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Benjamin-Lee-Whorf-Jezik-Misao-I-Stvarnost.Pdf BIBLIOTEКA VEK Urednik IVAN COLOVIc BendZamin Li Vorf JEZIK, MISAO 1 STVARNOST Izabrao i predgovor napisao dr RANKO BUGARSKI Preveo sa engleskog SVETOZAR SINDELIC BEOGRADSКI IZDAVACKO-GRAFICKI ZAVOD 1979. Naslov originala: Language, Thought and Rea1ity: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (Ed. Јоhn В. Carroll) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Тће M.I.T. Press, 1956 © Massachusetts Insti.tute of TechnolOJW. 1956 Recenzent i redaktor prevoda Dr RANKO BUGARSKl Korice IVAN MESNER Tehnicki urednik MILAN SKRВIC UVOD U CITANJE VORFA Iте ВепdZaПlјпа Lija Vorfa, cinovnika jedne firme za protivpozamo osiguranje koji se u slobodnom vre­ тепи strastveno bavio desifrovanjem majanskih hije­ roglifa а potom dubinskom analizom jezika i kultura sevemoamerickih Indijanaca, da Ы posmrtno stekao svetsku slavu kao glavni savremeni zagovornik podsti. сајпе ali i spome hipoteze о jezickoj relativnosti, пјје sasvim nepoznato jugoslovenskoj Citalackoj рuЬИсi. То ime povremeno se рошiпје и lingvistickim i fi1ozof· skim raspravama па stranicama strucnih publikacija, kao i casopisa sire kulturne паmепе; medutim, kod nas ima malo tekstova posvecenih specificno ovom coveku i njegovim idejama.l Ova knjiga predstavlja pokusaj 1) v. naroCito R. Bugarski: Jezik i lingvistika, NoIit, Beograd 1972. (pogl. III - »Jezicka relativnost«, i dalje па str. 129-132). Relevantnim aspektom ove knjige bavi se u svom pI1ikazu S. Knjazeva-Adamovic; v. Radio Beograd, Tre6i program, br. 16, 1973. Upor. i R. Bugarski: Lingvisti. ka о coveku, BIGZ, Beograd 1975. (pogl. IV - "Edvard Sa· рјг - istraZivac jezika i kиlture«), kao i predgovor istog autora и knjizi Е. Sapir: Ogledi iz kulturпe antropologije, BIGZ, Beograd 1974. У. )OS S. Sindelic: »Sapir-Vorfova lingvi. sticko relativisticka hlpoteza«, Delo, god. ХIХ, Ьг. 8-9, 1973. (sa filozofskog stanoviSta). Sazet prikaz v. и М. Ivi6: Pravci и lingvistici, ЈП izd., Ljubljana 1975. Najnoviji оо. Javljen pregled istorijskog razvoja relativistickih shvatanja Jezika daje sada М. CuIjak: »Теопја jezitkog vic1enja �voo 6 Bendzamin Li Vorj da se Vorfova misao, iskazana njegovim sopstvenim ге­ ота, prvi put potpunije iznese pred naseg citaoca. Prevedeni tekstovi koje donosi ovaj izbor zapravo mogu i bez posrednika da vode sadrzajan dijalog sa diskurzivno raspolozenim Citaocem. Ukoliko Ы ovaj pozeleo nesto sira obavestenja о istorijskom i misao­ пот kontekstu u kome Vorfove originalne i kontra­ verzne ideje nalaze svoje mesto, kao i о kritickom od­ zivu па koji su паШе i о uticaju koji su do danas јтаlе, takva obavestenja lako se mogu паСЈ и domacoj literaturi navedenoj и prethodnoj belesci. No kako Ы i ova knjiga Cinila samostalnu celinu, ovde сето ipak ukratko izloziti sustinu Vorfovih pogleda i njegovog do­ prinosa naukama о coveku, uz osnovne biobibliograf­ ske podatke i povremene upute za kriticko citanje uz ротос analogija sa citaocu blizim jezickim materijalom od onog kojim se pisac sluzi и svrhu ilustracije. * * * Izuzev па intelektualnom рlanи, gde је Ыо ispu­ пјеп raznim uzbudenjima, Vorfov zivot protekao је do­ sta mirno i ugasio se relativno гапо. Roden 1897. go­ dine па istocnoj оЬаН SAD, и intelektualno i umetnicki obdarenoj staroj americkoj porodici engleskog porekla, Bendzamin Li Vorf је najveCi deo zivota proveo и No­ voj Engleskoj, toj kolevci americke ku1ture. Talentovan i mastovit, ali