DOCSLIB.ORG

Colombia's Classroom Wars

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Colombia's Classroom Wars Education International Internationale de l’Education Internacional de la Educación Bildungsinternationale COLOMBIA’s CLASSROOM WARS Political violence against education sector trade unions September 2009 Dr Mario Novelli Education International Contents Author’s foreword 1 Introduction 2 Political violence against educators: a growing problem 3 Understanding teachers as trade unionists 4 Background to education unions in colombia 6 Background to political violence in colombia 7 Historical context of state/civil society relations in colombia 7 Paramilitarism and the war against trade unionism 8 Recent political developments in colombia 9 Education and conflict in colombia 11 How are educators’ human rights violated? 13 The facts and figures 13 Political violence against education sector trade unions Political Assassinations 13 Death threats 16 Forced displacement 18 Arbitrary detention 20 Forced disappearances 22 Analysing the patterns of violence against educators 24 What strategies have been developed to mitigate and Manage the violence? 26 National legal and judicial protection measures 26 Setting up of human rights departments in each affiliate 27 International involvement with the human rights movement 27 Colombia’s classroom wars: classroom Colombia’s Conclusions 29 References 34 September 2009 Prepared for Education International by Dr Mario Novelli IS Academie: Education & Development, AMIDST, University of Amsterdam © 2009 Education International ISBN 978-92-95089-02-0 (paperback) 2 Printed in Belgium ISBN 978-92-95089-03-7 (PDF) Author’s Foreword This report1 is the product of the efforts of many organisations above, and particularly Berenice people and organisations. The fieldwork was carried for facilitating many of the contacts, Jorge, Juan out in Colombia between 3 April and 5 June 2007 Pablo for accompanying me on several trips, Blanca in conjunction with the Colombian human rights for great help in Medellín, and Emilio for both organisation NOMADESC and in consultation and transcribing all the interviews and for carrying out coordination with Education International and several interviews in Arauca. I would also like to FECODE, the major Colombian Teachers’ Trade Union thank several people at Education International: Federation. Assisted by several other trade union Jefferson Pessi, for his support with the project and social organisations involved in education since its conception; Jan Eastman, for her ongoing and/or human rights protection in Colombia: support on these and other issues relating to the ADIDA, ASPU, ASFAADES, SINTRAUNICOL, CINEP, ENS, area of education and conflict; Nancy Knickerbocker NOMADESC, Polo Democrático Alternativo, Comisión for editing the English version of the report; Eva Colombiana de Juristas, SINALTRAINAL, Red Europea Gorsse for the Spanish version; and finally Frédérik de Hermandad y Solidaridad con Colombia, and Destrée for the graphic design. the Colombia Solidarity Campaign, UK. During this In addition I thank my colleagues in AMIDST, period I travelled to the major Colombian cities of University of Amsterdam, for their support and Cali, Bogotá, Medellín, Antioquia, Buenaventura, critical feedback and particularly to those working and several surrounding rural areas and carried out violence against education sector trade unions Political on Geographic Information Systems software (Karin over 50 interviews with education trade unionists, and Els) for introducing me to its possibilities, and teachers, human rights workers and social to Merijn de Bakker who produced many of the movement and political leaders and met informally diagrams presented in this report. with many more. I also gathered a wide range of literature documenting specific cases of human The funding for the fieldwork was provided jointly rights violations carried out against educators by the Amsterdam Institute for Metropolitan across Colombia (legal testimonies, urgent actions, and Development Studies (AMIDST), University of press clippings, internal memos and emails) and Amsterdam, and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign collected statistical data on human rights violations Affairs, Education and Research Division, as part against educators from three well known and of a broader 5 year joint research partnership on internationally endorsed datasets produced by Education and Development. While I could not have carried out the research without all of this practical, the Colombian National Trade Union School (ENS), wars: classroom Colombia’s the Colombian Commission of Jurists (CCJ) and the intellectual and financial support, responsibility Centre for Research and Popular Education (CINEP). for the content and any inevitable omissions or I would like to thank the countless individuals inaccuracies are entirely my own. that helped me in this process from the different 1 For any comments and discussion on this report please contact Mario Novelli, [email protected], Department of Human Geography, Planning & International Development Studies, Universteit van Am- sterdam (UVA), Roeterseiland - Building G, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, 1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands, Room 1.06D; Tel: +31 (0)2 05 25 4571 1 Education International Introduction Over recent years there has been a growing awareness of the scale of human rights violations against Colombian trade unionists (Amnesty, 2007). to the highly sensitive nature of the research, and According to the Colombian National Trade Union the widely contested views relating to the numbers School (ENS) between 1999 and 2005, of the 1,174 of human rights violations in Colombia, and who is reported murders of trade unionists throughout responsible, I have been cautious in the handling of the world, 816 were Colombian. What is less well statistics. For this report I have drawn exclusively on known is that more than half of these (416) were the database of the Colombian National Trade Union working in the education sector (see Figure 1). In School (ENS), which cross-checks all details of alleged both cases, the vast majority of these assassinations human rights violations via the local and national are attributed to right-wing paramilitary press, the trade union organisation in question, and organisations with links to the Colombian state data that exists in the two other major national (Amnesty International, 2007). non-governmental human rights databases – CINEP and the CCJ. In a highly politicised and dangerous While these figures are indeed shocking they represent environment such as Colombia this documentation only a partial representation of the nature and scale is not always