THE CASE of “KASS” the Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements Project As a Model

Home , Abdul Rahman Mosque, Bagrami, Chihil Sutun, Mamozai, Wazir (Khogyani clan), Zai (tribe)

DELIVERY OF HUMANITARIAN SHELTER IN URBAN AREAS THE CASE OF “KASS” The Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements project as a model

U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA) OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA)

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KABUL AREA SHELTER AND SETTLEMENTS (KASS) PROJECT - ALL DISTRICTS í

Qala-i-Malik Ali Mardan Waziri GENERAL INFORMATION e Baghi Karez Mir Yaka Darakht Air Port Qala-i-Kafer Khana o ú Bank Bridge Qazi Qala !R City Square í Punje Shah Agha ñ Kariz-i-Ulya Khwaja Sabz Posh í Historical Site Gul Khana í Historical Wall Khwaja Gunbad i Hotel í v ® Hospital õ Mosque 2 3 ò Palace Shaikh Allah Dad Baba í Police Station/Prison Qala-i-Khan í Omar Khel m Post Office Sharif Khel V Qala-i-Hood Khel Æ Restaurant Dada Sahib Qala-i-Dashte Sulaiman Khel í å School

í Shrine Chashma-i- Osman ø Mami Khel Qala-i-Zarin Kata Khel Stadium Sher Jan Khel í Baba Shir Wali Sahib Ù University í Bakhtyaran Araban Qala-i-Payen BOUNDARY 18 District Dih Yahya ROAD Highway Padshah SahibPayi Munar í Primary Khwaja Sahib í Puli Sangi Secondary Sufi Baba CONTOUR LINE í Contour DRAINAGE River Lake

Qala-i-Sayed Mahmood Khan Nawab URBAN LAND USE Hazar Baghal Shahid Ghundai 19 Built Up Areas Kotali Chemtala Dashti Chemtala í Fields Sesadu Panzda Purozha-i-Jadid í Panjsad Family Dashi Abdul Samad Green Areas DELIVERY OF HUMANITARIAN Park Qala-i-Dawlat Char Rahi Panjsad Family Cemetery Tara Khel (Tarnaw) Lycee Khayr Khana Khwaja Bughra å ANNOTATION Khishti Hokhtif Qasaba 15 Qasaba Area Name Hisa-i-Awali Khair khana Khwaja Bughra D 1 District Number Lycee Maryam í å Hisa-i-Doye Khair Khana Syah Koh Mountain Name Hisa-i-Suwumi Khair Khana Dashti Wazir Abad SHELTER IN URBAN AREAS:

Golayee Hisa-i-Awal KASS PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS Qala-i-Najar Ha ( Individual Well Shaeed -e- deboryShaeed -e- debory Khwaja Bughra Ä(x í Charahi Shaheed Latrine ú THE CASE OF “KASS” § í Public Well Dih Punba Sarayi Shamali Tara Khel (Kochan) ú 11 > Shelter A 17 Qala-i-Chaman Dasht Toar Nasir ú ú í > Shelter B Wazir Abad Bilak Hayi Sarandoy Khwaja Rawash Chahar Qala-i-Wazirabad THE KABUL AREA SHELTER AND SETTLEMENTS PROJECT > Shelter C Wazir Abad Chamani Chahar Qala Khwaja Zanbor Wali ú Qala-i-Qazi Badam Bagh Chamani Pesarane Amir Shahid x Qala-i-Wakil í Ä(xx > Shelter D

Hisa-i-DoyieTaimani Qala-i-Mir Abbas Bazo Khel Gula Khel > Shelter E Ä(>x Hisa-i-Awali Taimani Taymani ú Qala-i-Khatir Qamruddin Khel x Side Ditch 10 Pashminabafi Ä(x x Ä(xx Naw Abadi Deh Kepak Chamani Babrak Naw Abadi Qabil Boy Ä(Ä(xx x

Perwan Seh Ä(xÄ(xxxx >Ä(> Y

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Afshari Darul Aman Musiam Mali >(>Ä(x Ä(>x >Ä(x Qasri Chihil Sutun Shekhan Y Ä(x >>XY X ò ñKabul Museum > x Ä(Ä(>xx Chihil Sutun Qala-i-Najar Ha Ä(>> >Ä(>§Ä(xx xx Qala-i-Hasan Khani Sufla ú Darulaman Ä(x >>Ä(>> >x>Ä(>xxÄ(x Ä(>x>x >> Ä(> > òQasri Darlaman Farmi Pilawari Ä(xx > >7> >>Ä(x >x >Ä(>x >Ä(x> Qala-i-Hasan Khani Ulya Qala-i-Adam Khan Ä(> >Ä(>Ä(>>x Ä(>x Afghanistan Nu Burja Ä(xx >>>xÄ(>x> (> >Ä(x x x>Ä(Qala-i->M>Ä(ira>>Ä(>xx x (Ä>Ä(xx Nu Burja Ä(> Ä(> Ä(>xx>x Ä(x> > >Ä(x Ä(>x> >>Ä(§>Ä(>x>>> >(> Ä(>x Ä(>xÄ(xÄ(>x x > >>xÄ(Ä(>xx > Ä(x > >> Qala-i-Ferqa Mishar Ä(> >x >Ä(> (Ä>x>> Siyah Bini Dih Yaqub Qala-i-Ahmad Shah Ä(> Ä(>>> x Farmi Ziraat >> > Ä(> November 2007 >> >x >Ä(Ä(>x Qala-i-Mir Ahmad > Ä(x>Ä(x Ä(x Qala-i-Muhammad Ibrahim Doghabad >Ä(x>xxÄ(x > > ú Ä(>> Ä(x>x Ä(Ä(x>xÄ(>(x ú Adil Shaikh Baba > §Ä(>Ä(x >(xxx x >Ä( >Ä(>Ä(>Ä(>> >Ä( Shewaki í > > Ä(>x > >Ä(x> Qala-i-Haji Karim Ä(>x >Ä(x>Ä(x Baghi Haji Afghan Tajbig Ä(x Ä(x xÄ(>x > Mamozai ò > > >Ä( x >Ä( Hasan Shewaki Baba 22 Tapa-i-Taj Beg Ä(x >Ä(> > Ä(>xÄ(x >Sar Asyab > >> > > > > Ä(>(xÄ(§x > Ä(>x í x > >Ä(x x >> > Ä(> Ä(x >Ä(x ( >>Ä(x Ä(>x > > >Ä(Qala-xi-Bx adal >Ä(x § Ä(>x >Ä( x Ä(Ä(x>x >Ä(x ( Ä(>>x Ä(> >Ä(>x x Mia Khel Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements (KASS) project is ( ChahaÄ(>r Qala Ä(x Dashti Kamari funded by the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance > Qala-i-Muslim >x x Ä(x Ä(x> >Ä(>Ä(Ä(>x Qala-i-Osman Khan Sahak >Ä(x>>> Ä(x> Ä(>x >Ä(x (OFDA) of USAID, KASS provides integrated shelter Khwaja Tawab >Ä(x x >> > Ä(>Ä(x Ä(>x ú í > x x Ä(>x assistance to over 3,700 families in seven districts of >Ä( x >Ä(Ä(>x >Ä(x xÄ(>xÄ(> x >Ä(x x Kabul City. Qala-i-Mir aw Kho>Ä(r >Ä( >Ä(>xÄ(x xx >(Ä(>x >Ä(x > Ä(>Ä(>Ä(x >> >(> Qala-i-Fatuh KASS is unique in that it seeks to elevate the living >Ä(x (> QÄ(Ä(xaxÄ(x>xla-i-Logari (x Ä(x ( Ä(x > >>x>Ä(x Ä(Ä(>xx>>(>Ä(§ > > > > Ä(>Ä(x>>Ä( Ä(>x x standards of all individuals, and surrounding families, > > ((>(Ä>> Ä(>x Ä(>x Shahid >Ä(>xÄ(xx > ú > > residing in districts 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 and 16 of Kabul. x >Ä(xx Ä(x > >( x í >Ä((Äx Ä(> >> > >>Ä(Q>ala-i-Kuhna >>x Ä(>x >>>> Beneficiaries were selected based on agreed upon categories of Qala-i-Surkh >Ä(>xÄ( >>> x Ä(xÄ(>x>>Ä(>(> Ä(>x xx>>>Ä(>x>>>xx vulnerability. KASS is shelter-led interventions in that the primary Rishkhuri Payin >Ä(>>xx >Ä(>xÄ(>xxÄ(Ä(> > Ä(>Ä(>x(> Ä(>x Ä(>>>Ä(>x> Yakh Dara goal is to provide safe and habitable shelters. The project also > ú Ä(>x Sangi Nawishta >> > > > Sultan Sahib inexorably links with other sanitation and health, community í capacity building and good governance issues that underlie the Ä(x x >Ä( social fabric of community. Through the establishment of Community Development Councils (CDCs), KASS promotes the ability of communities to make local decisions and solve problems which in the end ensure community self - sufficiency necessary Rishkhuri Bala ú for long-term sustainability of development process in Afghanistan. ú KASS assisted the returnee families, internally displaced, and Gulbagh Qala-i- Bazqoli those who squatted in destroyed building or lived in over-crowding Qala-i-Ahmad Khan Baghi Sadre Aazam houses. KASS constructed and / or rehabilitated 3,774 shelters, Khairabad built 62 community water points and rehabilitated 640 family wells, constructed 15,574 meters of ditch drainage and graveled 10,184 Tangi Sayadan Qala-i-Jan Khan meters of access roads. In addition, 100 Community Development Councils were established under this project while disaster preparedness and health training was provided to the beneficiaries Qala-i-Jalal Qala-i-Jarnail Bala Qala and surrounding communities.

Qala-i-Malik Chamani Khairabad SOURCE: Qala-i-Shaghasi

Qala-i-Luqman 1- IKONOS Satellite Imagery,1 meter resolution (2000 - 2002). Baghi Ferqa Chahar Asyab 2- Data collection and ground truthing done in collaboration with AGCHO,Kabul Municipality & AIMS (November, 2004). Qala-i-Painda Mohammad Khan Qala-i-Atta Mohammad Qala-i-Malik Sher Ali Qala-i-Jafar Qala-i-Naim Qala-i-Safid 3- Municipality District Boundaries, were derived from ISAF, map Shah Toot titled " Kabul Municipalities and Police Districts", dated 12th Khwaja Gul Yaran Qala-i-Kakari January, 2005. í Dih Kada Gulzar Qalai Bara Qala Map Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM - WGS 1984) Qala-i-Haji Sediqullah For further information contact AIMS. Email: [email protected] Qala-i-Mohammad Wais Qala-i-Haji Mohammad Amin Web Site: www.aims.org.af Khwajgan Print Date: November, 2007 Qala-i-Haji Habibullah

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Table of content

Acknowledgements...... 4

Executive Summary...... 5

Preface...... 6

Introduction...... 6

A Note on Timeframes...... 7 Part One: Issues in Urban Humanitarian Shelter Provision...... 8

1. The Afghan Context ...... 8

2. The Post-conflict Context...... 11

3. Geographical and Environmental Background...... 14

4. Land Issues ...... 17 Part Two: The Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements Project ...... 21

1. CARE Afghanistan: Experience and Strengths...... 21

2. The KASS Project ...... 22

3. Best Practices from KASS Experience...... 24

4. GIS mapping...... 35

5. Stimulating the local economy...... 39

6. Constraints and Limitations...... 40

7. Conclusions...... 41

References ...... 44 4 5

Acknowledgements Executive Summary

This manual was produced by CARE Afghanistan with the specific contributions Adequate shelter is a basic human need and right. More than just a place to live, ap- of Julianti Kallweit, Phil Sparrow, and Jamie Terzi. propriate shelter provides stability and security for vulnerable populations. Without access to shelter, people are denied the ability to improve their situation in life and Farid Safi as the program coordinator responsible for the project and Lex Kas- to access other basic services. As important as shelter is, it is not enough to merely senberg, Country Director of CARE Afghanistan also gave valuable input and provide four walls and a roof, but we must acknowledge the importance of home feedback. to the inhabitants and recognise that other services such as access to clean water, sanitation and improved living environment are also important. Charles A. Setchell of USAID/OFDA also gave valuable input, guidance and edited the manual. We would also like to thank Lee Malany for his valuable advice. The Kabul Area Shelter and Settlement (KASS) Project was designed with this in mind. By providing shelters in an urban environment, existing resources were able Due acknowledgements to Dr. Puspha Pathak, through the Kabul Municipality, to be consolidated and improved, people were able to live in areas close to employ- who provided insights and advice. ment and family, and not relegated to satellite suburbs or cities where they could feel displaced and separate from the community. People were given the opportunity CARE also acknowledges the valuable work by ADA (Afghan Developement As- to live where they wanted to live, and this resulted in a 100% occupancy rate. sociation) and SDO (Sanayee Developement Organization) as implementers for the KASS project. Funded by USAID/OFDA and implemented by CARE, the completed KASS project provided 3,774 households safe, adequate and habitable shelters, and an overall Finally, project staff deserve special mention for the successful implementation of total of 6,625 households in seven districts of Kabul benefited directly from inte- KASS which led to positive outcomes for thousands of families in Kabul. grated shelter activities, including safe water supplies, sanitation, roads graveling, ditch drainage, health education, hazard preparedness and mitigation training, and Copies of this manual can be obtained from: [email protected]. support of local governance activities.

The success of the project rested on bringing in key stakeholders such as the Kabul Municipality (KM) and community members into all aspects of the project, from beneficiary selection, choice of project sites and also regular project discussions. The signing of a Memorandum Of Understanding with the KM, which ensured that all shelters would be recognised and respected for five years, provided the first steps in recognising land tenure and providing stability for the inhabitants.

Essentially, a successful shelter intervention must include strategies for good governance that focus on increasing people’s understanding of their rights and responsibilities, as well as enhance the ability of authorities to listen to the needs of the people, that encourage all to find solutions to problems that affect everyone. 6 7

Preface an understanding that the home is pre- These would include water and sanitation eminent in restoring, rehabilitating and interventions, health services - especial- advancing lives and livelihoods - but it ly mother-child health (MCH) - primary This Guide seeks to provide the reader This guide is intended to assist humani- requires that other essential, related de- and adult education, community envi- with an understanding of the importance tarian practitioners, donor agencies, velopment activities, be provided simul- ronmental health, access to credit and of integrated shelter-led humanitarian government departments, and other taneously. savings schemes, and related activities. intervention, and the associated issues. organizations to develop an improved understanding of integrated shelter The guide is in two parts: Part One de- needs and appropriate responses and Part One of this document identifies the important issues and scribes and analyses the relevant gener- strategies. It will be of particular value challenges in urban shelter interventions in Afghanistan. al issues affecting Shelter Led Interven- for those involved in planning and ex- These include: tions (SLI). Part Two details the KASS ecuting integrated shelter interventions Project: the design, implementation and with water and sanitation, and hygiene » Structural challenges lessons learned. It is not intended that education components to vulnerable ur- » Security and conflict issues this be a step-by-step guide but rather ban populations. » Population growth an opportunity to discuss activities that » Environmental and geological issues and challenges generated outcomes which should be It is hoped that through this guide, fu- » Political and legal issues, and included in project designs, cognizant ture interventions will be better designed » Gender and ethnic issues. of varying contextual and environmental and implemented, resulting in outcomes conditions. of greater value and more lasting benefit to the Afghan people. It is also envis- CARE’s observation is that many of these project proceeded, the issues, the les- aged that this will provide insights into issues are not considered in shelter sons learned and the considerations what may work in other areas or coun- project design, resulting in difficulties that arose. KASS was a pilot project and tries dealing with similar issues. that arise in the implementation period, the production of the manual in order when it is often too late for these to be to document issues as they arose was resolved. Part Two of this document de- included in the design in order that this Introduction scribes the process by which the KASS feeds into the broader sector.

