Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Theocolax Elegans (Westwood)(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Cereal Grain Volatiles

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Theocolax Elegans (Westwood)(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Cereal Grain Volatiles Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 5460819, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5460819 Research Article Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Cereal Grain Volatiles Giacinto Salvatore Germinara,1 Antonio De Cristofaro,2 and Giuseppe Rotundo2 1 Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy 2Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Giacinto Salvatore Germinara; [email protected] Received 2 October 2015; Revised 23 December 2015; Accepted 5 January 2016 Academic Editor: Johannes Stokl¨ Copyright © 2016 Giacinto Salvatore Germinara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Volatiles emitted by the host’s food would be the first signals used by parasitoids in the host location process and are thought to play an important role in host habitat location. In this study, the olfactory responses of Theocolax elegans (Westwood), a Pteromalid wasp that parasitizes immature stages of stored-product insect pests developing inside cereal or leguminous grains, to volatiles emitted by healthy wheat grains, their hexane extracts, and different doses of three individual compounds previously identified in cereal grain odors were investigated in Y-tube olfactometer and Petri dish arena behavioral bioassays and electroantennogram recordings. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, odors from healthy wheat grains and their hexane extracts were attractive to both sexes of T. elegans. Moreover, hexane extracts elicited arresting effects in Petri dish arena. The three synthetic compounds valeraldehyde, maltol, and vanillin elicited dose-dependent responses in both male and female adult wasps confirming the capability of the peripheral olfactory systems to perceive cereal volatiles. In behavioral bioassays, different doses of vanillin were significantly attractive to both sexes. 1. Introduction parasitic wasps [10–14], including some Pteromalidae species parasitizing stored-grain insect pests [15–17]. These volatiles, The use of natural enemies is considered to be an important generally acting as long distance cues, would be the first component of integrated pest management of stored-grain signals used by parasitoids in the host location process and are insect pests [1], particularly in storage areas. Because the adult thought to play an important role in host habitat location [18– beneficial insects are external to the grain, they can easily be 20]. The identification of such synomones has a great practical removed using normal grain-cleaning procedures [2]. interest since they could be used as parasitoid behavior mod- In their search for hosts, food and mates parasitoids are ifying compounds to enhance their biological performances. guided by multisensory information including visual, vibra- Theocolax elegans (Westwood) is a solitary ectoparasi- tional, and olfactory signals [3–5] which are frequently used toid of immature stages of economically important stored- in an interactive manner [6–8]. product insect pests which develop as internal feeders of The success of parasitic wasps in suppressing pest pop- cerealandlegumegrainsincludingRhyzopertha dominica ulation depends on their ability to locate hosts; therefore, (Fabricius), Sitophilus spp., Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), and understanding the host location process is critical for the suc- Callosobruchus spp. [21]. T. elegans has been extensively stud- cessful implementation of biological control programs. Host- ied as a biological control agent of some cereal pests. In large- seeking behavior in parasitoids has been divided into four scale experiments, the wasp was effective in reducing Sitophi- phases, habitat location, host location, host recognition, and lus zeamais Motschulsky populations by up to 50% [22] and host acceptance [3, 9]. Orientation to host plant or host food those of R. dominica by 50–99% depending on the temper- volatiles in the absence of any host, host damage, and host ature [23–25]. Moreover, augmentative release of T. elegans derived materials have been demonstrated for a number of to control R. dominica resulted in a 61–92% reduction of the 2 BioMed Research International total number of insect fragments in wheat