IMPACT OF HIGH DIVORCE RATE ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. CASE STUDY OF LUSAKA DISTRICT SELECTED MATERO CONSITTUENCY.
BY
WAZILI RAMZAAN PHIRI
STUDENT NUMBER : 005-027
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF DEVELOPMENT DEGREE OF CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY ZAMBIA
2020
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ABSTRACT
The main aim of the research was to find out the impact of high divorce rate on socioeconomic development in Lusaka District selected Matero Constituency. The study further investigated the alternative measurements that was used, the study also assessed the challenges that divorced families face in society. In addition, the study investigated the measures to overcome the challenges being faced by divorced families in Lusaka district selected Matero and other parts of the district.
A multiple-case study was used which involved application of qualitative and quantitative methods. A sample of 50 participants was drawn from selected areas of the district. The parents and community youths were selected purposively while community stakeholders as while as government stakeholders were selected using simple random sampling. The findings of the study revealed that parents perceived the effect of high divorce rate as a major challenge in the discipline of marriage as most divorced children suffer socially, economically, educationally, mentally and psychologically problems. In as much as we want our marriage to be perfect, discipline and trust is also needed to make it work. The divorce has led to a high level of sufferings in society.
The findings on mitigation of challenges were, the marriage counseling, Financing program, socio-economic assistance,Churches advice and empowerment skills and to provide them with knowledge and skills to enhance the administration of discipline, the different ministries insisting on devorced families to adhere on the marriage roles. In light of the findings, the study recommend that marriage should have guidance and counselling departments with qualified counsellors to help in married couples to establish and strengthen the two couples rights and train them on the importance of good marriage discipline. Finally, further studies to be conducted on, the importance of good marriage relation to development.
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DECLARATION
I declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled “The Impact of High Divorce rate on Socioeconomic Development”, is to the best of my knowledge and believe it is my own work and that it is original. The dissertation contains no material that has been accepted for an award of a degree or Diploma by Cavendish University Zambia or any other institution. All the works that are not mine have been acknowledged.
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Date:………………………………………..
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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This dissertation of Wazili Ramzaan Phiri has been approved as the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a degree in Development Studies by Cavendish University of Zambia.
Examiners’ Signatures
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am sincerely thankful to almighty God/Allah who has seen me through this major task of writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to Him for granting me the much needed energy, finance and good health to complete this thesis.
I would also like to record my deepest appreciation to the Faculty of Arts and Social sciences, Faculty of defence, the School of Graduate Studies and Research of Cavendish University for granting me the opportunity to undertake this research and for the generous skills support.
Similarly, am very grateful to all those who contributed towards the success of this thesis. In writing this thesis, I heavily relied on the counsel and guidance of my supervisor, Mrs Nkhata Caroline. Special thanks goes to her for untiring guidance. Her brilliant grasp of the aim and content of this work led her to insightful comments, queries and suggestions that helped me a great deal. I am really grateful for her invaluable assistance, friendship and acts of mentorship. I very much appreciate her infinite patience, care, time and sustained devotion to this work. Iam sincerely grateful for her commitment and the time she accorded me during the writing of this thesis.
I sincere acknowledge the support of my classmates and school mates: Salome Mulenga, Martha Syamalimba, Kennedy Nondo, Hamba Rhodah and Pured Mulenga . It was because of their friendly support that I successfully managed to confidently work on my thesis. My great thanks also goes to my Wife Aishah Namusokwe for her great support she gave me during the hard work of my thesis. Furthermore, Iam forever indebted to my Parents Finace Kambole, Ahmad Waziri, and Papa Shahid Motala for nurturing my academic potential. Thanks to my brothers and sisters: Rijah Ramsey, Waziri Waziri, Canstone.Y.Chishimba, Bakali Hillary and Anze Waziri who gave me both moral and financial support to complete this work. I wish to thank all parents, Lecturers and students that took part in this study and provided the useful information.
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Table of Contents DECLARATION ...... 3 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ...... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... 5 CHAPTER ONE ...... 10 1.0 Introduction ...... 10 1.1 Background ...... 10 1.2 Statement of the problem ...... 11 1.3 Purpose of the study ...... 12 1.4 Objectives of the study ...... 12 The general objective ...... 12 1.5 Specific of Objective ...... 12 1.6 Research questions (S) ...... 12 1.7 Significance of the study ...... 13 1.8 Rationale ...... 13 1.9 Limitations ...... 13 1.11 Scope of the Study ...... 14 1.12 Operational definitions ...... 14 CHAPTER TWO ...... 15 2.1 Literature Review...... 15 2.2 The concept of divorce ...... 15 2.3 Basic concept of divorce ...... 16 Legal separation ...... 16 Marital Property ...... 16 Spousal Support ...... 17 2.4 An increase of divorce cases in different parts of Zambia ...... 17 2.5 Divorce Rates in Lusaka district : Subdivision...... 19 2.6 Involvement of Zambian institutions on high divorce rate ...... 23 2.7 Causes of divorce rate in Lusaka ...... 24 2.8 Gender based violence contributing to high divorce rate ...... 24 2.9 Effects of divorce on children ...... 25 2.10 Impact of divorce on socio-economic and education development ...... 26 Divorce Slows Economic Growth ...... 27
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Impact on Children’s Education ...... 28 Impact on Employment ...... 28 2.11 Challenges faced by divorced families ...... 29 2.12 Alternative measures to divorce challenges ...... 30 Government Measures...... 30 Share Financial Expectations and Budgets ...... 31 Counseling Solutions to Divorce ...... 32 2.13 Conceptual framework ...... 32 Stress independent variable ...... 33 Sleep disorder independent variables ...... 33 Troubled adolescence independent variables ...... 33 Depression dependent variable ...... 34 2.14 Operationalization of research variables ...... 35 2.15 Research Variables ...... 35 2.16 Theoretical framework ...... 35 i. Fault theory ...... 36 ii. No fault theory of divorce ...... 36 CHAPTER THREE ...... 38 3.0 Research methodology ...... 38 3.1 Introduction ...... 38 3.2. Research Approach ...... 38 3.3. Research Strategy...... 38 3.4. Sampling frame ...... 39 3.5. Sample Size and sampling techniques ...... 39 3.7. Data collection techniques ...... 40 3.8. Data analysis methods ...... 41 3.9. Research instruments ...... 41 3.10. Validity & Reliability of the Study ...... 42 3.11. Ethical Consideration ...... 42 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 44 4.0 Presentation of findings ...... 44 4.1 Introduction ...... 44 4.2 Presentation of findings ...... 44
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4.3 Damages that divorce impacted on socio-economicand education development ...... 45 4.3.2 Specific responses from the administration of Lusaka District...... 45 4.4 Factors causing divorce rate in lusaka district ...... 46 4.4.1 Finding on Infidelity ...... 47 4.4.2 Finding on the physical and mental abuse ...... 48 4.4.3 Finding on the lack of proper marriage counselling ...... 48 4.4.4 Finding on the socio-economic and financial challenges ...... 49 4.5.1 Specific responses from the Community members ...... 50 4.6 Responses from the stakeholders about the existence of divorce ...... 51 4.6.1 Specific Response from Government stakeholders ...... 52 4.6.2 Specific Response from NGOs stakeholders ...... 52 4.6.3 Specific Response from Community members stakeholders ...... 53 4.7 The measures to the challenges ...... 53 4.7.1 Marriage counseling ...... 54 4.7.2 Finance Program ...... 54 4.7.3 Socio-Economic assistance ...... 55 4.7.4 Churches incouragement ...... 55 4.7.5 Empowerment Skills ...... 56 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 57 5.0 Interpretation of findings...... 57 5.1 Introduction ...... 57 5.2 What damages that has divorce impacted on socioal-economic and education development ? ...... 57 5.3 What are some of the factors causing high divorce rate in lusaka district of lusaka province ?...... 58 5.3.1 Infidelity ...... 59 5.3.2 Physical and mental abuse ...... 59 5.3.3 Lack of proper marriage counselling ...... 59 5.3.4 Socio-economic and finance challenge ...... 60 5.4 What effect divorce has shown on the livelihood of families in lusaka district? ...... 61 5.4.1 Specific response from the community members ...... 61 5.5 Are the stakeholders knows about divorce rate in Lusaka district? ...... 62 5.5.1 Government stakeholders ...... 63 5.5.2 Non-Governmental stakeholders ...... 63 5.5.3 Community members stakeholders ...... 63
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1.6 What are the measures to the challenges? ` ...... 64 5.6.1 Marriage counselling...... 64 5.6.2 Financing program ...... 65 5.6.3 Socio-Economic Assistance ...... 65 5.6.4 Churches Encouragement or Advice ...... 66 5.6.5 Empowerment skills ...... 66 CHAPTER SIX ...... 67 Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 67 6.0 Overview...... 67 6.1 Conclusion ...... 67 6.2 Recommendation ...... 68 REFERENCE ...... 70 APPEDICES ...... 75 Appendix 1 ...... 75 Appendix 2 ...... 77 Appendix 3 ...... 80
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction This study looks at the Impact of high divorce rate on socioeconomic development in Lusaka District selected segment Matero Constituency. The other areas discussed in this section are the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives, study questions, significance of the study, limitations of the study and delimitations of the study. Operational definitions will also be given in this section so that the study is easily understood. However, divorce cases in Zambia have skyrocketed, a trend some marriage experts say is alarming, since divorce cases are on the increase because of varying factors, this is the reason why this research has been conducted in Lusaka District in order to evaluate the proper solution to these challenges.
1.1 Background Divorce is a legal action between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of marriage and is basically, the legal action that ends the marriage before the death of either spouse. However, divorce impacts more than the individuals who choose to end their marriage. It has taken a toll on society‟s development. Research conducted in a District shows that the divorce rate is increasing in Lusaka, in part because millennial wait longer to get married than previous generations (Lusaka times. Com, 13, 2012 newspaper). Nonetheless, the divorce rate still hovers of all married couples. In addition, each divorce has a far-reaching impact on families' financial livelihoods, children, and the workplace.
The effects associated with divorce affect the couple‟s children in both the short and the long term. After divorce the couple often experience effects including, decreased levels of happiness, change in economic status, and emotional problems, the effects on children include academic, behavioural, and psychological problems (Amato & Keith, 1991). The research suggest that children from divorced families are more likely to exhibit such behavioural issues than those from non-divorced families. Divorce cases were on the increase because of varying factors. Early marriages were a pressing factor because couples were not able to make decisions on their own in an event of a misunderstanding. Instead, they opted to seek advice from friends.