Shelter projects, whether in urban or Shelter-Led Interventions (SLI) place rural settings, typically seek to address housing as central in humanitarian ac- A Note on Timeframes only the needs of a place to live – that tions. SLI reflect the contention that is, a dwelling. Invariably, agencies focus without stable and secure housing, on the actual infrastructure construc- people’s vulnerability rapidly increases, CARE/Afghanistan was awarded a grant This project was named the Kabul Area tion without tying it in with other com- and that they are unable to progress or from USAID/OFDA to implement inte- Shelters and Settlements (KASS) proj- ponents such as water and sanitation, achieve stability in other areas, such as grated humanitarian shelter delivery in ect. It was implemented over 2006, and hygiene education, access to services employment, schooling, health and re- selected areas of Kabul in May of 2006. concluded in October 2007. and markets, and without community lationships. Shelter vulnerability, then, involvement to improve the overall living compromises and restricts all other de- conditions in urban settlements. velopment efforts. Further, SLI reflects 8 9

are far less in evidence, and so quality and 2006) variously suggest 2.7 mil- Part One: Issues in Urban of service and parity of access is less of lion, 3.5 million, and 4 million2. Current an issue. In most cases, public services estimates indicate that the Kabul area Humanitarian Shelter Provision are not yet perceived as a right, and so has likely expanded to 4.5 million. Re- are not expected or demanded. Their gardless of the actual precise number, absence is not understood as a wrong. it is widely agreed that Kabul’s popula- 1. The Afghan Context There are also higher expectations about tion is growing at a very high rate, ap- what constitutes acceptable housing; proximately 15% per annum from 1999- new developments must plan for waste 2003/2004, and thereafter at about 5% Rationale for Shelter Led migrate back into poorer housing if it al- disposal by other providers, and at cost; per annum. Other major Afghan cities Interventions in Urban Areas lows better employment opportunities. water resources are stretched and new and towns have also rapidly swelled in Urban development projects therefore supply cannot be easily provided; number. Shelter is a fundamental need and it is need to have a broader mandate than undeniable that for many people in Ka- simply the provision of appropriate shel- In terms of control, in urban settings, There are no means presently for con- bul and elsewhere in Afghanistan, cur- ter. Whilst interventions can effectively there are many more parties involved trolling the influx of new residents to rent shelter options are inadequate, un- start with housing projects, they cannot in negotiations and decisions, and the Kabul. New residents take up homes healthy and unsafe. That said, adequate end there, because without appropriate, ethnic and political dimension of deci- with relatives, extend existing hous- housing does not represent a sufficient viable access to services such as water, sion making is vastly more complicated. ing or build new structures in existing solution to the many problems facing education, health, sanitation and em- Villages have relatively high degrees of compounds. Others take up residence in the urban poor. Water, sanitation, waste ployment and so on, people will remain autonomy and are often mono-ethnic, abandoned or ruined housing, rehabili- management and access to basic health impoverished, and the shelter will be or dominated by a single group or tribe, tating it as best they can. Many people and education services are also funda- abandoned. expediting decision-making. In rural have assumed land on hillsides in the mental needs, and are equally lacking settings, new projects can often rely central city area, due to its proximity to in many parts of Kabul and the country The Urban – Rural Divide on land being freed for developments; bazaars and services, while others take as a whole. For urban residents, access Providing shelter in urban settings, in rarely is such free land available in Ka- land in new peri-urban areas at the edg- to electrical service, while not an urgent comparison with rural areas is a more bul, and so delivery of programs must es of the city proper. need, is also important. complex process, which needs to take seek to improve what already exists, account of substantial differences. rather that work with a blank page. Whilst some settlements and houses Work opportunities are also essential, have been demolished to make way as returnees have high expectations of The key differences are of density, ex- Population Growth and for new roads and other developments, gaining employment, generally coming pectation, and control. In Kabul, and to Rapid Urbanization conflict between authorities, lack of de- from working backgrounds. Those com- a lesser degree in other urban centers, Kabul’s population grew sharply in 2002- marcation of responsibility, outdated ing from rural backgrounds because of housing density is high, far higher than 2003 with the return of many refugees planning documents and weakness of local impoverishment or unemployment the infrastructure was planned for. Rural from neighboring countries to around policing in general mean that in most arrive with urgent needs for employment. density is lower, and many of the prob- 2.8 million people in 2003, and reached cases, there are no impediments to this Experience from housing settlement lems (congestion, water pollution and around 3 million in 20041. Most recent occurring. programs in other developing countries contamination from latrines, solid waste estimates (referring to years late 2005 demonstrate that if residents have to and sewerage disposal, poor access to travel too far in order to gain work, they water, electricity, and public services) 1 Figures from the Central Statistics Office and the World Bank. will soon do not exist. Public services in general 2 Figures respectively from official Government of Afghanistan statistics; JICA; and Kabul Municipality. 10 11

The Kabul Master Plan of 1978 provided ment as part of the Millennium Develop- that existing structures and services are people who, in an unrestrained and policy and regulatory guidance to ac- ment Goals. These targets are meant to adequate. However, the fact that since chaotic environment, have been able to commodate a population of two million be realized by 2010, and include 50% 1999, Kabul has swelled from a popu- freely take up land, and exploit existing people in a 330 square kilometer (sq. of Kabul households having access to lation of less than 500,000 people to resources. This absorption and growth km.) area up to 2003. .The Kabul Mu- piped water, and 50% of households current levels of approximately four and is not sustainable, and a crisis point will nicipality has recently proposed that its having access to improved sanitation, a half million, demonstrates only the soon be reached if it indeed has not jurisdictional area be expanded beyond waste collection and improved drainage. ingenuity and resilience of the Afghan been reached already. the 364.44 sq. km. that the Master Plan Current progress towards these goals is prescribed (with adjustments in 2000), slow and hampered by vastly insufficient to 1,030.51 sq. km., which is more re- funding and implementation capacity. 2. The Post-conflict Context flective of the actual area that the Kabul The reality is that the Government will area now occupies. A complication to almost certainly fail to reach these tar- Impacts of War and nesses, depression, panic attacks, mem- this is that this expansion, while reflect- gets, and this will have a negative cred- Internal Conflict ory loss, hypochondria and substance ing the real growth of Kabul, transgress- ibility outcome. The outcomes of war and conflict – a abuse3. These dynamics are little seen, es the district boundaries in neighboring displaced population, decimation of but widespread, and in dense urban districts. Invisibility of Shelter Needs in infrastructure, and so on are gener- settings, where ethnicity, and political Urban Area ally obvious in post-conflict setting, loyalties and tribal affiliations come into Inadequate Financial Resources Consistent with the Islamic teaching on and certainly so in Afghanistan. But conflict, and access to services is com- Kabul’s population is continuing to grow purdah, the separation of the public and less overt are the potent dynamics that promised, they can combine to cause at a rate of approximately 5% per an- the private, cultural norms predicate that shape social and political relations, post high levels of stress, and spiral into annum. This means an addition of 150,000 families live in compounds, behind high conflict. While state-building is occur- ger and violence. people per year who will generate an walls that border the streets. In prac- ring in Afghanistan, nation-building is annual shelter requirement of roughly tice, this means that shelter is often a not: that is to say, there is a distinction Security 25,000 units (@ six persons per house- relatively invisible part of the infrastruc- between physical rehabilitation and so- After a brief hiatus following the expul- hold, per shelter), and access to land ture in Afghanistan – in sharp contrast cial rehabilitation that has so far been sion of the Taliban in 2001, insecurity in and services. The reality is that many with much of Asia, where poverty and overlooked. Below the surface powerful Afghanistan in general has risen consis- other issues have a higher priority than inadequate housing are very evident. tensions continue to govern interactions tently over the last six years. Insecurity urban development in Kabul. With this This can easily lead to the assumption and events and to prevent cohesion of in this context includes, but is not limited being the case, very little can readily that in Afghanistan, shelters are more or the nation. to: opportunistic killings (arising during change in the next five years, which will less adequate and living standards not theft or assault); revenge killings (along leave Kabul in an exponentially worse as bad in other parts of Asia. In real- And at a more personal level, the im- ethnic, tribal or political lines); extor- position, with more people caused by ity, behind compound walls, housing can pact of severe, prolonged trauma on tion and kidnappings; abductions; theft, in-migration and natural growth, and be as bad as the shanties and slums of the population is little understood, but burglary and armed robbery; assassina- limited funding for urban development many Asian cities. is seen through its fruits: high levels of tions; suicide bombings and other ex- activities to address both backlog and domestic violence, self harm, mental ill- plosions targeted or apparently random; future needs. Secondly, it is true that many of the

newly returned population of Kabul have 3 See for example, ACFs document, Kabul Vulnerability Mapping. The IAM (International Assistance Mis- There are external financial pressures as been absorbed without major disruption sion) in Herat, in its Primary Mental Health Program, has also done a lot of work in the area of trauma, stress and mental health. well as internal limitations: The Govern- or widespread calamity, and this also 4 The use of the term Taliban to describe the insurgent movement is avoided because of the amorphous ment has set targets for urban develop- contributes to a possible interpretation nature of resistant/insurgent movements in Afghanistan. 12 13

demonstrations of highly politicized and coherent vision, nor a skilled public ser- Current Housing – Affordability, though in some areas this is as high as violent nature; anti-Government, desta- vice – and that is just one of the press- Condition, Coordination 3.8 families per home6. On average, one bilizing and insurgent movements4; eth- ing tasks in the present environment. Rents in Kabul (and to a lesser extent, third of households in Kabul are living nically based violence. elsewhere) have increased exponen- in a single space measuring 4.6 x 3.3m. While some of these aspects are found In Kabul in particular, the locus of so tially post September 11. At first this That translates to six people in an area only in some parts of Afghanistan, oth- much development and attention, Gov- affected mainly only the more well of just 15m2. These poor conditions are ers are found in almost all parts, and al- ernment and non-Government actors appointed housing stock in wealthier a significant factor in urban health prob- most all are present in Kabul, and have operate with little coordination; and in suburbs, where NGOs, UN and the As- lems, increasing the likelihood of con- been for some time. Some trends such particular, many non-Government actors sistance Community were located. The tagious respiratory diseases and other as suicide bombings and assassinations grew used to operating without consul- huge influx of new agencies and the illnesses. This data was confirmed by are more recent and analysis suggests tation with the Government during pre- money they brought with them pushed the results of the Shelter Opportunity are mimicked from other conflict zones; vious eras. Drawing together the many rents up by 500-1000% in a matter of Survey that was conducted at the onset some trends (opportunistic burglaries, actors in a coordinated fashion is a key months. Many agencies relocated into of KASS. After the project was complet- revenge killing, abduction and kidnap- priority in developing a cohesive urban slightly poorer suburbs, displacing Af- ed, these same households were able ping) emerged in the security vacuum development plan for Kabul. ghan families, and then the rent spiral to enjoy living spaces of approximately following the withdrawal of Coalition reoccurred. 29m2. forces from Kabul in 2002, and show Ethnic, Religious and little sign of abating. Insecurity can lead Political Factors But of more significance to the Afghan The Kabul City Master Plan, though dat- to temporary and long term displace- Many actors in shelter delivery (as in people has been the huge return of ed and now suspended, still represents ment, with populations moving to urban other areas of aid delivery) have under- displaced people, which has lead to a the most important planning and guid- areas, bring added pressure on housing estimated how the conflict in Afghani- shortage of housing. For ordinary Af- ing document for urban development in stocks and services. stan has enlarged and warped the influ- ghans, rent now consumes more than Kabul. It describes the areas of the city ence and power of ethnic and religious 50% the monthly income, as opposed where housing is permitted and those Structural and Extrinsic Challenges leaders. Further, divisions between to 15-25% in earlier times. areas where further development and Shelter delivery in a post-conflict setting ethnic and tribal groupings, whilst long improvement is planned; because of is made more complex by a number of present in Afghanistan, have been radi- Many houses have poor drainage and this, and the fact that there is no docu- structural and extrinsic factors. In Af- cally exacerbated by war, betrayal and dampness is a common problem. Ac- ment which succeeds it; it still focuses ghanistan, these include the weakness newly assumed political power. Partisan cess to water and provision of sanitation development efforts with regard to loca- of the Government at central and mu- warlords with strong geographic, ethnic is in the vast majority of cases highly tion of new services and facilities. nicipal levels, the lack of development and tribal affiliations have secured for- inadequate and unsafe, and often be- over many years, the ongoing paucity of mal positions, and others hold unofficial, low Sphere Project guidelines5. Many In Kabul, the City Master Plan is often trained and experienced technical staff, yet powerful positions. houses were quite crowded in 2004, the primary document for determin- and an uncoordinated cohort of aid de- Informal connections to power remain the when USAID/OFDA supported a study ing the status of informal housing and livery mechanisms and agencies. dominant means to achieve outcomes for of selected conditions in Kabul, with an settlements. Settlements outside au- most Afghans: there is a widespread and average of 2.2 families per living space, thorized areas are either illegal or un- The Government of Afghanistan is in the often justified cynicism about formal pro- unenviable position of trying to catch cesses. This is further exacerbated by 5 It is worth noting that SPHERE standards are designed for refugee camp and emergency settings. 6 up on thirty years of infrastructure and the increase in corruption. ACF, 2004. 7 The definitions for illegal and unplanned settlements are found in sub-sectionInformal settlement: illegal technical development, with neither a and unplanned in Section 4, ‘Land Issues’ 14 15

planned7 and therefore were not includ- Several recent studies on vulnerability in steepness and inaccessibility of some low-lying areas is common. Kabul’s sur- ed in any of the Kabul City Master Plan or Kabul, show that security of employment areas. The Kabul river cuts through the rounds are arid/semi-arid, though irriga- other Government plans for development remains a key concern: estimates vary, city and flows heavily in the spring, as tion networks allow extensive horticul- or improvement. An issue of concern but between 30 and 40% of Afghani- the snows melt, and then becomes pro- ture particularly in the North of Kabul, in therefore, has been securing some basic stan’s population are unemployed or gressively drier throughout autumn and the Shomali Plain. provision of services and development underemployed, and certainly for many winter. Annual flooding of riverside and efforts in these areas. Security of ten- people in Kabul, daily employment and ure is also a major concern for residents adequate remuneration are of the high- in these areas, particularly in the illegal est priority, and perceived as the key to settlements. These issues are expanded improving living standards for all family on in Section 4, below. members.

The Socio-economic Situation Women particularly have difficulty in Whilst the post conflict economy is grow- finding work and in Kabul, where wom- ing, Afghanistan is a long way from any en-headed households make up 8-10% kind of fiscal independence. Trade is very of the population, this is a significant imbalanced and the country is highly de- problem. Children’s participation in the pendent on donor money for virtually all labor force is increasingly seen as a valid ongoing expenses and capital outlays. It coping mechanism for families whose in- is not established economically in the re- come is insufficient. Clearly, in terms of gion and it is still viewed with suspicion shelter location, proximity to labor mar- politically. Foreign investment has been kets is a high priority. low and shows no signs of improving8. Lack of income contributes also to hous- Kabul city showing mountainous areas. Whilst widespread food shortages, severe ing vulnerability: people are unable to malnutrition, epidemics and social unrest afford rents, or fall behind in payments Despite a low annual precipitation of slightly in recent years, but will probably have not yet occurred, Kabul’s coping and come under pressure to use high-in- 300mm average, the Kabul basin has lower consistently as demand increases. mechanisms are absolutely stretched, terest credit sources; households revert substantial groundwater resources, One clear implication of this for housing and urgent steps must be taken to avoid to squatting in remote, dangerous or un- holding water runoff from the surround- design is that bore wells should, where severe consequences in the short to mid suitable housing, without access to water ing mountains, which reach heights possible, be avoided, as they cannot be term9. or electricity, contributing to health prob- of over 3,000m above the sea level. dug deeper. Hand dug wells, if properly lems; or living with relatives in crowded Groundwater tables lowered consider- lined, can be readily deepened, and conditions. ably during the period 1998-2004, due more easily maintained. For this reason, to droughts, however shallow wells in the course of this project, wells were which exist throughout the city are dug to an average of 15 meter depth 3. Geographical and Environmental Background still the majority sources of water for to allow adequate water supply as many city residents. Water tables have risen existing shallow wells had dried up. Physical and Geological stantial expansion of urban residential

Kabul city sits in a bowl, surrounded and areas is possible, there are natural con- 8 World Bank, 2005 The Investment Climate in Afghanistan Report. bisected by high mountains. Whilst sub- straints on habitable areas, due to the 9 Action Contre la Faim Afghanistan. “Kabul Vulnerability Mapping” 2004. 16 17

Geological Instability resistant practices, both in terms of lo- Much of Afghanistan and the region in cation and building, is extremely poor. 4. Land Issues general is highly earthquake prone and These houses are built of local material, recent years have seen catastrophic easy to build and maintain. Particularly Access to Land and The issue of land ownership is also loss of life and infrastructure damage vulnerable are the many houses recently Access to Housing vexed. Land has often been secured un- in earthquakes in Afghanistan, Iran built on the steep hillside in central Ka- There is an acute shortage of low cost der different Governments, the validity and Pakistan. An earthquake in North- bul. This makes most houses very vul- land and housing in Kabul, though in the of which is now disputed by the Gov- ern Afghanistan in Takhar province in nerable to even mild earthquakes. How- last 12–18 months the Government has ernment or by the original, or suppos- 1998 claimed the lives of 4000 people; ever, if earthquake-resistant principles initiated the building of high-rise apart- edly original owners. Many people have there were other strong earthquakes, all are incorporated in housing design and ments, some of which are reserved for found that land they had bought in good measuring above 6 on the Richter scale construction, and improved quality ma- low-income people (though how these faith is no longer theirs, and they are in 2001, 2002, and 2004. In each case terials are utilized, the ability of houses are to be allocated is unclear). without recourse to any recompense. In the loss of life was between 500 and to withstand earthquakes can be signifi- some cases, entire suburbs (often for 3000, though exact numbers are un- cantly increased. However, not all land is efficiently used. political or ethnic reasons) have been clear. Housing and infrastructure were Many houses are single storey or have denied tenure. substantially damaged in each case, UN-Habitat recommends several fac- considerable room for expansion, and highlighting the vulnerability of much of tors to consider in earthquake resistant estimates are that at least 300,000 Informal Settlement: Afghanistan’s building materials, prac- construction10.The ratio of weight to people could be readily accommodated Illegal and Unplanned tices, and designs. height plays important role in reducing in Kabul’s existing built-up area, simply The World Bank provides the following earthquake risks: lighter and one sto- through housing infill and higher-density useful differentiation of illegal and un- In Kabul, there are a higher proportion rey buildings, with properly constructed building. Further development on the planned settlements: of houses and buildings that use rein- roofs will suffer fewer damages. Another east plateau could accommodate an ad- Informal settlements can be differenti- forced concrete and are generally of a essential consideration of earthen con- ditional 1 million people11. ated by at least two categories, illegal more resistant design; however few struction is to use a compact, box-type and unplanned. Settlers in unplanned private houses (or public buildings, for layout where the walls, floor and roof Land Planning and Management - settlements build on plots purchased that matter) in Kabul or elsewhere are structures are well connected to each Land Tenure or Occupancy Rights from original owners on rural/agricul- designed by qualified engineers or- ar other. The guidelines explain that regu- Almost all land in Kabul, indeed in most tural land or in areas zoned other than chitects, and are not reliably structurally larly shaped buildings such as square, urban areas in Afghanistan is owned by residential within the Kabul Master Plan sound. rectangular or circle design sustain less someone – an individual, a company, area. Although they are the legal own- damage during earthquake since they the Government. Apart from areas that ers of their plots, the settlements con- The majority of housing stock, used by vibrate in a more uniform manner. In are very remote or hidden, and build- travene the law as represented by the the majority of people, is still of mud contrast, in irregularly shaped dwellings, ings that are dangerously damaged, Master Plan. In contrast, settlers who brick/ mud wall and pole/ thatch roof some parts move more than others, re- most non-owners need to pay rent for have invaded public or private lands design, with little or no seismic rein- sulting in more stress and damage at the land or housing which they are us- or that bought plots from powerful in- forcement. Knowledge of earthquake- the corners of the buildings. ing. In the case of Government land, dividuals on invaded lands are termed this is often in the form of a fee, which illegal12. may or not be officially collected.

