Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1970 Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 7 970 Bilingualism and Language Contact James E. Alatis Editor Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. 20007 Bibliographical Notice Since this series has been variously, and confusingly, cited as Georgetown University Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics, Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics, Reports of the Annual Round Table Meetings on Linguistics and Language Study, etc., beginning with the 1973 volume the title of the series was changed. The new title of the series includes the year of a Round Table and omits both the monograph number and the meeting number, thus: Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1970, with the regular abbreviation GURT 1970. Full bibliographical references should show the form: Fishman, Joshua A. 1970. The politics of bilingual education. In: Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1970. Edited by James E. Alatis. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press. 47-58. Copyright © 1970 by Georgetown University Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 58-31607 ISBN 0-87840-105-9 CONTENTS Introduction vii WELCOMING REMARKS Reverend Frank Fadner, S. J. Regent, School of Languages and Linguistics ix Robert Lado Dean, School of Languages and Linguistics xi James E. Alatis Associate Dean, School of Languages and Linguistics xiii Chairman, 21st Annual Round Table Meeting FIRST SESSION Chairman: Mrs. Julia Petrov, U.S. Office of Education Einar Haugen Linguistics and Dialinguistics 1 Robert J. Di Pietro The Discovery of Universals in Multilingualism 13 John Macnamara Bilingualism and Thought 25 SECOND SESSION Chairman: Miss Elizabeth Keesee, U. S. Office of Education Joshua A. Fishman The Politics of Bilingual Education 47 Vera John Cognitive Development in the Bilingual Child 59 iv / CONTENTS Dell Hymes Bilingual Education: Linguistic vs. Sociolinguistic Bases 69 Susan U. Philips Acquisition of Rules for Appropriate Speech Usage 77 Everett C. Hughes The Linguistic Division of Labor in Industrial and Urban Societies 103 FIRST LUNCHEON ADDRESS Robert Roessel They Came Here First 121 THIRD SESSION Chairman: Miss Margaret Moore, U.S. Office of Education John J. Gumperz Verbal Strategies in Multilingual Communication 129 Chester C. Christian, Jr. The Analysis of Linguistic and Cultural Differences: A Proposed Model 149 A. Bruce Gaarder The First Seventy-six Bilingual Education Projects 163 Colman L. O Huallachain Bilingual Education Program in Ireland: Recent Ex- periences in Home and Adult Support, Teacher Training, Provision of Instructional Materials 179 William F. Mackey Interference, Integration, and the Synchronic Fallacy 195 FOURTH SESSION Chairman: Miss Dorothy Waggoner, U. S Office of Education Wallace Lambert Some Cognitive Consequences of Following the Curricula of the Early School Grades in a Foreign Language 229 G. Richard Tucker An Alternate Days Approach to Bilingual Education 281 Russell N. Campbell English Curricula for Non-English Speakers 301 Susan Ervin-Tripp Structure and Process in Language Acquisition 313 CONTENTS/v Charles A. Ferguson The Role of Arabic in Ethiopia: A Sociolinguistic Perspective 355 SECOND LUNCHEON ADDRESS Robert F. Roeming Bilingualism and the National Interest 371 FOREWORD For twenty-one years now, scholars in linguistics and related dis- ciplines have converged on Georgetown University at the annual Round Table meetings each spring to report on their latest research and to discuss current problems. Twenty papers were delivered at this year's session held on March 12, 13, and 14, 1970. For the first time a Thursday evening session was added to the traditional Friday and Sat- urday sessions. The theme of this 21st Annual Round Table was 'Bilingualism and Language Contact: Anthropological, Linguistic, Psychological, and Sociological Aspects.' The meeting was divided into four panels, the first on Thursday evening with three speakers, and the remaining three with five speakers each. To these panels were added two lun- cheon addresses on Friday and Saturday. The discussions which followed the delivery of the papers were re- corded, and are included as a part of this volume. Subsequent written comments are also given after the first paper, that of Einar Haugen. Thanks are due to the following graduate and undergraduate students of the School of Languages and Linguistics for their voluntary and in- valuable assistance at the 21st Round Table: Student Committee Chairmen: Frances Reid, Susan Savage, June Hutchinson, George Long, Maria del Rio, and Jane Proctor; Committee Members: Molly Frost, James Holbrook, John Albertini, Dave Strick- ler, Nadine Dutcher, Hailu Araaya, Paul Stevens, George Lenches, Sis- ter Marie Shiels, Ronald Post, Sister Mary Rimblas, Bettie Mahan, Hai Vuong, Margaret Sheppard, Edith Harper, Barbara Lyons, Linda Feld- man, Louis Arena, Dolores Kendrick, Charlise Young, Cathy Sullivan, Nina O'Keefe, Louise Jansen, Sister