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“Most of the victims are young and do not exercise the ability to make decisions on their own but are advised by influential friends and relatives, which is wrong. Couples facing problems would first receive advice from trained counsellors and only when they failed to reconcile would they proceed with legal proceedings. Matrimonial Causes Act of 2007 states, the reasons for divorce were clearly stipulated and divorce could only be granted if these aspects were present.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Marriage as a form of family, whether traditional or modern, has a special significance to human society, but divorce is an important factor in this research, that affects the harmony and stability of family and society. Since the past years, with the lower economic level, and the poor of personal quality of life, the divorce rate has obviously increased in Lusaka District. The level of divorce in Zambia show upward trend in the year of 2019. According to Xia (2008) and others believed that the divorce situation is not optimistic in the future, and the rising divorce rate is a big trend. It can be seen that, regardless of the statistics, the divorce rate is high, and the issue of divorce has become a hot issue in the current society.
On the other hand, divorce is the primary factor affecting the people especially children in society. The factors of social influence, economic influence, education impact, family cohesion, and ethnic customs on divorce are constructed in this research, then the spatial interaction effect of divorce rate in Zambia is brought into the model. This study indicates that divorced adults are more likely to become impoverished while their children experience psychological and economic stress, which hinders their social development.
However, the increase in divorce rates have been among the most visible features of past years of family change in Zambia especially in District of Lusaka. Some have seen this as a sign of social and moral disruption with a potential to shatter the family institution and the foundations of society itself. Others have celebrated these trends as signalling increased individual liberty and the loosening of suffocating social mores. Divorce is one of the most often-mentioned major life events and causes major stress and upheaval for many, and a sense of relief and opportunity for
11 | P a g e personal growth for others. It is no wonder that divorce and family instability have attracted wide attention in this research.
The average age of couples seeking divorce is between 20 and 45 years. The increasing cases of divorce in the country can be intimidating to someone contemplating marriage. A number of reasons have been cited as to why couples divorce.
1.3 Purpose of the study The focus of this study is to explore and explain the impacts of high divorce rate on socioeconomic development in Lusaka District. It also explains negative and positve factors that are making people in Matero Compound and any other parts of the District to go into divorce.
1.4 Objectives of the study The general objective To assess causes and consequences of divorce after child marriage in Zambia. A case study conducted in Lusaka District selected Matero.
1.5 Specific of Objective To determine the impact of high divorce rate on socioeconomic development in Matero of Lusaka District. To assess factors causing high divorce rate in Matero of Lusaka District To investigate the effect of divorce on the livelihood of families in Matero of Lusaka District . To determine the extent to which Community stakeholders are aware about the existence of divorce rate . To identify the alternative measures to the challenges
1.6 Research questions (S) What damages has divorce impacted on socioeconomic development in Matero of Lusaka District?
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What are some of the factors causing high divorce rate in Matero of Lusaka Distrit ? What effect divorce has shown on the livelihood of families in Matero of Lusaka District? Are the Community stakeholders aware about the existence of divorce rate ? What are the measures to the challenges?
1.7 Significance of the study It was very important to carry out this study because it may help the ministry of Local government, Ministry of Gender and Ministry of Justice etc to provide them with empirical evidence of the current alarming situation indiscipline of divorces going on in Lusaka-District since the impact of high rate of divorce on socioeconomic development affects every Zambian citizen .
1.8 Rationale After presenting the research questions, it is essential to explain the grounds for exploring the effects of divorce on peoples lives in Lusaka-Matero community. In District there have been a lot of cases of indiscipline of divorces .Therefore, discussing the effects of divorce rate on the development will help finding out possible measures to deal with these challenges which has impacted on community‟s development in Lusaka-District.
1.9 Limitations The major limitation in this study was the lack of readily available materials. This therefore means that the research focused only on the few literature available and the information provided by the respondents than desired, thus leaving out a huge chunk of areas that would have yielded more insight into the problem under study and also we had limited time due to Corona Virus to do the study in all areas of Lusaka District. Other constraints include, inadequate funding. Nonetheless, the methodologies employed were so designed to ensure that the research yields the best possible results with these constraints.
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1.11 Scope of the Study The above chapter has presented the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives, study questions, significance of the study and limitations of the study .However, the main focus of this research is on an increase of divorce rate which has an influence on social, economic, educational and political development in Matero Community and Lusaka at large.
1.12 Operational definitions Looking at the title of the topic the words used in this study means the following:
Divorce: this means a judicial declaration of dissolving a marriage in whole or in part, especially one that releases the marriage partners from all matrimonial obligations.
Impact: this means positive or negative influence on people‟s lives or on something
Development: this consists of more than improvements in the well-being of citizens, it also conveys something about the capacity of economic, political and social systems to provide the circumstances for that well-being on a sustainable, long-term basis as well as enhancement of human security coupled with broadened human choices.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature Review
This chapter of literature focuses on the concept of impact of high divorce rate on development in Lusaka District selected area Matero Constituency. However, the average age of couples seeking for divorce is between 20 and 45 years. The increasing cases of divorce in some countries can be intimidating to someone contemplating marriage . Each child and each family are obviously unique, with different strengths and weaknesses, different personalities and temperaments, and varying degrees of social, emotional, and economic resources, as well as differing family situations prior to divorce.
Despite these differences, divorce has been shown to diminish a divorcee future competence in all areas of life, including family relationships, education, economic, employment, emotional well-being, and future earning power. However, divorce cases in Zambia have skyrocketed, a trend some marriage experts say is alarming. “Money really affects everything and impacts people‟s lives differently, depending on how they handle issues. Statistics from the local courts in Lusaka indicate that Eastern Province had the highest number of divorces during the period under review, with 5,889 cases. Cruelty was the major cause .The major causes of divorce included lack of proper marriage counselling, economic challenges, education aspect, interference from friends and family members, as well as poor communication.
2.2 The concept of divorce
The concept of divorce is one that has become increasingly pertinent to today‟s society. People are bombarded by statistics about its rise and facts about the decreasing stability of the nuclear family. Rates of divorce have increased so greatly over the past few decades that people have come to fear the institution of marriage ( Phillips,1991) . Causes of divorce and how it has evolved over the past three decades are issues that must be addressed in order to understand this problem.
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Children of divorce are often left with scars that do not heal. Often children from divorced families have a more difficult time establishing intimate relationships. The stress has even been shown to cause difficulty in performing school work for kids. These groups of children will form the future families of U.S. culture, and their trust in the age-old union between a man and a woman has changed in the past years to the point where divorce has become a commonplace element of society ( Warle,1994 ) . Recognizing the changing rates of marriage and divorce are necessary for analyzing today‟s family structure. One cannot deny that these divorce rates show a relevant problem that must be researched in order to understand elements of family life today.
2.3 Basic concept of divorce
According to Waite & Gallagher (2000) a divorce is a legal action between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of marriage and is basically, the legal action that ends the marriage before the death of either spouse. On the other hand, a divorce is a legal process by which two parties terminate their legal and financial relationship. But each divorce is unique and most involve disputes over things like child custody or division of property. Here are the main issues of divorce:
Legal separation
A legal separation is a lot like a divorce. It involves the same process of filing papers with the court to start a legal action and the court has to make the same decisions about children, debts and assets as in a divorce. However, at the end of the process the parties are legally separated instead of being divorced. That means they are still married but not responsible for each other.
Marital Property
All the property of the parties is marital unless shown otherwise. Such things as pensions, bank accounts and stocks and bonds are marital property even if held in the name of only one of the parties. Property brought in to the marriage is still marital although depending on the length of the marriage and the nature of the property the court can decide to award it back to the party who had it before the marriagee (Beck, 2000) . Courts try to be fair to both parties and each party is responsible for making a full disclosure to the court and the other party of all assets and debts.
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Spousal Support
Depending on the length of the marriage, the age and health of the parties and each parties' ability to earn an income and maintain the marital standard of living, the court may order spousal support paid by one spouse to the other (Hetherington, 2002). This is a different question from child support. Alimony can be for a limited period or for an indefinite period depending on the circumstances. It can be reviewed if there is a significant change in the circumstances of either former spouse.
Division of Property: All property acquired by either spouse after the marriage date is considered "marital property" and is subject to equitable division. Alimony: Alimony, or spousal support, is monthly payment made by one spouse to another in accordance to either a settlement agreement or court order. Alimony is meant to correct for any unfair economic effects of a divorce. Child Support: Child support is a monthly payment made by the noncustodial parent to the custodial parent to be spent on the child's needs. Child Custody: When a family splits up, the parents and the court must decide what is best for the minor children, including where they will live and how decisions are made. This is often the most difficult part of the divorce proceedings.
2.4 An increase of divorce cases in different parts of Zambia Zambia, over 28,000 divorce cases were recorded countrywide last year mainly because of infidelity between spouses. According to latest statistics from the local court office, Zambia recorded 28,101 divorces across the country‟s 10 provinces. The average age of couples seeking divorce was between 20 and 45 years. Eastern Province had the highest number of divorces, at 5,889. One of the major causes of divorce in Eastern Province was cruelty between spouses.
Western Province recorded the second highest number of divorces at 5,537 with ill-treatment, adultery and conjugal rights disputes being among the major causes. Copper-belt Province had 3,764 cases followed by Lusaka, which had 3,325. In Lusaka, the major causes of divorce included lack of proper marriage counseling, interference from friends and family members as well as poor communication among couples.
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On the Copper-belt, the major causes of divorce included adultery and desertion. Southern Province had 2,873 cases followed by Northern Province, which registered 2,142 cases (lusakatimes.com/2012/05/13). The major cause of divorces in Southern Province was extra - marital affairs while the love for money and material things was the major cause of divorce in Northern Province. North-Western Province recorded 1,652 cases with mistrust and poverty being the major causes. Luapula Province had 1,281 cases with over-expectation from spouses being the major contributor to divorces in the region.
Central Province registered 888 cases of divorce with fear of contracting HIV from spouses being the main causes of divorce. Muchinga Province had the lowest number of divorce cases at 750 mainly because of marital disputes. Research indicates that divorced adults are more likely to become impoverished while their children experience psychological and economic stress which hinders their social development ( Kim & Rowe,2000) .
A new report in Zambia shows that more than 20,000 couples divorced in 2019. According to the report published in local media, more women than men initiated those divorces, and the average age of couple was between 25 and 45. Reasons provided by couples who ended their marriages include infidelity, drunkenness, gender-based violence, difficulty conceiving, weight gain, and lack of access to marriage counselling (Times of Zambia newspaper) . Some women who initiated divorce also cited the failure of some men to support their families and “the abuse of social media”. The state-owned Zambia Daily newspaper reports that “the divorce figures are quite high and disturbing. They suggest instability, which could permeate other sectors of productivity where affected individuals may be working.
In Zambia, most marriages are not backed with institutions of counselling that would help struggling marriages to find common ground to reconcile their differences. It seems couples are now left to handle their own problems,” (Zambia Daily reported, 2019). The newspaper reported that Zambia‟s “government may consider incorporating family affairs in the Ministry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs” in dealing with the worrying trend. Marriages are important and significant aspect of African societies.
