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Gao et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:455 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2065-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Functional analysis of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR in colored fiber formation of Gossypium hirsutum L Jianfang Gao1†, Li Shen1†, Jingli Yuan1, Hongli Zheng1, Quansheng Su1, Weiguang Yang1, Liqing Zhang1, Vitalis Ekene Nnaemeka1, Jie Sun2, Liping Ke1* and Yuqiang Sun1* Abstract Background: The formation of natural colored fibers mainly results from the accumulation of different anthocyanidins and their derivatives in the fibers of Gossypium hirsutum L. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first committed enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanidins are transported into fiber cells after biosynthesis mainly by Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to present diverse colors with distinct stability. The biochemical and molecular mechanism of pigment formation in natural colored cotton fiber is not clear. Results: The three key genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed in the developing fibers of colored cotton. In the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic cottons, the expression levels of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR significantly decreased in the developing cotton fiber, negatively correlated with the content of anthocyanidins and the color depth of cotton fiber. In colored cotton Zongxu1 (ZX1) and the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic lines of ZX1, HZ and ZH, the anthocyanidin contents of the leaves, cotton kernels, the mixture of fiber and seedcoat were all changed and positively correlated with the fiber color. Conclusion: The three genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed early in developing colored cotton fibers and identified to be a key genes of cotton fiber color formation. The expression levels of the three genes affected the anthocyanidin contents and fiber color depth. So the three genes played a crucial part in cotton fiber color formation and has important significant to improve natural colored cotton quality and create new colored cotton germplasm resources by genetic engineering. Keywords: G. hirsutum L., Fiber color, Anthocyanidin, GhCHS, GhANR, GhLAR Background organic pollutants [7, 8], which are very difficult to re- Cotton, as one of the most important economic crops, cover. Fortunately, the natural colored cotton fibers yarn provides more than 50% of the fiber source in the textile without or very less dyeing directly into cloth and show industry [1]. However, the printing and dyeing processes great application prospects in the textile industry. Be- contain many carcinogens, resulted in bleaching difficul- cause of the green, ecological and eco-friendly character- ties, containing high concentrations of halides organic istics, the natural colored cotton and its fabrics are matter, most organic halides are carcinogenic, terato- praised as “21st century Darling”, and also undoubtedly genic and mutagenic [2–6] are also typical persistent becoming an important choice and way for the trans- formation and upgrading of the textile industry in China. But currently only two types of colored cotton with * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] †Jianfang Gao and Li Shen contributed equally to this work. brown and green color are available in the actual pro- 1Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, Key duction and textile industry, which seriously restricts the Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang development of colored cotton industry [8–15]. Natural Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China colored cotton fibers were pigmented by synthesizing Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Gao et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:455 Page 2 of 18 and accumulating natural pigments in developing fiber, NADH-dependent isoflavone-like reductases belonging to the previous reports showed the brown coloration of the reductase epimerase-dehydrogenase superfamily. cotton fibers resulted from flavonoids synthesis and ac- So engineering paler color has been achieved relatively cumulation in fibers [3, 16], proanthocaynidins (PAs) easily by silencing structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation played the leading role biosynthetic pathway. Shifts in color from blue to red for the brown coloration in cotton fibers [10, 11, 17–21]. have been achieved by silencing Flavanone 3, 5- Because of the complex pigment composition and struc- Hydroxylase gene (F3’5’H)[38]. Novel, red colored seeds ture in colored cotton fibers, it is difficult to genetically of soybean have been produced by inhibiting the activity improve cotton fiber color, and the mechanism of pig- of ANR in the seed coat [39]. The significantly sup- ment formation in the colored fiber is still unclear. pressed soybean ANR1 and ANR2 genes resulted in the Flavonoids are one of the largest groups of secondary red-brown grain phenotype, the effects of silencing metabolites and widely distributed in plants ranging ANR1 and ANR2 redirected metabolic flux from PA bio- from spermatophytes to mosses [22–24]. The main clas- synthesis into the anthocyanin and flavonol-3-O-gluco- ses of these phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives in- side pathways. ANR removed anthocyanidins to supply clude flavonols, anthocyanins, and PAs. As water-soluble epicatechin for proanthocyanidin synthesis. In the ab- natural pigments, anthocyanins are responsible for the sence of ANR activity, red cyanidin-based anthocyanins red, purple and blue colors of many flowers and fruit accumulated in the seed coat. LAR and ANR are the key that attract pollinators and seed dispersers [25]. Over enzymes of anthocyanin transport and proanthocyanidin 600 anthocyanins have been identified in nature, the synthesis. most common anthocyanins are pelargonidin, cyanidin, The PA branchpoint genes in soybean seed coat tissue delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and the de- were silenced as a novel methods for genetically im- rivatives of six widespread anthocyanidins, which consti- proved pigmentation in plants. Many economical crops tute the dominant core anthocyanins in higher plants also accumulated PAs in the seed coats, ANR gene could and exhibit different colors such as orange, red, purple, be suppressed for genetically modified grain color in and blue in plant flowers, seeds, and fruits [26–29]. Plant canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum), flowers and fruits have a variety of colors because they and wheat (Triticum spp.) [40–42]. are closely related to anthocyanins. The PAs play an im- In this study, the three key genes for anthocyanidin portant role in regulating many biological stresses and biosynthesis and transport in natural colored cotton abiotic stresses in plant, and play a crucial part in the fiber were analyzed. The fiber color was altered with the physiological processes such as anti-ultraviolet, disease decreased transcript level of three key genes, which re- resistance, scavenging free radicals, regulating seed dor- sulted in the content of anthocyanidins change. It is very mancy and germination [29–34]. The anthocyanin bio- important to genetic manipulation GhCHS, GhANR and synthetic pathway is an important branch of the general GhLAR in the anthocyanin metabolic pathway to im- flavonoid pathway, the chalcone synthase (CHS) is the prove the cotton fiber color, to satisfy the increasing first key regulatory enzyme which mediated synthesis of great demand for green textile industry. naringenin chalcone from 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. After biosynthesis, flavonoids are trans- Results ported to vacuoles or cell walls [35]. The last steps of Identification and phylogenetic analysis of GhCHS, GhLAR monomer biosynthesis are catalyzed by two distinct en- and GhANR genes zymes of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and The differentially expressed genes were scanned from anthocyanidin reductase (ANR). LAR directly reduced the transcriptome of brown cotton and its near isogene leucoanthocyanidins to the corresponding 2, 3-trans-(6)- line [11]. From the differentially expressed genes, the flavan-3-ols such as catechin as the first step in PA bio- genes in the anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway includ- synthesis. The anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) converted ing GhCHS, GhLAR and GhANR were selected for fur- leucoanthocyanidins into the 2, 3-cis-type anthocyani- ther analysis in the colored fiber in G. hirsutum.InG. dins such as epicatechin, and then anthocyanidins were hirsutum,7GhCHS genes and 6 GhCHS-like genes were reduced by ANR to synthesis the corresponding 2, 3-cis- scanned, 2 GhANR genes and 3 GhLAR genes were ob- flavan-3-ol [36]. The anthocyanin branch point enzyme tained (Fig. 1). UDP-glycose: flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase (UF3GT) Multiple ChCHSs contained high amino acid homology, and the PA branch point enzyme ANR both
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