10 Conversations between CARE staff and UN-Habitat, Kabul. 11 World Bank. Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n. 3. 12 World Bank. Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.2. 18 19

It is presently estimated that some 80% formalized as well and this is the recom- Case study: Beneficiaries’ ability to claim or 2.8 million people are living in infor- mendation of the World Bank. family land triggered by KASS project. mal settlements in Kabul13. These set- Sayed Gulam Sakhi, 48 years old, a resident of Afshar village in district 5 of tlements cover approximately 70% of Land-owners and Land Users Kabul was selected as a KASS beneficiary. His house was destroyed during war Kabul’s available land area. Most of the The process of becoming a landowner in and his family was forced to rent a small house in the neighbourhood. He was housing in these settlements is perma- Afghanistan is complex and drawn out. at risk of losing tenure on his property. He supports his family of 6 members as nent in nature; only ~0.5% of Kabul’s In Kabul, for people wishing to acquire a daily laborer. Most of his wages, Afs3500, went to paying a rent of Afs 2500 population is living in temporary hous- land, there are generally two ways in (or US$50). The remainder was hardly enough to cover basic expenses of the ing (tents, plastic sheeting and tarpaulin which it is most commonly done. Pow- family. constructions, etc). erful individuals, generally with strong When KASS was planned in his community, the Beneficiary Selection Commit- and nepotistic links to Government of- tee (BSC) selected him to receive assistance because his situation fitted the Whilst there are elements that argue for ficials, have acquired land belonging to vulnerability criteria. With his destroyed house rehabilitated by KASS project, he the removal of these settlements, in the the Government, or to other organiza- was able to move his family from the rental house. Then he was able to use the rental money to send his sons to receive education and for his wife to receive main, they are understood to be of ben- tions or collectives, divided it and then medical attention. Through the KASS intervention, the family was able to break efit to the city’s functioning. Residents sold it. This land is almost always illegal- the cycle of poverty. in these areas work and consume goods ly bought and sold, and those eventually and purchase sanitation services14, in- buying it and building on it are in vulner- cluding the payment of electricity and able positions. This practice has by and area cleaning. Further, by allowing the large stopped, although illegal sales of Roles and Responsibilities of Kabul land tenure is often in dispute and regu- people in these areas to exercise entre- previously acquired land by such power- Municipaliy and the Ministry of lations are still unclear, and allegations preneurship and develop themselves, ful individuals are still occurring. Urban Development and Housing about the Municipality’s collusion in ille- the Government has avoided becoming (MUDH) gal land sales, its unsystematic provision responsible for the widespread impover- The second way is through the purchase The Kabul Municipality is led by the of title deeds, and its inconsistent collec- ishment that might otherwise result. of land zoned for purposes other than Mayor of Kabul. Employees include the tion of revenues have led to charges of residential – the sale of farm land, or in- directors of various departments such as corruption and conflicts of interest. As The Government has not seen itself un- dustrial land. Settlements on such areas roads and planning, revenue, construc- a result, the Municipality structure has der any obligation to extend services to are unplanned, and of a more secure tion, traffic, greenery, cleaning and the been under review and reform. This is illegal settlements, but the Municipality status. Some people have also acquired administrators of each of the city’s dis- further hampering development of key has now begun a process of gradually land through squatting and, subse- tricts. The Municipality claims responsi- planning documents. recognizing the unplanned areas, espe- quently attaining some kind of deed, bility for housing, land assessment and cially where residents can show formal often from the local wakil or neighbour- ownership records, as well as for urban The MUDH is responsible for nation- or customary deeds. Development assis- hood leader. Such land may be illegal, roads and other services, and conse- wide urban management, including fa- tance programming is occurring in these and is generally highly vulnerable to be- quently, the right to claim the revenue cilitating access to housing for all of Af- areas. Illegal settlements are in a more ing claimed back by an owner at some collection for all of these services. The ghanistan’s citizens. MUDH is mandated tenuous position and no decisions have point15. Municipality has been authorized to sell by the Government to prepare policies, yet been taken. However those that are state land throughout the city. However, programs and projects, as well as the Ur- on Government land could feasibly be 13 World Bank. Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.1. 14 In areas where septic pits are not used (for example, steep mountainous areas) residents can pay for night soil to be removed. This is then on-sold to farmers for fertilizer, or dumped in areas outside the city. 15 Much of this section is drawn from Ittig’s useful documentation. 20 21

ban Management Sector of the National dated for greater benefits to the com- Development Budget (the “NDB” – the munity. Part Two: The Kabul Area “aid” budget). MUDH’s role is primarily that of coordinating, monitoring and as- Clearly there are many challenges in ur- Shelter and Settlements Project sessing all projects in the urban sector, ban humanitarian shelter delivery in a and reporting back to donors, the Minis- complex environment such as Afghani- try of Finance and the Cabinet. stan. Whilst there are always differences across countries and cities, key learnings While it would seem logical that the from the KASS project can be applied 1. CARE Afghanistan: Experience and Strengths Ministry for Refugees and Repatriation, to projects designed elsewhere for im- the Ministry of Economy, and other de- proved implementation and impact. The partments be stakeholders in the de- difference between success and failure Programming History strengthen the capacity local organiza- velopment and expansion of Kabul, at can often rest in simple design features in Afghanistan tions and communities representatives. this stage, their involvement seems and not necessarily grand technical so- CARE’s work in Afghanistan builds on a extremely limited. There is much room lutions. For KASS, these features revolve long and successful history dating back In the shelter sector, CARE Afghanistan for better coordination and collabora- around community involvement, close to the early 1960s. Although operations has solid experience from implement- tion with key stakeholders in order that relationships with key stakeholders such were suspended during the Soviet-Af- ing numerous interventions. Building on the hopes for the positive use of donor as the municipality and a commitment ghan conflict, CARE has maintained a the achievements of the reintegration of funds and input into the country’s devel- to improved options and choices for constant presence in Afghanistan since Afghan Returnees in Shomali valley im- opment, specifically here in regards to beneficiaries. 1989, even during the Taliban rule as plemented in previous years, CARE con- urban development, are not dissipated one of the few international relief or- tinued in 2005 to support the sustain- but rather capitalised upon and consoli- ganizations. The presence during these able integration of 6,000 households, of difficult years enabled CARE to establish which 50% were returned refugees. The strong ties with local communities. To- project approach was five-pronged to day, CARE has consolidated its position address some of the key factors to pre- as one of the largest poverty-fighting vent successful integration. The project organizations in Afghanistan. built capacity and improved health and hygiene awareness through improved Major interventions included emergency shelter and sanitation, increased income relief and rehabilitation through distribu- and access to water both for drinking tion of food and infrastructure repair, wa- and irrigation. In other provinces, CARE ter and sanitation provision, assistance assisted thousands of displaced Afghan to vulnerable widows through provision families and returnees with integrated of food and vocational training, rural shelter construction, water and sanita- assistance to drought-stricken farming tion, vocational training and short term communities, reconstruction of public employment opportunities. works such as roads, ditches, schools and irrigation systems, basic education focusing on girls and community-based education, and local capacity building to 22 23

Recognising the Value of Com- done through the establishment of lo- ownership and to improve service deliv- The main livelihoods of the residents in munity Involvement to Promote cal shuras or community councils. Com- ery, the project established new Com- the target districts were characterised Ownership munity members are given an opportu- munity Councils where needed, and by low income and instability: day la- Community development interventions nity to exercise their responsibilities by also worked to build capacity of existing bouring, cartage, and small scale gar- have long term impacts and are sus- electing their representatives to councils Community Councils. dening. tainable when there is full participation who will represent their need to the and buy-in at the grassroots level. It appropriate authorities and will ensure In order to mitigate seismic risk, KASS Project Outputs is intrinsic to CARE’s programme ap- that assistance will reach the targeted ensured that shelter design, materials, After the completion of project activities, proach to adopt strategies that build the communities. This is a key strategy for and the construction process were all specific outputs included the following: capacity of local communities. This is the promotion of good governance. of a standard that would reduce earth- • 3,774 shelters were built, exceeding quake vulnerability. Communities were the initial target of 3,500, also educated in hazard mitigation and • 2,800 latrines were constructed, actions to be taken in the event of an • 62 shallow wells with hand pumps earthquake. The communities were were installed for community usage, 2. The KASS Project trained on the job during house con- • Repair and improvement of 640 fam- struction by CARE field engineers on ily wells within the compounds of the Overview construction of safe houses by using of beneficiaries, the country. It was within this context the local materials. • 15.5 kilometers (9.7 miles) of drainage Addressing the needs of urban devel- that the KASS project was initiated. ditches were constructed, opment in a post conflict environment State of the Target Districts, • 10.18 kilometers (6.3 miles) of road in a country like Afghanistan is an im- The KASS project was designed to assist Pre-intervention was gravelled, mense challenge. Destroyed housing, at least 3,500 vulnerable households in Houses in the target areas had originally • Community mobilization resulted in decimated infrastructure, dislocated planned and unplanned districts 5, 6, 7, been constructed by the owner/ occu- the involvement of 100 new and exist- populations, dysfunctional Government, 8, 12, 13 and 16 of Kabul City, through pier. Materials were generally of locally ing elected Community Development ongoing insecurity and conflict, political, complete or partial shelter construction. available materials such as mud, brick, Councils in the targeted districts, ethnic and religious tensions, a weak The project aimed to benefit two major stone and wooden planks. • A total of 6,625 shelter and non-shel- economy fuelled by narco-dollars and a groups of beneficiaries: one group being ter households benefited directly from rapidly increasing population character- homeowners who need support to repair The majority of houses in the seven the project, ise the development environment today. or rehabilitate their dwellings to avoid targeted districts were moderately–se- • An additional 8,225 household were Furthermore, Afghanistan is seen inter- overcrowding; and the other group be- riously damaged, and many were un- impacted on indirectly by the project nationally as a rehabilitation project that ing without shelters, that is, those who inhabitable. Many buildings had been from receiving training on hazard miti- cannot fail, adding further pressure to were renting or squatting. minimally repaired following cessation gation and health education as well as the Government to succeed in an ex- of conflict, but most of the infrastructure improvements in communal services ceedingly difficult situation. Successes In addition, KASS was to provide wa- in those districts was totally destroyed such as road gravelling, side ditches are needed, not so much to satisfy inter- ter and sanitation facilities, health and and there had been no rehabilitation at and community wells. national donors and Governments, but hygiene education for households re- all. Water supply and sanitation provi- to meet the needs of the people, and to ceiving shelter assistance, ditch drain- sions were non-existent, unserviceable KASS was implemented directly by CARE maintain hope and faith in the nascent age construction and road graveling for or inadequate. and two national NGOs, ADA (Afghan Government and its efforts to restore the communities. To ensure community Development Association) and SDO (Sanayee Development Organization). 24 25

3. Best Practices from KASS Experience

Shelter Opportunity/ The reference basis of the survey was Land Usage Survey the official maps produced by AIMS Identifying the availability of vacant (Afghanistan Information Management or underutilized lands was considered Service) – a branch of United Nations a necessary step prior to deciding the which has the mandate to produce locations where shelters could be built maps in Afghanistan, and official maps as potential conflicts that could emerge available at the district offices of the due to unclear land status. The shelter municipality. Through physical observa- opportunity/ land usage survey was un- tions by walking through the commu- dertaken to serve that purpose. nities in the targeted districts, without the use of technology such as GPS de- The survey uniformly documented the vices or scales, data were recorded and different types of structures, including documented on hand-drawn maps. The the repairs needed in the residential ar- hand-drawn maps presented different eas, unoccupied and underutilized land. location of communities and random Additionally, information on the issues indications of residential areas, govern- of ownership, such as the status of land ment and public structures, agriculture - government planned or unplanned and vacant lands. Eventually the infor- areas or private owners was collected. mation collected and presented on the The survey was undertaken by a group hand-drawn maps acted as examples of trained surveyors who blanketed the for the format of the digitized maps. targeted districts and documented different types of structures and land avail- The hand-drawn maps served as a start- ability. The results of land usage survey ing point to advocate land ownership also quantified the total amount of land issue with the Kabul Municipality who available for the beneficiaries who need- could not guarantee issuance of land ed land space to build their shelters and certificates but only agreed to provide estimated the numbers of shelter assis- a letter of approval on the occupancy tance needed. rights.

A map of district 6 hand-drawn as a result of Shelter Opportunity/ Land Usage Survey. 26 27

Establishment of to identify and prioritize problems and Beneficiaries: IDPs and shelter or with relatives in overcrowd- Community Councils to exercise participatory decision mak- Vulnerable Groups ed conditions or squatting in public Many project interventions in rural areas ing process in advocating community In the project design the targeted dis- buildings; are able to build on the existing com- needs. tricts were selected based on the overall • Elderly household with no able-bodied munity relationships. In urban areas condition of the districts, and numbers breadwinner in the household, living however, it is a mistake to think the “Clustering” of individuals in need of shelter assis- in damaged shelter, with relative in same degree of community commit- In Kabul, there have been previous shel- tance. The main target groups to benefit overcrowded conditions, or squatting ment and coherence exists, and in the ter projects implemented by various or- from the shelter interventions in those in public buildings; past, many projects have neglected to ganizations. The KASS project adopted districts were returnees from Paki- • Disabled household with no able-bod- build local community capacities. The a unique approach into the urban set- stan and Iran, and IDPs. Some of the ied breadwinner in the household and end result has been poor ownership tings in that it sought to elevate living most vulnerable returned and displaced or with children of under 17 years of and weakened outcome sustainability. standards of all individuals in the target households lived in abandoned houses, age, living in damaged shelter, or with To achieve long-term sustainability of areas, while direct assistance was pro- damaged public buildings, or in crowded relatives in overcrowded conditions, or urban development, it is critical to fos- vided to a number of identified vulner- conditions with relatives. squatting in public buildings; ter community buy-in. Involving elected able households. To maximize impact • Single man with no able bodied bread- representatives of community members of the project on the wider community, The original criteria to be selected to re- winner in the household and children in the decision making process is one KASS adopted a clustering approach. ceive shelter assistance were registered under 17 years of age, living in dam- way to promote the engagement of the This worked by identifying, through con- families (either returned refugees or aged shelter, or with relatives in over- community in the development process, sultation and through the Community IDPs) with no land and with no econom- crowded situations, or squatting in and to increase the chance of project Councils, groups of vulnerable families, ically productive head of household due public buildings. sustainability. which formed a geographical cluster. In to gender, age, chronic illness or other • Whole family with no breadwinner in this cluster area, adjacent side ditches, proven cause. the household or breadwinner earning In the KASS project, Community Coun- community wells and road gravelling less than $100/month, living in dam- cils were established through partici- were also rehabilitated and upgraded. However, following the shelter opportu- aged shelter, with relatives in over- patory election process. The Councils Through this approach, clusters of fami- nity survey in those targeted districts, it crowded conditions, or squatting in served as quality control mechanism in lies benefited, rather than single fami- became clear that the need for shelter public buildings. monitoring project implementation and lies. Group ownership and higher levels was not only among returnees and IDPs mediating conflicts as they arose, and of participation and engagement were but also among the pre-existing vulner- These criteria also conformed to the also were to represent particular needs the direct result of this approach. The able groups within the communities. In Government of Afghanistan’s vulnerabil- (that were outside the remit of KASS) to integrated assistance to a cluster of selecting beneficiaries, it was important ity criteria. the higher authorities. families presents larger coverage areas not to only focus on the IDPs and re- and inevitably sees more visible impacts turnees but all vulnerable groups which Participatory Beneficiary Engaging community leaders in the as- comparing to impacts of assistance were in great need of shelters. Selection. sessment of needs and identifying avail- to individual family. In a culture that In consultation with the Kabul Mu- able resources was a primary step in highly values equity, spreading benefits In order to provide adequate, appropri- nicipality, and with the participation of fostering ownership of the development throughout the community increases ate assistance, the criteria were then Community Councils, KASS reviewed the process. Training and capacity building general community participation and redefined to include: lists of identified eligible households. of the Councils continued throughout support as well as good will rather than • Widow/female headed household with Community Mobilizers then conducted the project to strengthen their capability being seen to benefit only a few. children under 17 years of age and no door-to-door surveys to assess the ac- male relative, and living in damaged tual needs of each household against 28 29