flour [2] indicating fluorescent lamps providing uniform lighting (2500 lux) a positive impact on the quality of stored cereal products. insidethetube.Apurified(activatedcharcoal)andhumid- Preliminary behavioral bioassays suggested a preferential ified airflow maintained at 6 mL/min by a flowmeter was orientation of T. elegans adults to odors of healthy wheat pumped through each arm. grains [26] and the sensitivity of the antennal olfactory sys- In order to test the attractiveness of volatiles emitted tems of both sexes towards a wide range of volatiles identified by healthy wheat grains and their hexane extracts to T. from various cereal grains [27–29] was shown by electroan- elegans males and females two dual-choice experiments were tennogram (EAG) recordings [30]. performed: (1) wheat grains (25 g) versus clean air and (2) In the present study, the behavioral responses of T. elegans wheat grain hexane extracts versus control hexane. In this 2 males and females to odors of uninfested wheat grains and latter, the odor chamber contained a filter paper disk (1.0 cm ) their hexane extracts were carefully investigated using Y-tube loaded with 50 Lofa10mggrainequivalent/L hexane olfactometer and Petri dish arena bioassays. Moreover, the extract, while the control chamber contained a filter paper biological activity of three individual volatiles (valeraldehyde, disk loaded with 50 L of hexane. Both disks were suspended maltol, and vanillin) previously identified in the aroma of in the center of the cross section. In third set of experiments fresh cereal grains [27] and attractive to the two T. elegans the behavioral responses of the adult wasps to different doses hosts Sitophilus oryzae [31] and S. granarius [32] was investi- of vanillin were evaluated. The test stimulus was a filter paper gated in a range of doses by electroantennographic and behav- disk loaded with 10 Lof5g/L vanillin hexane solution, ioural bioassays. whileasimilarfilterpaperdiskloadedwith10L of hexane was used as control. 2. Material and Methods Individual T. elegans adults were released at the open end of the stem. Each experiment lasted for 5 min. A choice was 2.1. Insects. AcolonyofR. dominica parasitized by T. elegans recorded when the insect moved 3 cm up an arm of the Y- was collected from a cereal storehouse and set up in glass jars × tube crossing the decision line (marked on both arms) and (15 cm diameter 25 cm) half filled with uninfested wheat remained beyond that line for more than 30 sec. Insects that kernels and closed with fine metallic net (0.2 mm mesh). ∘ did not make a decision within 5 min were considered as no Colonies were maintained at 28 ± 2 C, 60 ± 5%relative response and discarded. humidity, and 12L : 12D photoperiod. During the following After 5 individuals had been tested, the olfactometer was four months, wheat kernel samples (5 g) from the rearing jars ∘ were periodically transferred to transparent plastic containers cleaned with acetone and dried (200 Cfor30min)andtreat- (6 cm diameter × 8 cm) and held to check for the emergence ments between arms were switched to avoid position bias. For each test stimulus at least 20 male and female wasps were of adult wasps. Emerging insects were collected daily and kept 2 individually in glass vials (1.5 cm diameter × 5cm)without tested. A test was employed to determine the significance foodsupplyandintheabsenceofcerealodorsforatleast of differences between the number of wasps choosing the 12 h before the EAG and behavioral experiments. The sex of treatment or control arm of the olfactometer. the insects tested was determined by observing their genitalia with a stereomicroscope. 2.5. Electroantennography (EAG). The electrophysiological response of male and female T. elegans antennae to increas- 2.2. Extract Preparation. Solvent extracts of wheat kernels ing concentrations of synthetic valeraldehyde, maltol, and (Triticum durum var. Simeto) were prepared by immersing vanillin was measured by the EAG technique used in previous wheat grains (40 g) in hexane (20 mL) for 36 hours at room studies [30, 34]. Antennae were excised from 1- to 2-day- temperature. Extracts from 3 grain samples were combined old insects. The base of the antenna was put into a glass and concentrated to 10 mg grain equivalent/Lusingagentle ∘ pipette filled with Kaissling saline [35] which served as the stream of nitrogen and stored at −20 C until being needed. neutralelectrode.Thetipoftheantennawasputincontact with the end of a similar pipette (0.1–0.2 mm diameter) which 2.3. Chemicals. Valeraldehyde (1-pentanal), maltol (3-meth- provided the active electrode. oxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone), vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyben- AgCl-coated silver wires were used to maintain the elec- zaldehyde), and hexanal used as stimuli and hexane, mineral trical continuity between the antennal preparation and an oil, acetone, and chloroform used as solvents were purchased AC/DC UN-6