available, and it is likely that many of violence, death threats, forced disappearances violations go unreported. Therefore it is my Political violence against education sector trade unions and displacement that the education community in hypothesis that the figures presented here represent Colombia continues to endure on a daily basis. Due an underestimate of the actual figures for human Figure 1(Escuela Nacional Sindical, 2007) rights violations against educators specifically, and 1999-2005 Comparison between world andtrade Colombian unionists more statistics generally. on According to FECODE, homicides of trade unionists 250 223 209 213 200 197 186 Colombia’s classroom wars: 150 145 140 137 129 115 100 94 96 Number of homicides 80 94 84 70 50 60 49 46 39 44 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Repor ted assassinations of Reported assassinations of trade trade unionists w 2 orlwide unionists in colombia. Red par proportion of education trade unionistst is . the major national teachers’ federation, this ongoing repression represents one of the biggest challenges Political violence for the trade union organisation. against educators: During a United Nations mission to Colombia in 2003 on the ‘right to education’, Katarina Tomasevski, the A growing problem then Special Rapporteur for the UN Commission on Human Rights, was presented with a range of detailed information on the widespread violence From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, political violence against the education community in Colombia, and directed at the education community is becoming was shocked at both the levels of persecution and an all too common phenomenon. Nevertheless the failure of the Colombian government to bring to there remains very little research that focuses spe- justice the perpetrators. She noted that: cifically on this type of political violence. Recently there has been recognition of the scale of the The realization of the right to education cannot problem of political violence2 against the education be imagined without the protection of the system, with UNESCO commissioning a new report human, professional, trade union and academic (O’Malley, 2007), and there were high-level meet- rights and freedoms of teachers. The Special ings planned for 2008. Education International, Rapporteur recommends that immediate as the major international federation of education measures be taken to remedy the absence of sector trade unions, runs a designated office and their protection in Colombia. (UN Economic and webpage on violations of the human and trade un- Social Council , 2004: paragraph 41) ion rights of educators, which covers a wide range This report seeks to present the facts and figures of of ongoing violations across the world and demon- 3 political violence against educators, and also to go strates the scale of the problem. into more detail on the nature and dynamics of the way educators are affected by political violence in Over the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 12.2% 116000 125M Top 1% 154 4200
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,200 116,000 125M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter Colombian Forest Monitoring System: Assessing Deforestation in an Environmental Complex Country Edersson Cabrera, Gustavo Galindo, Jose González, Lina Vergara, Cristhian Forero, Alexander Cubillos, Javier Espejo, Juan Rubiano, Xavier Corredor, Leonardo Hurtado, Diana Vargas and Alvaro Duque Abstract Colombia is a key actor related with the adoption of the relevant UNFCC provisions referred in the context of obtaining result-based payments for REDD+ actions. Since 2012, the Colombian Forest Monitoring System (SMByC, Spanish acronym) has generated wall-to-wall historical information about the deforestation process over the last 27 years at national and regional levels. The SMByC generates a methodology that integrates tools for the preprocessing and semi-automated processing of satellite imagery to detect and quantify the loss of forest cover by deforestation. Also, the SMByC has done an extensive literature review, collecting qualitative and quantitative information to identify how the drivers of deforestation (illicit crops, illegal mining and postconflict scenario) could result in an increased forest lost during a postconflict scenario. Given that Colombia is a country conformed by regions that have differentially socioeconomic and environmental conditions, the study shows how the methods could generate official information and specifies the context of deforestation process of those regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index the WORLD's WORST
    THE WORLD'S WORST COUNTRIES FOR WORKERS The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index | 4 The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) is a confederation of national trade union centres, each of which links trade unions of that particular country. It was established on 1 November 2006, bringing together the organisations which were formerly affiliated to the ICFTU and WCL (both now dissolved) as well as a number of national trade union centres which had no international affiliation at the time. The new Confederation has 340 affiliated organisations in 163 countries and territories on all five continents, with a membership of 181 million, 40 per cent of whom are women. It is also a partner in “Global Unions” together with the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD and the Global Union Federations (GUFs) which link together national unions from a particular trade or industry at international level. The ITUC has specialised offices in a number of countries around the world, and has General Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index | 6 Foreword .............................................9 ASIA .................................................. 70 Bangladesh ....................................... 71 Part I ..................................................13 Cambodia .......................................... 71 The 2017 Results ...............................14 China ................................................ 72 The ITUC Global Rights Index ...............19 Fiji
    [Show full text]
  • Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, As Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule
    Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 209 October 29, 2013 Part IV Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, as Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule VerDate Mar<15>2010 18:44 Oct 28, 2013 Jkt 232001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\29OCR4.SGM 29OCR4 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with RULES4 64692 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 209 / Tuesday, October 29, 2013 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR endangered or threatened we are proposed for these five foreign bird required to publish in the Federal species as endangered, following careful Fish and Wildlife Service Register a proposed rule to list the consideration of all comments we species and, within 1 year of received during the public comment 50 CFR Part 17 publication of the proposed rule, a final periods. rule to add the species to the Lists of [Docket No. FWS–R9–IA–2009–12; III. Costs and Benefits 4500030115] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. On July 7, 2009, we We have not analyzed the costs or RIN 1018–AV75 published a proposed rule in which we benefits of this rulemaking action determined that the blue-billed because the Act precludes consideration Endangered and Threatened Wildlife curassow, brown-banded antpitta, Cauca of such impacts on listing and delisting and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird guan, gorgeted wood-quail, and determinations. Instead, listing and Species in Colombia and Ecuador, Esmeraldas woodstar currently face delisting decisions are based solely on South America, as Endangered numerous threats and warrant listing the best scientific and commercial Throughout Their Range under the Act as endangered species (74 information available regarding the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, FR 32308).
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia: Old and New Patterns of Violence
    COLOMBIA: OLD AND NEW PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE ULRICH OSLENDER The peace of the rich, is a war against the poor Graffiti on a wall in central Medellín, 2003. n 15 October 2005, Orlando Valencia travelled with a group of nine Oother people on a dirt track road in Colombia’s north-western Chocó Department. Near the small town of Belén de Bajirá their car was stopped by police. Orlando and two fellow travellers were taken to the local police station for interrogation. This most likely did not come as a great surprise to him. His outspoken activism against the unlawful, forcible implementa- tion of African Palm plantations in his native Curvaradó region had se- riously annoyed the agro-industrial companies eager to exploit the lands in this tropical rainforest environment. As a recognised community leader, Orlando had indefatigably denounced the impunity with which right-wing paramilitary groups at the service of these companies threatened local pop- ulations and killed community leaders. He had been invited by the US- based human rights NGO Lutheran World Relief (LWR) to address their Partnering for Peace conference due to be held in Chicago on 21 October that year.1 However, the US Embassy in Bogotá had refused him a visa. So he returned to the Curvaradó region, accompanied by fellow community members and a representative of the Montreal-based activist group Projet Accompagnement Solidarité Colombie (PASC). The latter – together with volunteers from International Peace Brigades – provides an international presence in three ‘humanitarian zones’ set up in the region to protect Afro- Colombian civilians against murder, kidnapping and torture by military and paramilitary forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Page 1 of 23
    Colombia Page 1 of 23 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Colombia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately 44 million. In 2002 independent candidate Alvaro Uribe won the presidency in elections that were considered generally free and fair. The 41-year internal armed conflict continued between the government and Foreign Terrorist Organizations, particularly the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the National Liberation Army (ELN), and certain blocs of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) that were not involved in demobilization negotiations with the government. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, there were instances in which elements of the security forces acted in violation of state policy. Although serious problems remained, the government's respect for human rights continued to improve. All actors in the internal armed conflict committed human rights violations; the majority of violations were committed by illegal armed groups. There were improvements in certain human rights categories related to the government's concentrated military offensive and ongoing demobilization negotiations with the AUC. The following human rights categories and societal problems were reported: unlawful and extrajudicial killings insubordinate military collaboration
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia
    Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico­ Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ----------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed US-Colombia Free Trade Agreement
    Proposed U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues M. Angeles Villarreal Specialist in International Trade and Finance June 29, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34470 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Proposed U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues Summary The proposed U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement, also called the U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CFTA), was signed by the United States and Colombia on November 22, 2006. The agreement must be approved by the U.S. Congress before it can enter into force. The Colombian Congress approved the agreement in June 2007 and again in October 2007, after it was modified to include new provisions on labor and the environment. If approved by the U.S. Congress, the agreement would immediately eliminate duties on 80% of U.S. exports of consumer and industrial products to Colombia. Most remaining tariffs would be eliminated within 10 years of implementation. About 90% of U.S. imports from Colombia enter the United States duty-free under trade preference programs or through normal trade relations, while U.S. exports to Colombia face duties of 20% or more. The 112th Congress may be considering implementing legislation for the proposed CFTA. In a press release on June 28, 2011, United States Trade Representative (USTR) Ron Kirk welcomed the scheduling by the Senate Finance Committee of informal or “mock” markups for three separate draft implementing bills for pending FTAs with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. USTR Kirk also welcomed the Senate Finance Committee’s inclusion of a renewal of the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA) and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in the draft implementing legislation for the U.S.-Colombia FTA.