the vulnerability categories. This pro- munity Councils and district Munici- ciaries for clustering purposes. This comprehensive approach consoli- cess ensured that families were selected pality and reviewed by the Beneficiary d. After joint cross-checking of the ben- dated the benefits, not only for the in- based on actual needs and not because Selection Committee. Eligible house- eficiaries by Beneficiary Selection dividual beneficiary, but for the overall they were related to the community holds were those identified as need- Committees, CARE signed household neighbourhood. leader or prominent members of the ing assistance and had a household letters of agreements with selected community. head who was elderly, disabled, wid- beneficiaries. The letters of agree- Memorandum of Understanding owed, unemployed, landless, or met ment, among other things, explained with Kabul Municipality Using the results of assessment, recom- other vulnerability criteria. Special the roles and responsibilities of CARE To reinforce long-term sustainability mendations were then reviewed by the considerations were given to those and the beneficiaries, the type and in urban development, it is imperative Beneficiary Selection Committee, who with no household member able-bod- quantity of materials and the amount to develop relationships between au- employed priority ranking table to de- ied enough to undertake construction of cash allotted to cover labor wages thorities and the community they serve. termine which families were considered work. for each individual beneficiary. Each However, this major aspect of coordi- vulnerable and eligible to receive assis- b. The Beneficiary Selection Commit- letter was then signed by the ben- nation is often overlooked in the urban tance. This ensured maximum effective- tees cross-checked the household eficiary and representatives from the context. Prior to the implementation of ness in the allocation of resources and list while CARE community mobiliz- District Municipality and Community KASS, mechanisms for regular communi- the minimum degree of corruption and ers met with residents in the targeted Council. Also, CARE’s experience in cation and interaction between commu- error. area to determine the appropriate the area and community’s trust and nity representatives and authorities did intervention methodology for the se- respect for CARE facilitated women’s not exist in a systematic manner. This Involving community members and local lected beneficiaries. Based on the involvement in this decision-making resulted in community needs often not government representatives in the pro- outcome of this cross-checking, the process. being recognized, and thus overlooked cess of selection and decision making location and types of beneficiaries by the Municipality. built a solid foundation for good gover- were determined and documented. Consolidating the Impacts nance and established trust. This then At this point, prior to the implementa- to Beneficiaries One major aim of KASS was to build formed the base for further engagement tion of a comprehensive (as opposed The main consideration in selecting capacity in the local authorities in order in advocating and solving community is- to a rapid assessment) survey, 3.6% beneficiaries for KASS was the degree of that they better respond to residents’ sues. of the households in the targeted ar- vulnerability and needs of shelter assis- needs for shelter and basic services. An eas in need of shelter were women or tance based on the established criteria. outcome of the relationship building and Beneficiary Selection Committees disabled-headed households. However over the past decade, CARE advocacy efforts was that KASS signed In coordination with representatives c. After the list of beneficiaries were had implemented various interventions a memorandum of understanding with from Community Councils, Shuras, the developed, the Beneficiary Selection in the seven districts of the KASS proj- the Kabul Municipality. The MOU espe- Municipality and CARE, the committees Committees employed a priority rank- ect. Strong ties existed between CARE cially significant in that it details explicit were established to select beneficiaries ing table to determine the selection and the communities and beneficiaries permission from the Government of Af- in each targeted district. Emphasis was of possible beneficiaries: Households in some of those districts. ghanistan for individuals residing in un- placed on ensuring that women, minori- with the highest total points were planned areas to build and occupy the ties and other marginalized groups took considered for shelter interventions In order to minimise potentially de- structures on the land they own. Previ- part in the selection process. under the project, however, the final structive community disharmony, those ously, the Municipality had been unwill- decision was based on these ranking people who had benefited from previous ing to make concessions for residents This process included: factors as well as the type of assis- interventions were not excluded from in unplanned areas. The Municipality a. Lists of eligible households for shelter tance needed (i.e. full or partial shel- also benefiting from the KASS project, expressed further commitment to the assistance were obtained from Com- ter) and their relation to other benefi- as long as they met all of the criteria. KASS project and process by assigning 30 31

one staff member per targeted district Collaboration with the Kabul build their capacities to carry on devel- for the ability of all people to give to a to assist in overseeing the project imple- Municipality and District Officials opment work after the construction pe- project. It also builds a sense of owner- mentation and to attend to issues and In addition to the MOU, it was under- riod concluded. Through KASS, local ship and pride in their new homes. challenges at district levels. stood as essential to maintain close residents had the opportunity to elect coordination and cooperation with the their representatives to the Community Implementing Partners Meeting project objectives in shelter re- Kabul Municipality and district officials. Councils that would then represent their In addition to strengthening civil soci- construction and rehabilitation is closely Continuous dialogue between the proj- needs to the Municipality and other ac- ety through community mobilization and linked to the question of land tenure, ect and the authorities ensured that tors. The Councils were, and remain an community councils’ establishment, an- occupancy rights, and all aspects of KASS plans and implementation met important mechanism to ensure that other important aspect to KASS was to land use and other public infrastructure. the expectations and requirements of services were delivered to the residents. promote local capacity through partner- The agreement of the Kabul Municipal- the national and district level authorities That is, they fulfilled both an advocacy ship with local organizations. Following ity to guarantee the right to occupy the and further, elicited support for reforms and an accountability role. a thorough assessment, two local orga- land and built houses for a minimum of in land tenures and ownership rules. A nizations were selected as implementing five years is a key step in this process: conscious approach to be highly consul- This approach is a standard for CARE for partners to carry out parts of the inter- without such a guarantee, it would be tative was employed and was key to the its development interventions and cre- ventions. These NGOs were selected on almost impossible to gain community success of the project. ates realistic chance of community de- the basis of their capacity, reputation, enthusiasm for the task of rebuilding. velopment processes being continued on familiarity and experience in working Occupancy rights and ownership of Beneficiary Participation by the community after CARE completes with selected communities, and history structure thus became a driving factor and Contribution. its intervention. Such an approach also of collaboration with CARE and other in beneficiaries increasing their levels For the long-term sustainability of inter- promotes project accountability – to NGOs on previous projects. of contribution for shelter construction. ventions, it is critical to have buy-in from the beneficiaries. Traditionally, agen- And beyond KASS, the MOU has estab- the community. Community participation cies see themselves as being account- Practical training and technical support lished precedent, and thus remains a and involvement in all stages is deeply able to their donors and headquarters. were provided to these implementing mechanism for continuous advocacy for embedded in the concepts, approaches However, accountability should be di- partners to ensure successful imple- land tenure into the future. and strategies of implementation. rected both ways – to donors, but also, mentation of the project activities. The and perhaps more importantly, towards provision of training guaranteed ade- At the community level, once the house- Shelter designs used in KASS were project participants and beneficiaries. quate financial and project management holds were identified for housing assis- adapted to fit the environment of Kabul An absolute minimum degree of benefi- of the project and proper reporting. tance, a tripartite agreement was signed and Afghanistan in general. Rather than ciary accountability would be sharing of Throughout the project implementation, between the beneficiary and CARE relying on one type of intervention as information on the planning, strategies partners received mentoring in com- and counter signed by the Community the solution to address all shelter needs, and execution of the project with community mobilization, seismic mitigation, Council representative and Municipality there were a range of options from the munity leaders and beneficiaries; better information sharing, and assistance to district representative. The agreement provision of full shelter and latrine to practice would be genuine consultation vulnerable groups. outlined the location and type of shel- additional rooms for families who were on the design, planning and implemen- ter being delivered, other assistance, living in cramped conditions. tation strategy. These efforts underlined CARE’s com- as well as roles and responsibilities of mitment to strengthen the institutional all parties during the construction stage A principle of the KASS project was to Ensuring beneficiary contributions also capacity of local organizations to be and after its completion (see also sub- work directly with community leaders minimizes dependency, and dignifies more effective in development activities section, Categories of Shelter, and sec- and beneficiaries from the outset, to participants. An expectation that all peo- in their country. tion 4, ‘GIS Mapping). strengthen the sense of ownership and ple will contribute communicates respect 32 33

Health Education Knowledge, Attitudes Women’s Participation Women were incorporated from the out- and Practices (KAP) Survey Gender inequity is entrenched and en- set in training and awareness raising for The final test of the success of the proj- demic in Afghanistan, and public life is communities and for the Councils, and ect is whether the overall standard of The impacts on behaviour as a result dominated almost absolutely by men, were employed in community mobiliza- living of the target groups is improved. of the health education and provision both formally and informally. Women’s tion. Women were also integrated into The KASS project understood that of potable water supply were measured contributions and roles are not seen and the governance process though being health promotion was central to success by KAP surveys. The survey covered rarely valued. equal members of mixed Community of the project, and therefore employed health and hygiene indicators such as Councils. This ensured that Community health educators to deliver health mes- hand washing, bathing, boiling water, Understanding this context, KASS Councils from the start, developed an sages to men and women of the target cleaning toilets and the incidence of sought to promote gender equality in understanding of women’s needs and communities. These house-to-house water-borne diseases. The survey was governance and access to resources, in priorities, and consequently, represent- visits were complemented by outreach conducted both pre- and post- the KASS order that women would have compa- ed these. The election of women to the programs into schools and mosques in project. rable economic, social and political op- Councils was facilitated by their raised order to share the messages as widely portunities, and be advocates for their profile through community mobilization. as possible. It was evident the health and hygiene own development. education had a significant impact The health syllabus focused on personal among the beneficiaries in improving hygiene, food safety, safe drinking wa- hygienic living and in disease reduction. ter and water storage at home, good Knowledge of safe water use rose by Case Study housekeeping practices, mother and 50% as a result of the education work, In Abas Quli and Qalai Pakhchak communities of district 6, there were 2 mixed child health, general health habits (in- and at the end of the project 70% of community councils established by KASS. Though prior to the project, there was cluding cholera and malaria mitigation), beneficiaries boiled their water prior to a traditional shura, its members were not elected by the community. Under the insect and rodent control, and safe re- drinking. Latrine construction was also project, community members selected their representatives and elected them to fuse disposal. Behaviour change was a significant step in improving the living be Council members. Approximately half the members of these Community Coun- measured by KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes conditions of the beneficiaries. cils were women who were active in their communities. Some of those women and Practices) survey. were school teachers while others were community health workers. It was also reported that the incidence Disaster Awareness and Mitigation of water-borne diseases such as diar- Nearby those communities, there was a private international hospital offering a Community Mobilizers also conducted rhoea fell from 71 cases at the begin- variety of services with high standards. educations sessions with each house- ning of the project to seven cases at the

Realizing that the health of community members, especially women and children, hold on action during an earthquake, end, and likewise dysentery fell from was very poor and there was no public health clinic in the vicinity, the Council earthquake survival and preferred build- 24 cases to two. Clearly, we cannot at- initiated a discussion with the hospital with the intent of improving the health ing practices. Community leaders includ- tribute these results solely to the KASS condition of the local population. The hospital responded positively. They agreed ing elders, teachers, and religious lead- intervention but it is possible to say that to train 12 women from those 2 communities for one year to be community health ers were identified as key people during the project contributed in some way to educators. These women went for 3 days in a week to the hospital to receive disasters and in disaster mitigation and the improvement of these indicators. training and be apprentices in that hospital. Additionally, at the end of the train- they were trained to ensure that the ing period, the hospital committed to assist the community to build a community health and hazard mitigation messages Models and Materials for Shelter health clinic. were spread as widely as possible. Constructions. Recognizing the diversity of climatic conditions and cultural preferences, KASS 34 35

provided a basic model for shelter de- as again, this would encourage home provided. A total of 88 families were • Category E: Poor families who do not sign suitable to the Afghan context. This owners to undertake their own mainte- assisted under this category. have resources to improve their exist- design met the SPHERE minimum stan- nance. • Category C: An entire family with no ing latrines that are substandard and dard of 3.5 square meters person, and wage earner or household breadwin- do not need other construction assis- was based on the UN-HABITAT shelter Categories of Shelter ner earning less than $100 per month, tance will be provided a latrine with guidelines, which describe the essential Five categories of shelter assistance living in overcrowded conditions, in at least a 20% contribution from the construction materials that will achieve package were determined, and were a damaged shelter or squatting in a house owner. A total of 161 families minimum standards of climatic protec- provided to beneficiaries based on indi- public building. A full construction of were assisted under this category. tion. The shelter’s size and configuration vidual needs. Each assistance package two rooms, a corridor plus a latrine also has seismic-reducing properties. category met the minimum standard of with 44% contributions from the ben- The contribution of beneficiaries was to The design also allowed for men and 3.5 square meters per person and fol- eficiaries will be provided. A total of provide in-kind and unskilled labour for women to occupy separate spaces, be- lowed seismic effect-minimizing con- 1813 families were assisted under this the construction of the houses, except ing based around two rooms and a hall struction. category. where households did not have able- way. This was culturally appropriate. • Category D: This category is for ex- bodied members. In those cases, la- The categories are: pansion of existing shelters, for poor bourers were provided as a part of cash- All new and expanded shelters were built • Category A: Widows, disabled and/ families who live in overcrowded situ- for-work activities. Beneficiaries could from the foundation up to ensure struc- or elderly headed family with children ations and who match eligibility crite- alternatively pay the equivalent required tural integrity and adherence to seismic under 17 and no male relatives who ria for category C will be considered amount, if there were in a position to standards. The land was prepared ac- are living in damaged shelter, living in for only an one-room shelter materials do so, or make up some combination of cording to the technical requirements overcrowded conditions or squatting in package with up to 43% contribution labour plus cash. for shock-reduction, and all corners at public buildings. Residents falling into from the beneficiary. Eligibility for a four sides were built in the traditional this category are very poor with no re- latrine will be determined based on style (Katiba from wooden poles) for sources and no able-bodied person in the needs of the household. A total of stability during earthquakes. the family to work. For this category, 1663 families were assisted under this a full construction of two rooms, a cor- category. Latrine construction was essential to ridor and a latrine with no contribution meet sanitation standards and for envi- from the beneficiary will be provided. ronmental protection. The latrines were A total of 49 families were assisted un- 4. GIS mapping built in the same manner as the shel- der this category. ters, using community members for the • Category B: Single man with chil- Data was collected using Global Position GIS maps produced under KASS now unskilled labour. Cash-for-work labour- dren under 17 with no able-bodied System (GPS) devices, and then maps serve as a planning, management and ers were provided for households with- wage earner who is living in damaged updated with accurate references of all advocacy tool, and also assist in gen- out able-bodied members. shelter, in overcrowded conditions or five types of shelters constructed, the erating the legal basis for land owner- squatting in a public building. The location of latrines, all water points of ship. As much as possible locally available residents who fall into this category family and community wells, all length building materials were used, in order are very poor with no resources with of drainage ditches and road gravelled. KASS utilized Geographic Information to support the local economies and al- which to build or reconstruct shelter. The intent of this was to identify the ex- System (GIS) digitized maps to inform low for cheap and easy local repairs in A full construction of two rooms, a act location of the land parcels where reference points for all the shelters, com- the future. Traditional styles of building corridor plus a latrine with 30% con- KASS shelters were constructed in order munity and family wells, ditch drainage (mud brick and adobe) were promoted, tribution from the beneficiary will be to clarify and advocate for land tenure. and distance of road graveled. Collect- ú ú

36 37

ing data using GPS devices, the maps GIS maps inform the government about í established accurate points of five cat- which land parcels are occupied by the KABUL AREA SHELTER AND SETTLEMENTS (KASS) PROJECT - ALL DISTRICTS

KASS beneficiaries. Qala-i-Malik Ali Mardan Waziri egories of shelters constructed as well GENERAL INFORMATION e Baghi Karez Mir Yaka Darakht Air Port Qala-i-Kafer Khana o ú Bank Bridge Qazi Qala !R City Square í Punje Shah Agha ñ as attached latrines, all water points of Kariz-i-Ulya Khwaja Sabz Posh í Historical Site Gul Khana í Historical Wall Khwaja Gunbad i Hotel í v ® Hospital õ Mosque At the community level, once the house- ò family and community wells, all length Palace Shaikh Allah Dad Baba í Police Station/Prison Qala-i-Khan í Omar Khel m Post Office Sharif Khel V Qala-i-Hood Khel Æ Restaurant Dada Sahib Qala-i-Dashte Sulaiman Khel í å School

í Shrine holds were selected through a rigorous Mami Khel Chashma-i- Osman ø of drainage ditches and road graveled. Qala-i-Zarin Kata Khel Stadium Sher Jan Khel í Baba Shir Wali Sahib Ù University í Bakhtyaran Araban Qala-i-Payen BOUNDARY 18 District and transparent process, a tri-partied ROAD Dih Yahya Highway Padshah SahibPayi Munar í Primary Khwaja Sahib í Puli Sangi Secondary Sufi Baba CONTOUR LINE Using the integrated data of the existing agreement was signed among the ben- í Contour DRAINAGE River Lake

Qala-i-Sayed Mahmood Khan Nawab URBAN LAND USE housing, population topography, zon- eficiary, CARE and CDC. The agreement Hazar Baghal Shahid Ghundai 19 Built Up Areas Kotali Chemtala Dashti Chemtala í Fields Sesadu Panzda Purozha-i-Jadid í Panjsad Family Dashi Abdul Samad Green Areas Park Qala-i-Dawlat outlined details of locations, type of Char Rahi Panjsad Family ing, surrounding infrastructure, the GIS Cemetery Tara Khel (Tarnaw) Lycee Khayr Khana Khwaja Bughra å ANNOTATION Khishti Hokhtif Qasaba 15 Qasaba Area Name Hisa-i-Awali Khair khana Khwaja Bughra D 1 District Number maps also captured the spatial analysis shelter assistance as well as roles and Lycee Maryam í å Hisa-i-Doye Khair Khana Syah Koh Mountain Name Hisa-i-Suwumi Khair Khana Dashti Wazir Abad

Golayee Hisa-i-Awal KASS PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS Qala-i-Najar Ha ( Individual Well and details of beneficiaries, project ben- responsibilities of the beneficiaries dur- Shaeed -e- deboryShaeed -e- debory Khwaja Bughra Ä(x í Charahi Shaheed Latrine ú § í Public Well Dih Punba Sarayi Shamali Tara Khel (Kochan) ú eficiaries, and associated surrounding. ing the construction stage and after its 11 > Shelter A 17 Qala-i-Chaman Dasht Toar Nasir ú ú í > Shelter B Wazir Abad Bilak Hayi Sarandoy Khwaja Rawash Chahar Qala-i-Wazirabad > Shelter C Wazir Abad Chamani Chahar Qala Khwaja Zanbor Wali ú Qala-i-Qazi Badam Bagh Chamani Pesarane Amir Shahid í Ä(xx > More importantly, GIS maps produced completion. Qala-i-Wakil Ä( Shelter D

Hisa-i-DoyieTaimani Qala-i-Mir Abbas Bazo Khel Gula Khel > Shelter E >Ä(x Hisa-i-Awali Taimani Taymani ú Qala-i-Khatir Qamruddin Khel x Side Ditch 10 Pashminabafi Ä(x x Ä(xx Naw Abadi Deh Kepak Chamani Babrak Naw Abadi Qabil Boy Ä(Ä(xx x

