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(Phd-Értekezés) Szalánczi József Krisztián Németország Helye a Déli

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(Phd-Értekezés) Szalánczi József Krisztián Németország Helye a Déli Pécsi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Interdiszciplináris Doktori Iskola Újkor és Modernkor Történeti Program DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ (PhD-értekezés) Szalánczi József Krisztián Németország helye a déli-sarkvidéki Nap alatt Az Antarktisz felosztásának kérdése a 20. század első felében, különös tekintettel az 1938–1939-es német Antarktisz-expedíció előzményeire, valamint nemzetközi, katonai és gazdasági vonatkozásaira Témavezető: Prof. dr. Fischer Ferenc Pécs, 2017 Tartalomjegyzék ELŐSZÓ ................................................................................................................................. 5 A kutatási téma ismertetése és a disszertáció által felvetett fő kérdések......... 5 Módszertan és források ................................................................................................... 11 A disszertáció tartalma és felépítése ........................................................................... 19 1. NÉMETORSZÁG ÉS AZ ANTARKTISZ (1857–1938) ................................. 26 1.1. A Schwabenland-expedíció történelmi és ideológiai előzményei ............. 26 1.1.1. „Auf zum Südpol!” – Georg von Neumayer és a német Antarktisz-kutatás őskora ...... 26 1.1.2. Hőstett, vagy megbocsáthatatlan kudarc? Erich von Drygalski és a Gauss-expedíció (1901–1903) ............................................................................................................................. 31 1.1.3. Német felfedezők a Weddell-tengeren. Wilhelm Filchner és a Deutschland-expedíció (1911–1912) ............................................................................................................................. 40 1.1.4. A versailles-i szerződés – Németország kizárása az antarktiszi ügyekből ..................... 45 1.1.5. A „brit birodalmi Antarktisz” születése (1908–1933) .................................................... 48 1.2. A német bálnavadászat kérdései a második világháború előtti időszakban (1933–1939) .................................................................................................. 63 1.2.1. A német bálnavadászat megteremtésének előzményei (1933–1935) ............................. 63 1.2.2. A Schwabenland-expedíció megszervezésének gazdasági okai (1936–1939). Német bálnavadászat a Déli-óceánon .................................................................................................. 67 2. A SCHWABENLAND-EXPEDÍCIÓ ÉS A CIRKÁLÓHÁBORÚS DOKTRÍNA ........................................................................................................................ 74 2.1. Az 1938–1939-es német Antarktisz-expedíció megszervezése és végrehajtása. Tudományos kutatóútnak álcázott katonai manőver? ............ 74 2.1.1. A Schwabenland katapulthajó ........................................................................................ 74 2.1.2. Alfred Ritscher kapitány és a szakértői stáb. Az expedíció feladatai ............................ 80 2.1.3. Neu-Schwabenland „születése” – az 1938-1939-es német Antarktisz-expedíció eredményei ............................................................................................................................... 86 2.1.4. A Schwabenland visszatérése németországba. Felderítő művelet Brazília partjainál.... 95 2.2. A Schwabenland-expedíció a német haditengerészeti elképzelések és manőverek tükrében (1919–1945) ............................................................................... 97 2.2.1. Erich Raeder admirális és a cirkálóháborús doktrína ..................................................... 97 1 2.2.2. Álcázott német manőverek az Atlanti-óceán térségében a két világháború közötti időszakban. A Meteor-expedíció (1925–1927) ...................................................................... 101 2.2.3. A Déli-óceán, mint a Kriegsmarine hadműveleti körzete ............................................ 106 2.2.3.1 A Schwabenland-expedíció a Kriegsmarine 1938 decembere és 1939 márciusa között tartott hadijátékai tükrében ..................................................................................................... 106 2.2.3.2. Német haditengerészeti manőverek a második világháború folyamán az Antarktisz előterében, illetve a Déli-óceán körzetében. A norvég bálnavadászflották elfogása ............. 111 2.2.3.3. A német segédcirkálók ellen hozott brit intézkedések a dél-atlanti, illetve a déli- óceáni térségben. A Deception-sziget kérdése ....................................................................... 120 3. A SCHWABENLAND-EXPEDÍCIÓ NEMZETKÖZI ÖSSZEFÜGGÉSEI ......................................................................................................... 