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Provenance Analysis of the Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, Northern Colombia: Paleodrainage Implications

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Provenance Analysis of the Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, Northern Colombia: Paleodrainage Implications Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 66e77 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of South American Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames Provenance analysis of the Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, northern Colombia: Paleodrainage implications * Nicolas Perez-Consuegra a, b, , Mauricio Parra a, Carlos Jaramillo b, Daniele Silvestro c, d, Sebastian Echeverri a, e, Camilo Montes f, g, Jose María Jaramillo h, Jaime Escobar b, i a Institute of Energy and Environment, University of Sao Paulo, 055108-010 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil b Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama c Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden d Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden e Instituto de Geoci^encias, Universidade de Sao~ Paulo, Rua do Lago 562, 05508-080 Sao~ Paulo, SP, Brazil f Department of Geological Sciences, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador g Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia h GMAS, Calle 62 # 3-24, Bogota DC, Colombia i Universidad del Norte, Km 5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia article info abstract Article history: The Cocinetas Basin in the Guajira Peninsula, the northernmost tip of South America, today has a dry Received 5 July 2017 climate with low rainfall (<500 mm/yr), a long dry season (>ten months) and no year-long rivers or Received in revised form permanent standing bodies of fresh water. In contrast, the fossil and geological record indicate that the 2 November 2017 Cocinetas Basin was much wetter during the Miocene-Pliocene (~17e2.8 Ma). Water needed to sustain Accepted 2 November 2017 the paleofauna could either have originated from local sources or been brought by a larger river system Available online 8 November 2017 (e.g. proto Magdalena/Orinoco river) with headwaters either in Andean ranges or the Guyana shield. We present a provenance study of the Pliocene Ware Formation, using petrographic analysis of conglomerate Keywords: Provenance clasts and heavy minerals, and U-Pb dating of 140 detrital zircons. Clasts and heavy minerals are typical Pliocene of ensialic metamorphic and igneous sources. The detrital zircon age distribution indicates the Guajira Colombia ranges as the most probable sediment source. The overall results indicate that the fluvial system of the Paleogeography Ware Formation drained the surrounding ranges. The water was probably derived by local precipitation Guajira Peninsula onto the Guajira peninsula. Detrital geochronology © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Heavy minerals 1. Introduction fossil and geological records indicate that the Cocinetas Basin was much wetter during the Miocene-Pliocene (~17e2.8 Ma) (Aguilera Northern South America has a long history of mountain building et al., 2013; Cadena and Jaramillo, 2014; Forasiepi et al., 2014; and sedimentary basin formation driven by the interaction among Hendy et al., 2015; Jaramillo et al., 2015; Moreno et al., 2015; the Caribbean, Nazca and South American plates (e.g., Pindell et al., Amson et al., 2016; Carrillo-Briceno~ et al., 2016; Moreno-Bernal 2005). The Cocinetas Basin, located in the Guajira Peninsula (Figs. 1 et al., 2016; Suarez et al., 2016; Aguirre-Fernandez et al., 2017; and 2), records an Eocene to Pliocene sedimentary sequence that Perez et al., 2017). could help us understand the landscape evolution of northwestern The Guajira Peninsula is currently isolated from the major river South America (Jaramillo et al., 2015). This region has a very dry systems of northern South America (e.g. Magdalena, Amazon and climate with low rainfall (<500 mm/yr) and a very long dry season Orinoco rivers) by its bounding mountain ranges, which include the (>ten months), and it lacks all-year-long rivers or standing bodies Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), the Perija Range and the of fresh water (e.g., Pabon-Caicedo et al., 2001). In contrast, the Merida Andes (Fig. 1A). Water supplies needed to sustain the Cocinetas Miocene-Pliocene fauna could either have originated from local precipitation and rivers from the Guajira ranges (Figs. 1 * Corresponding author. Current affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, Syr- and 2) or have been brought by a larger river system, e.g. proto acuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. Magdalena or proto Orinoco rivers, with headwaters either in E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Perez-Consuegra). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.11.002 0895-9811/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Fig. 1. Topography of northern South America showing major mountain ranges and possible sediment sources including Central and Eastern cordilleras, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), Perija range, Merida Andes and Guiana Craton. Dashed line represents the shoreline during glacial times. (A) Yellow lines indicate drainage divides for the Mag- dalena, Orinoco and Amazon basins, and blue lines indicate main modern river systems. (B) Possible scenarios for freshwater fish dispersal in the Pliocene. (1) Proto-Orinoco river drains into the Caribbean through a lowland depression in the Merida Andes. (2) The proto Magdalena River drains into the Maracaibo region. This proto Magdalena would be connected to cis-Andean drainages through an opening in the southern Eastern Cordillera. (3) The freshwater plume of a proto Orinoco river delta would have allowed fish to migrate into the Maracaibo region (Guajira and Falcon). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) 68 N. Perez-Consuegra et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 81 (2018) 66e77 Andean ranges or in the Guiana Craton, respectively (Fig. 1), a the middle and a coquina at the top. The Ware Formation was setting similar to the modern Nile river, which has its headwaters in deposited in a fluvio-deltaic setting (Hendy et al., 2015; Moreno the humid mountains of Ethiopia and crosses the Sahara Desert, et al., 2015). bringing water and humidity into its delta in the Mediterranean Sea, hundreds of kilometers away (e.g., Garzanti et al., 2006; 2. Methods Dumont, 2009). Pliocene fossil fish found in Cocinetas have affin- ities to modern faunas of the Amazon-Orinoco river system Several samples were collected for a variety of analyses. We (Aguilera et al., 2013), suggesting a riverine connection between used six-digit identification numbers (IDs) to label field localities. the Cocinetas/Falcon basin and the Amazon-Orinoco drainage basin Each individual rock collected also has a unique ID number from the during the Pliocene (Aguilera et al., 2013). In contrast, geological Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), together with the data indicate that the Merida Andes had already been uplifted by locality ID (Table S1, SOM). Information on the stratigraphic sec- the Pliocene, separating drainages on the two sides of the range tions, locality, and sample ID data can be consulted from Moreno (e.g., Parnaud et al., 1995; Audemard and Audemard, 2002; et al. (2015). We did conglomerate clast counting at four different Audemard M., 2003; Bermúdez et al., 2010). The Perija range, localities (100 clasts per locality; Table S1 and S2, SOM). Samples SNSM and Guajira ranges also had been uplifted by the Pliocene were collected from basal conglomerates at four localities of the (e.g., Kellogg, 1984; Zapata et al., 2009; Bayona et al., 2011; Cardona Ware Formation: Flor de la Guajira (STRI locality 290080; N et al., 2011a; Ayala et al., 2012)(Figs. 1 and 2). 11.8801 W À71.4772), Yotojoro area (STRI locality 290839; N Was the water needed to sustain the Cocinetas Pliocene fauna 11.9471 W À71.3085), Bahia Cocinas (STRI locality 640006, N locally derived or transported to the basin from a long distance? 11.8314 W À71.3853) and Puerto Lopez (STRI locality 290836; N Was there a fluvial connection between the Cocinetas Basin during 11.9587 W À71.2399). We analyzed eight samples for heavy min- the Pliocene and cis-Andean (e.g. drainages east of the Andes) erals petrography (Table S1 and S3, SOM). Six of these samples were drainages? In order to answer these questions, we performed a collected from different stratigraphic levels of the Ware Formation provenance analysis of the fluvial strata of the Pliocene Ware For- stratotype section (STRI locality 390075; N 11.8487 W À71.3243). mation (3.2e2.8 Ma). We performed a petrographic analysis of The two remaining samples were collected from a basal conglom- heavy minerals and conglomerate clasts and dated 140 detrital eratic sandstone in the Flor de la Guajira locality and from a modern zircons using U-Pb e Laser-ICPMS. If sediments of the Ware For- river sandy channel (STRI locality 640008; N 11.9572 W À71.3032). mation were locally derived, we would expect textural immaturity Two samples from the Ware stratotype section were used to obtain and Jurassic (200-150 Ma; Cardona-Molina et al., 2006), Permo- zircons for U-Pb dating (Table S1, S4, SOM). Triassic (300-250 Ma), 500-400 Ma (“Proto andean”; Weber et al., 2010) and Grenvillian (1250-850 Ma) (Cordani et al., 2005; 2.1. Conglomerate clast counts Cardona-Molina et al., 2006) detrital zircon ages, as these are the ages of the exposed basement in the peninsula. If sediments had A total of 100 clasts were collected at each locality using the been transported for a long distance, we would expect textural ribbon method (Howard, 1993). This technique consists in counting maturity and either Cretaceous (~90-70 Ma) detrital zircon ages if individual clasts within a specified area. The area must have di- the source is the Central/Eastern cordilleras (Villagomez et al., mensions significantly larger (5Â) than the longest axis of the 2011; Pepper et al., 2016; Jaramillo et al., 2017), or 2.5e1.5 Ga largest clast in the sample (Howard, 1993).
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