Perwan Seh Ä(xÄ(xxxx >>Ä( Y

Qala-i-Musa Ä( X Y

>Ä( X

Y > X

Gumruk Ä(xxxXY >x Ä(xxXY Y

9 Ä(>Ä(> X

Y 4 X under KASS serve as a planning and x XY > PulÄ(ixcha>(rkhi x Ä(xÄ( X Y X Y X Y X Y Baghi Wahed Qala Haji >Ä(xx>Ä(x XY Road Gravelling Qala-i-Gulbaz >Ä(x Tahiya-i-Maskan >Ä( xxXY xx XY Bibi Mahru Pulicharkhi Kohna (>Äx >Ä(x >Ä(xx >Ä(Ä(x Kashkaki Bala Khwaja Razaq Char Rahi Sar Sabzi Microrayani Chaharum Ghaibi Khel >Ä(xx >Ä( § Ä(x XY > Qiami Khel XY Ä( Ä( Paktia Kot xx XY xx> x Ä( x(Äx(XYx Ä( Qala-i-Ali Jan > R Kulola Pushta Lycee ZarghoonaBritish Cemetery Ä(xxx >Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä((x>Ä(xxÄ(xxxÄ(x >>>>>>> í ! >Ä(>x >>(>Ä(xÄ(Ä(>Ä(xx >>>> Perwan Du Yakatoot Hood Kheil x>Ä(x x >Ä(>Ä(x(xxÄ(xx Shelter Category >>>>>> å Ä( > >Ä( >>Ä(Ä(x >Ä(Ä(xÄ(Ä(xxx >>>>>>>> > > Qabil Boy >>Ä(x Ä( District >§> >>>> > Qala-i-Wazir >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(x Mohammad Khel >>>> >> >>> >> >>>> >> Baghi Bala x >Ä(x > > >Ä(x > A B C D E >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>> Ä(xxQ>aÄ(la-i-Shanan >Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä(xx 14 >>>>>>A>>aqa>>i>Ä( Bx >alkh>iA>a>qai Ba>lkhi i Qala-i-Fathullah ú xxx Ä(>x Ä(>xxÄ(x Ä(x x > > > >>>>Ä(xxx xx x Daud Khel Ä(§Ä(Ä(xxxÄ(xxÄ(xx >Ä(Ä(>xÄ(x Ä(x > >Ä( The MOU with the Municipality, in addi- >>> x Ä(>Ä(x>xÄ(xx > Wazir Akbar Khan >Ä(Ä(x >Ä( >x>Ä(Ä(>Ä(x>Ä(>xÄ(x x>Ä( > x 5 3 12 273 196 8 management tool. Sharing the maps Ä(xÄ(Ä( > x xxx >xx >>> x Ä( >Ä( >Ä(Ä(xxxx x Ä( Ä( > > Ä(>xxÄ(xÄ(>>Ä(Ä(íxÄ(> >>Ä(>Ä(>Ä(x>Ä(> Microrayani Suwum >Ä(>Ä(>Ä( ú ( > Ä( Kashkaki Payen Dih Araban >>>>Ä(>xÄ(xxÄ(>xx >Ä(> >x x Shinghai Kandaki Tajamau >Ä(xQala-i-Shora > Ä(xxÄ(Ä(xxxÄ(x >x >Ä(>xxÄ(>x>Ä(x >>>Ä(x>Ä(x > Ä(Ä(x>Ä(xx >Ä(x Intercontinental §Ä(x Ä(x Ä( Ä( Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä(xxxx 3 6 291 201 23 Afshari Bala >xÄ(>xÄ(x>xÄ(x>xÄ(>x > xx (xx>Ä(>xÄ(>xÄ(x Baraki Shahrara Shahrara ÆV Char Rahi Masoud Ä(xxÄ(xx Ä(x>x Ä(Ä(x x 6 > >Ä(>>Ä(>x xÄ(>Ä(xxÄ(x>Ä(x>Ä(xxx Ä(>xx>>Ä(x>xÄ(>Ä(xx>Ä(>Ä(xx>xÄ(xxx i Char Rahi Haji Yaqub ÆV R Ä( x ú >Ä( >Ä( > >Ä(x>Ä((>xÄ(>Ä( Ä(xÄ(>xxx(xÄ>Ä(xÄ( Karta-i-Parwan Char Rahi Wazir AkÆVbar Khan ! >Ä(Ä(xxÄ( Ä(x x x >Ä(x >Ä(>Ä(xÄ(> !R HirÆVatRose Lai Thai Ä(x>xÄ(xxÄ(>xxx>Ä(x>Ä(x>xxxÄ(>xxÄ(xx xx x x 7 3 13 286 211 19 > >Ä(Ä(x>Ä(xx Ä(>Ä(xxx x>(x Shahri Now ÆV R Ä(>>xÄ(>xÄ(>xxx>xÄ(xxÄ(>x Ä(>Ä(>xxÄ(>Ä(>x Ä(>Ä(>xÄ(>xÄ(>xx>Ä(Ä(xxx Ä(>x x Ä(x xx >Ä( Ä(xÄ(x >>xÄ(xx> Ä(Ä(Ä(x Sinuma Aryob Lycee Nadiria Dahani Bagh ! Shandiz Karta-i-Wali xÄ(>Ä(>xÄ(>xÄ(>x >>> Ä(> x>Ä(> >x x >Ä( Ä(x ( Ä(x Ä(x>Ä(Ä(x x >> >Ä(>Ä(>(> > Police Academy Char Rahi Dahani Bagh >Ä(>x>xÄ(>>x x Ä(> x> x Ä(> Ä( x >Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä(x >Ä(xxÄ(>xÄ(x >>Ä(x>>Ä( > Hazar Buz Ha x x ÆV Ä(>xxÄ(>Ä(x Ä( >Ä( Ä(x (>Ä x >x ú >Ä(>> >Ä(Ä(xxxx >Ä(x >Ä(x x>Ä( Poly Technic Institute Ä(>x>xÄ( x Ä(>x Ä(xxÄ(xÄ(xxx Ä(x>Ä(xxxÄ(x Ä( Ä( >>Ä(x>Ä(x(>Ä(>xx xx >Ä(>Ä(x >Ä(x x > 8 15 35 150 195 55 Ä(x Ù å !R Char Rahi AnsariParki Shahr-i-Naw >Ä( Ä(>Ä(>x Ä(x Ä(>Ä(>xxÄ(>Ä(xÄ(>xx>Ä(>>xÄ(xÄ(x>Ä(>Ä(x >Ä(x x x > >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(>Ä(x >Ä(x Qala-i-Jabbar Khan Naw Abadi Afshar >Ä(xx Micoraryani Duwum > Ä(>> >Ä(xxx>Ä( x >Ä( (>Äx>Ä(xxÄ(x >Ä(x Ä(x >>> >x x >Ä(> Ù Munari Shah!Rrara Char Rahi Shirpur Radio Television !RChar Rahi AbdulÄ(> xHxaq ú >xÄ(x Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä(Ä(>>Ä(xxÄ(x x >Ä(x>Ä(>Ä(x x xx> >Ä(>>Ä(> 12 9 5 220 318 32 Kamangar Khwaja Jam Academ>Ä(>Ä(yx>xx Uloome Ejtemayee Sitara Ä(>>Ä(xÄ(>xÄ(>xxÄ(>xxx>Ä(>Ä(>xxxÄ(>Ä(xÄ(>xxxÄ(>xx > Ä(> Ä(>xÄ(xxÄ(x>Ä(xxÄ(>x Ä(>x xÄ(>x Ä(>xÄ(x>xÄ(>Ä(>xÄ(xxÄ(x>Ä(x>xÄ(xxx >Ä( Ä(Ä(xxÄ(>xÄ(x >Ä( >Ä( Ä(x>( x x > ñ Popolano ú Char Rahi MÄ(>Ä(>xxÄ(i>xcÄ(>xÄ(>xrxÄ(>xxÄ(o>Ä(>xxÄ(>xrxÄ(>xxaxÄ(>Ä(>yxxani Kohna x x Ä(xÄ(xxxÄ(>xÄ(xÄ(>x Ä(>x >Ä(Ä(xÄ(x>>Ä(x Ä(Ä(>Ä(>xxx>Ä(x >Ä( > x Ä(x>Ä(xÄ(>x>xÄ(xx > >Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä(>Ä(>Ä(xx tion to giving beneficiaries the right of Khwaja Sabz Posh Wali í x Karta-i-Mamurin ÆV i !R Maslakh Ä(>Ä(>xÄ(>>>Ä(>Ä(>xxx> Ä(xÄ(x >Ä( Ä(>Ä(x >Ä(>> >Ä( >Ä(>xÄ(x > x > >>Ä( with Kabul Municipality facilitates the >Ä( R > > Ä( > > Char Rahi Quwayi Markaz Char Rahi Z anbaq ! Ä(>>xx > >xÄ(x xÄ(x xx ( >Ä(>Ä(x >>Ä(x 13 5 17 313 241 10 í ÆV ÆV >xÄ(>xx xÄ(>>xÄ(Ä(xxÄ(x xxÄ(xx xxxx >>Ä(>x>Ä(x>Ä(Ä(xÄ(xx>xÄ(Ä(>x Ä(x x>Ä(>x > >x R Char Rahi Turaba!zR Khan >Ä(> Ä(> Ä(x Ä(x>Ä(x>Ä(Ä(Ä(x Ä(>>Ä(Ä(xÄ(>xÄ( xÄ(x >x>>Ä( (>> >Ä(x Ä(>>( Khwaja Jam Qala-i-Wazir ! ChineseÆVTaste Lycee Amani > x x xx x >Ä( Ä(xxx >Ä(xx >xx xx Ä(> Khwaja Sabz Posh Allukhel x >Ä( x >Ä(x x 16 11 0 280 301 14 5 Haji Baba > >>Ä(>x> > Ä(x Ä(x Ä( >Ä(Ä(xxÄ(>Ä(Ä( >Ä(x >Ä(>x >Ä( >Ä(>Ä(xxxÄ(Ä(xx Ä(xx >Ä(x >Ä( >> Ä(x >Ä( >Ä( (Äx > !R > Ä(x > Qala-i-Zaman Khan Ä(xxx > x Ä(x xÄ(xxÄ(>xxÄ(>xxÄ(x >xÄ(xxÄ(Ä(xÄ(xx x >>> ( Ä(x xx > Ä(x Qala-i-Askar Baharistan ÆV å Ä(x >Ä(>Ä(xxxÄ(x >Ä(x Ä(xx>Ä(xxxxxÄ(>Ä(Ä(x>Ä(x Ä(>Ä(Ä(xxxx >Ä(x xÄ( í > >>>>> > >>Ä( > xx Ä(x x Ä(xÄ( Ä(xxÄ(xxÄ(xÄ(>x Ä(Ä(Ä(xÄ(xxÄ(x>xÄ(xxÄ(Ä(x>xÄ(xÄ(xxxÄ(xxxx Ä(xx >x x Chamani Deh Khudai Dad >Ä(x>Ä(xx > >Ä(x ( x

XY Ä(Ä( Ä(x Ä( >Ä( Ä(Ä(x x >xÄ(Ä(Ä(x>Ä(x Ä( x Ä( Ä( > >( > >Ä(x Total 49 88 1813 1663 161

XY > x Ä( xx Ä(Ä(>x Ä(xÄ(x x Ä(x> > > Y Char Rahi Aryana X XY > > > Ä(x >Ä( x>x ( Ä(

Lycee Malalay XY XY XY XY x xÄ(xx >xx x Ä(x> Ä( >Ä(Ä(>Ä(Ä(Ä(>Ä( x > > x >

Microrayani AwaXYl Ä(Ä(> x x x Ä(x x > >Ä( Y Naw Abadi Fazil Beg Kart-i-Ariana x X Ä(> >Ä(Ä(>Ä(xÄ( Ä( Ä( >Ä( Ä(xx Ä(xx x xx >Ä( x

Khushal Khan Mena Mustafa R Ä(> Ä(x Ä(x> Ä(>x > >x Ä(>x >Ä(Ä(x >Ä(>>(> Ä(x(xx > > >( Ä(>xÄ(Ä(x Y ! X > > x Ä(Ä( > >Ä( Char Rahi Sidarat XY > Ä( >>> (x > Speen Kalay å Ä( >> >>>Ä( i Shash Darak x x > > >Ä(x >Ä(>x >Ä(x x Company Silo-i-Markazi !R xx > (> Qarya-i-Dih khuday DÄ(>aÄ(>dx x >x>> >Ä( Ä(x Chihil Tan National Archieve Argi Jumhuri Ä(>Cement Khana > § >>x > Ä(x >>> Part Khel >Ä(> >Ä(>( xx > > District L IW PW SD ( M ) RG ( M ) Qala-i-Kashif Mili Bus >>> > Ä(> Ä(> Ä(x > >x Ä( Ä(x ñ x > >>>> > >Ä((x>Ä( x x > occupancy for 5 years, signified the rec- Wilayat > Ä(> >>>>>>> xx >x > ( > >Ä(x >Ä( >Ä( > >( starting point to advocate land tenure Char Rahi Mili Bus x § Ä( > > Ä(> >>> >Ä(>Ä(xx > >( x> x x Ä(x >x ( Qala-i-Jawad Char Rahi Malik Asghar x > xx>Ä(>xÄ(>xxx >> > >Ä(> ( >Ä(> >Ä( > Ä(x >Ä( > > >Ä(x Ä( >> Ä(x 5 289 105 10 2000 1470 Qoli Abchakan !RÄ( > Ä(>Ä(>x >Ä(x x >( (((Ä(x >x > Ä(x > > x > Niyaz Beg !R Lycee Estiqlal ú > x Ä(>x > >(x >>§>Ä(> Ä(x > > x >Ä( Ä(x 2 å Munari IstiqlalPuli Mahmood Khan >Ä( > Ä(> x > >>Ä( x > Shina Ä(x x xx >Ä( > > 320 110 10 2520 1290

Ä(> > >( >Ä( >> Ä(> >Ä(>Ä( (> >( > > x 6 Kabul ñ Ä(x > >Ä(x Ä(>x Ä(x Ä(>x >x > > > Ä(x >> > Ä(x> Ä(x >>( (>Ä >

Dih Afghañnan Char Rahi Pashtonistan !R > > > >> Ä(xx > > Ä(x>( >Ä((x> ( >( >Ä(>> > Ali Abad Kart-i-Sakhi i ú > > > x x >( > >x x Mahbase Jadid 7 317 110 11 2279 1415 Qala-i-Abdul Ali ú 3 iPark R ø Ä(x >Ä(Ä(>xx > >Ä(Ä(xxx >Ä( Ä(>xxÄ(x >Ä( Ä(x >Ä( >Ä(Ä(x>x ú i !Abul FazlAbul Fazl > > xxx >(>>x xx x Qala-i-Akhundzada Qala-i-Nazer Pilaza Ghazi Stadium > >Ä(>>(Ä(> > x (Ä(> Ä(>Ä( Ä(>x (Ä>x >(Äx(Ä>x §> > 16 (> >Ä(x Ä( >>(> > § Ä(x 8 350 83 8 2132 1050 Fazil Beg x x Kabul University Joyi Sheer í > > x > Qala-i-Diwan Baiki x(Ä> (>Ä(>ú > Istgahi Akhiri Pahantun úLycee Ayisha-i-Durani Murad Khani Tapa-i-Maranjan >>> Ä(>x > > > x >Ä( >> Panja Chinar (Ä(>x § (>Ä(> > Tapa-i-Salam Ä(xx Ä(x Ä(x xÄ(x Ä(x > >> Ù Andarabi >x >xx>>Ä( x Ä(xxxx 1>2 x >Ä(x > Ä(>x 12 541 100 6 2243 1600 (Ä>(Äx(xx ( x > Kulali Dihmazang ú å Ä(> Ä(x>Ä(>Ä(>Ä(xx Ä(x >>Ä(>Ä(Ä(x x x Ä(Ä(>xÄ(x >( ( ognition by the government that those x>§(Ä>x Ä(>x > Dih Nawi Dihburi Shahi Do Shamshira Maqbara-i-Temur Shah >Ä(x >Ä(Ä(x Ä(xxx >xx x>x >Ä( > > ( x Ä(Ä(x Ä(xÄ(>x >> > > and ownership for the beneficiaries in x Ä(>(§ > Ä( > >Ä(Ä(xxÄ( > ( Ä( x>Ä(Ä(>x § x §(x(( >> > ñ Baghi Ali Mardan >Ä(x>x >Ä(>Ä(>>x>Ä( > x > >x > Qala-i-Moin Ä(>>(Ä>x x( Ä(> xÄ(>(>((>>> > x ú Naw Abadi Karta-i-Now >Ä(xxÄ(xx>x >Ä(>Ä(x Ä(> > Ä(x >Ä( Ä( 13 343 110 10 2200 1646 > Ä(xÄ(x>x (§xx>xÄ(x Ä(> >(>> > >Ä(> > Kota-i-Sangi í Chamani Huzuri Ä(x>>Ä(xxx>Ä(>Ä(xÄ(xxx Ä(xx x>Ä(> x x > >( > Ä(Ä(xxxÄ(x Ä(Ä(xÄ(Ä( Ä(>(Ä>( >Ä(x >>> > x >>x> > Sayid Jamaluddini AfghanTakhnik Sanawee Lycee Aryana Afghan TurkSúhahi Do Shamshira Ghazni Wall >Ä(>x>Ä(>Ä(>Ä( >Ä(>xÄ(>x>xx>Ä(x>Ä(xÄ( >Ä(>Ä( > >> > Ä(x Ä(x Ä(Ä(xÄ(xÄ(x>x Ä(xÄ(x§ (>Äxx (>Ä >(> >xÄ( >Ä(> > Maqbara-i-Nadir Khan > Ä(xx>Ä(Ä(x > Ä(x x>x Ä(x > x > (> >( ( ( Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x(xÄ>(x x Ä(>x (>>(>(>>(>Ä> > Char Rahi Sari Chawk >>Ä( > Ä(>x Ä(> > >Ä(>x Dashti Shina Wa Bagrami (> (> >Ä( >Ä(x> 16 640 22 7 2200 1713 > ( ((( >Ä(>x>Ä(x > Ä(xx Ä(x (Ä>x> >(Ä >>>§>>(>> >> ñ å Char Rahi Senåima Pamir Ahmad Sh>ah xBÄ(axba Mena > > ( ( ((( ((( >x>>>> Ä(x Ä(> (>>>> § Chawki Koti Sangi R Saraji x ñ x >Ä(xÄ(x >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(> > > Ä(xx xx x> x ( ((((Ä(x(x(( Ä(> >x Ä(Ä(Ä(xx § > > >(> Jamal Mena !ñ >Ä(>Ä(x >Ä( >Ä(x x Ä(x > Ä( Ä( Ä(> > Ä(>