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However, matchmaking is another reason for divorce. In the case of matchmaking, initially, girls do not have the autonomy to determine their partners, but various problems experienced during marriage embolden them to file for divorce, as indicated by several study participants ( Martin & Sweet,1991) . Interference of parents in a (married) child‟s domestic life could also worsen the condition of the household, ending in divorce.
2.5 Divorce Rates in Lusaka district : Subdivision.
Lusaka Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia. Its capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km2. Lusaka is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km2 as of 2010. It is the most urban province, with the most doctors and fewest malaria-related incidents ( Williams , 2003) . However, Lusaka Province is divided into seven districts, namely: Chilanga District, Lusaka District, Chirundu District, Chongwe District, Kafue District, Luangwa District, and Rufunsa District. Therefore, the concentration of this study is on Divorce rate in Lusaka District selected area Matero Constituency Ward. However, Lusaka District is a district of Zambia, located in Lusaka Province. The capital lies at Lusaka. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 1,084,703 people. The population in Lusaka as well as related information and services . The icon links to further information about a selected division including its population structure (gender, age groups, age distribution, urbanization) as show in the diagram below.
Population
Name Status Census 2010-10-16
Lusaka District 1,747,152
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Population
Name Status Census 2010-10-16
Chainda Ward 38,393
Chaisa Ward 19,858
Chakunkula Ward 32,382
Chawama Ward 70,181
Chilenje Ward 52,220
Harry Mwaanga Ward 167,542
Nkumbula
Independence Ward 16,134
John Howard Ward 28,900
Justine Kabwe Ward 40,373
Kabulonga Ward 57,904
Kabwata Ward 22,537
Kalingalinga Ward 39,139
Kamulanga Ward 25,935
Kamwala Ward 51,299
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Population
Name Status Census 2010-10-16
Kanyama Ward 169,253
Kapwepwe Ward 54,650
Libala Ward 22,347
Lilayi Ward 13,402
Lima Ward 62,592
Lubwa Ward 36,445
Matero Ward 55,629
Mpulungu Ward 57,596
Mtendere Ward 106,128
Muchinga Ward 40,985
Mulungushi Ward 13,224
Munali Ward 45,933
Munkolo Ward 27,860
Mwembeshi Ward 68,878
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Population
Name Status Census 2010-10-16
Ngwerere Ward 66,205
Nkoloma Ward 75,082
Raphael Chota Ward 95,041
Roma Ward 66,491
Silwizya Ward 6,614
Zambia Republic 13,092,666
Source: Central Statistical Office Zambia (web). Districts in the boundaries of 2016 and wards in the boundaries of 2010; slight deviations from the actual situation are possible. Area figures are computed by using geospatial data. The main focus for this study is on divorce rates in Lusaka district selected area Matero Ward and other parts of the District. Lusaka in 8,500 divorce cases in 9 months over 8,000 divorce cases are being disposed of in Lusaka Province annually, records from the provincial local court office have revealed.
Chomba Musika of the ( Zambia Daily Mail ) Reports that in 2015, a total of 14,870 divorce cases were heard while a total of 8,552 have been heard between January to September this year .
The records indicate that an average of 17 divorce cases are disposed of daily and an average of 340 cases recorded monthly. According to the records, the average age of couples seeking divorce is between 25 and 45 with the most prominent grounds of separation being unfaithfulness and negligence by either spouse.
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Other prominent grounds of divorce include infidelity, denial of both economic and conjugal rights, and bad influence from family and friends. The records also show that majority couples seeking divorce are from the peri-urban areas . Local courts recording high number of divorces are Kanyama, Chawama, Chelstone and Matero, which are by far more than those from Boma courts which cover urban areas. The records reveal that most of the evidence adduced before the courts in most divorce cases is from Short Message Services and What Sapp messages found on cheating spouses‟ mobile phones ( Source: Zambia Daily Mail).
2.6 Involvement of Zambian institutions on high divorce rate The rise in divorces also speaks to a cultural shift in how the institution is viewed. Marriage is not necessarily seen as “till death do two couples part” . When a couple runs in to trouble, they know they have divorce as an out. However, the Minister of Religious and National Guidance Godfridah Sumaili Minister of National Guidance and Religious Affairs Godfridah Sumaili expressed concern over the 28,000 divorce cases the country recorded in 2017. Speaking in an interview with (ZANIS) in Lusaka , Reverend Sumaili said that it is regrettable that a Christian nation like Zambia is recording such a large number of divorce cases.
The Minister explained called on Churches and family to take the leading role of counselling both women and men before entering marriage, adding that in most cases only women receive counsel. “Counselling before marriage was important in that the couple was given knowledge and wisdom to go about marital problems. Reverend Sumaili however, attributed abuse of alcohol by both men and women, infidelity, gender based violence and external negative influence to be the driving factors of many divorce cases (Times of Zambia, Newspaper,2017 ). However, the legal professional may also assist in avoiding difficulties that may arise through the problems that domestic violence cause in divorces.
When the spouse that has been victimized through the abuse of the other person in the relationship has spoken the truth, there are often extra steps to take in consideration of these divorce cases. Proving the abuse is valid and has occurred to the spouse may assist in proving that he or she is not fit to take care of the children ( Hetherington & Kelly, 2002) . Additionally, he or she may be punished through paying for treatment to resolve the injuries inflicted. Only
23 | P a g e with proper legal representation is this usually accomplished. Some cases may require the need for a private investigator to aid in proving how the other spouse is abusive.
2.7 Causes of divorce rate in Lusaka The solemn declaration is made to show that no matter what comes across the couple, they will persevere as a unit. But as statistics reveal, some Zambian couples have found the going tough and thrown the vows to the winds. The high statistic of 20,000 of dissolved marriages in 2019 alone tells many things. Infidelity, adultery and lack of communication among couples have contributed to many marriages falling apart. This is a very sad development indeed. In a population as small as Zambia‟s, the divorce figures are quite high and disturbing.
They suggest instability, which could permeate other sectors of productivity where affected individuals may be working. However, the first thing this reveals is that there is lack of commitment to the matrimonial vows that couples make. If couples mean what they say in their marriage vows, and stand for the „for better for worse‟ promise they make, then most marriages would strive to rebuild and find their love rhythm beyond the difficulties that would lead to a break-up or dissolution of the matrimonial bond.
The solution starts with the foundation. Before people marry, it is important to get to know each other well. This can build trust and love. Instant marriage leads to quick divorce. In Zambia, most marriages are not backed with institutions of counselling that would help struggling marriages to find common ground to reconcile their differences. It seems couples are now left to handle their own problems. And since it is disputes that cause marriages to break-up, it is impossible to imagine a possibility of a husband and a wife reconciling without them seeking help from a third party that they can trust and appreciate their differences and provide them with some professional help that leads to reconciliation.
2.8 Gender based violence contributing to high divorce rate Health Deputy Minister Patrick Chikusu says women have fallen victim to gender based violence hence marriages in Zambia do not last long resulting in divorce. Fighting between husbands and wives in marriage is not acceptable and that it was in this regard that Government had taken
24 | P a g e keen interest to monitor spouses to avoid unnecessary rising cases of gender based violence cases and divorces. The government is contemplating to make gender based violence offences non bail able to deter the perpetrators of the vice. The government has embarked on a multi-stakeholder initiative called the GRZ-UN joint programme on gender based violence with the aim of engaging partners to address the vice in a holistic manner ( Cookston & Griffin, 2007). The new couple to submit to each other because marriage is an institution ordained by God and therefore divorce was not allowed. The couple to love one another, be open, and resolve problems together while desisting from provoking each other at all costs. And speaking earlier, father to bride, Moffat Madichi urged the spouse to put their marriage in God‟s hands. Forty two young women of Chainda ward in Lusaka Province, most of whom are victims of Gender Based Violence (GBV) and early marriages. Some have gone through beatings, torture, painful divorce and others went through difficult delivery as young mothers. These young women live in Chainda, are strong and role models to other women. In a society where women rarely come out in the open over issues such as wife battery and abuse, the women of Chainda seem to be a rare breed. During the training, the 42 women went through courses such as business models, customer segments, record keeping and customer relations.
2.9 Effects of divorce on children Each child and each family are obviously unique, with different strengths and weaknesses, different personalities and temperaments, and varying degrees of social, emotional, and economic resources, as well as differing family situations prior to divorce. Despite these differences, divorce has been shown to diminish a child's future competence in all areas of life, including family relationships, education, emotional well-being, and future earning power. The following are the listed points of effects on children‟s economic ;
Custodial mothers experience the loss of 25–50 per cent of their pre-divorce income. In 2000, the median income of single-mother households was 47 per cent that of married- couple households . Only 50 per cent of custodial mothers have child support agreements, and 25 per cent of mothers who have been granted support receive no payments.
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Loss of income may lead to increased work time for parents, as well as a change in residence. Children living with single mothers are much more likely to live in poverty than children living with both married parents ( Ahrons, 2001). In 2009, children living with a divorced parent were more likely to live in a household below the poverty level (28%) compared with other children (19%) . Unmarried women are more likely to remain in poverty compared with married individuals and unmarried men . Children living with single parents are less likely to experience upward financial mobility. The fraction of children living in single-parent households is the strongest negative correlate of upward income mobility according to one study . The percentage of married families in a community also contributes to future upward economic mobility of all children in the community .
The child may lose emotional security Divorced mothers are less able to provide emotional support . The child may have a weakened relationship with his/her father. Divorced fathers spend less time with their children. A study in 1996 found that fewer than half of children living with a divorced mother had seen their fathers at all in more than one year, and only one in six saw their fathers once a week ( Brewin & Gotlib,1993). The child may lose family traditions, celebrations, and daily routines. Even adult children whose adult parents divorced later in life experienced the loss of family traditions and disruption of celebrations . The change in residence may lead to loss of friends, school environment, and other support systems.
2.10 Impact of divorce on socio-economic and education development There are few things that can slow economic growth like a high divorce rate. According to a study performed by the Marriage and Religion Research Institute, marriage is an important
26 | P a g e contributor to economic growth. Healthy marriages have been proven to promote economic growth, while divorce adversely impacts the economy (Duncan,1985). Another factor that affects economic growth is the increase in total households. When couples are divorced, more housing, power, and resources are required. The more the divorce rate increases, the more adverse the effect on the ec onomy.
Impact of divorce on economic growth
It is no secret that divorce are expensive. Between hiring separate attorneys and dividing assets, to starting over again with a single income, the cost of divorce has increased in the past few years in Zambia. While divorces are expensive for the parties involved, there are implications for the economy as well. Studies show there has been a significant link between divorce rates and economic health. Here is a look at how divorce can directly impact the economy, and where the divorce rate stands today.