Sigrid Simlik, Sister Ann Carolyn Kessler, Mary Ann Corley, Barbara Derritt, and Barbara Wyatt. Special thanks go to Marilyn S. Rosenthal and Marta I. Moia who beautifully coordinated the entire student effort and attended to a thou- sand and one details which ensured the successful running of the meet- ing. viii / FOREWORD I am most grateful to Carol LeClair for her'patience in transcribing the lengthy discussions from the tape recordings, typing and correcting manuscripts, and preparing the final photocopy of the volume. Finally, I wish to express my warmest thanks to my colleagues, Professors Neil J. Twombly, S J. and Richard J. O'Brien, S. J., for their invaluable attention to detail in the preparation of this manuscript, as well as to Rev. Stephen X. Winters, S. J. for his painstaking and patient proofreading of the final copy. James E. Alatis Editor WELCOMING REMARKS FRANK FADNER, S. J. Regent, School of Languages and Linguistics Georgetown University Ladies and Gentlemen, Colleagues, Participants and Guests at Georgetown's twenty-first Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies: I don't suppose that in these chaotic days of turmoil and bitter de- bate, of Sturm und Drang, and the threats of Boy Bolsheviki on the campus, a man could win a popularity contest among the knowing elite by asserting that humanity owes a debt of gratitude to the advent of Communist ideology. And yet the historical record shows that since the rise of Bolshe- vism and its triumph in a large neighborhood, people in the rest of the world have become more socially aware: we've been put on our toes and made to realize the existence of the other man. In bygone days when static hierarchy ruled the world of thought, philosophers were content with a stress on the static, individual aspect of that important creature known as man; and they said of him: Man is a rational animal. Now we have come to realize that an equally essential definition of man stresses his dynamic aspect, his nature, the way he acts; and we say: Man is a social animal, an intelligent, free animal with an inner urge or drive to enter the society of his own kind as a necessary means to his immediate end (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and his ultimate end. This means communication, human language. Hence we also come up with a third definition of a man, rather waggish if you will: Animal sapiens nonnunquam loquax, an intelligent animal who has to talk- now and then! x / WELCOMING REMARKS As I look over the agenda for our Round Table discussions, I am agreeably impressed with its realism. Your Chairman, the Associate Dean, Dr. Alatis, summed up the focus very succinctly for me: Bi- lingualism and Language Contact: Anthropological, Linguistic, Psy- chological, and Sociological Aspects. This is certainly a most noble attempt to make our specialty relate, as they say. I wish all God's blessing in your efforts. Finally, I know I'm speaking the voice of the President and the Board of Directors of the University when I assure you that the mat of welcome has never grown threadbare at the entrance to this place. And that goes for old faces and new ones alike in the congregation. Thank you. WELCOMING REMARKS ROBERT LADO Dean, School of Languages and Linguistics Georgetown University Father Fadner, dear Colleagues: Earlier editions of the now tra- ditional Georgetown University Annual Round Table Meetings have fo- cused on the changing national needs in languages and linguistics: first, on the wartime experience in foreign language teaching and its applica- bility to peacetime; later, on linguistic theory; then on technology; then on method. Last year's Round Table focused on the linguistic problems of our neighbors next door through sociolinguistic studies and the teach- ing of Standard English to speakers of other languages or dialects. The theme of this year's meeting is even more timely and signifi- cant, for it reflects what many of us consider a great cultural and lin- guistic growing up of this great land, a maturation that could hardly have been thought possible ten years ago: the idea that bilingual educa- tion is important, that bilingualism is not a disease, that our bilinguals can and should be a great asset to this country. That maturation has been confirmed through the passing by the Congress of the United States of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968. This Round Table could not be more timely, since the seven and a half million dollars spent during the first year of that Act will probably be increased to perhaps twenty- one million dollars during the coming second year. I take great pleasure in welcoming you to the proceedings of the 21st Annual Round Table Meeting. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS JAMES E. ALATIS Associate Dean, School of Languages and Linguistics Georgetown University Let me add my word of welcome to those of Father Fadner and Dean Lado. Thank you all for coming to share your thoughts with us at this, the 21st Annual Round Table on Linguistics and Language Studies.