((Ä(x >Ä(> § > XY R x x x x >>x x x Ä( > x x x Y

((( (( xx X XY Kah Furoshi Ä( xÄ(> Ä( > x > x > Y

Ä( x x X ú ! Ä(> > Ä(> Ä( > Ä( x >( > Ä( >Ä( x Ä( Y ( >Ä(Ä( x x X >Ä( > Ä( Ä( Total 2800 640 62 15574 10184 ( ( x > § Ä(x(Ä XY R > >xxx x Ä( Ä( > Ä(>>Ä( XY > x (Äx (xx ((Äx >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(xÄ(>x xx(Äxx(>Ä>Ä(xxx >>(Ä>>x XY !Chawki Koti Sangee Naw Abadi Dehmazang Ä(>x > >Ä(>Ä( x x >>Ä(x > Ä(x Ä(>> >>x x(xxÄ(Ä( (Äx >Ä(>x((Ä x (Ä>xÄ(> ((Äx XY Chawki Dihburi Lycee Ghazi Ahangari Darwaza-i-Lahori >x >> Ä(> Ä(> Ä(> x > > Ä(

Ä(Ä(xx Ä( Ä(x (Ä>>xÄ(>x(>Äx> x >(>Ä> x>Ä(>XY Chindawul Ä( > Sayed Noor Mohd Shah Mena x> > > > > Ä( ( x > >(>>x > Y

Qala-i-W>ahid >X x x> XY R Babayi Khudi x Ä( Ä( Y

Ä(x x (>Ä>(Ä((ÄX (Ä(>Ä( > > Ä(>( ! > Ä( > > > Ä( > >

X Y Y Ä(> x Ä(>Ä(>(xÄxx x >x>(Ä>xx >>> XY >X > Chawki Dihburi Chawki Dihmazang Puli Artall Sang Tarashi x > > > > Ä(x > > Siyah Bini >(>ÄÄ(xÄ(xx >Ä( >(>Ä(x (>Ä>Ä(Ä(xx>Ä(>Ä(xx >x >(x (>Äúxx (>(x xx ú Senama Mirwais å ú ShÄ(axÄ(>h Shahid > x > > > >x >( >( > >>( x > >Ä(x x>>Ä(>(>Ä(>(x>>(Ä >>Ä(Ä(>(x> Ä(>(Äxx>(Ä>(> Chawki Dihmazang Sayid Mard > > >Ä(>x Ä(> > Ä( >Ä(>x > x Ä(x Ä(>x > >Ä( >>Ä(x >Ä(> Ä(>Ä(xx (>Äx>x> >Ä(>(x x Munari Abdul Wakeel Khan!ñR x § > x Ä(x >> >Ä( x >>Ä(x Sibangi > >> >>Ä(>§ >Ä(>x Sayid Mard Ä(x > > >Ä( > Ä(>xx > >Ä(xx Ä(> Table Description land parcels were occupied by the KASS >>x > x x > >> > Dih Buri Baghi Wahñsh (Zoo) í Hindu Guzar Siyah Sang Ä(>x > Ä(Ä(x x>x x x>>>Ä( x the future. The occupied land with shel- >> > Ä( Ä(x Ä( >Ä(>>>> >Ä(>x >Ä( >(Ä Kart-i-Char >>x x>Ä(>>Ä(xÄ(>NxÄ(awx Abadi (Zanabad) >x> >Ä( >Ä(x xx Baghi Qazi Aashuqan Ä(Ax a>refan >x Family Hayi Nasaji Bagrami > Ä(>x Ä( xÄ(>xÄ(x (Ä>x(xÄ(Ä(x Ä( > >Ä(Ä(> Ä(x Ä(>x Aashuqan AÄ(arefan > >Ä(>x Ä(x Ä(>x Ä(>x Ä(xÄ(>>(>Ä(>Ä(xxÄ(x Ä(>> Ä(>>Ä(xx > > Latrine L Qala-i-Nazer Khwaja Safa 1 Ä(x Ä(>x> Qala-i-Ahmad Khan Ä(>xÄ(>xx > Ä(>xx x Ghaznawi Mena Kharabad Ä(>x (x Ä(>x > > >Ä( > ú Nahri Darsan íx >( >Ä(x x Ä(xx Ä(xx x Ä(>(Äx>Ä(xxÄ(x§ x > Ä(>x x Naw Abadi Guzarga Balahisar >Ä(x Ä( x > Rahman Mena Ä(>Ä(xx >Ä( Ä( Ä(>Ä(>Ä( >>Ä( > Ä(x> Ä(> >Ä(x Individual Well IW > Ä(>Ä(>xx > Ä(> Masjide Itifaq x >Ä(>x >Ä(x > >> x > x > > ñ (Ä(>x Ä(>x >Ä( >Ä(x x x >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(> > > Unchi Baghbanan Puli Soúkhta úú ú Ä(x > > Fabrica-i-Nasaji Bagrami Ä(> > x Ä(xx > x>( x >Ä(§x 13 >Ä(x Dashti BaÄ(rx>xchi Ä(>x>Ä(xÄ(>xÄ(xÄ(xx> x Ä(>x > x Ä( > Ä(> Ä(>>Ä(x x Public Well PW Pul-i-Jar-i-Surkh >Ä( >xÄ(x > 6 ú xxÄ(>x x >x(Ä>xxxx Ä(xÄ(>x Ä(>xx >Ä(>Ä(x x Ä(xx Ä(xÄ(x >Ä( x Ä(xÄ(Ä(>x x>>Ä(x ú ú x Ä(x>(Ä(Ä>xxxÄ(xx>Ä(>Ä((Ä>xxÄ(xxxÄ(>>x Ä(> > >Ä( Ä( > > Bot Khak >Ä( >>>Ä(§ xx Harbi Showunzay Guzargah (ÄxÄ(x Ä(Ä(>x(xÄ(>xx(>Ä(>xÄ(Ä(x>xxx >Qala-i-HinduÄ(>x > x >(> (> x >Ä(x >(Äxx Ä(x> Ä(x Side Ditch SD Qala-i-Muhib >Ä(Ä(>x Mahtab Qala ú Lycee Habibya ú (>x(Ä(Äxx>Ä(xxÄ(Ä(xxÄ(>xxÄ(Ä(>xÄ(>Ä(>x x (( Ä(>x Fabrica-i- Kheste Ukhteef > Ä(x >Ä( x >>Ä(> > > > > Baghi Babur Shah x Ä(>(>Ä( Ä((Ä>Ä(xx(Ä>xxx(Ä(> (( Ä(> x (§x>Ä(>Ä(xÄ((xx> Chamani Bagrami > >Ä( ( > > x § ñ Ä(Ä(x>Ä(xxxÄ(xÄ(>x >(ÄÄ(>(Äx(Äx xx > Ä(> x >Ä(x (Äxx Ä(>x>>(Ä>>(x x x > > > >( x >>Ä( > å ú å Maqbara-i-Babur Shah >Ä(>xÄ(Ä(>xÄ(x Ä( >Ä(Ä(>x ( > > Ä(>> x (Ä>xx(>Ä(>Ä(>Ä(xxx xÄ(>(ÄxxÄ(>x (Äx >Ä( Ä(>x Ä(x > Ä(>§ > beneficiaries. >x Ä(>§ > > Ä( ((Äx Ä(>Ä(>xÄ(>x>>Ä(x x Ä(>x Ä(> > >( Ä(xxx> Road Gravelling RG ter constructed under KASS is clearly x > x Ä( Ä(Ä( > > >>>> Ä(>Ä(>xÄ(>xxÄ(>xx >> > Ä(>x Ä(xx ( >Ä(x>Ä(> >Ä(>xxx>Ä( Ä(>x Tapa-i-Qawal Ha Ä(>x >x x >Ä(xx Puli Surkh >Ä(>x >>(>Ä(( >x (>Äxx xÄ(>x Ä(>xÄ(>>Ä(xx Ä(x(>x > Ä( Ä(x > > x>Ä( >Ä(x Ä(x Ä( >>( x Ä(>x Ä(> § Ä(>>x Ä(Ä(>x Ä( > > xx>Ä(>Ä(x(>xx( >> >Ä( > Qala -i- Shada Bangsidar x > Q(Äala>cÄ(ha > > Ä(>x Ä(xÄ(Ä(>xx >(x Meters M x Dih Qabel x >Ä(x x >Ä( >> > x (Ä>xx > Ä(>x Ä(Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x >x >Ä(x

Ä(>Ä(xx>Ä(xx XY Ä(> >Ä( Ä(x >Ä(> > (> Ä(xx x > x > Ä( Y Ä( X > > > > > x x Qala-i-Barat Khan Ä(>> >>x > Aub Khan Mena x Ä(>x x Ä( x Ä(>Ä(xÄ(>xxÄ(Ä(xxxx x Ä(> > > Ä(>

x Doghabad XY Gul Kha>Ä(na ( Ä(> Ä(xxÄ( xxxx >x Dasto Khel >Ä( Ä(>x >Ä(>Ä( > Y >Ä( x X > x Ä( x>Ä(>Ä((Ä Ä(x > >

x x XY x>> Y

x Ä(> >Ä(>Ä( >> > >x > xx > > Ä(> X Ä(Ä(x >Ä(> (x Y Qala-i-Mir Mahboob X

>Ä( (Äxxx >>x Ä(x XY >Ä( ú Afghan Tarkanee Ä(Ä(>xxÄ(x>Ä(>Ä(x Ä((ÄxÄ(Ä(xx >Ä( Y

xx (Ä>(x>x(xx >Ä( XY > x > Tamim Ansar >> X > > Y X Y Karta-i-Seh X

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Afshari Darul Aman Musiam Mali >(>Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä(x Qasri Chihil Sutun Shekhan Y Ä(>x >>XY X ò ñKabul Museum x Ä(>Ä(xx Chihil Sutun Qala-i-Hasan Khani Sufla Qala-i-Najar Ha >Ä(> >>Ä(§Ä(x>x xx x ú Darulaman >Ä(x >>Ä(> >Ä(x>Ä(>x>Ä(x Qasri Darlaman Farmi Pilawari Ä(>xx >>> > location of land parcels occupied by the ò Ä(xx > x 7 Qala-i-Hasan Khani Ulya Qala-i-Adam Khan less beneficiaries are allowed to occupy Ä(x > > >>Ä( x >Ä(>x >Ä( Ä(> >Ä(>>Ä(>x Ä(>x Nu Burja Ä(xx >>>xÄ(>x> (> >Ä(x Ä(x x>Ä(Qala-i->M>Ä(ira>>Ä(>xx x (>ÄÄ(xx Nu Burja > >Ä( >Ä(xx>x Ä(x> > >Ä(x Ä(>x> >>>Ä(§>Ä(x>>> >(> Ä(>x >Ä(xÄ(x>Ä(x x > >>xÄ(>Ä(xx > Ä(x > >> Qala-i-Ferqa Mishar >Ä( >x >Ä(> (>Äx>> Siyah Bini Dih Yaqub Qala-i-Ahmad Shah >Ä( Ä(>>> x Farmi Ziraat >> > >Ä( >> >x >Ä(>Ä(x Qala-i-Mir Ahmad > Ä(x>Ä(x Ä(x Qala-i-Muhammad Ibrahim Doghabad >Ä(x>xxÄ(x > > ú >Ä(> Ä(x>x Ä(Ä(x>x>Ä((x ú Adil Shaikh Baba beneficiaries from the GIS maps, are > §>Ä(Ä(x >(xxx x the land on which the shelters were built >Ä( >>Ä(Ä( > >Ä( >Ä(> Shewaki > í Ä(x > >Ä(x Qala-i-Haji Karim >Ä(x > >Ä(x>>Ä(x> Baghi Haji Afghan Tajbig Ä(x Ä(x x>Ä(x > Mamozai ò > > >Ä( x >Ä( x Hasan Shewaki Baba 22 Tapa-i-Taj Beg Ä(x >Ä(> > >Ä(Ä(x >Sar Asyab > >> > > > > Ä(>(xÄ(§x > >Ä(x í > >Ä(x >> > >Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(xx x >x > Ä(>Q(ala-i-Badal >>Ä( Ä( > >x § >Ä(x Ä(x x x (Ä( >Ä(xx >Ä(x >Ä(Ä(x> as well as having the ownership of the stepping stones to boost the process of Ä(> >Ä(> > Ä(>x x Mia Khel Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements (KASS) project is ( ChahaÄ(>r Qala Ä(x Dashti Kamari funded by the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance > Qala-i-Muslim x >x xx Ä(x > Ä(> >Ä(>Ä(>Ä( Qala-i-Osman Khan Sahak >Ä(x> > Ä(x> >Ä(x >Ä(x (OFDA) of USAID, KASS provides integrated shelter Khwaja Tawab >Ä(x x >> > Ä(>Ä(x Ä(>x ú í > x x >Ä(x assistance to over 3,700 families in seven districts of >Ä( x >Ä(>Ä(x >Ä(x xÄ(>x>Ä( x >Ä(x x Kabul City. Qala-i-Mir aw Kho>Ä(r >Ä( >Ä(>xÄ(x xx >(>Ä(x >Ä(x structure for five-year period. Most of advocating land tenure in the future. It > Ä(>>Ä(Ä(x >> >(> Qala-i-Fatuh KASS is unique in that it seeks to elevate the living Ä(>x (> QÄ(Ä(xaxÄ(x>xla-i-Logari (x Ä(x ( Ä(x > >>x>Ä(x Ä(>Ä(xx>>(>Ä(§ > > > > >Ä(Ä(x>>Ä( Ä(>x x standards of all individuals, and surrounding families, > > ((>(Ä>> Ä(>x >Ä(x Shahid Ä(>>xÄ(xx > ú > > residing in districts 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 and 16 of Kabul. Ä(xx Ä(x > >( í >(Äxx Ä(> >> > >Ä(>x Ä(> >>Qala-i-Kuhna >>x >Ä(x >>>> Beneficiaries were selected based on agreed upon categories of Qala-i-Surkh >Ä(>xÄ( >>>Ä(x Ä(xÄ(>x>>>(> >Ä(x xx>>>Ä(>x>>xx vulnerability. KASS is shelter-led interventions in that the primary Rishkhuri Payin >Ä(>>xx >Ä(>x>Ä(xx>Ä(>Ä( > Ä(>Ä(>x(> >Ä(x is recognized that obtaining land titles >Ä(>>>Ä(x> Yakh Dara goal is to provide safe and habitable shelters. The project also these lands are on the unplanned area > ú >Ä(x Sangi Nawishta > >> > > > Sultan Sahib inexorably links with other sanitation and health, community í capacity building and good governance issues that underlie the Ä(x x >Ä( social fabric of community. Through the establishment of Community Development Councils (CDCs), KASS promotes the of Kabul city. The occupancy rights for will be arduous process since all stake- ability of communities to make local decisions and solve problems which in the end ensure community self - sufficiency necessary Rishkhuri Bala ú for long-term sustainability of development process in Afghanistan. ú KASS assisted the returnee families, internally displaced, and Gulbagh those who squatted in destroyed building or lived in over-crowding five years for the beneficiaries have holders have to be involved, this trian- Qala-i- Bazqoli Qala-i-Ahmad Khan Baghi Sadre Aazam houses. KASS constructed and / or rehabilitated 3,774 shelters, Khairabad built 62 community water points and rehabilitated 640 family wells, constructed 15,574 meters of ditch drainage and graveled 10,184 Tangi Sayadan Qala-i-Jan Khan meters of access roads. In addition, 100 Community Development been significant step in giving the ben- gulation is a step in the right direction Councils were established under this project while disaster preparedness and health training was provided to the beneficiaries Qala-i-Jalal Qala-i-Jarnail Bala Qala and surrounding communities.