A high divorce rate hampers economic growth, as it increases the number of households, which requires more power and resources. However, divorce rates appear to be falling, in part, because men and women are waiting longer to get married. Changing family dynamics improves divorce statistics, which will help the economy. Divorce Slows Economic Growth There are few things that can slow economic growth like a high divorce rate. According to a study performed by the Marriage and Religion Research Institute, marriage is an important contributor to economic growth. Healthy marriages have been proven to promote economic growth, while divorce adversely impacts the Zambian economy. Another factor that affected economic growth in Lusaka was the increase in total households. When couples are divorced, more housing, power, and resources are required, the more the divorce rate increases, the more adverse the effect on the economy ( Martin & Bourdais,2005 ) .
Impact on Finances
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Divorce during and after takes a toll on a family's income. When couples get divorced, it's important that the custodial parent understand that child support eventually ends. Also, courts don't always award alimony. And recent tax laws ending deductibility for alimony payments may result in a downward trend in alimony awards. Divorced women and their children are more likely than divorced men to receive public assistance while living in poverty. Further, even if women don't drop into extreme debt, their standard of living decreases more so than divorced men. Although both spouses are worse off financially after divorce, research shows that women's finances in Lusaka are negatively impacted at higher rate.
Impact on Children’s Education
Children exposed to unilateral divorce are less educated by adulthood. Children have lower educational aspirations and test scores during the process of their parents‟ marital disruption. One study (controlling for parental education, parental occupation, family size, etc.), found that children whose parents divorce get about seven-tenths of a year less education than children from intact families ( Barry,2003) . Kindergarteners with divorced parents have an average math and reading score about three points lower than kindergarteners with no divorced parents.
Ending a marriage can be difficult on children. Many children blame themselves for their parents' divorce, creating guilt and sadness. Divorce often impacts children's education, resulting in slowed academic progress or limited financial support for learning opportunities. Additionally, children from single-parent households often experienced developmental issues, impacting their behavioural and emotional well-being in a district ( King, 2006) .
Because of substantial changes to the family dynamics and depleted finances, children from divorce exhibit riskier behaviour than children from households with both biological parents. For example, children are more prone to experiment with drugs and alcohol. Behavioural issues can lead children to criminal acts or unplanned teenage pregnancies which can hinder them from accessing education. Finally, without a good model of a lasting marriage during childhood, children can experience relationship issues as adults.
Impact on Employment
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Divorce impacts the workplace as well. Employees gone through divorce experienced higher levels of absenteeism, presentism, stress, anxiety, and health issues. These factors lead to them exhibiting poorer performance and lower productivity when they are at the office. A distracted, depressed, or unengaged employee negatively impacts an employer's cash flow. A recent study by the Global Corporate Challenge found that presentism being present at work but not performing costs U.S. businesses ten more times than absenteeism ( White, 1991) . Worrying about child support or who gets the house can easily distract an employee.
The effects of divorce on employees can extend for years. Many employees experiencing emotional distress increase errors or exhibit poor lack of judgment. Additionally, the emotional upheaval of a divorce can create anxiety, causing additional health problems. These health issues might result in additional time away from work, ultimately affecting an employer's bottom line.
2.11 Challenges faced by divorced families
Increased risk of poverty Poverty increases the risk of divorce. In turn, divorce also increases the risk of poverty for a large proportion of women and their children within one or two years after a separation/divorce, 43% of women in Lusaka-Matero had experienced a decrease in household income compared to 15% of men. In contrast, 29% of men and only 9% of women had experienced an increase (Kelly & Emery, 2003 ) . Even three years after divorce, women‟s household income remains far below what it had been during marriage and far below their ex- husbands‟ current income. However, as more women are employed and earn better salaries, this income decline was less painful than before, even though it is still evident. Ex-husbands, compared to ex-wives, are less likely to be poor because their income is generally higher, they do not have full care of their children with all the attendant expenses, and their child support payments are usually not crippling. Nevertheless, in a decade when most families have two breadwinners, men who divorce lose far more economically than in the past, especially those married to a high-earning wife. As child support payments become better enforced, economic factors may contribute in the long run to
29 | P a g e dissuade some men from ending their marriage ( Albrecht & Goodman, 1983). For families already burdened by poverty, once separation takes place, the mother and child unit often becomes even poorer. The younger the children are at the time of parental divorce or common-law dissolution, the more likely they are to be poor, as they have younger parents who typically earn less. On average, single parents who are poor have an income that is 40% below the poverty line. This is dire poverty. Another way of looking at this is to consider single-mother families.
2.12 Alternative measures to divorce challenges
Divorce is an ongoing reality in our society Zambia. No longer will the exception, at least one in every two marriages end through a divorce. And yet, despite this fact, people have been slow to adapt procedures that allow a marriage to end civilly, creatively, fairly and in these tough economic times, with the minimum of expense. For the most part, divorce is still framed as an adversarial battle that is characterized by accusations, blame, unproductive argument, high costs, and weak solutions that ignore the best interests of the parties and, most importantly, the children to alleviate these challenges the measures have been set below:
Government Measures
The divorce crisis has thrown a spotlight on the field of marital research and education, which attacks domestic instability and unhappiness at its beginnings, before marriages deteriorate, or even before they start though some programs can be used later to repair troubled marriages. The premarital questionnaire that broke up the graphic designer's engagement was just one tool in a psycho-educational on communication, conflict resolution, and marriage enhancement. These tools are piquing the imagination of policymakers here and abroad.
According to Wu, ( 1996 ) the Zambian government is financing a small pilot program, to test a variety of marriage-strengthening programs from skills education . Backed by a campaign to increase both public awareness of and access to marriage-support programs, it is also trying to encourage participation by churches, schools, health organizations, and employers .
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Socio-Economic Measures
Indicators of socioeconomic status include each spouse's education, occupational class, economic activity, and income as well as housing tenure and housing density. When examined individually, divorce risk was inversely associated with socio-economic status for all its various indicators except wife's income ( Finnie,1993 ) . All of these factors had an independent effect on divorce risk. However, the government of Zambia is therefore to address these factors in order to reduce the divorce rate in Lusaka District.
Financial measures The government of Zambia is looking into measures to help marriages in trouble that stay afloat by urging the partners to attend counselling sessions before taking steps to end their union. Also to tackle another major social concern, faltering fertility rate, the government plans to offer financial assistance to families giving birth to two or more children. Married couples may have to go through mandatory counselling sessions before they can untie their knots. Plans are in the works by the Health and Welfare Ministry to revise family litigation procedures by institutionalizing counselling programs for separating couples. The latest move comes in aims to prevent hasty breakups in light of the country's rising divorce rate in Lusaka. Another set of measures are under review to encourage more child bearing.
Share Financial Expectations and Budgets
Many marriages are fraught with disagreements over finances. Often couples bring different expectations about money to a relationship and find it difficult to see the other person's perspective. Coming to an agreement on how to handle money together is a critical component of successful marriages. However, the spouses should agree on a budget and an approach to debt and then live within limits. For some, it's important to differentiate between a need and a want. While both are legitimate, couples face problems if they try to fulfil all their wants without considering their budget .Likewise, it's important to incorporate some flexibility in marriages budget to allow for entertainment, gifts, vacations, and other activities that help strengthen the marriage and reduce negative impact of divorces( Manning & Lamb, 2003) .
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Education Measures Researchers have estimated that individuals who have some college education ( not finishing high school) have a lower chance of divorce. However, the government of Zambia is therefore, putting up measures to educate every citizens especially youths so as to avoid the increase of divorce rate in Lusaka, because low education increases divorces as lot of people stop schools and get married with a lower income which results to home conflicts and lead to divorces. Employment measures The study also looked at employment measures as one of the biggest solution that can help people of Lusaka to reduce divorces. Due to lack of employment or less salaries also contributes to divorce rates. However, the government of Zambia is therefore to empower every citizens to identify their own skills and use those skills to create their own businesses, agriculture, fishing, industries, companies etc. which can help to bond their marriage and reduce divorce rates. Employment also contributes to high income growth, availability of food and sustainability of home economy that can meeting the expectations and demand of children and two spouses especially a woman.
Counseling Solutions to Divorce
Marriage counseling is proven to improve physical and emotional intimacy, increase communication and establish an overall better connection between spouses which enables people to find solutions to divorce.
2.13 Conceptual framework The study discuses the concepts and assumptions of field theory and suggests that the field approach may be utilized as a useful conceptual framework for family and for divorce study in particular. Different research variables are discussed in this research . However, divorce decision is analyzed as a solution to the avoidance-avoidance conflict situation, as a result of imbalance of forces in psychological field of the individual concerned (Olson & Skogrand, 2011) . The paradigm involves the two resultant forces in the field, the total driving force toward divorce and the total restraining force against divorce, the suggests that divorce is only one of the alternative solutions to the conflict situation.
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Stress independent variable The study show that stress compromises the immune system. Therefore, it stands to reason that divorce puts anyone dissolving a marriage at some risk of disease. The more stressful the divorce, the more likely it is that illness will follow. Stress was first studied formally in 1935. While introducing certain stimuli to lab mice, endocrinologist Hans Selye saw that there was a whole set of physiological responses the mice had in response to these stimuli: Breathing gets shallow, digestion stops, blood flow is diverted from skin and organs to the adrenal glands, for example (Albrecht & Goodman, 1983) . It turns out that all mammals have a very similar reaction when stress is brought into their environment
Sleep disorder independent variables According to Bloom et al (1985) couples therapists often recommend sleeping in the same bed, as it offers a regular opportunity for cuddling and closeness which can reinforce the couple‟s attachment bonds. It also fosters more frequent sexual intimacy, which is linked to relationship quality. When one or both partners aren‟t sleeping well, their relationship tends to suffer. The tension can be particularly high when one partner is causing the other‟s sleep difficulties, like because of loud snoring. A vicious cycle can ensue, in which worse relationship quality leads to further sleep problems, more problems in your relationship, and so forth. The concern about loss of intimacy through not sharing a bed may be dwarfed by the obvious problems the sleep difficulties are causing. In these situations, sleeping separately can actually increase relationship satisfaction.
Troubled adolescence independent variables This hopeful outcome can prove less likely when grievances and hostilities that broke the marriage last after the divorce. Now young people have to live with ongoing feelings of injury and ill-will that continue to create tensions between Mom and Dad. “They still don't get along!” . For many divorced parents, this is part of their recovery. It can still take some time living apart, but still connected through the children, to emotionally reconcile their differences and establish an amicable working relationship ( Antonovics & Town ) . Adolescents and parents cannot put a constructive life together after divorce. Mostly, they can and do. Love carries on. Adjustment to family change is accomplished. And resilience is strengthened by coping with this adversity. However, however, is ways that divorce can intensify adolescent growth and thus the relationship between adolescents and parents. In addition, young adult children of divorce can
33 | P a g e have some lasting divorce issues to deal with in the process of forming later love relationships of their own.
