of each violent tornado was recorded on a gridded plot compared to the 850 mb jet center within 90 minutes of the violent tornado. The position of each 850 mb jet was determined using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) from 1979 to 2014 and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis from 1950 to 1978. Plots are shown of the position of each violent tornado relative to the center of the 850 mb low-level jet. The United States was divided into four parts and the plots are available for the southern Plains, northern Plains, northeastern U.S. and southeastern U.S with a division between east and west at the Mississippi River. Great Plains violent tornadoes clustered around a center about 130 statute miles to the left and slightly ahead of the low-level jet center while eastern U.S.
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1974 Tornado Super Outbreak Report
Analysis and Reconstruction of the 1974 Tornado Super Outbreak RMS Special Report TM Risk Management Solutions I NTRODUCTION The Super Outbreak of tornadoes that occurred on April 3-4, 1974 was the most intense and widespread tornado outbreak in recorded history. In total, 148 tornadoes spanned 13 states producing about 900 square miles (2331 square km) of tornado damage in less than 18 hours. This report reviews the event’s meteorological and damage characteristics, describes the impact subsequent research had on tornado risk models, and examines the property losses possible if the outbreak were to occur today. 1 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak Copyright 2004 Risk Management Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. April 2, 2004 M ETEOROLOGICAL C HARACTERISTICS Looking back, the atmospheric characteristics preceding the super outbreak provided clear evidence of the high potential for widespread tornado development. On the evening of April 2, 1974 a deep area of low pressure (983 millibars) over the Colorado-Kansas border created strong winds blowing from the south over the lower Mississippi River Valley. This forced high-humidity air northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the lower Midwest and Ohio Valley states. This moist layer of air was “capped” by warm, dry air, which limited thunderstorm development and created highly unstable atmospheric conditions. Recognizing this, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued preliminary severe weather alerts on the morning of April 2 for much of the central and southern plains states. During the morning of April 3, the center of low pressure moved northeastward to the Iowa- Illinois border. As the air warmed up during the day and winds converged near the ground, an explosive and sudden outbreak of thunderstorms developed around 2:00 pm Central Daylight Time (CDT).
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Observational Analysis of the Interaction Between a Baroclinic Boundary and Supercell Storms on 27 April 2011
OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A BAROCLINIC BOUNDARY AND SUPERCELL STORMS ON 27 APRIL 2011 by ADAM THOMAS SHERRER A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Atmospheric Science to The School of Graduate Studies of The University of Alabama in Huntsville HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 2014 ABSTRACT The School of Graduate Studies The University of Alabama in Huntsville Degree Master of Science College/Dept. Science/Atmospheric Science Name of Candidate Adam Sherrer Title Observational Analysis of the Interaction Between a Baroclinic Boundary and Supercell Storms on 27 April 2011 A thermal boundary developed during the morning to early afternoon hours on 27 April as a result of rainfall evaporation and shading from reoccurring deep convection. This boundary propagated to the north during the late afternoon to evening hours. The presence of the boundary produced an area more conducive for the formation of strong violent tornadoes through several processes. These processes included the production of horizontally generated baroclinic vorticity, increased values in storm- relative helicity, and decreasing lifting condensation level heights. Five supercell storms formed near and/or propagated alongside this boundary. Supercells that interacted with this boundary typically produced significant tornadic damage over long distances. Two of these supercells formed to the south (warm) side of the boundary and produced a tornado prior to crossing to the north (cool) side of the boundary. These two storms exhibited changes in appearance, intensity, and structure. Two other supercells formed well south of the boundary. These two storms remained relatively weak until they interacted with the boundary.
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AC Rebuttals Tornadoes 042621
Claim: Global warming is causing more and stronger tornadoes REBUTTAL Tornadoes are failing to follow “global warming” based predictions. Strong tornadoes have seen a drop in frequency since the 1950s. The years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 all saw below average to near record low tornado counts in the U.S. since records began in 1954. 2017 rebounded only to the long-term mean while 2018 activity has returned to well below the 25th percentile. This lull followed a very active and deadly strong La Nina of 2010/11, which like the strong La Nina of 1973/74 produced record setting and very deadly outbreaks of tornadoes. When an amplified La Nina like jet stream pattern developed in the spring of 2019, a very active period raised the seasonal total to above the 50th percentile for the first time in years. A similar transient pattern in April 2019 produced a major outbreak centered on Easter Sunday. Population growth and expansion outside urban areas have exposed more people to the tornadoes that once roared through open fields. Tornado detection improved with the addition of Doppler radar (NEXRAD), the growth of the trained spotter networks, storm chasers armed with cellular data and imagery as well as the proliferation of cell phone cameras and social media. This shows up most in the weak EF0 tornado count but for storms from moderate EF1 to strong EF 3+ intensity, the trend has been down despite improved detection. Tornadoes like most all weather extremes are driven by natural factors with active seasons strongly correlated with stronger La Nina events and the cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which favors more frequent and stronger La Ninas.