Qala-i-Malik Chamani Khairabad SOURCE: Qala-i-Shaghasi eficiary some level of security to be able that provides solid foundation for the 1- IKONOS Satellite Imagery,1 meter resolution (2000 - 2002). Qala-i-Luqman Baghi Ferqa Chahar Asyab 2- Data collection and ground truthing done in collaboration with AGCHO,Kabul Municipality & AIMS (November, 2004). Qala-i-Painda Mohammad Khan Qala-i-Atta Mohammad Qala-i-Malik Sher Ali Qala-i-Jafar Qala-i-Naim to live in the present shelter. This was assisting the beneficiaries to obtain land Qala-i-Safid 3- Municipality District Boundaries, were derived from ISAF, map Shah Toot titled " Kabul Municipalities and Police Districts", dated 12th Khwaja Gul Yaran Qala-i-Kakari January, 2005. í Dih Kada Gulzar Qalai Bara Qala Map Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM - WGS would not be possible unless it was fa- tenures. 1984) Qala-i-Haji Sediqullah For further information contact AIMS. Email: [email protected] Qala-i-Mohammad Wais Qala-i-Haji Mohammad Amin Web Site: www.aims.org.af cilitated by KASS. The locations on the Khwajgan Print Date: November, 2007 Qala-i-Haji Habibullah

Shaista Khan Qala 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Meters Chihil Dukhtaran ± Momin Qala 1 : 39,000

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Y x x > x x>>>>> > x ( x § > >Ä( xx Ä(>Ä( x>>> > X > > x>Ä(> Ä(> >Ä( x Ä(x>Ä( Ä(> Ä(>x QÄ(>ax laÄ(-xi-Sarfaraz Khan Ä(>x >>>xÄ(>Ä( > >Ä( > Ä( > >(> >Ä( >xÄ(xxx Ä(Ä(>x (>xÄ(xÄ(>xxx >Ä(xxxxx>Ä(>> Ä(>x x >Ä( x > > X Y X Y Ä(x x Ä(>Ä(>xx>Ä(xx>> >Ä(Ä(> > x > >Ä( x >Ä(x x >Ä(x x Ä(>xx >Ä(>Ä(x > >x >Ä(x Ä(x > Ä(x > > > > Ä(xx > ( > Ä(>Ä(>>Ä(x Ä(>Ä(>xxÄ(xx (>Ä(>Ä(> Ä(>xx >>x Ä(>Ä(Ä(x §> xÄ(xx x >> >Ä( Ä(>> >Ä(x Jayi Rayis > >Ä(x > Qala-i-Khandar > x >Ä( Ä(>x>Ä(> x Side Ditch SD (Ä > > >Ä( > Ä( >Ä( Ä(> >Ä( Ä(> > > > > Ä(> > >(>( >Ä(>Ä(>x Ä(>Ä(>(( (>Ä(x Ä( >>Ä( Ä(>Ä(> >Ä(x >x (Ä> ( Ä(>>x x >x Ä(> > > > > >Ä(x > > >Ä(x > >x >Ä(x Ä(>Ä(xx >>§> Ä(x > Ä(xx Ä(xx> > > > > >Ä(x (((> (§> (Ä(> >>x >> x>Ä(>x Ä(x >Ä(x x XY Ä(>x Ä(>Ä(>x Ä(>x >Ä(>Ä(xxx x ú >Ä(x Kakor (Murgh Geryan) Ä(x > > Ä( > >>Ä(x> >>> >Ä(>Ä(>>>>> > >((((( > xx >Ä( >> >Ä( >> (x >Ä( >Ä(x Ä(xx Ä(x (Ä>x §>Ä(>x Ä(>x Ä( x x > >x >x >x >> x x x > >x > > (>( > Ä(>Ä( Ä( > >xx >Ä(>x Ä(x XY Qala-i-Ghaybi >>Ä(> > Ä( Road Gravelling RG >>Ä(xx >Ä(( ú >Ä( >x >x Ä( Ä(> Ä(>>xÄ(x>Ä(>xÄ(>xx x >Ä(xÄ(>xx >> >Ä(xÄ(>x>Ä( Ä(>x>>Ä( Ä( Ä(>x Ä(x xx Ä(>x> Ä(>xÄ(xÄ(xx Ä(Ä(> >Ä(x > > x Ä(x> Ä( >x ( Ä( > Ä( >Ä(>Ä(x>x>Ä(xx>Ä(> >Ä(>>>Ä(> >>Ä(x > >Ä(x> >> > Qal>a-xi>-MusaÄ( Ä(>x >Ä(x > >> > x >> > ú Takhnikum>i Kabul > § (xx Ä(> Ä( Ä(x x >>Ä(>x >>x > >Ä(x> >Ä(Ä(>xx Ä(> x Ä(x > xx x>Ä( XY x Ä(Ä(xÄ( > ( > Ä(x >Ä(x x Ä(>x >Ä( > >Ä( > Ä(>x > Ä(>x x >Ä(> Ä(x >x ( x Ä(> Ä(>x > (x x (x (>Ä( >Ä(x Ä(>x Gul Buta Meters M Ä(x >Ä( Ä(x > Ä(>x> x >Ä(x > (> >Ä( > Ä(x >(Äx >Ä(>Ä(x>Ä(xx Ä(Ä(x > >(>Ä>XY(>Ä( Ä(>(Äx >Ä(x > >Ä(>xx > í > > > > Ä(x x x> > > >x XY x > > x x >Ä( x >Ä(xÄ(>x > x x x Ä(>x>Ä(> Ä(x x (>(>Ä(Ä(xx (x § >Ä( >x x Ä(( >Ä(x x Ä(>x > Ä(Ä(> >Ä( ( x xx >Ä( > >Ä( Ä(>>xÄ(xxÄ(>Qala -i- Bahador Khanxx Ä(>x( x >x>Ä( >xx (xx >Ä((xx >Ä(x >Ä(x >x (>x >Ä( Ä(x ( x Ä(>Ä(xxWx ilayati ( > > Ä( Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(Ä(> > >Ä(> >Ä(Ä(> >>(>>Ä(> Ä(x > x x> >Ä((Ä(>Ä(xx (>Ä(x x XY >(> >Ä(x (>Ä( Ä( > Ä( > > ( > Ä(x > >> > Ä(> x>Ä( Ä(>xx § x(x(>x(ÄxxxxÄ( Ä(>xx >Ä(x > > Ä(x > Ä(>x Ä(x> > > ( Ä(x>xx x >xÄ(>x >x >x > >Ä( Ä((Ä>(xxx(xÄ(xx(>Ä(x>xÄ(x>xx(>Ä>Ä(xx >Ä(xx >> >( (>(x(>Ä(x ( ( > Ä(x Ä(x Ä(>xÄ(>Ä(Ä(>xx Ä(> > >xÄ(xx Ä( Ä(x Ä(> Ä(x >Ä(x x x >Ä(x Ä(x>Ä(x>Ä(>Ä(x>Ä(xxÄ(xxÄ(Ä(x>Ä((x(Ä((Ä> Ä(x XY> Ä(x Ä(>x> > > > ( > ( > Ä(>xxÄ(xx>Ä(> > Ä(x x >Ä(>Ä(> x > > Ä( ( >Ä( >x>Ä(xx Ä(>>Ä(>Ä(x Ä(xx(>ÄxxxxÄ(xxx x > x §> (> x Ä(>(Äx x > ( > Ä(>>Ä(Ä(> >>Ä(Ä(x >Ä( Qala -i- Bakh>tyar ( >Ä(Ä(xx Ä(>>§ >Ä(x>Ä(xÄ(Ä(>Ä(x>>Ä(>xx >Ä( Ä(> Qalal-i-Hasan Khan (> >>Ä( (x >>Ä(( x > Kabul Area Shelter and Settlements (KASS) project is > > > Ä(>x Ä(x >Ä(x >>Ä(x xÄ(xx >>> Ä(x x Ä(>xÄ(>xxx x ( > x Ä(x>xÄ(xÄ(x>Ä(Ä(>xÄ(>xx >XY > >Ä( ( Ä(> x ( x Ä(>Ä(>Ä(xx >>Ä(x > Ä(> Ä(>x>>>Ä( >Ä(x >Ä( ( >Ä(Nx>Ä((awÄ( >xAx>badi Dih Dana > >§ > >(Ä > x > > x>x x Ä(>>x >Ä(Ä(>>> x x >Ä(x >Ä(x x(Ä( (>ÄÄ(x>x XY > Ä(x x x Ä( > x > Ä(Ä(>Ä(x Ä( >xÄ(x>>x Ä(> > >Ä( (> (Ä>x (>Äx > > § > > Ä(> >Ä( funded by the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance > ( >Ä( x > Ä(x > > Ä(>Ä(>>Ä(x>Ä( > > Ä(>x (> > > > >x Ä(>x Ä(x> Case§ Study >Ä( > x ( > x Taizai x >>Ä(x >Ä( ( ( Ä(x > ( > >x Ä( Dawlat Zai > > > >(>>x xÄ(xÄ(x >>Ä( > Qala-i-Babush >Ä(x >Ä( Ä(>x > > Ä( Ä(x> Ä(x> > (OFDA) of USAID, KASS provides integrated shelter > ( > >Ä(x ( > Ä(Ä(x Ä(§ > §( x(> x x Ä(x x >Ä(x > >( ( > > x > ( ú > Ä(> >Ä( Ä(> Ä(x> > Qala-i-Bafalak Ä( > ( > ( x Ä(> > x x Ä(x (( > > x Ä(x> Niyazi assistance to over 3,700 families in seven districts of x Ä(>> Ä(x > Ä( Ä( > (>((( XY >Ä( > x > > Ä( > > > > >Ä(x Lycee Mahmoodi Tarzi (>§ D>ih>(> (Qalandar >Ä(x> > Ä(>x ( ( ( Qalai Salam Ä(> > >x > > (>(>>(> Ä(x> x XY Ä(x Chihilsutun x > > Kabul City. > í> Ä( > > Ä(x >Ä(x Dih Dana >>(>( (>Ä(xx > > >>Ä(>x Ä(x> > xÄ( x ( > å ( Ä(>>(> x xx>Ä( > > >>Ä(> >xÄ(x xÄ(Ä(x>x Ä(> ( > >Ä(x Qala-i-Yakhchak ( >> > > Ä(x Ä(>x >x > >x > (>(>( >Ä( Ä(> XY >Ä( xÄ(> x å > ( ( > > x Ä( x>Ä(x Ä(>x > > Ä( Ä(x Afshari Darul Aman Musiam Mali (> Ä(>x >Ä(x Ä(x Qasri Chihil Sutun> Ä(>> Ä(xx Ä( Shekhan KASS is unique in that it seeks to elevate the living >x( x Ä( ( >Ä(> > >( ( Ä(x > X Y x Ä(x>x Ä( Ä( >(> >Ä(x Ä( x >x > ñ > > x >Ä(xx > òChihil Sutun > Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(Ä(x x > x> > >Ä(> Ä(> > > >x > x Kabul Museum( >Ä(> >Ä(>Ä(§xx x >> >Ä(>x>Ä(x >Ä( QalaQ -ai-laA-lii- HMaasradna Kahnani Sufla ú standards of all individuals, and surrounding families, Ä(x ( Ä( > x>Ä(x > > Ä( >Ä( x >Ä(x Darulaman x QalaÄ(x-i-Najar Ha >Ä(>>Ä(>x >Ä(x>Ä(>xx>Ä(x x >Ä(>x xÄ(>x Ä(>x >Ä(xÄ(x >Ä(x >Ä(x> Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(>x x > >Ä(xÄ( ( > >Ä( Fa>rÄ(mi Pi(lawari Ä(>xx > > > Ä(> > Ä( > >x > x>Ä( > Ä(x § > x § > Ä(x > Ä(x òQasri Darlaman ( >xx > >>7> Ä(>x Ä(x ( Ä( Ä(>x x Ä(> residing in districts 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 and 16 of Kabul. >Ä(x Mr. Naqibullah,>( 19 years old, lived in Qala-e-Wazir in District # 8 of Kabul City. His ( > > Ä(>> >> > > Ä(>>Ä(x > > xx >Ä(x> > > >Ä(x x(>x >Ä( > Qala-i-Hasan Khani Ulya Qala-i-Adam Khan Ä(>x Ä(>x Ä(x> > > x>xÄ(x >> ( x Ä(>x >Ä(>x> >x (Ä> Ä( > >x Nu Bu>rja Ä(xÄ(x > > x > x x x> Ä(>x x >>Ä(>Ä( Ä(>x> > > ( Ä(>x xx >>>x>>Ä(> >Ä(>x Ä(x x>Ä(x ( >x x >Ä( Beneficiaries were selected based on agreed upon categories of > >Ä(x x x>>>Ä( >Ä( Ä( Ä( Ä(> > > > >Ä(Qala-i-M>Ä(x>Ä(ira>>xx Ä((>xx Nu Burja Ä( ( xx Ä(xÄ(x > Ä(> > (>> ( >>( > >Ä(>Ä( > Ä(x >Ä(x > > >Ä(x Ä(>x > >Ä(xx Ä(>x> >>Ä(x >Ä(Ä( Ä(>x> > Ä(>x Ä(x >Ä(x>Ä(x >Ä( > > > > Ä(x > Ä(x > > >Ä(§>Ä(x>x >Ä(> >(> x Ä(x >Ä(xx x Ä(x ( x > xÄ(> Ä(xÄ(>x>Ä(x Ä(x > >x Ä(x> > vulnerability. KASS is shelter-led interventions in that the primary Ä(x x Ä(x > Ä(x > x > >>>xx x> Ä(> >>Ä( Ä(> > Ä(x Ä(x >x >(Ä( >Ä( x >Qala-i-FeÄ(rqa Mishar x xÄ(x >Ä(>Ä(x > > > >x x >Ä( ( >>Ä(>x>Ä(>Ä( >>Ä(x > > > Ä( x >Ä( > Siyah Bini x >Ä( Ä(x >x > Ä(> Ä(x> > Ä( >Ä(x > >Ä( >Ä(x (Ä(>x>> Ä(>xÄ(>Ä(xx >Ä( Ä(x >Ä( Dih Yaqub goal is to provide safe and habitable shelters. The project also > Ä( >x Ä(>x Ä(x > x > > > x >Ä(>x >Ä(x ( >>Ä(x x Ä(x Ä(x Ä( Ä(x> >> > Ä(> Farmi Ziraat ( >> > >Ä( Ä(x ( >Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(x > >Ä(x > > >> > > >Ä(xx > (>§ ( > > > Ä(x> inexorably links with other sanitation and health, community Ä(x >> > (( >Ä(>(Äx (> x Qala-i-Mir Ahmad> > father died when he was six years old, and as there was ò no income to pay rent, x > ( Ä(> >x Qala-i-Muhammad Ibrahim Ä( x >x Ä(>x >Ä(x >x >§> Ä(x > > >x ( x> >Ä(x>Ä(x >Ä(x > > Ä( capacity building and good governance issues that underlie the Ä(x> > Ä(>x > Ä(> >> Ä( x>Ä( >> > > Ä(>x Ä(>x >Ä( Doghaba>d >Ä(>xÄ(x x xx ( ú Ä(x ñ >Ä(x > Ä( > > > x> > ( > >Ä(x>x Ä(>Ä(x>Ä(>( > >x ú x > Adil Shaikh Baba § Ä(x x >> > >Ä( Ä(>x > > > ( >§Ä((x >>(Äx>Ä(Ä(xx>> >Ä(x Ä( > >Ä( 6 Shewaki >Ä(x social fabric of community. Through the establishment of (x Ä(> > > ( ( ( >> Ä(x > x x Ä(> Ä(x> > > > > > > ( > x>x > í >Ä(x Ä( Ä(> Ä(x > >> > Ä(>x > (>( >Ä(x> Ä(>Ä( Qala-i-Haji Karim Community Development Councils (CDCs), KASS promotes the Ä(x Ä(x >x > x Tajbig >Ä(x x >Ä(x>Ä( > Baghi Haji Afghan > >Ä(x > > > Ä(> >Ä(x> x Ä(x x >Ä( Part B. Ä(>x Ä(x Ä(xÄ(> > Mamozai ability of communities to make local decisions and solve problems Ä(x Ä(>x Ä(x > >> Ä(x>x x Ä(>x > >> >Ä(x> > >Ä( ò > Ä(> x > x Ä(>x Hasan Shewaki Baba 22 > > Ä(> x >Ä( >Ä(>x Ä( Ä(x> Tapa-i-Taj Beg >Ä(x >Ä(> > >Ä(Ä(x x Ä(x x he, his mother and three siblings tookx refugee in a destroyed house belonging to a ú >Ä( > > >x >x>x x > > >>> > > >Ä( Ä( which in the end ensure community self - sufficiency necessary Ä(§ > Ä( >x >Ä(xÄ(Ä( Ä(> > >Sar Asyab >x§x > x x í > Ä(>x > >Ä(x > Ä( > x > > >Ä(x >Ä(Ä(> >Ä( Ä(Ä(x x > > > Ä(x >>>Ä(x> Ä(x > >Ä(x> Ä(> >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(>x Ä(x > >x >Ä( for long-term sustainability of development process in Afghanistan. > ú > Ä(xÄ(x> ( > Ä(x > > > > >> >Ä(x > Ä(>Q(ala-xi-Bx adal >> Qala-i-Mu sa Ä( x > Ä(>x Ä(x Ä(x > > Ä(>x > > > > >Ä(x § >Ä(x>Ä( >Ä(xx Ä(>x >Ä( > Ä(x > >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(>x ( Ä(>>Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(>Ä(>x > x > >x Ä(x Ä(x x >Ä(x > Ä(>x x Ä( > Ä( > > Ä(>x > >x > x > >Ä( Mia Khel > KASS assisted the returnee families, internally displaced, and >Ä( Ä(x> > Ä(x Ä(> Ä(> ( >Ä(x >Ä(x > > x >x > Chahar Qala Ä(x > ( x >( > > Ä(> Ä( Ä(>x > >Ä(x > x Dashti Kamari those who squatted in destroyed building or lived in over-crowding >Ä(xx Ä( >( Ä(x neighbour. At the age of 13, he and his siblings were orphaned when their mother > Qala-i-Muslim x >x>xx > ( >Ä(> > >Ä(>Ä(x > Ä(>x > > x >Ä(x Ä(x x > Ä(> >Ä(>Ä(Ä( Qala-i-Osman Khan Ä(>x Sahak > houses. KASS constructed and / or rehabilitated 3,774 shelters, x (Ä(x ( Ä(>xÄ(x ( Ä(x>>Ä( > > >Ä(x>Ä( > Ä(>x >Ä(x >Ä(x ò >Ä( > Ä(>x > > > > > Khwaja Tawab >Ä(x > >Ä(x x ( ( Ä(x Ä(x > >Ä(xx >x ú > Ä(> built 62 community water points and rehabilitated 640 family wells, > x § Ä(>x > > Ä(x > >> Ä( Ä(> x (( >Ä(x>Ä( > > x Ä(x> Ä(x > > í x >Ä(x x >Ä(x >> > >Ä( ( x >Ä( Ä(>x xÄ(>>xÄ(x >Ä( Ä(>x Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä(x constructed 15,574 meters of ditch drainage and graveled 10,184 > >Ä(xx >Ä( xÄ(>x Ä(>xÄ(> x >Ä(x Ä(x> x >Ä( x Ä(> x Ä(>x>x >> Qala-i-Mir aw KhÄ(o>r >Ä( >Ä(>xÄ(xx >Ä( >Ä(x (> x> >Ä(> >Ä( > > Ä(>x>Ä( >Ä(x xx (>Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(x> >Ä(x > > > Ä( meters of access roads. In addition, 100 Community Development >Ä(>xÄ(x ( (> Ä(x > Ä(x> > > x Ä(>>Ä(Ä(x >>> >(> Qala-i-Fatuh Ä(x ( > Ä(x > > xÄ(>Ä(xx (> Ä(x died,x and >he took the role as the householdÄ(x head. The family continued to illegally > x ( Qaxla-i-Logari x > ((Ä(>x > > Ä(>x > > >>Ä(>Ä(xÄ(x> x (>Ä(x > Ä(> ( x> Councils were established under this project while disaster Ä(x>x Ä(x> (>Ä(> Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(xxÄ(Ä(x Ä(>x>>(>§ Ä( Ä(> § >Ä(x > > > > >> >Ä(> Ä(>x >Ä(x xÄ(x Ä(x > Ä(x> (x (>(> > Shahid preparedness and health training was provided to the beneficiaries x x ( x(>Äx Ä(>> > Ä(x> > Ä(> Ä(>x >Ä(x Ä( x ( (( x Ä(>(Äx> (>Ä( Ä(x Ä(x x Ä(x Ä(>Ä(x>xx > ú ( > > >Ä( >Ä(xÄ( Ä(x x > > Ä(> >> > x x > > > > í and surrounding communities. ( > ( x >x >( Ä(x>Ä(> > Ä(x x > >(Äxx Ä(>Ä(x Ä(> > >Ä(>x Ä(x x x >Ä( x( Ä(xÄ(x > > Ä(x Ä(x> x > Ä( Ä(> > >>Qala-i-Kuhna Ä(x > >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(>x x Ä( Ä(Ä((x ( x x x > Ä( Ä(x > > > x >>xx >Ä(x >>>> > Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x >Ä( >>Ä(x >Ä( Ä(xÄ(x Ä(x > Ä( (Ä> Ä( > > > > > >x >Ä( Qala-i-Surkh >Ä(>Ä( >>>Ä(x >Ä(x > >Ä(x x > ( Ä(x> > ( Ä(x x > Ä(>>Ä(x x Ä(xÄ(>x>>>(> SOURCE: >Ä(x >Ä(x Ä(>xÄ(x Ä(x( occupy his neighbour’s destroyed>> > house. >x Ä( x >Ä(x xx>>>>Ä(>x >xx > Ä(>xÄ(x >Ä(> >>x Ä(>(Äx > Ä( >Ä(x > Ä(> Rishkhuri Payin >Ä(>>xx >>Ä(x>Ä(xx>Ä(> >>Ä(x Ä( x Ä(x >>x > x > x Ä(x > Ä(Ä(>x>(> Ä(>x x § Ä(xÄ( Ä(>Ä(xx> Ä(>Ä(xxÄ(>>x >Ä(x Ä(x x>> Ä( Ä(x >Ä(> Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(>>>Ä(x> Yakh Dara x x Ä(> >>Ä(x >Ä(Ä(xx x Ä(xx Ä( Ä(x x Ä( > > > ú >Ä(x Sangi Nawishta 1- IKONOS Satellite Imagery,1 meter resolution (2000 - 2002)Ä(.>> Ä( x Ä(Ä(x>> >Ä(x > >>Ä( x > > >> >Ä( x >Ä(xx >Ä( > x> > > > Sultan Sahib > Qala -i- Bakh tyar > Ä( >Ä( x (> x Ä( > x > > Ä(x >xÄ(x Ä(>x>Ä(>xÄ(x > > >Ä(>x Ä( Ä(x x Ä(> í > x >Ä(x Ä(> >Ä(x x x Ä(x Ä(x> > Ä( > >Ä(x xÄ(> >x > > x x Ä(> >Ä( Ä(x Ä(>>Ä(x( >Ä(x > > x > Ä(> Ä( >Ä(x Ä(>Ä( Ä(>x >Ä(x 2- Data collection and ground truthing done in collaboration with > Ä(x > Ä(>x Ä( x> Ä(>x > Ä(x > Ä(x >Ä(x > Ä( > Ä(x> > Ä(>x AGCHO,Kabul Municipality & AIMS (November, 2004). >xÄ(x Ä(x x > ú > x ( ((Ä > > Ä(x >Ä( > x > > Ä(x> x ((>Ä > >>xÄ(x >Ä(x > Ä( >Ä( Ä((x> > Ä( > > x x> Ä(x x >x >( > > Ä(> Ä( > x > 3- Municipality District Boundaries, were derived from ISAF, map Ä(xÄ(> Ä(§x Ä( Ä( > > (> > > > x > >x Ä(x > titled " Kabul Municipalities and Police Districts", dated 12th > Ä( Ä( Ä(x> Rishkhuri Bala > Ä(x ( > > >Ä(x January, 2005. > ( In mid 2006, he came to know of the KASS project and met some of the CARE ú ( >Ä(x > > >Ä(x x > >Ä(x >x Ä(x > Ä( Ä(x > Ä( > > ú Map Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM - WGS ( > x > Ä(>x § Ä(> Gulbagh 1984) ( > Qala-i- Bazqoli ú > x > ( community mobilizers. With assistance fromÄ(> > the local shura, who were identifying Qala-i-Ahmad Khan >Ä(x Baghi Sadre Aazam For further information contact AIMS. ( ú ( (> Khairabad Email: [email protected] ( ( ( > >(> ( > > ( > > Web Site: www.aims.org.af > (> >Ä(x Tangi Sayadan §> > ( Ä(x Qala-i-Jan Khan >( >(>(( > > Lycee Mahmoodi Tarzi > Ä(x households as potential KASS beneficiaries, he >obtained a small plot of land, and was Print Date: November, 2007 > > x > >(>>( (>x > >>Ä( å >Ä((>(> > >Ä(xx Ä(x >( Ä(> 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 >( Qala-i-Jalal Qala-i-Jarnail >x Ä(Ä(x>x> > Bala Qala (> >( Ä( > x ( Ä(Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x Meters ± > >Ä(x >Ä(x > Afshari Daru l Aman registered as an eligible family. KASS then constructed a full house with two rooms, Mu siam MaliKabul Museum x ò ( Qala-i-Malik Chamani Khairabad ñ 1 : 65,000 Ä(> > Qala-i-Shaghasi > Ä(x Ä(x > x > >> > Qala-i-Luqman >Ä( Ä(x Ä(x Ä(§x x > x ú Ä(> xx >Ä( >>Ä(Ä(> one corridorÄ(>x x and a latrine for him, his younger brother and two sisters. He now has > > Ä( ú Ä(x > > Ä(x >> > x> > > Ä(x Ä(xÄ( >Ä(x xx > >Ä(x ò Ä(>>Ä( > > > ú > Ä(x Ä(x ( > x >x> x> Ä(x x > > > >x Ä( Ä(> Ä( > >Ä(x >Ä(x his own home and peace of mind not to worryÄ( about his younger siblings when he >Ä( > x > § ( x Ä(>Ä(>x > Ä(x( Ä(> > > > > > Ä(x Ä(x > Ä(x Ä(x > > Ä(x > Ä(x > > >>Ä(x í >> > ( > í > x> >Ä(x Ä(>x x Ä( >Ä( >Ä(x > > > >Ä(xx goes(>Ä(x to work. >x >Ä( > > >Ä(x Ä( Ä(>x > Ä(x Ä(>x > >Ä(x > > x >Ä(>xÄ(x > >Ä(x >Ä( >x > >(> > > > >Ä(§x Ä( x> >x Ä(x > > Ä( > Ä( Ä(x> > >Ä(x x x >Ä(x>Ä(x > Ä(x > > > >Ä( Ä(> >x > Ä(>x Ä(> ( > >> > x > >Ä(x Ä(x> > Ä( Ä(x >Ä(x > >x x Ä( >Ä(x Ä( > > > > > > Ä(x > > >Ä(x ò > >Ä(x >x Ä(Ä(x >Ä(x>( > > >Ä(x > >Ä(x Ä(x x > Ä(x >Ä( ú >x > >Ä(xÄ(>x >Ä(x x Ä( >Ä(x Ä( í x > > x ( > ú Ä( > >Ä(x> >x > > Ä(>x > > Ä(x Ä(> Ä( § (x ( > > Ä( > > > > ú Ä(x > Ä(x Ä(x>>Ä(x Ä(x > § > > í Ä(x> ( Ä(x> Ä(x > > > >Ä(x > > x Ä(>x >>Ä( > x >Ä(x >Ä( > >Ä(x Ä(x Ä(x > x >Ä(x > ( >Ä( >Ä(x x Ä(x > Ä(> > > > Ä(x x ò Ä(x >>Ä(x >Ä( > >x § Ä( Ä(x >Ä(x > > > Ä(x x > Ä(x >Ä(x > Ä(x Ä( x > > > >Ä(x Ä(> > í > >( > í >Ä(x > > >x > Ä(x § > Ä( > Ä(>x (>Ä(>x Ä(x > Ä(x > > ú >Ä(x x x >Ä( x >Ä( Ä( >>Ä(x > Ä(x> ( >x Ä( > § >Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x > Ä(x> >Ä(x Ä(>x ( >Ä(x Ä(x >Ä(x > Ä(x > > Ä(x ( > ú

