THE GHANAIAN FACTORY WORKER: INDUSTRIAL MAN in AFRICA AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES General Editor: DRJ.R
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THE GHANAIAN FACTORY WORKER: INDUSTRIAL MAN IN AFRICA AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES General Editor: DRJ.R. GOODY 1 City Politics: A Study of Leopoldville, 1962-63 -j. s. LAFONTAINE 2 Studies in Rural Capitalism in West Africa -POLLY HILL 3 Land Policy in Buganda - H. w. WEST 4 The Nigerian Military -A. R. LUCKHAM 5 The Ghanaian Factory Worker: Industrial Man in Africa — MARGARET PEIL 6 Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969- FRANCIS WILSON THE GHANAIAN FACTORY WORKER: INDUSTRIAL MAN IN AFRICA by MARGARET PEIL Centre of West African Studies University of Birmingham CAMBRIDGE ATTHE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1972 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521082969 © Cambridge University Press 1972 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1972 This digitally printed version 2008 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 73-160091 ISBN 978-0-521-08296-9 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-10022-9 paperback CONTENTS List of tables page vi List of maps viii Acknowledgements ix i Introduction i 2 The factories 23 3 Occupations 4 Job satisfaction 81 5 Migration 126 6 Urban living 150 7 Family ties 190 8 Ghanaian factory workers and modernity 218 Appendix: The interview schedule 238 Bibliography 245 Index 251 TABLES 1.1 Population size of the four towns, 1891-1960 page 5 1.2 Sex ratio, homogeneity index and percent foreign born, whole country and the three cities, i960 11 1.3 Composition of the adult male labour force, whole country and the three cities, i960 12 1.4 Number of manufacturing firms recorded in 1959 by year operations commenced 15 1.5 Number of large manufacturing firms and persons engaged, 1958-66 16 2.1 Comparison of worker sample and factory population, Accra Capital District 24 2.2 Characteristics of the firms 32 2.3 Labour force participation of the local and foreign-born urban population, selected countries and occupations 37 2.4 School attendance, median age and birthplace of factory workers and the male population of the cities in which they worked 38 3.1 Background of workers by occupation 44 3.2 Occupational background of workers by occupation 50 3.3 Occupations of brothers by occupation of urban workers 52 3.4 First work after age 15 by education and age at entering the non-agricultural labour force 53 3.5 Median length of job of male workers in various occupations by year ended 59 3.6 Median length of job of male workers in various types of work by major urban occupation 61 3.7 Median length of job (in years) by employment status, type of work and proportion self-employed, urban male workers 62 3.8 Post-school unemployment and first full-time work by location of first job, urban male workers 66 3.9 Unemployment before current job by place and occupation 68 3.10 Career unemployment by occupation and education 71 3.11 Median monthly wages by occupation 76 4.1 Job likes and dislikes by occupation 83 4.2 Accra/Tema workers still on the job 15 months after interviewing, by occupation, sex and region of origin 99 4.3 Job seniority by location of worker, occupation, sex, region of origin, migration and wage 101 4.4 Planned job stability by location 103 4.5 Preferred work in the firm and for next job by present occupation 105 4.6 Aspirations of urban males for their children by occupation and education 111 vi List of tables 4.7 Suggested occupations for educated and uneducated young men 115 4.8 The ranking of occupations 118 5.1 Origin of workers 128 5.2 Direction of first migration of urban male workers 130 5.3 Direction of second and later moves of urban male workers 132 5.4 Rural-urban and interregional migration of urban male workers 133 5.5 First move of migrant urban male workers by place of origin and education 136 5.6 Type of first move by year of first migration, urban males originating in Ghana 137 5.7 Career migration by origin of worker and location of firm, migrant urban male workers 140 5.8 Career migration by present age and age and year of arrival, migrant urban males 141 5.9 Prospective migrants' contacts at their destinations 145 6.1 Migrants' positive and negative feelings about the place in which they are living 151 6.2 Consumer price index for selected towns and rural areas 1965-8 152 6.3 Rural workers' reactions to the possibility of moving