    [Show full text]
  • Dossier Colombia
    Mining Palm oil Dairy DOSSIER COLOMBIA Organisations and trade unions in Colombia and Text: Laura Rangel for Transnational Institute in Europe, including the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and the International Trade Laura Rangel is a lawyer and member of the Union Federation (ITUC) have frequently argued network of development-, students,- trade union-, against the EU-Colombia Free Trade Agreement. women-, and human rights organisation Recalca in They state that it implies gross violations of Colombia. human rights, and the rights of trade unionists in particular. Colombia has the highest number of Design: Ricardo Santos trade union murders in the world. Also from the parliamentarian side critiques are being articulated. A broad range of Latin American and European parliamentarians are against the agreement because they argue that the benefits Published by TNI May 2012 for the European investors can never be prioritized above human rights. They point to the numerous farmers and communities of indigenous peoples that are expelled from their lands for mining and palm oil plantations. This dossier maps out the situation in the mining industry, dairy and palm oil sectors and looks at the possible implications that the FTA will have for those sectors. Colombian coal in the European Union: free access, free exploitation In the Colombia-EU FTA, nothing has been defined in relation to coal, as coal is already allowed to enter this market freely due to the EU’s interest in guaranteeing its energy supply. Characterisation of the coal business two-thirds of the total mining sales and the equivalent of almost half of oil exports.
    [Show full text]
  • Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin
    Volume 2 Quaternary Chapter 8 Neogene https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.08 Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Published online 25 November 2020 Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin Paleogene Javier GUERRERO1* , Alejandra MEJÍA–MOLINA2 , and José OSORNO3 1 [email protected] Abstract The geology of the Cretaceous Colombian back–arc basin is reviewed con- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Cretaceous sidering detrital U–Pb provenance ages, mineralogy, and geochemistry of samples Sede Bogotá Departamento de Geociencias collected from outcrop sections and wells at several localities in the core of the Eastern Carrera 30 n.° 45–03 Bogotá, Colombia Cordillera, Middle Magdalena Valley, and Catatumbo areas. The data set supports previ- 2 [email protected] ous studies indicating a basin with main grabens in the present–day Eastern Cordillera Universidad Yachay Tech Hacienda Urcuquí s/n y Proyecto Yachay Jurassic between the Guaicáramo/Pajarito and Bituima/La Salina border faults, which operated Urcuquí, Ecuador as normal faults during the Cretaceous. Limestones are common on the western and 3 [email protected] Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos northern sides of the basin, whereas terrigenous strata predominate on the eastern Calle 26 n.° 59–65, segundo piso and southern sides. After the Berriasian, grabens were connected by marine flooding Bogotá, Colombia during the Valanginian, with two main source areas documented by distinct element * Corresponding author Triassic and mineral contents, one in the Central Cordillera magmatic arc and the other in the Guiana Shield. Some elements present in Lower Cretaceous shales, including scan- Supplementary Information: dium, vanadium, and beryllium, are not related to the sediment supply areas for the S: https://www2.sgc.gov.co/ LibroGeologiaColombia/tgc/ basin but instead are linked to Valanginian to Cenomanian hydrothermal activity and sgcpubesp36201908s.pdf Permian dikes of gabbro, diorite, and tonalite emplaced during the main phase of extension in the basin.