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Louisville, Kentucky
National Weather Service Photo: Wade Bell, Leavenworth, Indiana Louisville, Kentucky Welcome Welcome to the eleventh edition of National Weather Service (NWS) Louisville’s Shareholders Report. You are a shareholder in the NWS! This report details the activities of NWS Louisville in our area of responsibility across southern Indiana and central Kentucky during 2015. From our perspective, 2015 will be remembered for three weeks toward the end of the winter season with plenty of cold and snow. The worst storm struck March 4-5, which is summarized at weather.gov/lmk/march_2015_flood_and_snowstorm. One month later, on April 3-10, during a lengthy period of severe weather and flash flooding, we provided onsite weather support for a six-alarm fire at the General Electric (GE) plant in Louisville (weather.gov/lmk/April_3_10_2015_SevereEvents). Our top four highlights of 2015 were: • Instituting a new online storm spotter class, weather.gov/lmk/onlineskywarn • Two new educational videos about winter weather, posted on our YouTube channel • A major upgrade to the computer system we use for forecasts and warnings • When the Doppler radar at Fort Knox had mechanical troubles during a severe weather outbreak on December 23, Electronics Technician Todd Adkins stayed with the radar and kept it operating until the severe weather threat was over. Todd then fixed the radar on Christmas Day when the needed parts arrived. The NWS was appropriated $1.06 billion for Fiscal Year 2015, which was an investment of $3.30 per American. As the leader of NWS Louisville, I feel it is my duty to report to you how your holdings have fared.
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Virginia Has Seen More Tornadoes in April Than Any Other Month
Virginia has seen more tornadoes in April than any other month By JOHN BOYER - Richmond Times-Dispatch Apr 4, 2019 Tornadoes can strike Virginia in any month of the year, but there’s something ominous about April in particular. We've experienced many of our worst tornado outbreaks in this early-to-middle part of spring. An outbreak is a group of tornadoes organized by the same weather system. Tornadoes in outbreaks are often more violent, long-lived, and widespread than ones made by a lone thunderstorm. That heightens the risk for damage and loss of life. April can bring about a potent combination of tornado outbreak ingredients in our region: air that’s finally warm and humid enough to fuel violent thunderstorms, and strong winds aloft that can shape those storms into rotating supercells. Because of that, Virginia has seen more tornadoes in April than any other month of the year. Summer tornadoes are common, but they’re usually more isolated events. By the time we get to late summer and early fall, we see more large outbreaks spawned by hurricanes and tropical storms. Though tropical tornadoes are usually smaller and weaker than their springtime counterparts, they are still dangerous. Here’s a list of the outbreaks that produced ten or more tornadoes in Virginia. Together, these events account for nearly 20 percent of all the state’s tornado reports since 1950, but 30 percent of the tornado-related fatalities and 60 percent of the injuries. Note that central Virginia was affected by all of the major outbreaks shown here, with the exception of the April 3-4, 1974 “Super Outbreak.” 38 Tornadoes – Sept.
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A Study of Fetal Exposure to the 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak Sok Chul
The Long-Term Human Toll of Natural Disasters: A Study of Fetal Exposure to the 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak Sok Chul Hong* Dongyoung Kim† Eutteum Lee‡ Abstract This study investigates the long-term effect of fetal exposure to the 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak on health and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. Using the 2008-2014 American Community Survey and a difference-in-differences framework, we estimate that, in the 30s, this stressful in-utero shock increases the probability of vision/hearing difficulty by 17 percent and cognitive difficulty by 8 percent, and lowers the socioeconomic status by 1 percent compared with unaffected cohorts. An estimate implies that the annual income loss from disaster- driven health problems was $136 million in 2014. Keywords: natural disaster; fetal exposure; the 1974 Super Tornado Outbreak; sensory difficulty; cognitive difficulty; socioeconomic status; long-term cost of natural disaster JEL codes: I15, O10, Q5 * Corresponding Author, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea (e-mail: [email protected]) † Department of Economics, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea (e-mail: [email protected]) ‡ Department of Economics, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea (e-mail: [email protected]). Research reported in this article was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2016S1A3A2924944) and the Institute of Economic Research (Center for Distributive Justice) at Seoul National University. 1 Although forecasting technologies have improved substantially, the occurrence of natural disasters is still unpredictable in many cases, and the tremendous damage is difficult to avoid despite forethought.
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Newsletter Communication, and Service
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Rose, Hon. Thomas M
Judicial Profile Hon. Thomas M. Rose U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio by Jade K. Smarda ll Rosy for Rose.” It would be easy to as- sume that a headline like this, featured in a Southwestern Ohio newspaper, would be an article from the glory days of the Cincinnati AReds’ “Big Red Machine.” Back-to-back world cham- pions in 1975 and 1976, stars like Johnny Bench, Joe Morgan, Tony Pérez, and Pete Rose were exceedingly popular in Cincinnati and the surrounding areas. Jade K. Smarda is an as- sociate at Faruki Ireland (They still are, although one of them is the subject of & Cox P.L.L. in Dayton, just a tad more controversy than the others.) Ohio. While the headline, from May 2002, was not about the Big Red Machine, it was about one of the Reds’ most enthusiastic season ticketholders, Judge Thomas M. Rose. Rose, while not a baseball star, had been a star in his legal community for years when the front page of his hometown newspaper, the Xenia Gazette, reported on the U.S. Senate’s approval (95-0) of his appointment to the U.S. District Court for the South- ern District of Ohio. A veteran trial court judge when eral election levels. A former assistant Greene County he was nominated by President George W. Bush, Rose prosecutor who served as chief of the civil division had already served his community from the Greene for over 13 years—representing townships, county County Court of Common Pleas for nearly 12 years officers, non-city school districts, and various county before joining the federal bench.
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Rebuttals Tornadoes
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