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Morphology and Distribution of Setae on the Forewing of Two Parasitic Wasps, Theocolax Elegans and Anisopteromalus Calandrae (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)

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Morphology and Distribution of Setae on the Forewing of Two Parasitic Wasps, Theocolax Elegans and Anisopteromalus Calandrae (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) Morphology and Distribution of Setae on the Forewing of two Parasitic Wasps, Theocolax elegans and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) Gerald T. Baker1, Pavanee Noochonapai2, and Amanda Lawrence3 1Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, PO Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS, 39759 2Post Harvest, Product Processing and Development Office, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3Institute for Imaging and Analytical Technologies, PO Box 9630 Mississippi State University, MS 39759 Insect wings have a multitude of functions such as sound production, protection, and camouflage but the main function is flight. Flight is a complex physiological event in which the insect must monitor many different factors that are occurring at the same time, such as wing beat frequency, wing flexion, vibrations, air movement and so on. These parameters are monitored by the mechanoreceptive setae on the insect wing [2,8,10,11]. Presently there is a paucity of information on the type, distribution and number of setae that are located on the forewing s of Hymenoptera. The objective of this paper is to provide a description of the setae and their distribution on the forewing of two species of Pteromalidae. Setae along the anterior, apical and posterior margins Fig.1) plus the dorsal surface of the forewings of Anisopteromalus calandrae and Theocolax elegans are distinctly different in their morphology and distribution. Running from the base to the apex of the wing, the slightly curved submarginal portion of the costal vein on the fore wing of A. calandrae has a few setae ranging from 16.0-18.0um long and 1.8-2.1um at the base and a double row of campaniform sensilla (Figs.2,3). Two types of setae are situated on the marginal portion of the costal vein, the first type of seta is the same as the setae on the submarginal portion and the second type is longer, ranging from 24.3-28.4um and have a bulbous base that is 4.8-6.7um (Fig.4). The second type of seta is situated on the marginal and postmarginal portions of the costal vein. Type one setae extend from the postmarginal around the apex of the wing to the posterior edge of the wing. This seta is situated on about a quarter of the length on the posterior edge and then abruptly stops. Both types of setae are slender and tapered to a defined point, ridged and socketed. Type one setae are also situated on the stigma extension of the costal vein. The dorsal surface of the wing of A. calandrae is covered with two types of setae and microtrichia. The microtrichium has a pointed apex, smooth surface and no socket at the base. It is 1.8-2.7um long and 1.1-1.3um at the base. One type of surface seta is very similar to the type one seta found on the wing margin and only differs in length. It is 11.9-12.8um in length and 1.4-1.6um at the base and is located towards the periphery of the dorsal wing surface (Fig.5).Whereas the second type of surface seta has a pointed apex, smooth surface and a socketed base. The seta is 4.8-5.1um long and 1.8- 2.2um at the base (Fig.6).The short setae are concentrated in the central area of the wing and are mixed in with the microtrichia. Forewing of Theocolax elegans is strikingly dissimilar to the fore wing of A. calandrae, the basal third of the wing is slender as compared to the forewing of A. calandrae and the apex has a more rounded appearance (Fig.7). Six to seven setae are situated on the submarginal portion of the costal vein range from 28.2 -33.4um in length and 2.4-2.7um at the base (Fig.7). At the junction of the submarginal and marginal portions of the costal vein there is a cluster of 49-57 setae that are 46.5-53.5um in length and 2.6-3.1um wide at the base (Fig.8). This seta is flat and about two times wider than the ones on the submarginal portion of the costal vein. It has many distinct ridges running longitudinally on its surface. The socket at the base is round and distinctly raised. Only one socked seta is on the stigma area and next to the tip there are four, oval, and slightly raised projections (Fig.9). Long, slender and pointed setae are situated along the marginal and postmarginal regions of the costal vein. They are 55.4-62.7um long and 3.4- 3.7um wide at the base, have a raised socketed base and distinctly ridged surfaces. Long, very slender and tapered setae are situated on the anterior edge of the wing from the apical end of the costal vein around the wing apex and for a very short distance along the posterior margin. They are slender, ridge, 48.6-51.2um long and 2.3-2.5um at the base and have a socketed base (Fig.10). There are microtrichia on the dorsal surface and they are located near the long slender setae on the wing apex (Fig.11). [1]Ai,H.,Yoshida,A. & Yokohari,F. 2010. J. Insect Physiol. 56:236-246. [2]Angioy,A.,Liscia,A. & Pietra,P. 1981. Monit. Zool. Ital. 15:221-228. [3]Dennill,G.,Donnelly,D.,Stewrat,K., & Impson,F. 1999. Afr.Entomol Mem.1:45-54. [4]Goulet, H. & Huber, J.T. 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to the Families. Agriculture Canada Publ. 1894/E. 668 pp [5]Hannaford,S. & Palka,J.1992. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 18:301. [6]Hoffman,J.Impson,F.,Moran,V. 7 Donnelly,D. 2002. Bio. Control 25:64-73. [7]Meyer,J.,Mullens,B.,Cyr,T., & Stokes,C. 1990. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:799-806. [8]Pietra,P.,Angioy,A.,Liscia,A. & Sirigu,P. 1980. J.Submicrosc.Cytol. 12:617-621. [9]Sanon,A.,Ouedraogo,A.,Tricault,Y.,Credland,P., & Huignard,J. 1998. Env. Ent.27;717-725 [10]Yoshida,A. & Emoto,J. 2010. Ann.Entomol.Soc.Amer.103:988-992. [11]Yoshida,A.,Noda,A. & Emoto,J. 2001. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94:467-470. Fig.1. Pteromalid forewing based on Goulet & Huber 1993. Fig.2. A. calandrae forewing. Fig.3.Type one setae (T1) and campaniform sensilla (CS). Fig.4.Type one (T1) and type two (T2) peripheral setae. Fig.5. Type one (T1) peripheral setae on the edge of the apex of the forewing and seta on the wing surface. Fig.6. Type one setae (T1) and microtrichia (M) in the central region of the forewing. Fig.7. Dorsal surface of the fore wing of T. elegans showing the submarginal setae (SbS), the setal cluster (SC),postmarginal setae (PS) and apical setae (AS). Fig.8. Setal cluster. Fig.9. Setae on the marginal and postmarginal areas of the wing.Fig.10. Stigmal area of the forewing. Fig.11.Apical setae (AP) and microtrichia (M). .
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