The different variables which are discussed above are shown in the diagram below
(https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=what+is+conceptual+framework+over+divorce&form=HDR SC2&first=1&scenario=ImageBasicHover)
Depression dependent variable
The dependent variable is the variable tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes . The depression that occurs due to traumatic life events such as divorce is different from clinical depression. It‟s called adjustment disorder or situational depression (Martin & Sweet, 1991) . Both clinical depression and situational depression manifest in similar ways. The independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded.
In some people, depression following divorce can occur with other behaviors, such as:
ignoring responsibilities
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avoiding family and friends
performing poorly at work due to a lack of focus
fighting
2.14 Operationalization of research variables This research has independent Variables of factors affecting effective implementation of divorce resolution. In this study, Impact of high divorce rate on development is the term used for the inputs which is given to beneficiaries comprises of Social, Environmental and Economic development. Other factors to consider are Measurement System,firm culture, resources, when choosing a scope, it is always important to find out if it‟s able to accommodate or satisify the needs of the people in society . The second variable looked at in this study has to be inadquete implemention of divorce solution, its causes an organisation or intitution to be greed. Impact of high divorce rate is dependent upon oversight of society.
2.15 Research Variables Independent variable are Factors “affecting implementation of divorce resolution ”, where as the dependent variable is “adequete implementation of Divorce resolution ” among Zambian institutions of Lusaka District and Matero Constituency and other parts of the District as a case study.
2.16 Theoretical framework Divorce is an event affecting couples, children, families, and community. Little is known about the perception of Zambian couples who intended to get divorced with regard to the process of decision making on divorce. The purpose of this study was to build a theory about the process that leads the couples to get divorced. The Fault and No-Fault theories in qualitative paradigm was used. Improper marriage formation included the causal condition of divorce, which consisted of lack of initial interest in spouse, improper reason for getting married, lack of marriage preparation, insufficient dating before marriage, forced marriage, and unawares spouse selection . Children between 4 and 10 years of age may be the most negatively affected because
35 | P a g e they are not mature enough to understand their loss and their changing family circumstance, below are the two theories used :
i. Fault theory
Under the fault theory, marriage can be dissolved only when either party to the marriage had committed a matrimonial offence. Under this theory, it is necessary to have a guilty and an innocent party and only innocent party can seek the remedy of divorce (Becker,1992) . However, the most striking feature and the drawback is that if both parties have been at fault, there is no remedy available. Another theory of divorce is that of mutual consent.
The underlying rational is that since two persons can marry by their free will, they should also be allowed to move out of their relationship of their own free will. However, critics of this theory say that this approach will promote immorality as it will lead to hasty divorces and parties would dissolve their marriage even if there were slight incompatibility of temperament ( Grossbard,1995) . Some of the grounds available under the Hindu Marriage Act can be said to be under the theory of frustration by reason of specified circumstances. These include civil death renouncement of the world etc.
ii. No fault theory of divorce
Prior to 1976, Divorce was granted only on the basis of fault theory. It means marriage can be dissolved only when either party to the marriage had committed a matrimonial offence. But now Divorce can also be obtained on the basis of no fault theory, it means divorce can obtain by the mutual consent of the parties to marriage under the marriage laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Manser & Murray, 1980) . According to Section 13-B (1), such a petition is required to be moved jointly by the parties to a marriage on the ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year or more and they have not been to live together and also that they have agreed that marriage should be dissolved.
As per Section 13-B (II) of the Act lays down that on the motion of both the parties made no earlier than six months after the date of the presentation of the petition referred to in sub-section (I) given above and not later than eighteen months after the said date, if the petition is not
36 | P a g e withdrawn in the meantime, the court shall on being satisfied, after hearing the parties and after making such inquiry as it thinks fit, that a marriage has been solemnized and that averments in the petition are true, then pass a decree of divorce, declaring the marriage to be dissolved with effect from the date of decree ( Heer & Amyra,1981). However, to prevent hasty divorces, the law lays down certain restrictions and grounds for obtaining a divorce. Before obtaining a divorce, the parties may first obtain a decree for judicial separation after which divorce may be obtained.
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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research methodology 3.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to present my research approach, research strategy, sampling frame, sample size, and sampling techniques used when collecting data. The chapter also looked at the empiric operationalization of the research variables, data collection and data analysis.
3.2. Research Approach This research is based on the inductive approach because it is generally associated with exploratory research. Inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data. It is a descriptive study that is carried out using primary as well as secondary sources of data. It principally relied on the use of primary data because this type of data reveals the perceptions and opinions directly from the community of Matero being assessed. It also used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches which enabled the research variables and objectives to be captured ( Jonung & Inga,1997) . However, in order to provide accurate data about the factors affecting the citizens of Matero Community and other parties of Lusaka district, the quationnaires was distributed and administered by the researcher. The research could not be conducted in all Lusaka District areas, hence the purposive selection of Matero Constituency which has a total number of 55,629 people, with 11,688 households, according to the Central Statistical Office Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing . This was clustered according to the information from the District office.
3.3. Research Strategy In this study, the research employed the survey procedure through primary data collection methods consisting of focus groups, personal interviews and key informants. To gain secondary data, a thorough literature review was conducted; in this regard use was made of books, journal articles, relevant research reports and Internet sources. Acoording to ( Olson & Skogrand, 2011) defined research strategy as general approach taken in an inquiry and added that research strategies have been classified in different ways. It is a general plan of how you go about answering the research questions you have set .
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3.4. Sampling frame The study was conducted in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other parts of the District. . The sampling population consists of teenagers,youths, students/pupils, community elders, ordinary community members and stakeholders. The study will apply simple random and systematic methods. But because the researcher did not go to each and every community of Lusaka district, due to lack of resources and time factor due to Corona Virus out break pedamic, a sample was necessary . Lusaka District is administratively divided into seven (7) constituencies: and thirty three (33) wards namely :Chainda,Chaisa,Mtendere,Matero,Munali, etc. However,Matero community as a selected ward in this study belongs to one constituency called Matero constituency. There were with 500 households who were clustered and researcher systematically selected Thirty (30) households in Maatero Constituence using simple random sampling method, respondents were selected from the households and institution. The Five (5) people ware selected from Matero Constituency while the Eight (8) were selected from the other wards such as, Chaisa, Munali, Kalingalinga,Mtendere and Chainda ward . Each department gave the researcher Two (2) people representing Three (3) department namely; Strategic planning department, Executive department and Controlling department. The other Two (2) respondent were purposively selected from the community members.
3.5. Sample Size and sampling techniques The sample size refers to the number of people that the researcher requires in the sample. The sample size of 30 households community members in Matero was targeted out of the target population of 55,629, non-community members were also randomly selected from non commmunity members group for the purpose of the study. Hence total sample size of 50 representing 10% of the target population in different parts of the District..
The respondents were community members that have had received full adquate Matero inputs since the study area of interest was to find out the factors leading to divorce rates in Lusaka District seleced area Matero Constituency and other parts of the District. The purposive sampling design was used because it is imperative that only those households relavant to this study were picked. In this case, the households to be sampled were drawn from the sampling frame which
39 | P a g e was also of simple random sampling i.e. Male headed household, Female headed household and Aged headed household ( McElroy & Horney,1981 ) . The sample size was distributed as follows: teenagers,youths, students/pupils, community elders, ordinary community members and stakeholders.
Simple random sampling was the basic sampling techniques where we selected a group of subject (a sample) for study from a larger group ( a population). Each individual was chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population had an equeal chance of being included in the sample .
The sampling technique adopted was important because it allowed for a random participant to be picked without any biasness involved. It was important to understand why simple random was appropriate in this research, this was because the technique was not narrowed down or any particular participant bacause they are picked randomly at the school without any prior warning or hints.
3.7. Data collection techniques Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting. Qualitative research data collection methods are time consuming, therefore data is usually collected from a smaller sample than would be the case for quantitative approaches, therefore this makes qaulitative research more expensive.
The research employed the survey procedure through primary data collection methods consisting of focus groups, personal interviews and key informants, observations and action research. To gain secondary data, a thorough literature review was conducted; in this regard use was made of books, journal articles, relevant research reports and Internet sources (Lundberg & Robert,1996) . The benefits of the qualitative approach are that the information is richer and has a deeper insight into the phenomenon under study. In order to gather adequate data for this research interviews and observation technique were used. Community elderly people, youths and community residents were picked at random in order to aviod any biasness to the gathering of data.
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3.8. Data analysis methods This stage involves a process through examination and interpretation, a process of resolving data into it‟s constituent components to reveal its characteristic elements and structure. Data analysis required reading and listening to highlight and label important, descriptive and informative issues that emerged for sorting and categorization.
Both the primary and secondary data collected was used to clearly understand the current procedures of divorce in Matero Constituency and other parts of the District and to formulate the new system that will be able to solve the problems with the current situations.
The primary goal of the research was to design and develop a system that should emulate the decision abilities of implementing divorce resolution and eliminate the problems that Matero residents are currently facing .
3.9. Research instruments The reliability of measuring instruments determine the validity of the findings. A personal survey was reliable in terms of the direct contact and interaction between the researcher and the respondent. A case study also promotes the use of multiple instruments to further increase validity, via cross-checking and triangulation. The following instruments were used in the current study: questionnaires, Observation and interviews. I collected data in using three different ways:
i. Questionaires- The questionnaire is the main instrument for collecting data in survey research. Basically, it is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme in order to collect individual data about one or more specific topics. Sometimes questionnaires are confused with interviews. In fact, the questionnaire involves a particular kind of interview a formal contact, in which the conversation is governed by the wording and order of questions in the instrument (Folbre,1994) .The questionnaire often is administered in a standardized fashion, that is, in the same way to all the respondents of the survey. ii. Interviews- The one-to-one interview is a commonly used data collection method in environment and social research. The individual interview is a valuable method of gaining insight into people's perceptions, understandings and experiences of a given phenomenon and can contribute to in-depth data collection. However, the interview is
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more than a conversational interaction between two people and requires considerable knowledge and skill on behalf of the interviewer (Guttentag & Secord, 1983). I Interviewed 5 local community in a District and 8 representatives from Matero Constituency. The questionnaires has also been used for the interviews inorder to get collect data from the community members. iii. Observation-observation is a tool that can provide important data resources within the method that we chose based on the research problem. This method was used to see how Matero residents and other communicaties in a District is up to date in fighting the divorce within the institution and area of operation. Conducting a study based on qualitative study principles requires detailed planning and acting accordingly. One of the most important factors in research is to collect accredited responses from repondents. There are different methods of collecting data from respondents. In this case study, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews as the data collecting instruments.