130 3.1. Norvégia déli-sarkvidéki tevékenysége. Brit és norvég diplomáciai kapcsolatok az antarktisz térségben (1892–1937) ............................................... 130 3.1.1. A norvég hőskor (1892–1925) ..................................................................................... 130 3.1.1.1. Bálnavadászok új utakon. Norvég aktivitás az Antarktisz körzetében 1892 és 1905 között ...................................................................................................................................... 130 3.1.1.2. Norvégia függetlenné válása 1905-ben. Déli-sarkvidéki ambíciók és külpolitikai tapasztalatlanság (1905–1908) ............................................................................................... 135 3.1.1.3. A Déli-sark, mint VII. Haakon-fennsík? Roald Amundsen felfedezőútja és következményei (1908–1925) ................................................................................................ 138 3.1.2. A céltudatos norvég Antarktisz-politika kezdetei. Lars Christensen „privát” bálnavadászati expedícióinak első hulláma (1926–1929) ...................................................... 141 3.1.2.1. Az 1926-os brit birodalmi konferencia és a bálnavadászati iparral kapcsolatos norvég aggodalmak ............................................................................................................................ 141 3.1.2.2. Az első Norvegia-expedíció és a diplomáciai áttörés. Nagy-Britannia lemondása a Bouvet-szigetről Norvégia javára (1927–1928) ..................................................................... 144 3.1.2.3. A második Norvegia-expedíció. Norvég fennhatóság az I. Péter-sziget felett (1929) ................................................................................................................................................ 150 3.1.3. A norvég kontientális jogigényeket megalapozó déli-sarkvidéki kutatóexpedíciók (1929–1937) ........................................................................................................................... 153 3.1.3.1. A harmadik Norvegia-expedíció. A Kronprins Olav- és a Kronprinsesse Märtha-part felfedezése (1929–1930) ........................................................................................................ 153 3.1.3.2. A negyedik Norvegia-expedíció. A Prinsesse Ragnhild- és a Prinsesse Astrid-part megpillantása (1930–1931) .................................................................................................... 160 2 3.1.3.3. Élesedő brit–norvég ellentétek a Déli-sarkvidéken. Az Ausztrál Antarktiszi Terület nyugati határvonalával kapcsolatos viták. A Prins Harald-part felfedezése (1931–1937)..... 163 3.2. Német–norvég területi viszály az antarktiszi „jégsivatagban” (1938– 1945) ..................................................................................................................................... 169 3.2.1. A norvég területi igény bejelentése és a brit válaszreakció (1938. december – 1939. szeptember) ............................................................................................................................ 169 3.2.2. Német elképezelések egy antarktiszi szektor feletti fennhatóság megszerzésére ........ 176 3.2.2.1. Az 1938–1939-es Schwabenland-expedícióval kapcsolatos német álláspont és Helmuth Wohlthat összegző cikke ......................................................................................... 176 3.2.2.2. A második Schwabenland-expedíció terve (1939–1940) .......................................... 182 3.2.3. Norvégia 1940-es német megszállása a cirkálóháború és a Schwabenland-expedíció tükrében. A második világháború kihatása a német–norvég antarktiszi vitára ...................... 189 3.3. A spanyol „örökség”. Argentína és Chile déli-sarkvidéki ambíciói ...... 195 3.3.1. Chile 1940-es antarktiszi területi követelésének történeti előzményei (1831–1940) .. 195 3.3.2. Argentin aktivitás a Déli-sarkvidék körzetében a 19. század első felétől a második világháború kitöréséig (1820–1939) ...................................................................................... 205 3.3.3. Nagy-Britannia, Argentína és Chile antarktiszi viszálya a Schwabenland-expedíció tükrében (1939–1945) ............................................................................................................ 211 3.4. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok déli-sarkvidéki politikája. A Schwabenland-expedíció és a Monroe-doktrína (1928–1945) ......................... 217 3.5. A Highjump-művelet, mint az USA sarkvidéki kiképzőprogramja (1946–1947) ........................................................................................................................ 225 3.6. Neu-Schwabenland „árnyéka”. Az 1949–1952-es norvég–brit–svéd (NBSX) antarktisz-expedíció ....................................................................................... 228 3.7. Kitekintés. Az 1959-es Antarktisz-szerződés.
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