Recommended publications
  • Effect of Host Age on Progeny Production of Theocolax Elegans
    Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 48 : 587 - 597 (2014) Effect of Host Age on Progeny Production of Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Reared on Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Bonginkhosi E. Dlamini* and Weerawan Amornsak ABSTRACT Five host ages of Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) reared on brown rice were examined for progeny production of Theocolax elegans (Westwood). Brown rice kernels infested with S. zeamais were exposed to a mated female of T. elegans after 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 d following S. zeamais introduction. Host stages were determined by measuring head-capsule widths from all the host ages. There was a signifi cant difference (P < 0.05) in T. elegans progeny production among the different host ages. Total progeny, total female progeny and total male progeny produced by 19-day-old S. zeamais larvae were signifi cantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the other host ages. Progeny of T. elegans raised on 19-day-old S. zeamais larvae had a higher female to male ratio compared to the other host ages. Sitophilus zeamais larvae after 13, 15–17 and 19–21 d were found to be second, third and fourth instars, respectively. It was concluded that T. elegans can develop on the second, third and fourth instar larvae of S. zeamais. However, 19-day-old (fourth instar) S. zeamais larvae produced more T. elegans progeny with a higher female to male ratio. Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais, Theocolax elegans, host ages, progeny production, parasitoid INTRODUCTION have adverse effects on consumers and long-term residual effect on the environment (Phillips, 1997; Rice and maize are important food Charlet et al., 2002; Flinn and Hagstrum, 2002; crops of many countries of the world and are Bale et al., 2007), while biological control agents grown for grain which is stored because it cannot have no adverse effects on consumers or the be distributed or consumed immediately (Flinn environment (Flinn, 1998; Tefera et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Morocco
    Graellsia, 77(1): e139 enero-junio 2021 ISSN-L: 0367-5041 https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2021.v77.301 ANNOTATED CHECK-LIST OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) OF MOROCCO. PART II Khadija Kissayi1,*, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu2 & Latifa Rohi3 1 National School of Forestry, Department of Forest Development, B.P. 511, Avenue Moulay Youssef, Tabriquet, 11 000, Salé, Morocco. Email: [email protected] – ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-2250 2 Alexandru Ioan Cuza, University of Iaşi, Faculty of Biology, Research Group on Invertebrate Diversity and Phylogenetics, Bd. Carol I 20A, 700 505, Iaşi, Romania. Email: [email protected] – ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 3 University Hassan II, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’sik, Laboratory of ecology and environment, Avenue Driss El Harti, B.P. 7955, Casablanca, 20 800 Morocco. Email: [email protected] / or [email protected] – ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-1117 * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this second part, we present the subfamily Pteromalinae in Morocco, which includes 86 species belonging to 50 genera. Fifteen genera and 37 species are listed for the first time in the Moroccan fauna, among which 9 have been newly identified, 24 have been found in the bibliography and 4 deposited in natural history museums. An updated list of Moroccan species is given, including their distribution by regions, their general distribution and their hosts. Keywords: Pteromalinae; distribution; hosts; new record; Morocco; Palaearctic Region. RESUMEN Lista comentada de Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) de Marruecos. Parte II En esta segunda parte, presentamos la subfamilia Pteromalinae en Marruecos, que incluye 86 especies pertenecientes a 50 géneros.