3.10. Validity & Reliability of the Study Reliability refers to the quality of measurement, while validity refers to the consistency or repeatability of the measurement. Reliability is not said or done, but is expected and anticipated. In the context of the current study, this means that the information that was gathered had to be of quality in order to help achieve the objectives and aims of the study.
Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument measures the factors that have been targeted. Validity refers to the dgree to which the explanation of a phenomenon matches the realities of the world. According to Guilford (2000) also refers to valididty as the degree to which the participants observation achieves what it was purported to discover. It also refers to the correctness of the measurements in the case study. In this case study, it means that the questionnaire and interviews had to obatain information from the respondents and interviewees that determined whether or not divorce benefits the Community and the organisation.
3.11. Ethical Consideration The researcher ensured that no respondents were forced to give information concerning the subject matter, but allowed them give information at their own convenience and free will. The researcher also ensured that the information obtained from respondents was purely for
42 | P a g e community purposes and was treated with confidentiality. Scientific validity and anonymity of participants was maintained.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation of findings 4.1 Introduction The presentation of finding was emerged to provide answers to the research questions. To answer all the five research questions. The previous chapters provided the orientation to the study, a literature review, a full comprehensive description of the study and the research design and methodology. The results of the case study and survey are presented in the sections of this chapter that follow.
Primary research, also called field research, involves the collection of data that do not already exist, which means collecting origional data. Primary research is often conducted once the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by collecting secondary data. Primary data can be collected via numerous means, including questionaires, interviews and observations.
Qualitative data can come from interviews, focus group and participant observations; while quantitave can come from controlled laboratory experiments, fieldwork, questionaires, surveyys and enthnographies. In this research, the results of the research conducted will be presented to obtain a clear pictures of the case study. These results will be aligned to the objectives methods (measuring instruments) used were questionaires and interviews to help determine wether divorce rate does or does not add value to the community
4.2 Presentation of findings The people selected for the qustionaire were from ,Matero Community Ward, Munali communiy Ward and Chaisa Community ward. These people are reliant on the divorced families to help them reach their good key status in society, and therefore able to provide reliable responses to the questions posed. Different people were selected from Matero and other wards to complete the questionaires.
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4.3 Damages that divorce impacted on socio-economicand education development . The bar chat shows how the Lusaka District administrators respondend to the damages divorce has impacted on socio-economic and education development.
Reponses from the administration of Lusaka District administration.
Source: field study 2020.
Fig 1. Showing response from the District Administrators on the damages of divorce.
The District administrators stated that,divorce is a threat on socio-economic and education development due to this damages, the Community plays role in divorce reduction through curbling divorce initiatives, and that community members were aware of activities displaying to the members of the society despite factors preventing to the effectiveness initiative on the improvement of socio-economic and education.
4.3.2 Specific responses from the administration of Lusaka District.
Statements Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Total
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Agree Disagree Divorce plays role in community 0 0 4 8 12 development Is divorce brings positive impact in 0 1 8 11 20 a community Are divorce brings socio-economic 0 0 5 10 15 and education development in a Community
Source: field study 2020.
According to the research conducted in Luaka district-Matero constituence and other selected areas, 12 people responded to the questions asked if divorce plays any role in community though most of the people with the number of 8 disagreed on the statement. The researcher also goes further finding out if divorce brings positive impact in a community and the people who responded to the questions were 20 with 11 came out with disagreeing statement. Also the researcher took an assessment if divorce brings socio-economic and education development and people who responded on the questionnaire were 15 with the highest number of 10 strong disgreeing by deeping that divorce does no bring socio-economic and education development but brings a very bad effect on these.
4.4 Factors causing divorce rate in lusaka district Specific responses from the Community members over divorces
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Fig 2.
According to the research conducted in Lusaka District as shwon on the chat above, infidelity was the highest cause of divorce with the percentages of 35.0% followed by physical and mental abuse with 30.0% as most of people divorce becauses of the cruety or abuse among partners.The lack of proper counseling was another cause of divorce as shown in the chat followed by socio-economic and financial challenges as many couples lack financial masles to feed their family.
4.4.1 Finding on Infidelity Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 6 30% Strongly agree 12 55% Disagree 3 10% Strongly disagree 2 5% Total 23 100% Source:Filed data, 2020.
Following the responses on the table above,the majority said infidelity is the major cause of divorce in Lusaka district with the highest number of 55% who agreed to statement, infidelity is the major cause of divorce in Lusaka district selected area Matero and other places.Those who
47 | P a g e respoended negatively or disagree that infidelity is not the major cause of divorce were 10% highest number.
4.4.2 Finding on the physical and mental abuse
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 6 40%% Strongly agree 10 50% Disagree 2 5% Strongly disagree 2 5% Total 20 100% Source:Filed data:2020.
The table above shows the number of people with their percentages who responded to the physical and mental abuse questions as the cause of divorce rate in some parts of Lusaka District selected area Matero. Majority of them with the percentages of 50% strongly agreed that physical and mental abuse is what making people to denounce marriages while the highest percentages of people who disagreed were 2% according to the research conducted on the physical and mental abuse as a causes of divorce rate in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other places.
4.4.3 Finding on the lack of proper marriage counselling
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 9 35% Strongly agree 10 45% Disagree 5 15% Strongly disagree 1 5% Total 20 100% Source:Filed data:2020.
The above table shows the numbers and percentages of those people who responded to the cause of marriage.The 45% as the highest percentages responded that, lack of proper marriage
48 | P a g e counseling are the most cause of divorce in Matero while 15% said lack of proper marriage counseling is not the cause of people to dennounce their marriages.
4.4.4 Finding on the socio-economic and financial challenges
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 9 35% Strongly agree 11 40% Disagree 4 15% Strongly disagree 3 10% Total 27 100% Source:Filed data:2020.
Accoriding to the table above,the researcher found that from different responses that are derived from the research, most of people decided to go into divorce because of socio-economic and finance challenges.The people who responded with higher number of positively response were 11 with the percentages of 40% while those who responded negatively were 5 with the highest stand percentages of 15%. Based on the responses from the community members, finance plays an important role in marriages but the most of those who divorced was because of this kind of challenges.
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4.5 The effect of divorce shown on the livelihood of community
Source: field study 2020.
Over 90% of the respondent described in a District as giving back to the community where the impact of divorce comes from. According to the chat above, 10 % on the other hand said they know littel about it but that it is too bad to their communities and even listing what it has really done to them. 8O % of the respondent agreed that divorce does not help to improve their livelihood in socially, economically and educationally but brought suffering among families while 20 % were not sure of what to say. Critically, 62 % of the respondents viewed that divorce can be curbeled while 28 % think otherwise
4.5.1 Specific responses from the Community members
Statement Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Total Agree Disagree The community has not helped in 2 3 6 8 19
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Divorce does not concern me 3 4 13 0 20 Divorce is too complicated 4 5 6 15 30 Divorce is not good to my 15 10 1 0 26 community Source: field study 2020.
Following the research which was conduct in various selected areas in Lusaka District,the table above shows that, 8 people opposed by saying divorce as not helped the community but brought suffering on the divorced families while very few agreed. According to the research, some people responded negatively by not being concerned about it while others said divorce is too complicated though few responded with positively. However, some responded by saying divorce is too good to their community as it is shown on the table above though it can be dealt of through various solutions.
4.6 Responses from the stakeholders about the existence of divorce
Fig 3.
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The pie chart above illustrate the stakeholders who played an important role in divorce.According to the pie chat above, 50% are community members stakeholders while 25% are NGOs and another 25% are government stakeholders, these different group of stakeholders helped the divorced families with different solution to curb the challenges which they were faced with. Below are different responses from different stakeholders.
4.6.1 Specific Response from Government stakeholders
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 9 35% Strongly agree 10 33% Disagree 4 20% Strongly disagree 3 7% Total 26 100% Source. field study 2020.
The table above shows the responses from government stakeholders.According to study conducted in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other places showed that, some of the responses which came from different department says that some agreed to help the divorced families in various means and to protect the rights of children and also to strenghthen their marriages while only few within themselves disagreed to take the responsibility of divorced families.
4.6.2 Specific Response from NGOs stakeholders
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 8 30% Strongly agree 12 35% Disagree 5 20% Strongly disagree 3 15% Total 28 100%
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Source: field study 2020.
According to the table showed above the responses from NGOs showed that,many NGOs with the highest number of 12 and 35% agreed responded positively on the divorce and said, they are willing to help the divorced families whether financially or any other means and to buld their marriages through conducting marriage counselling while few people gave the response of not helping and do not have any means of helpping them as they are coupled with other challenges of which they want to attend to.
4.6.3 Specific Response from Community members stakeholders
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 9 30 Strongly agree 10 40% Disagree 4 15% Strongly disagree 2 15% Total 25 100%
Source: field study 2020.
The following table indicate that the communities members responded in different capacitie. The highest 10 people with the percentages 40% strongly agreed that divorce is too bad in a community and they were agreed to be taking care of divorced families and encouraging them to be faithful to their spouses while few people in a community with the highest percentages of 15% disagreed that divorce has not brought effect in a community as most divorcee are getting married.
4.7 The measures to the challenges The table shows the respondents views as to whether the prescribing of the alternative would help to deal with challenges the divorced families faced. In trying to find proposals on how challenges faced by divorced families in using the alternative modes to instill discipline in marriages could be lessened/mitigated, the following major themes emerged.These were:
53 | P a g e marriage counseling,Financing program, socio-economic assistance,Churches encouragement and empowerment skills.
4.7.1 Marriage counseling
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 3 30% Strongly agree 20 70% Disagree 2 10% Strongly disagree Total 25 100% Source: field study 2020.
Under this study, respondents expressed their views in support of encouraging people to go into counseling session before and during marriages. According to the table above showed that,50% agreed that the reason why most of marriages are breaking in a community is because of lack of counselling in marriages while few people went against to the statement.Therefore, most of people agreed that the only thing that can strengthening marriage from breaking up is marriage counseling.
4.7.2 Finance Program
The table below shows the respondents views as to whether the government and other stakeholders will help to deal with divorce cases in Lusaka district selected areas.
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 4 15% Strongly agree 15 80% Disagree 1 5% Strongly disagree Total 20 100% Source: field study 2020.
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The table above shows the respondent on the divorced solution.According to the research conducted in a District,majority of people from the government agreed to assist the divorced families through financing program. These finances will help the divorced families to support their livelihood and helping their children without difficulties while few people from the government were againgst with these assitance of finances.
4.7.3 Socio-Economic assistance
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 9 30% Strongly agree 12 65% Disagree 5 3% Strongly disagree 1 2% Total 27 100% Source: field study 2020.
Under this assessment shown above in the table,the Zambian government agreed to provide socio-economic help to divorced families to meet their needs. Most of the people accepted this proposol as it is shown on the table above.As most marriages break up through the lack of socio- economic,this is therefore, majority welcomed to this program of assistance.