Ä(x> x ( Ä(> >

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6. Constraints and Limitations However, due to the uncertainties of indicate all community boundaries and the boundaries, and bureaucratic limita- all land parcels in every target district. tions, the final maps generated did not Overwhelming Needs Following winter and into the spring, the houses dried, and at the end of the At the commencement of the project, project, the occupancy rate of the new- during the shelter opportunity survey, ly constructed and renovated shelters it was evident that the need for shel- reached 100%. 7. Conclusions ter construction and rehabilitation was overwhelming. Challenge in Mapping Land Parcels One unique element of KASS was Several principles and practices stand out as essential and important lessons from This situation was the result of the in- the digitizing of project interventions the KASS project. flux of returnees from Pakistan and Iran, through the use of GIS mapping. This urban population growth as well as eco- was to provide reference points of all - The history and context of a community or group of communities must be consid- nomic migration and long term poverty, infrastructures constructed under this ered in the design and implementation of a project. which left thousands of families without project. Ideally, the maps would also suitable housing. The survey results in- note the location of land parcels and - Structural and external issues play a fundamental role in the long term sustain- dicated that thousands of households boundaries. ability and success of an intervention, and a project must pay attention to these. in the targeted districts were in ur- Even where authorities and governance structures are weak, they should not be gent need of housing and those needs However, reconciling the official, but ignored; rather the opportunity should be taken to engage, motivate and train surged annually as the winter season outdated maps; the hand drawn maps them, exposing them to the organisation’s agenda and priorities. This will both approached. It was not possible for the assembled by the Community Mobiliz- build the capacity of officials, but also stimulate them to different ways of work- KASS project to meet the needs of all ers and the residents; and the chang- ing. Working towards an MOU with the Kabul Municipality and engaging their staff the vulnerable people, and this was an ing district divisions as the Kabul Mu- from an early stage won their support and enhanced the opportunity for success- ongoing constraint. nicipality updated its boundaries proved ful advocacy. an impossible task. Available maps did Construction versus Occupancy not represent reality on the ground, - Flexibility of design is important: preconceived ideas, even if superlative, may At the end of first phase of the project, being outdated and inaccurate. Hand need to be changed in real circumstances of the project. The KASS project design a concern surfaced regarding low oc- drawn maps, were accurate, but not to allowed for both the intended beneficiaries to change, and for the intervention cupancy rates in the shelters, especially scale, and incomplete. And landowners design to be flexible. This contributed to the cohesion and ultimate success of the those fully constructed. It emerged that and authorities often were not sure of project. the reason for the low occupancy was land boundaries were since supporting that the construction had commenced documents were non-existence, and - Integrating men and women from the outset (where culturally possible) is an es- at the beginning of winter, and as the boundaries were in the process of being sential step in gaining a fair outcome for all members of a community. In some weather started to get cold, the walls changed. cases, especially urban settings, the opportunity for integration may be signifi- failed to completely dry. Beneficiaries, cantly higher than expected, especially where there are high numbers of returned especially those with young children and An agency entered a contract with the refugees – they bring with them the experiences and expectations formed in often elderly, could not bring their families to KASS project to produce the digitized more liberal countries. Such experiences should be capitalised on. This is particu- move in without risking their health. maps that presented all points of all the larly pertinent in an urban environment where women often have fewer restric- infrastructures built under the project. tions on their participation in comparison to women in rural areas. 42 43

- In GIS mapping, ideally parcelled and vacant lands would be included but major serves to increase the participation and relationships between authorities and undertaking outside the scope of this project. citizens and means better, more appropriately designed outcomes and impacts.

Integrated projects such as the KASS project can have substantial, long term ben- 7. The “infill” approach builds shelters and allows consolidation of resources. It efits across a range of issues and needs, if properly designed and executed. People means that full occupancy is obtained rather than wasting resources because operate within communities and systems, not in isolation, and where possible, proj- shelters and services are provided where people want to live rather than forcing ects should also seek to provide systemic, holistic interventions. the poor and vulnerable to satellite cities where they may be further “displaced”.

In addition to these principles, there are a number of key learnings that deserve As urbanisation increases in developing countries, it becomes increasingly impor- particular attention: tant to focus on the needs of vulnerable and poor people living on the economic and social fringes. Often, their needs are overlooked as governments focus on strate- 1. The benefits of the highly consultative process used cannot be understated – this gies to minimise rural-urban migration. However, the desire to move to the city for was the key to the success of this project. The process matters. How projects are perceived improved livelihood opportunities will always exist and it would be remiss designed and implemented, and who is involved in project design and implemen- not to look at strategies and interventions that assist the most poor and vulnerable. tation, contribute directly to project outcomes. We must be careful that the strategies we employ do not displace these people to physical fringes as well, thereby further marginalising them and diminishing their 2. Difference in the perception of needs by key stakeholders such as government, opportunities. Development-driven displacement will not help the poor. donor and implementing agency. Depending on perspective, the balance between shelters and services may differ. For example, the housing needs gener- CARE has been proud to work with OFDA and the Kabul Municipality in the success- ated by the high rate of returnees to Afghanistan (estimated at 3.5million)– of ful implementation of this project and we hope that this guide provides some useful which an estimated 30% choose to settle in Kabul are immense. Despite this, the insights into those involved in urban humanitarian shelter delivery. priority of the Kabul Municipality has been more on the development of services and infrastructure.

3. Short timelines mean that not all relevant issues can be dealt with. Some of the key issues such as land tenure and other reform issues cannot be tackled in a short term project, but need to be given more time for networking, advocacy, and real relationship and capacity building to take place. Having said this, initiatives such as the MoU are important first steps in this process.

4. Advocacy needs to be clearly built into project design particularly when dealing with difficult issues such as land tenure. In this way, additional strategies are employed to provide a greater more lasting impact for beneficiaries.

5. Coordination –Similarly to advocacy, this needs more time, needs to be consolidated in order to maximise gains. It is important that time is taken to build relationships with government departments/ministries/NGOs/other stakeholders so that activities of all are consolidated and build on each other. 6. Good governance – the promotion of good governance is a key to the success of such projects. The creation and promotion of representative community councils 44 45

The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.2, Why and How Should Ka- References bul Upgrade its Informal settlements? South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.3, Should Kabul grow by ex- panding to a new town or by building up its existing suburbs? South Asia Key documents and studies authored by non-Government organizations, donors Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. and individuals are listed below: The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.4, What are the sources of Action Contre la Faim, Afghanistan. Kabul Vulnerability Mapping 2004. conflict in urban land tenure? South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.5, Will formal documents of Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit: Notes on the Livelihoods of the Urban title and the courts resolve all land disputes? South Asia Energy and Infra- Poor in Kabul. 2004. structure Unit, 2005.

Ittig, A: Urban Development in Kabul: An Overview of Challenges and Strategies. The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.6, Conflicts over property Institute for Afghan Studies, 2005. rights and resolution of disputes in Kabul: Conclusions. South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) The Study on the Kabul Metropoli- tan Area Urban Development in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Project For- Key official Government of Afghanistan documents include: mulation Study) 2006. Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. Afghanistan: Urban Reconstruction Plan. Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan: Kabul. November 2002 Pathak, Puspha, Dr, Development Challenges and Initiatives of Kabul City, For Publi- Ministry of Urban Development, Draft Urban Sector Strategy, Islamic Republic of cation in the Special issue on Afghanistan, Architect and Builder, April 2007 Afghanistan, April 2007 Pathak, Puspha, Dr (facilitator). Preliminary Assessment of Investment Needs and Five-Year Plan for Improved Municipal Infrastructure and Services in Kabul City, Other relevant documents include: November, 2006. Asia Foundation Study. Afghanistan in 2006. 2006 ILO/ UNHCR/ Altai Consulting. Integration of Returnees in the Labour Market study, United Nations Human Settlements Programmed (UN -Habitat), Kabul, Community- 2006. based Disaster Awareness and Mitigation Programme (C-DAMP) project, Guidelines The World Bank. The Investment Climate in Afghanistan Report. 2005 for Drought Preparedness and Mitigation Training, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kabul, Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Construction of Non-Engineered, Rural and Suburban Houses The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.3, Should Kabul grow by ex- in Afghanistan, 2006. panding to a new town or by building up its existing suburbs? South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kabul, Reintegration of Returnees and IDPs through Policy, Planning and Targeted Assistance (EC5), The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.4, What are the sources of Urban Upgrading Programme, Brochure conflict in urban land tenure? South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.1, Kabul Urban Land Crisis: A The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.5, Will formal documents of summary of issues and recommendations. South Asia Energy and Infrastructure title and the courts resolve all land disputes? South Asia Energy and Infra- Unit, 2005. structure Unit, 2005. 46 47

The World Bank, Kabul Urban Policy Notes Series n.6, Conflicts over property rights and resolution of disputes in Kabul: Conclusions. South Asia Energy and Infrastructure Unit, 2005. Key official Government of Afghanistan documents include: Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. Afghanistan: Urban Reconstruction Plan. Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan: Kabul. November 2002 Ministry of Urban Development, Draft Urban Sector Strategy, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, April 2007

Other relevant documents include: Asia Foundation Study. Afghanistan in 2006. 2006 ILO/ UNHCR/ Altai Consulting. Integration of Returnees in the Labour Market study, 2006. The World Bank. The Investment Climate in Afghanistan Report. 2005