to Accra 156 6.4 Host and time spent sharing accommodation on first arrival in town 164 6.5 Housing density, single rooms, size of household and rent 165 6.6 Workers with relatives or townsmen in the same firm 169 6.7 Percent of workers who see workmates away from the firm and relationship to these mates 172 6.8 Choice of workmates as friends by occupation, urban male workers 174 6.9 Amount of education desired for children 179 6.10 Percent of parents sending school-age children to school 180 6.11 Choice of location for retirement 185 7.1 Marriage by age 191 7.2 Inter-ethnic and polygynous marriage by location and ethnicity 192 7.3 Marriage homogeneity by region and size of place of origin 194 7.4 Mean number of living children of urban males by age and occupation 196 7.5 Guardianship, location and age of children not living with their fathers 198 7.6 Age and location of children not living with their fathers by guardian 199 7.7 Household composition by size of household and age and ethnicity of worker 201 7.8 Visits by relatives 204 7.9 Relatives to whom money was sent and amount sent 208 7.10 Median amount sent and proportion sending money home by occupation and wage 210 7.11 Frequency of visits home by location of firm and of home, workers not living in their hometowns 213 Vll MAPS 1 Ghana page x 2 Greater Accra 158 3 Tema 160 4 Kumasi 161 5 Sekondi/Takoradi 162 Vlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my early days as a graduate student of sociology, Joseph P. Fitzpatrick convinced me of the important part industrial workers play in national development. The works of J. Clyde Mitchell were a prime example of the possibilities of research in this field in Africa and provided many insights to guide my work. This study could not have been carried out without the generosity of the factory managers in allowing us to conduct the lengthy interviews, the willing cooperation of the workers, the interest and hard work of the interviewers and the financial assistance of Grant MH I 1793-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, D.C. Encouragement and advice in the various stages of the project came from, among others, Jack Caldwell, Jack Goody, Andre Hauser and Peter Lloyd. As the manuscript took shape, Nelson Addo, Gi Baldamus, Esther Goody, Peter Mitchell, Christine Oppong and Douglas Rimmer were kind enough to read various chapters and suggest improvements. They are not to be held responsible for the result, of course, since their advice was not always taken. The task of analyzing the data was facilitated by John Koster's expert assistance with computer programs and by many conversations with col- leagues and students at the University of Ghana during the five years I taught there. These cannot be credited individually, because it is no longer possible to remember the source of various ideas, but I hope they will be pleased to see the use to which their ideas have been put. To all of these and to my colleagues in Birmingham who encouraged me during the long process of translating the survey into a manuscript, I want to express my sincere gratitude. MARGARET PEIL Centre of West African Studies University of Birmingham October 1971 IX #s,.*^*\ y Bawkiy* N UPPER REGION i s i i \ NORTHERN Yendi °TAMALE i REGION *Damongo BRONG/AHAFO RE Agogo Konongo/, Nkawkaw N T R A L •Swed © Cities • Large towns • Small towns and villages i Ghana After a map drawn by the Survey of Ghana CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 1957, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African nation to obtain her independence from colonial rule. She has long been known as the world's foremost producer of cocoa and exports sizeable quantities of gold, timber, manganese and industrial diamonds, but, like most new nations, she aspires to industrialize her economy. Although the country is small by world standards, its eight million people can support moderately sized industries producing relatively inexpensive consumer goods. These provide employ- ment for a gradually increasing number of workers, mostly in urban areas. Per capita income was £85 in 1961, which is high for tropical Africa. Ghana is second only to Ivory Coast among the countries in West Africa in the proportion of the population engaged in wage labour (about thirty-five per thousand). According to the i960 Population Census, there were over 2.5 million persons aged fifteen or above in the labour force. Of these, 62 % were in agriculture, fishing or lumbering, 14% in commerce, and 6% in services.