4.7.4 Churches incouragement
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 10 35% Strongly agree 15 60% Disagree 3 3% Strongly disagree 2 2% Total 30 100% Source: field study 2020.
Under this study conducted in a District shows that,churches are most players in marriages.According to the table above, most churches strongly agreed to come in and provide
55 | P a g e any possible ways and solutions to strengthen the marriags to prevent marriage break ups. Though fewer churches were not with the dicision but they said they will do so as it is their dutie from God.The table shows, most of churches with the highest number of 15 and with the percentages of 60% agreed to this initiative while fewer are not upto.
4.7.5 Empowerment Skills The table below show the respondents views as to whether the promotion of knowledge and skills through empowerment would help to deal with the challenges divorced families are going through.
Responsae Frequency Percentage (%) Agree 7 15% Strongly agree 20 75% Disagree 3 10% Strongly disagree Total 30 100% Source: field study 2020.
The finding under this measurement included workshops and seminars, training on the new trends. The government of Zambia is therefore to empower every citizens to identify their own skills and use those skills to create their own businesses, agriculture, fishing, industries, companies etc. which can help to bond their marriage and reduce divorce rates. According to the table above, majority of people welcomed this program with strong agreement.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Interpretation of findings 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents the discussion of the findings presented in the previous chapter. The findings are discussed in relation to the research questions and the existing knowledge in the field of divorve impact on socioeconomic development. In this chapter, effort has been made to reflect, confirm and extend current knowledge and thinking in the impact of divorce rate on socioeconomic development . This has helped to interpret and outline what the findings meant to this study.
5.2 What damages that has divorce impacted on socioal-economic and education development ? There was a similar response from all the categories of respondents indicating that most divorce in Lusaka District-Matero selected area brought main damages in the community. According to the interviews conducted in a District, the community administrators and its members expressed that, divorce are expensive for the parties involved, there are implications for the economy as well. Studies show in (fig 1.) there has been a significant damages between divorce rates and economic and education development. The District administrations stated that, the Community plays role in divorce reduction through curbling divorce initiatives, and that community members were aware of activities displaying to the members of the society despite factors preventing to the effectiveness initiatives.
The District administrations also expressed that,divorce is a damage on socio-economic and education development as main househoods have been left in poverty and childrean have been left uneducated.
The research conducted in Lusaka District selected area show that, high divorce rate hampers economic growth, as it increases the number of households in poverty, which requires more power and resources . One of the respondendant stated that Changing family dynamics can improve divorce statistics, which will help the economy.However, divorce can also bring negative impact on education, divorced children cannot put much concentrations as a results it can lead them to stop schooling just like divorced employee in an education sector, there will be
57 | P a g e no much concentrations as a result will lead them to loose the working abilities and it can also make them to be absent on job.
According to table (4.3.2 ) in realation with (fig 1.) people responded to the questions asked if divorce plays any role in a community though most of them disagree to the statement. The researcher also goes further by finding out if divorce brings positive impact in a community and the people who responded to the questions were very few with negative statemen while others responded positively. Also the researcher took an assessment if divorce brings socio-economic and education development and people responded that, divorce is a most threat on the economic and education development deeping that divorce does no bring socio-economic and education development but brings a very bad effect in society by leaving most of divorced family languishing in poverty.
According to a study conducted in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other areas, the Marriage and Religion Research Institute state,that marriage is an important contributor to economic growth. Healthy marriages have been proven to promote economic growth, while divorce adversely impacts the economy and education sectors. When couples are divorced, more housing, power, and resources are required. The more the divorce rate increases, the more adverse the effect on the economy.
5.3 What are some of the factors causing high divorce rate in lusaka district of lusaka province ?
The study reviewed that infidelity, Physical and mental abuse, lack of marriage counseling and socio-economic and finance challenges were the major cause of divorce as it is indicated in fig 2 and table(4.4) according to the study conducted in Lusaka District selected area Matero Constituence.The lack of proper counseling was another cause of divorce as shown in the chat followed by socio-economic and financial challenges as many couples lack financial masles to feed their family. These causes as been interpreted below one by one based on the research in fig 2 and table (4.4).
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5.3.1 Infidelity The study established in research was that, relationships do break up when either of the partners deceive to each other. The research conducted in Lusaka district show that 23 people respondent to the question and stated that infidelity is the major reason for divorce . When partners become unfaithful to one another the relationship will end up and divorce become the solution to enjoy legal freedom. Following the responses on the table (4.4.1) the majority said infidelity is the major cause of divorce in Lusaka district .The respoended where biased of which some responded positively while others responded negatively both respondants with the total number were 23 as indicated in table (4.4.1). One group of people respondend that Sexual act contributes a lot to the successful marital life. Physical bond is necessary to build a strong emotional bond with the respective partner. Feel of satisfaction brings each other closer and avoids lot of complexities. Sexual often leads to frustration leading to separation and divorce. According to the research another group stated that Sexual and reproductive incompatibility was be the top of the reasons for divorce in a district.
5.3.2 Physical and mental abuse
Under this finding, the researcher conducted the assessment to 20 people as the total number who attempted to the research questions. Most of the people who were interviewed stated that abuse brings lot of pain in all the relationships which leads to divorce in most of the household in Lusaka. As it is indicated in the table (4.4.2) Marriage is the bond which is completely made up of mutual dependent unbearable and had clear grounds for divorce .One person from those who attended the questions said emotional or psychological abuse hurts the emotions of a partner and the chances are very less to stay back with an abusive person. physical and mental abuse is what making people to denounce marriages in a community.
5.3.3 Lack of proper marriage counselling According to the research conducted in Lusaka district selected area Matero as it is indicated in table (4.4.3) stated that 20 people who were interviewed to research questions expressed that, in Matero constituency most marriages are not backed with institutions of counselling that would help struggling marriages to find common ground to reconcile their differences. Within the respondents one came out to express that couples are now left to handle their own problems.
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And since it is disputes that cause marriages to break-up, it is impossible to imagine a possibility of a husband and a wife reconciling without them seeking help from a third party that they can trust and appreciate their differences and provide them with some professional help that leads to reconciliation . According to the research conducted in Matero Constituency of Lusaka district neither of the two in marriage can put up with that result in them deciding to seek the dissolution of their matrimonial union. The researcher found that it is difficult to imagine how a couple can manage to resolve their differences without the help of trained marriage counsellors who will deal with problems in marriage from both spiritual and psychological, informed positions. In the past, marriages were a process that involved go-betweens who did a lot of work consulting about the background of the suitors who were seeking to marry.
5.3.4 Socio-economic and finance challenge
The study established that divorce has taken a toll on society. Research shows that the divorce rate was is increasing in a community . The research conducted state that divorce rate still hovers around 50 per cent of all married couples. And each divorce has a far-reaching impact on families' financial livelihoods, education, children, employment and the workplace in Lusaka district. Accoriding to the table (4.4.4) ,the researcher found that from different responses from the community,most people go into divorce because of socio-economic and finance challenges.The people who responded with higher number of positively response were 10 with the percentages of 40% while those who responded negatively were 5 with the highest stand percentages of 15% as it is indicated in the table. Based on the responses from the community members, finance plays an important role in marriages but the most of those who divorced was because of lack of finance status.
According to a study performed by the Marriage and Religion Research Institute, marriage is an important contributor to economic growth. Healthy marriages have been proven to promote economic growth, while divorce adversely impacts the economy . Based on the finding indicated in table (4.4.4), 27 people expressed that fdivorce is one of the factors affects economic growth in the increase in total households. When couples are divorced, more housing, power, and
60 | P a g e resources are required. The more the divorce rate increases, the more adverse the effect on the economy.
5.4 What effect divorce has shown on the livelihood of families in lusaka district? According to the study which was conducted in Lusaka district,majority of people responded positively while few of them respondend nagatively to the research questions described that divorce is one of the problem in a community which negativley impacted on children‟s livelihood . In table (4.4) indicated that 8O % of the respondent agreed that divorce does not help to improve their livelihood in socially, economically and educationally but brought suffering among families .
Researcher found that, most of the divorced families are homelessly because once the divorce occurs properties are divided and shared amongst different groups. According to researchers stated that, in some places once the divorce occurs most of the divorced mother goes with children with nothing without any victim supporty as a results most of these children end up being streat kids and end their education.The table (4.4) show that most of people who responded to the interview questions were concerned and expressed their concern while others were not.
5.4.1 Specific response from the community members Following the research which was conducted in various selected areas in Lusaka District,the table (4.5.1) shows that, 8 people opposed by saying divorce as not helped the community but brought suffering on the divorced families while very few agreed. According to the research, some people responded negatively by not being concerned about it while others said divorce is too complicated though few responded with positively. However, some responded by saying divorce is too good to their community as it is indicated in table (4.5) and (4.5.1). Majority of them said though divorce is too bad to their community but increases lots of effects in societ but its solution can be placed on forth. According to the research which was conducted in Lusaka District, the respondent stated that divorce is an event affecting couples, children, families, and community. They went further by explaining that divorce adversely affects society by:
Diminishing the child's future competence. Weakening the family structure. Contributing to early sexual experimentation leading to increased costs for society.
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Adversely affecting religious practice divorce diminishes the frequency of religious worship. Diminishing a child's learning capacity and educational attainment. Reducing the household income. Increasing crime rates and substance use, with associated societal and governmental costs Increasing risk for school suspensions, “Persons in Need of Supervision” status, binge drinking, and marijuana . Increasing emotional and mental health risks, including suicide.
5.5 Are the stakeholders knows about divorce rate in Lusaka district? Based on the study conducted show that Some stakeholders identified third-party influence and lack of trust among couples as factors responsible for the collapse of marriages nowadays especial in Lusaka District and in selected areas. According to the conducted research in different departments of stakeholders who made this observation in separate interviews with newsmen in Local Government Area. The pie chart in (fig 3.) illustrated the stakeholders who played an important role in divorce.The study show 50% are community members stakeholders while 25% are NGOs and another 25% are government stakeholders, these different groups of stakeholders helped the divorced families with various solution to curb the challenges which they were faced with.
However, all the departments that were involved in the research project were found to understand the concept of divorces in Lusaka district selected area Matero constituency and other parts of the District clearly and understood the importance of such an intergrated concept in each of their departments. They also understood that this study aimed to explore the effect that such an intergrated concept has had on their departments and on the organisation as a whole, be it positive or negative.
The stakeholders in all the department (figure 3) expressed the belief that the incessant kidnappings, banditry, armed robbery, insurgency being experienced are direct consequences of prevalence of marriage break-up. A legal practitioner, said marriage break-up could pose adverse socioeconomic effect on the affected individuals and the larger society in Lusaka District. The
62 | P a g e rate of divorce as a result of irretrievable marriage collapse was becoming worrisome and needed to be checked in Lusaka District. Marital separation or divorce can be very unpleasant, and families as well as the society will suffer the consequences.