    [Show full text]
  • Identified Difficulties and Conditions for Field Success of Biocontrol
    Identified difficulties and conditions for field success of biocontrol. 4. Socio-economic aspects: market analysis and outlook Bernard Blum, Philippe C. Nicot, Jürgen Köhl, Michelina Ruocco To cite this version: Bernard Blum, Philippe C. Nicot, Jürgen Köhl, Michelina Ruocco. Identified difficulties and conditions for field success of biocontrol. 4. Socio-economic aspects: market analysis and outlook. Classical and augmentative biological control against diseases and pests: critical status analysis and review of factors influencing their success, IOBC - International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Controlof Noxious Animals and Plants, 2011, 978-92-9067-243-2. hal-02809583 HAL Id: hal-02809583 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02809583 Submitted on 6 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WPRS International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious IOBC Animals and Plants: West Palaearctic Regional Section SROP Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Integrée contre les Animaux et les OILB Plantes Nuisibles:
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Wheat Cultivar, Temperature, and Theocolax
    INFLUENCE OF WHEAT CULTIVAR, TEMPERATURE, AND THEOCOLAX ELEGANS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (COLEOPTERA: BOSTRICHIDAE) DEVELOPMENT BY MICHAEL D. TOEWS Bachelor ofScience Fort Hays State University Hays, Kansas 1995 Submitted to the Faculty ofthe Graduate College ofthe Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 1998 INFLUENCE OF WHEAT CULTrVAR, TEMPERATURE, AND THEOCOLAX ELEGANS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (COLEOPTERA: BOSTRICHIDAE) DEVELOPMENT Thesis Approved: ~~~ ~JJ.~D~~_ /~,) 6L~fN-r , ean ofthe Graduate College n PREFACE The first chapter ofthis thesis is a literature review focused on issues in stored wheat. Also induded in chapter one is a review ofthe lesser grain borer, the parasitoid Theocolax elegans, and interactions among the trophic levels in my research. Subsequent chapters are formal papers representing my M.S. research project and are written in compliance with the publication policies and guidelines for manuscript preparation with the Entomological Society ofAmerica. The completion ofthis degree would not have been possible without the guidance ofmany people. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my graduate advisor, Dr. Gemt Cuperus, for his assistance and direction. My co-advisor, Dr. Tom Phillips, provided a great deal ofpractical assistance and advice while also housing me in his laboratory space. This research project greatly benefited from the insight offered by Dr. Richard Berberet and Dr. Phillip Mulder. Special appreciation is directed toward Dr. Mark Payton who answered many questions and assisted me with the design and analysis of each experiment. I wish to extend special thanks to Edmond Bonjour for his proofreading and example throughout all phases ofmy degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Efectos Insecticidas Y Bioquímicos De Aceites Esenciales Obtenidos De
    PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Efectos insecticidas y bioquímicos de aceites esenciales obtenidos de plantas colombianas sobre el gorgojo rojo de la harina, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Juan Sebastián Oviedo Sarmiento Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de ciencias, Departamento de química Bogotá-Colombia 2019 NOTA DE ADVERTENCIA "La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Solo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por que las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia". Artículo 23 de la Resolución No13 de julio de 1946 Efectos insecticidas y bioquímicos de aceites esenciales obtenidos de plantas colombianas sobre el gorgojo rojo de la harina, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Juan Sebastián Oviedo Sarmiento Trabajo de investigación presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias Biológicas Director (a): PhD, Química. Juliet Angélica Prieto Rodríguez Línea de Investigación: Química de Productos Naturales Vegetales Grupo de Investigación: Fitoquímica Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Bogotá, Colombia 2019 Efectos insecticidas y bioquímicos de aceites esenciales obtenidos de plantas colombianas sobre el gorgojo rojo de la harina, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Juan Sebastián Oviedo Sarmiento ___________________ Juliet Angélica Prieto R. Química, PhD Directora Efectos insecticidas y bioquímicos de aceites esenciales obtenidos de plantas colombianas sobre el gorgojo rojo de la harina, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Juan Sebastián Oviedo Sarmiento DEDICATORIA A Don Célimo, para cuando nos volvamos a ver sea un motivo de orgullo y alegría.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea
    Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8013 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e8013 Taxonomic Paper Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea Natalie Dale-Skey‡, Richard R. Askew§‡, John S. Noyes , Laurence Livermore‡, Gavin R. Broad | ‡ The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom § private address, France, France | The Natural History Museum, London, London, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Gavin R. Broad ([email protected]) Academic editor: Pavel Stoev Received: 02 Feb 2016 | Accepted: 05 May 2016 | Published: 06 Jun 2016 Citation: Dale-Skey N, Askew R, Noyes J, Livermore L, Broad G (2016) Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8013. doi: 10.3897/ BDJ.4.e8013 Abstract Background A revised checklist of the British and Irish Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea substantially updates the previous comprehensive checklist, dating from 1978. Country level data (i.e. occurrence in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man) is reported where known. New information A total of 1754 British and Irish Chalcidoidea species represents a 22% increase on the number of British species known in 1978. Keywords Chalcidoidea, Mymarommatoidea, fauna. © Dale-Skey N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Dale-Skey N et al. Introduction This paper continues the series of checklists of the Hymenoptera of Britain and Ireland, starting with Broad and Livermore (2014a), Broad and Livermore (2014b) and Liston et al.
