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Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia

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Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico­ Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ---------------------------------------- 1 Ma.gmatism ----___ ------------------------------- 22 Introduction _______ --____ --____ ------------------ 1 Precambrian --------------------------------­ 22 24 Principal geomorphic-~.tructural provinces of Late Ordovician -----------------------------­ 24 2 Late Paleozoic ------------------------------­ Colombia -------------------------------------- Triassic and Jurassic ------------------------- 24 Precambrian rocks in relation to the Guayana 25 shield __ ·___ ----------------------------------- 2 Cretaceous ---------------------------------- Tertiary ------------------------------------ 25 Phanerozoic sedimentation and orogeny ----------­ 6 Age provinces of granitic intrusive rocks ------ 26 6 Lower Paleozoic rocks and. orogeny -----------­ Geologic structure ----~--------------------------­ 26 Middle and upper Paleozoic rocks and orogeny __ 9 Folds in metamorphic terranes ---------------­ 26 Devonian -------------------------------- 9 Folds in unmetamorphosed terranes ---------­ 27 Mississippian through Permi·an ---------- 9 High-angle reverse faults --------------------­ 27 Late Paleozoic orogeny ------------------- 11 Strike-slip faults ----------------------------­ 29 Mesozoic rocks and orogeny ------------------- 12 Interior basins ------------------------------­ 31 Triassic --------------------------------­ 12 Coastal wedges -----------------------------­ 32 Jurassic --------------------------------- 14 Isthmus of Panama -------------------------- 32 Cretaceous -----------------------------­ 15 Geologic cross sections --------------------------­ 33 Late Mesozoic orogeny -------------------- 17 Structural evolution -----------------------------­ 33 Cenozoic rocks and orogeny ------------------- 18 Precambrian __ ------------_ ------------------ 33 Paleocene ------------------------------­ 18 Paleozoic -----------------------------------­ 33 Eocene ---------------------------------- 18 Mesozoic -----~------------------------------ 34 Oligocene _ ------------------------------­ 20 Cenozoic ___ --------------------------------- 36 Miocene and the Andean orogeny ---------­ 20 Conclusions _______________________ ---_ ---------- 38 Pliocene and Pleistocene ----------------- 22 Selected references _____________________________ _ 38 IIolocene -------------------------------- 22 Index ------------------------------------------- 43 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Tectonic and geologic map of northernmost Andes, Colombia ---------------------------------------In pocket 2. Geologic sections across northernmost Andes, Colombia ------------------------------------------In pocket FIGURE 1. Map showing principal structural provinces of Colombia --------------------------------------------- 3 2-9. Sketch map showing- 2. Major tectonic subdivisions of northern South America, distribution ·of Precambrian and Cam- brian-Ordovician rocks, and radiogenic ages ------------------------------------------ 4 3-5. Paleogeography, facies, location of outcrops, and radiogenic ages of: 3. Cambrian and Ordovician age and axis of Late Ordovician orogeny ---------------- 7 4. Middle and late Paleozoic age and axis of late Paleozoic orogeny ------------------- 10 5. Triassic and Jurassic age and axes of Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic plutons --- 13 6. Paleogeography and facies of Cretaceous age, axis of Upper Cretaceous plutons, and radio- genic ages ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 7. Facies, thickness, and direction of transport of Tertiary deposits before the Andean orogeny (Miocene), location of axes of Eocene and Oligocene-Miocene plutons, and radiogenic ages -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 8. Tentative distribution of granitic intrusive rocks by age provinces ------------------------- 23 9. Principal tectonic elements of northernmost Andes, Colombia ----------------------------- 28 10. Diagram showing progressive westward shifts of eugeosynclinal axes and resulting continental accretion, northernmost Andes, Colombia __________ ----------------------------------------------------- 35 III STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE NORTHERNMOST ANDES, COLOMBIA . ', By EARL M. IRVING ABSTRACT contrary, accretion by an unknown amount is probable dur­ The primeval Guayana shield of northern South America ing the late Paleo~oic orogeny, and more than 100 miles was is older than the metamorphism of the eugeosynclinal added to the continental margin during the Late Cretaceous Imataca Complex of southeastern Venezuela which took place or:ogeny. In northernmos.t Colombia, east-trending Caribbean at least 3,000 m.y. ago. Metamorphism and two granitic structures intercept Andean structures· and are therefore magma cycles we~ded the shield area into a stable craton younger. Late Tertiary epe-irogenic uplift accompanied by between 2,250 and 1,850 m.y. (Guyanese). To the west and faulting produced much of the present relief. probably to the north the shield rocks are younger; in INTRODUCTION Colombia the oldest known rocks are about 1,350 m.y. old (Orinocan). This P.recambrian crust extends well into the The Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary basins Andean Cordillera and appears to have provided a platform of Colombia have be·en studied in detail for more for ensialic miogeosynclinal sedimentation during much of than half a century by geologists searching for Phanerozoic time. petroleum. However, the pre-Cretac-eous formations During the Paleozoic Era a pericon.tinental eugeosyncline developed along and around the western and northern mar­ have hardly received their deserved attention except gin of the platform. In late Paleozoic time, miogeosynclinal for the monumental work of Grosse (1926) in west­ sediments near the edge of the platform and sediments and ern Antioquia and reconnaiss·ance studies by Hu­ volcanic material in the adjoining eugeosyncline were re­ bach and Alvarado (1934), Hubach (1957a, b), gionally metamorphosed along an arcuate fold belt (late Paleozoic orogen) that included the areas of the present Cen­ Trumpy · (1943), Gansser (1954, 1955), Biirgl tral Cordillera, the central part of the Sierra Nevada de (1961), Radelli (1967), and Stibane (1967). Santa Marta, and the Guajira Peninsula; the uplift 'and In the decade of the 1960's, several intensive deformation at ·this time produced the central northeast­ studies of pre-Cretaceous formations were under­ trending arcuate crystalline spinal column of the present taken in connection with regional mapping pro­ Colombian Andes. During the Mesozoic Era a second eugeosyncline formed outside the late Paleozoic orogenic grams. Beginning in 1962, Princeton University arc; at the close of the Cretac·eous the eugeosynclinal students (MacDonald, 1964; Lockwood, 1965; Al­ deposits were strongly folded but only locally meta­ varez, 1967) undertook field studies for doctoral morphosed. This orogeny formed the Western Cordillera dissertations on the base·ment rocks of the Guaj ira and coeval fold belts (Late Cretaceous orogen) along the Peninsula in extre~me northeastern Colombia. Prof. northeastern Oaribbean coast of Colombia. The immense Antioquian batholith and several satellitic intrusions were Gerardo Botero Arango in 1963 published the results emplaced along the inner side of the Late Cretaceous orogenic of his ·studies of the western half of the. Antioquian arc. In the middle Eocene and again in the Oligocene-early batholith and its encasing rocks. In 1964, under a Miocene, small posttectonic granitic plutons were emplaced cooperative program financed by the Ministry of along the late Cretaceous orogenic axis. During ·the middle Tertiary Andean orogeny, the intracratonic Eastern Cor­ Mines and Petroleum of the Government of Colombia dillera rose along sharp marginal flexures, high-angle re­ and the Agency for International Development, U.S. verse faults that dip toward the cordillera, and locally along Department of State, the U.S. Geological Survey
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