nemirna duha i nedovoljno motivisan za akademsku karijeru, и skolovanju nije mnogo ро­ stigao: sa zakasnjenjem, i sa prosecnim uspehom, za- ta«, Suvremena lingvistika br. 15-16, 1977; по cini se da је ovaj koristan i bibIiografski bogat rad napisan znatno ranije, jer upute па literaturu prestaju sa godinom 1970, ра tako пе obuhvataju ni upravo navedene domace priloge. - - Vorfov ogled »Nauka i lingvistika« ranije је objavljen u prevodu L. S. Radonjiea (Delo, god ХIХ, Ьг. 3, 1973). Јгzlk, mlsao i stvarnosl 7 угАјо је studij hemije па Masacusetskom institutu za tchnuJugiju. Ipak је tokom godina stekao siroko obra- 7.0vallje, i to kako и egzaktnim tako i и drustvenim naukama. 2:ivotni poziv и profesionalnom smislu vise ти se nametnuo sticajem ok01nosti по o5to ga је оп sam svesno izabrao. Naime, ubrzo ро diplomiranju do­ Ыо је posao и jednom osiguravajucem zavodu i tu se specijalizovao za sprecavanje pozara; poo5to se па tom poslu brzo istakao novim i dobro primljenim zamisli­ та, а атЫсјја da trazi drugo zaposlenje ionako пЈје lmao, ostao је do kraja zivota sluZbenik iste firme. Zapravo ти је odgovaralo 5to је ро prirodi posla dosta putovao, narocito ро egzoticnijim predelima Severne ј Srednje Amerike, и kojima је mogao da provodi i ро­ vremena dша odsustva. Qva putovanja davala su таЬа nekim njegovim latentnim interesovanjima sasvim пе­ profesionalne - а za njegovo vreme i prilicno neaka­ demske - prirode, kojima се ostvariti svoju pravu unutrasnju vokaciju i ро kojima се postepeno izlaziti па glas. Vorf Бе najpre zivo interesovao za pitanja kos­ mologije, evolucije i biblijske semantike, potom za ar­ heologiju Маја i Acteka (posebno za tumacenje i rekon­ stгukciju njihovih sistema pisanja), i najzad za prou­ cavanje i klasifikaciju indijanskih jezika severno od Meksika, pri сети је naroCitu paznju posvetio jeziku рlетепа НорЈ iz Arizone. Qva interesovanja, па prvi pogled veoma raznorodna, zapravo su bila povezana tananim nitima, i vremenom su se slozila и svojevrstan mozaik па temu odnosa izmed:u jezika, kulture i mis­ lјепја. No ovru svoju upecatljivu sliku, koja се kasnije dobiti zvucno i sugestivno јте hipoteze о jezickoj rela­ tivnosti, sam Vorf пјје stigao da doslika: izmucen Ьо­ lеБси, umro је jula 1941, и cetrdeset petoj godini fi­ vota, ostavljajuCi buduce komentatore svog nedovrse­ nog dela pred brojnim zagonetkama. 8 Bend1.amin Li Vort Zahvaljujuci izuzetnoj radnoj energiji, koja ти је omogucila da naporedo vodi dva odvojena zivota, Vorf је и svom slobodnom vremenu ipak uradio vi8e nego mnogi koji su naucnom istrazivanju posvetili celu ka­ rijeru. Moze se 6lk reCi da је postigao vBe по 8to је i sam slutio и trenutku rastanka sa zivotom. U tom casu Ыо је vec dovoljno izronio iz opskurnosti svog profesionalnog opredeljenja da postane licnost nacio­ nalnih razmera, Щi се odlazak da zabeleze пе samo strucni Casopisi nego i Njujork tajms. Оп Ы se sam verovatno zacudio posmrtnom uticaju svojih ideja. * * * Iako је iz navedenih podataka jasno da Vorf u formalnom smislu nije Ыо ni lingvist ni antropolog, treba паglаэiti da је оп и ovim oblastima Ыо veoma daleko od potpunog amaterstva koje ти se ponekad pripisuje. Za lingvistiku se ozbiljnije zainteresovao tek kad se pribliZio tridesetoj godini zivota, ali ји је tada prihvatio sa odu8evljenjem. Brzo se upoznao sa do­ stignuCima i metodologijom vodecih americkih lingvi­ sta toga doba, а povremeno se i kretao и njihovim krugovima, citajuci sVOJt::: radove па naucnim skupo­ vima i objavljuju6i s vremena па vreme zapazene ras· prave и uglednim casopisima. Jedne godine pred kraj zivota cak је ро pozivu predavao antropologiju па uni­ verzitetu ЈеЈ. Ovo Vorfovo zakasnelo i delimicno uvo­ denje и akademske sfere и znacajnoj је meri proiste­ klo iz njegovog susreta sa Edvardom Sapirom, пајетј­ nentnijim antropolo8kim lingvistom te epohe, susreta koji је doprineo konacnom usmerenju Vorfovih dispa· ratnih interesovanja. Sa izuzetkom jednog odslU8anog kursa iz indijanske lingvistike, Vorf formalno пјје Ыо Sapirov ucenik, ali је ostao pod uticajem ovog coveka lezik, misao i stvarnost 9 sa kojim ga је od pocetka vezivala izrazita duhovna srodnost. Ova dva јтепа najcesce se zajedno pominju u vezi sa vec pomenutom hipotezom jezicke relativnosti, koja se u literaturi naziva jos i Sapir-Vorfovom (ili samo Vorfovom) hipotezom. Najkrace receno, prema ovoj hipotezi - koja se ponekad, тапје oprezno, па­ ziva i teorijom - specificnosti strukture pojedinih је­ zika imaju uticaja па pogled па svet ljudi koji njima govore i па njihovo ponasanje u odnosu prema stvar­ nosti koja ih okruzuje. Ро tome Ы ljudi ziveli u do­ nekle razlicitim pojmovnim svetovima, а ove razlike - - u sferi percepcije prostorno-vremenskih, uzrocno- -posledicnih i drugih odnosa - bile Ы uslovljene poseb- nostima gramaticke strukture njihovih maternjih jezi­ ka, cije kategorije namecu osobene nacine segmentova­ пја i klasifikovanja iskustvenog sveta. Nije tesko sagledati interdisciplinarnu relevant­ nost ovakve јеdnе zamasne naucne pretpostavke, ра је otuda sasvim razumljivo interesovanje па koje опа vec preko dve decenije nailazi u krugovima lingvista, ап­ tropologa, fi1ozofa, socijalnih psihologa i drugih struc­ njaka, i о kome ubedljivo svedoce, pored pojedinacnih rasprava, Citavi naucni skupovi posveceni ovoj proble­ matici.2 Bilo је i pokusaja da se hipoteza empirijski dokaie ili opovrgne, ali su i oni u ceHni ostali predmet sрога.З Posle svega 5to је па ovu temu autoritativno izreceno, opsti zakljucak Ы glasio da se pomenuta hipo- 2) Spisak vaznijih pojedinacnih rasprava о Vorfu, kao Ј 7bornika и сеliпј ili delimicno posvecenih njegovim ide­ јаmа, dat је па kraju ovog predgovora. З) Upor. naroCito radove pod br. 4, 5 i 12 и spisku litera­ ture. Kritickii osvrti па takve pokusaje mogu se пасј npr. u radovima pod br. 3, 7, 14 i 15. 10 Bendzamin Li Vorf teza, koja је sporna vec u pitanju same svoje temeljne formulacije, verovatno ne moze ni dokazati ni opovrg­ nuti па neki realno izvodljiv i ubedljiv nacin. Рге sve­ ga, nju ni Sapir ni Vorf nisu sistematski formulisali. Prvi је ostavio pregr§t inspirativnih odlomaka о toj opstoj temi, koji se ро svom osnovnom misaonom toku zapravo nastavljaju па jednu tradiciju relativistickog misljenja о jeziku i kulturi koja tece Ьаг od nemac­ kog predromantizma, da Ы izrazitije konture stekla vec sa Humboltom. Drugi, pak, kome је ova tradicija ostala uglavnom nepoznata, па slicne је pomisli dosao vlasti­ tim razmisljanjem i istraZivanjem, ali takode Ьez neop­ hodne sistematizacije. Rezultat ovih okolnosti jeste сј­ njooica da se ne moze pouzdano znati koje Ы moguce implikacije hipoteze prihvatio jedan ili drugi, а koje оо odbacio, i sa kakvom argumentacijom u оЬа slucaja. Ovako је ostalo па drugima da raspetljavaju zamrseno klupko ovih implikacija, а tu se, s obzirom па veliku slozenost same materije, ni је ni mogla ocekivati neka veca тега saglasnosti.
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