    [Show full text]
  • E:\Jega\Index\2003\MAY03~1
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 18(5): 1099-1110 A CHECKLIST OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT P.M. Sureshan 1* and T.C. Narendran 2 1 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghats Field Research Station, Kozhikode, Kerala 673002, India. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Tengipalam, Kerala, 673635, India. Email: 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected] Abstract and Subba Rao (1985, 1986) keyed out and catalogued the A checklist of the genera and species of Pteromalidae pteromalid genera and species known from the region. In recent (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) so far reported from the years, several new genera and species of Pteromalidae have Indian subcontinent is provided. Of the 96 genera, 84 been described from the forested tracts of southern Western with 185 identified species and 12 genera with Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot centre in India (Sureshan, 1999a,b; unidentified species are listed. 2000a,b; 2001a,b,c; Sureshan & Narendran, 1995a,b; 1998; Narendran & Mini, 1999, etc.) and from other regions in India. Keywords Accordingly an updated checklist of the pteromalid fauna of the Indian subcontinent is presented here. It includes Chalcidoidea, checklist, distribution, habitat, host altogether 96 genera, 84 of them with 185 identified species and data, hymenoptera, Indian Subcontinent, locality, 12 genera with unidentified species. In the present work, the pteromalidae, synonymy, classification of the family given by Boucek (1988) is followed. Introduction Arrangement of the checklist The Pteromalidae is one of the largest and difficult families of In the checklist, pteromalid genera known so far from the Indian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) to define taxonomically and subcontinent are grouped under separate subfamilies.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Stored Maize from Insect Pests Using a Two-Component
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Stored Products Research 42 (2006) 218–225 www.elsevier.com/locate/jspr Protection of stored maize from insect pests using a two-component biological control method consisting of a hymenopteran parasitoid, Theocolax elegans, and transgenic avidin maize powder$ P.W. FlinnÃ, K.J. Kramer, J.E. Throne, T.D. Morgan Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA Accepted 17 February 2005 Abstract The hymenopteran parasitoid, Theocolax elegans (Westwood), and transgenic avidin maize powder were tested to determine if their individual or combined use would protect stored grain from infestation by both internal and external insect pests. Small-scale tests were conducted in plastic jars containing 3 kg of non- transgenic maize. We tested treatments of 0.3% powdered avidin maize, the parasitoid wasp, and the combination of the parasitoid plus 0.3% powdered avidin maize. One pair each of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) was added to each jar. After 8 weeks, the entire contents of each jar were examined for adult insects. Control and avidin maize powders had no detrimental effects on the beneficial insect parasitoid T. elegans. The parasitoid suppressed populations of the internal feeder S. zeamais. The avidin maize powder treatment had no effect on S. zeamais because these larvae developed inside the maize kernels where no avidin maize powder was present. For S. zeamais, the combination treatment was not significantly different from the parasitoid treatment. In contrast, populations of the external feeder T. castaneum were not suppressed by the parasitoid but were suppressed by the avidin maize powder treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Current State of Knowledge on Wolbachia Infection Among Coleoptera: a Systematic Review
    Current state of knowledge on Wolbachia infection among Coleoptera: a systematic review Łukasz Kajtoch1 and Nela Kotásková2 1 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 2 Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic ABSTRACT Background. Despite great progress in studies on Wolbachia infection in insects, the knowledge about its relations with beetle species, populations and individuals, and the effects of bacteria on these hosts, is still unsatisfactory. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge about Wolbachia occurrence and interactions with Coleopteran hosts. Methods. An intensive search of the available literature resulted in the selection of 86 publications that describe the relevant details about Wolbachia presence among beetles. These publications were then examined with respect to the distribution and taxonomy of infected hosts and diversity of Wolbachia found in beetles. Sequences of Wolbachia genes (16S rDNA, ftsZ) were used for the phylogenetic analyses. Results. The collected publications revealed that Wolbachia has been confirmed in 204 beetle species and that the estimated average prevalence of this bacteria across beetle species is 38.3% and varies greatly across families and genera (0–88% infected members) and is much lower (c. 13%) in geographic studies. The majority of the examined and infected beetles were from Europe and East Asia. The most intensively studied have been two groups of herbivorous beetles: Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae. Coleoptera harbor Wolbachia belonging to three supergroups: F found in only three species, and A and B found in similar numbers of beetles (including some doubly infected); however Submitted 14 November 2017 the latter two were most prevalent in different families.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Pests in Other Durable Commodities
    5 Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Pests in Other Durable Commodities Peter A. Edde Marc Eaton Stephen A. Kells Thomas W. Phillips Introduction biology, behavior, and ecology of the common insect pests of stored durable commodities. Physical ele- Other durable commodities of economic importance ments defined by the type of storage structure, insect besides dry grains include tobacco, spices, mush- fauna, and interrelationships in the storage environ- rooms, seeds, dried plants, horticultural and agro- ment are also discussed. nomic seeds, decorative dried plants, birdseed, dry pet foods, and animal products such as dried meat and fish, fishmeal, horns, and hooves. Similar to dry Life Histories grains, these commodities are typically maintained and Behavior at such low moisture levels that preserving quality by minimizing insect damage can be a significant chal- lenge. Stored commodities may become infested at the processing plant or warehouse, in transit, at the store, or at home. Many arthropod pests of stored commodities are relatively abundant outdoors, but natural host plants before preadaptation to stored products remain unknown. Capable of long flight, they migrate into unprotected warehouses. Adults (larvae) crawl through seams and folds or chew into sealed packages and multiply, diminishing product quality and quantity. Infestations may spread within a manufacturing facility through electrical conduit Figure 1. Adult of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne and control panels. (F.), 2 to 4 mm long (from Bousquet 1990). The type of pest observed on a stored product Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma depends on the commodity, but some insects vary widely in their food preferences and may infest a Serricorne (F.) wide range of commodities.
    [Show full text]
  • Host-Age Preference of Theocolax Elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera
    12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP) in Berlin, Germany, October 7-11, 2018 RYNE, C., EKEBERG, M., JONZE �N, N., OEHLSCHLAGER, C., LÖFSTEDT, C. AND O. ANDERBRANT, 2006: Reduction in an almond moth Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) population by means of mating disruption. Pest Management Science 62: 912–918. RYNE, C., SVENSSON, G.P., ANDERBRANT, O. AND C., LÖFSTEDT, 2007: Evaluation of long-term mating disruption of Ephestia kuehniella and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in indoor storage facilities by pheromone traps and monitoring of relative aerial concentrations of pheromone. Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 1017–1025. TREMATERRA, P. 2012: Advances in the use of pheromones for stored-product protection. Journal of Pest Science 85: 285– 299. TREMATERRA, P. 2013: Aspects related to decision support tools and integrated pest management in food chains. Food Control 34: 733–742. TREMATERRA, P. AND A. CAPIZZI, 1991: Attracticide method in the control of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller: studies on effectiveness. - Journal of Applied Entomology 111: 451– 456. TREMATERRA, P. AND P. GENTILE, 2010: Five years of mass trapping of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller: a component of IPM in a flour mill. Journal of Applied Entomology 134: 149– 156. TREMATERRA, P. AND S. SAVOLDELLI, 2013: The use of water traps and presence of spermatophores to evaluate mating-disruption in Almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), during exposure to synthetic sex pheromone. Journal of Pest Science 86: 227– 233. TREMATERRA, P. AND F. FLEURAT-LESSARD, 2015: Food industry practices affecting pest management. Stewart Postharvest Review 12: 1–7. TREMATERRA, P., ATHANASSIOU, C., STEJSKAL, V., SCIARRETTA, A., KAVALLIERATOS, N.
    [Show full text]