    [Show full text]
  • International Trade Union Confederation (Ituc)
    INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ITUC) INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNISED CORE LABOUR STANDARDS IN COLOMBIA REPORT FOR THE WTO GENERAL COUNCIL REVIEW OF THE TRADE POLICIES OF COLOMBIA (Geneva, 26 and 28 June, 2012) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Colombia has ratified all eight core ILO labour Conventions. In view of restrictions on the trade union rights of workers, discrimination, child labour, and forced labour, determined measures are needed to comply with the commitments Colombia accepted at Singapore, Geneva and Doha in the WTO Ministerial Declarations over 1996-2001, and in the ILO’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its 2008 Social Justice Declaration. Trade unions in Colombia are under constant attack and threat, resulting in reduced membership and bargaining power. Employers often fail to engage in good faith collective bargaining and the state does not protect workers who seek collective agreements or initiate a strike to pursue their demands. Workers face significant difficulties in exercising the right to organise and collective bargaining and to strike due to of fatal attacks as well as death threats, disappearances, attempts on their lives and raids. The vast majority of these crimes remain unpunished. Bargaining power is also reduced by the large numbers of irregular and precarious workers who are barred from a long term contract. Colombia’s laws provide insufficient protection for women, Afro- Colombians, indigenous people and other groups that are frequently discriminated against. Activists, indigenous leaders and peasant leaders have been targeted for murder and hundreds receive threats. Indigenous people and Afro-Colombians are adversely affected by the internal conflicts which can result in forced displacements.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Free Trade Agreement - a Historical Placement of the FTA
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 8-2010 The U.S. - Colombia free trade agreement - A historical placement of the FTA Declan Healey DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Healey, Declan, "The U.S. - Colombia free trade agreement - A historical placement of the FTA" (2010). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 10. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/10 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEPAUL UNIVERSITY The U.S. – Colombia Free Trade Agreement A Historical Placement of the FTA Declan X Healey 7/26/2010 Abstract There is a pending free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States (U.S.) and Colombia in U.S. Congress. The FTA aims to promote regional economic prosperity. This FTA should be redone as it will not achieve either of these goals. The FTA will cause an increase in drug production, violence, and displacement in Colombia‘s agricultural sector. The FTA is not a result of globalization bringing two countries to be equal trading partners as its authors state. The FTA instead is an example of the U.S. continuing its policy agenda towards Colombia that has existed for over 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOTA COLOMBIANA ISSN Impreso 0124-5376 Volumen 20 · Número 1 · Enero-Junio De 2019 ISSN Digital 2539-200X DOI 10.21068/C001
    BIOTA COLOMBIANA ISSN impreso 0124-5376 Volumen 20 · Número 1 · Enero-junio de 2019 ISSN digital 2539-200X DOI 10.21068/c001 Atropellamiento vial de fauna silvestre en la Troncal del Caribe Amaryllidaceae en Colombia Adiciones al inventario de copépodos de Colombia Nuevos registros de avispas en la región del Orinoco Herpetofauna de San José del Guaviare Escarabajos estercoleros en Aves en los páramos de Antioquia Oglán Alto, Ecuador y el complejo de Chingaza Biota Colombiana es una revista científica, periódica-semestral, Comité Directivo / Steering Committee que publica artículos originales y ensayos sobre la biodiversi- Brigitte L. G. Baptiste Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos dad de la región neotropical, con énfasis en Colombia y países Alexander von Humboldt vecinos, arbitrados mínimo por dos evaluadores externos. In- M. Gonzalo Andrade Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia cluye temas relativos a botánica, zoología, ecología, biología, Francisco A. Arias Isaza Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras limnología, conservación, manejo de recursos y uso de la bio- “José Benito Vives De Andréis” - Invemar diversidad. El envío de un manuscrito implica la declaración Charlotte Taylor Missouri Botanical Garden explícita por parte del (los) autor (es) de que este no ha sido previamente publicado, ni aceptado para su publicación en otra Editor / Editor revista u otro órgano de difusión científica. El proceso de arbi- Rodrigo Bernal Independiente traje tiene una duración mínima de tres a cuatro meses a partir Editor de artículos de datos / Data papers Editor de la recepción del artículo por parte de Biota Colombiana. To- Dairo Escobar Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos das las contribuciones son de la entera responsabilidad de sus Alexander von Humboldt autores y no del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Bioló- Asistente editorial / Editorial assistant gicos Alexander von Humboldt, ni de la revista o sus editores.
    [Show full text]