Representaciones, Autorepresentaciones Y Negociaciones De La Indianidad Jiw

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Representaciones, Autorepresentaciones Y Negociaciones De La Indianidad Jiw Representaciones, autorepresentaciones y negociaciones de la indianidad jiw David Leonardo Gómez Manrique Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de estudios sociales - CES Bogotá, Colombia 2018 Representaciones, autorepresentaciones y negociaciones de la indianidad jiw David Leonardo Gómez Manrique Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Doctor en ciencias humanas y sociales Director: Ph.D. Paolo Vignolo Línea de Investigación: Agentes culturales Grupo de Investigación: Imaginarios, prácticas y representaciones Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de estudios sociales - CES Bogotá, Colombia 2018 A la gente jiw. Agradecimientos Este trabajo no hubiera sido posible sin la venia, la participación, la solidaridad y el apoyo de la gente jiw que me recibió en su casa y me permitió compartir un café cargado de reflexiones. A Francisco, Felipe, Antonio, Luis, David, Reynaldo, Ignacio, Evelio, Arsenio y todos los demás junto con sus familias, mi más sincero agradecimiento. Agradezco también a mi familia, mis padres Myriam y Gundisalvo, mis hermanas Luisa e Ivannoha y mis sobrinos Nikolai y Mikael por apoyarme en este proceso. A mis compañeros de lucha en sus propias tesis Adry, Enrique, Andrés y Felipe. A mi orientador, Paolo Vignolo, cuya increíble capacidad de conectar ideas y mostrarme posibilidades solo es superada por su calidez humana. A los lectores y evaluadores de mi proyecto y de versiones previas de este trabajo. A Álvaro Santoyo, quien me acogió en Boston durante el invierno más helado de mi vida. A David Landskov, DeAnne Dupont y Mascha Gugganig, quienes fueron mi familia lejos de mi familia. A Carolina y Felipe por abrirme las puertas de su casa en San José del Guaviare. A Marcela por compartir sus angustias. Al profe John por mostrarme los caminos del río, mi mayor admiración por su pasión y compromiso. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y al Doctorado en ciencias humanas y sociales por acoger mi proyecto y orientarme en este proceso. A Adriana Molano por creer en mi trabajo. A Juliana Forero por su comprensión y apoyo en la recta final de este trabajo. Finalmente a Blanca Gómez Lozano, Mora, Toyo y Lula, mi familia multiespecie. Gracias por acompañarme y aguantar conmigo todo este proceso. Los quiero mucho. Todo mi corazón es para ustedes. Resumen y Abstract IX Resumen A través de una etnografía de las interacciones entre el estado y los grupos indígenas, este trabajo aborda la forma en que se construyen y despliegan las representaciones de lo indígena por parte de los agentes del estado y sus consecuencias para los grupos indígenas contemporáneos. Analizo estos elementos a partir del caso del grupo indígena jiw en el departamento del Guaviare, el cual carga sobre si una serie de representaciones negativas con profundas raíces históricas, producidas por otros actores en una relación de poder asimétrica. Alrededor de este caso la presente investigación aporta a la comprensión de las relaciones entre las representaciones de la indianidad y la implementación de las políticas públicas, el análisis sobre las concepciones de indianidad y lo “genuinamente étnico”, la reflexión sobre la experiencia indígena contemporánea y el análisis de la intervención estatal en el marco del multiculturalismo oficial colombiano. Palabras clave: Representaciones, multiculturalismo, indianidad, jiw, guayaberos, políticas públicas. X Representaciones, autorepresentaciones y negociaciones de la indianidad jiw Abstract This research examines the way representations about indigeneity are constructed and deployed by public officials, as well as their consequences for contemporary indigenous populations. It does so through an ethnographic approach to the interactions between the state and indigenous groups. These elements are analyzed based on the situation of the jiw people in the Guaviare department. This group has been subject of negative representations constructed by external actors with deep historical roots. Based on this situation, the research contributes to the study of the relations between representations of indigeneity and the implementation of public policies; the analysis of the conceptions about indigeneity and the “truly ethnic”; the reflection about contemporary indigenous experience; and the analysis of the state intervention framed by Colombian official multiculturalism. Keywords: Representations, multiculturalism, indigeneity, jiw, guayaberos, public policies. Contenido XI Contenido Pág. Resumen………………………………………………………………………………………….IX Lista de figuras…………………………………………….………………………………….XIII Lista de tablas……………………………………………………………………………….…XV Introducción .................................................................................................................... 1 a. Multiculturalismo .................................................................................................... 4 b. Representaciones .................................................................................................. 8 c. Los jiw.................................................................................................................. 21 d. Principales referencias bibliográficas sobre los jiw ............................................... 32 e. Relevancia del caso jiw ........................................................................................ 34 f. Estructura de la tesis ........................................................................................... 36 1. Sobre los indios tan salvajes y peligrosos como las tierras que habitan .......... 43 1.1 Jules Crevaux. Saludando con una mano y disparando con la otra .................. 45 1.1.1 Saludándolos en la orilla, despidiéndolos en el barranco: el contacto ............ 50 1.2 Las misiones católicas ..................................................................................... 60 1.2.1 José de Calasanz Vela .................................................................................. 63 a. El misionero y su labor .............................................................................. 63 b. El viaje y el territorio a conquistar ............................................................. 69 c. Los indios de los misioneros ..................................................................... 72 . Indios bien dispuestos y ansiosos por las misiones ...................................... 72 . Indios de “vida vagante y perezosa” ............................................................. 74 . Indios peligrosos ........................................................................................... 78 . Indios como niños salvajes ........................................................................... 79 . Seres de corta inteligencia ............................................................................ 81 . Cristianismo degenerado y ejemplo para cristianos ...................................... 82 . Los Mitua: “Estos desgraciados indios, los más ignorantes de la región oriental” ................................................................................................................ 83 1.3 Más allá de Crevaux, Vela y la Regeneración .................................................. 85 1.4 Conclusiones .................................................................................................... 95 2. El patrimonio cultural inmaterial: la salvaguardia con i de inigualable ............ 103 2.1 El inventario de patrimonio ..............................................................................104 2.2 La “herramienta” patrimonial ...........................................................................111 2.3 El contrapunteo nükak .....................................................................................115 2.3.1 La belleza nükak conquista las pasarelas .................................................... 115 2.3.2 Los nükak baka' ‘gente verdadera’ ............................................................... 118 XII Representaciones, autorepresentaciones y negociaciones de la indianidad jiw 2.3.3 Los indios del patrimonio .............................................................................. 122 2.4 Conclusiones .................................................................................................. 130 3. ¿Salvar la cultura para salvar la gente o salvar la gente para salvar la “cultura”? 133 3.1 El desplazamiento como objeto de atención estatal ........................................ 135 3.2 La sentencia T-025 de 2004 y los autos de seguimiento ................................. 140 3.3 Las categorías de la Corte .............................................................................. 144 3.4 Multiculturalismos en acción: Los “proyectos” como escenarios de intervención 150 3.4.1 Selección de beneficiarios: los representantes ............................................. 153 3.4.2 Reuniones y talleres ..................................................................................... 162 a. El encuentro del pueblo jiw ...................................................................... 164 . Día 1. Bienvenidos a la maloca: “¡Respétenos por favor!” .................... 164 . Día 2. “Si quieren ser tratados como un pueblo, deben comportarse como tal!” ......................................................................................................... 168 . Día 3. “¡La panela negra no endulza!” ..................................................... 170 . Día 4. “Aquí todos hablan español.
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