5.5.1 Government stakeholders The reseacher establish that the government stakeholders are willing and very ambitious of helping the divorced family in socially, economically, and any kind of financial inorder to avoid inequality among coulples. The research also established that about 26 people from the government stakeholders stated that government is also therefore to protect marriages and provide muatial rights to a divorced families. The table (4.6.1) shows the responses from government stakeholders.According to study conducted in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other places showed that, some of the responses which came from different department, the government protect justice through court among two couples who are want denounce the marriage and provide any kind of victim supporty to divorced children and making sure that children have equal shared of properties.
5.5.2 Non-Governmental stakeholders Based on the findings from the researcher the table (4.6.2) showed the responses from NGOs who shown much interest of curbling divorce cases in the area. The 28 number of people as it is indicated in the cumulative table (4.6.2) attempted to the research questions and majority responded positvely that NGOs have volunteery to help the divorced families financially, socially, and any kind of livelihood. One responded that NGOs are voice of the helpless people and they also provide what is needed to the them. According to the table (4.6.2) indicated by researcher that NGOs such as (UNCRC and UNCRC) fill the gap of Government to provide any necessity to the needy especially to the divorced children, they provide education and they also ensure that children are protected from all forms of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment and especially physical or mental injury or abuse neglect as well as provinding social welfair.
5.5.3 Community members stakeholders Under this study, the researcher indicated that about (25) people attempted to the questions as it is shown in the table (4.6.3). According to the findings conducted in Lusaka district Matero area show that community members have experienced this kind of divorces every year and it kept on increasing especially the year of 2018 to 2019. This kind of increment in divorces has shocked
63 | P a g e the community as it is giving negative impact in society as many of divorced families and children are suffering financially and education system. According to the researcher discovered that community members are willingly to work and help those people who are being divorced.
1.6 What are the measures to the challenges? ` The thesis expressed that inorder to reduce divorce cases in Lusaka District selected area Matero and other places,there must be criticall alternative measurements.The table (4.7) shows the respondents views as to whether the prescribing of the alternative would help to deal with challenges the divorced families faced. In trying to find out the solution on these challenges faced by divorced families in using the alternative modes to instill discipline in marriages could be mitigated, the following major solution emerged from different modes.These were: marriage counseling,Financing program, socio-economic assistance,Churches and empowerment skills.These measurements are interpreted below:
5.6.1 Marriage counselling According to the study conducted in Matero and other parts of the district concluded that respondents expressed their views in support of encouraging people to go into counseling session before ending their marriage. The table (4.7.1) show that about 25 people responded to the questionnairs . The 50% agreed that the reason why most of marriages are breaking in a community is because of lack of marriage counseling.Therefore, most of people agreed that the only thing that can strengthening their marriage from breaking up is marriage counseling.
According to the findings the researcher concluded that Married couples may have to go through mandatory counselling sessions before they can untie their knots. Plans are in the works by the Health and Welfare Ministry to revise family litigation procedures by institutionalizing counselling programs for separating couples. The researcher also indicated that the latest move comes in aims to prevent hasty breakups in light of the country's rising divorce rate in Lusaka. Another set of measures are under review to encourage more child bearing. The government of Zambia is also looking into measures to help marriages in trouble that stay afloat by urging the partners to attend counselling sessions before taking steps to end their union.
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5.6.2 Financing program The study established that the respondent on the divorced solution were (20) as shown in table (4.7.2) .According to the research conducted in a District, majority of people from the government agreed to assist the divorced families through financing program. The research indicated that the Zambian government is financing a small pilot program, to test a variety of marriage-strengthening programs from skills education . Backed by a campaign to increase both public awareness of and access to marriage-support programs, it is also trying to encourage participation by churches, schools, health organizations, and employers. Stanley favors programs like Mike McManus's Marriage Savers, which enlists members of the clergy and officials in a given community to support marriage in a variety of ways, including training older mentor couples to give premarital education to engaged couples.
According to the research conducted in a Community, McManus offers statistics to show that these initiatives have reduced divorce significantly in Zambia. The study also found that there are another major social concern, faltering fertility rate, the government plans to offer financial assistance to families giving birth to two or more children.
5.6.3 Socio-Economic Assistance . The research which was conducted in Lusaka district selected area Matero and other parts of the district show that majority responded positively. The table (4.7.3) indicated that the total number of 27 people responded to the questionnair as it is indicated above in the table (4.7.3). The researcher show that most marriage break up through the lack of socio-economic and this is the reason why socio-economic assistance are needed inorder to curb this marriage break- down.According to the study stated that these socioeconomic provisions assistance include each spouse's education, occupational class, economic activity, and income as well as housing tenure and housing density through the Ministry of Community development and social welfare. The finding show that examined individually, divorce risk was inversely associated with socio- economic status for all its various indicators except wife's income. All of these factors had an independent effect on divorce risk. However, the government of Zambia is therefore to address these factors in order to reduce the divorce rate in Lusaka District according to the study .
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5.6.4 Churches Encouragement or Advice The study established that research in this regard concluded that churches are most players in marriages.The researcher established that, most churches strongly agreed to come in and provide any possible solutions to strengthn marriags by providing prevension marriage. The table (4.7.4) show total number of (30) expressed their concern on marriages as most inverted different ideas regarding to the churches as the bedrock of uniting marriages and also preventing break ups.
According to the study conducted show that church is therefore providing beneficial programs such as conducting counseling session, tying the two couples by the written commandment in the books of God e.g. (Bible and Qur‟an). The researcher stated that the ministry of National guidance and religious affairs therefore promote a variety of marriage-strengthening programs from skills education by increasing both public awareness of and access to marriage-support programs and also providing effective policies which can build the two couples from denouncing marriages unnecessarily. These programs help to prevent marriage break ups and also help those divorced mothers and children to meet their demand and their needs.
5.6.5 Empowerment skills The study revealed that besides marriage break-down,the government of Zambia is therefore to empower every citizen to identify their own skills and use those skills to create their own business, agriculture, fishing industries, companies etc which can help to bond their marriage and reduce divorce rates.
According to the table (4.7.5) 30 people responded to the questionnaire by stating that divorce can also be reduced through the empowerment skills. If people are empowered with various programs to identify their own skills and receive or earn daily income their will be less marriage break-down as the homes will fill with availability of foods and financial support of their homes and children. The researcher also indicated that empowerments creates employment also contributes to high income growth, availability of food and sustainability of home economy that can meet the expectations and demand of children and both spouses especially a woman.
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CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion and Recommendations 6.0 Overview The above chapter presented the interpretations on the major findings of this study. This chapter will draw a conclusion for this study and provide some recommendations based on the findings. Necessary recommendations for the study are made to provide the government, policy and law makers; and other stake holders for action with an aim of combating the cases of divorce in Lusaka district-Matero constituency and other selected areas within the district.
6.1 Conclusion The study identified the effects of divorce rate in Lusaka-district selected Matero constituency and other parts of the district. It was discovered that following the effect of divorce on development and on society which led to high level of indiscipline in marriages, people especially children and economic development have been affected. However, during the study, some alternative were raised to curb the challenges . The other alternative measures are as follows; marriage counseling, Financing program, socio-economic assistance,Churches advice and empowerment skills etc. Marriage counselling was expressed in the form of encouragement,advicement,acknowledgement,uniting two couple by learned or experienced elderly or specialized institutions , this supported by majority of respondent as it could help to reduce the divorce cases although during a discussion at a mixed group of people one of the group member said its not very effective as some people when they re-marry they keep on repeating the same offenses knowing that they are right hence in actual sence causes distruction in their homes.
Financing program was reported in form of assistance,help,provision of social needs and servises etc through the ministry of Community development and social welfair and through Non- governmental organizations (NGOs) of how best they can reduce an increase of divorce and how best they can also help the divorced families especially children and their mothers. During this assessment, some people failed to comply to the group discusion though discusion ended positively. Socio-economic assistance was in a form of social needs and any other neccessity provided to the divorced families.This would reduced the suffering of devorced households that
67 | P a g e has negatively hampered the economic development and education sectors . Churches was expressed in form of guidance,counseling, providing unity, positively talking to the offender,creating friendship with them through the ministry of National guidance and religious affairs. Findings were that guidance is used by religious on married people who were referred to their offices guidance had a very less support by the respondents.
In trying to use the other alternative modes to divorce rate, it was discovered that, the researcher encounter a lot of challenges. The folowing are some of the challenges researchers faced.Time consuming as a challenge is attributed in this study as well as the lack of readily available materials. This therefore means that the research focused only on the few data collection available and the information provided by the respondents than desired, thus leaving out a huge chunk of areas that would have yielded more insight into the problem under study. Nonetheless, the interpretation of finding employed was so designed to ensure that the research yields the best possible results with these constraints.
However, some of the measures to lessen the challenges faced were as follows; promotion of knowledge and skills includes workshops/seminars to train married people on the new trends on discipline in marriages. The analysis shows that divorce proved to have many roles and brought impacts to the community as follows: Closer ties and interdependencies between corporations and community, sharing the ideas on how to live in marriages between two couples, Human rights protection measures that done together by corporation and the communities, poverty alleviation in the communities through working had and human right advocacy to facilitate public organization functions.
6.2 Recommendation The Ministry of National guidance and religious affairs to provide effective policies that will strengthen and build marriages in order to prevent people from denouncing their marriages unnecessarily in society . The Ministry of Justice to promote equal and balanced rights to the marriage families and the importance of discipline so that they do not misinterpret their rights when it comes to denouncing of marriage.
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The Ministry of home affairs to recommend on the theories of discipline which would be compatible with divorced families in the contemporary times, such as emphasizing on positive discipline and to provide justice among the divorced couples. The Community members and NGOs to explore and come up with new trends of solution which can help the married couples to stay longer and care for their marriages. The ministry of Community Development and Social Services to provide empowerment, finances, social services and any other necessity to the divorced families. The Ministry of gender to provide with equality between the two spouses in order to combat injustice and inequality amongst divorced families. The Ministry of Local Government to equip educators in marriages with knowledge and skills in order to enable them successfully administer the new trends of solution to the divorcee in order to combat indiscipline in marriages.
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APPEDICES Appendix 1 Interview guide for community children.
Introduction
Your school has been selected to help in finding out the impacts of divorce on development in Lusaka district selected Matero.
Instructions
Please put a tick in the brackets [] provided against your answer
Put your answers in this spaces provided
SECTION A: BIO DATA
1. Gender of Respondent Male () female()
2. Age Range
() 6-9yrs
()10-15yrs.
SECTION B: Impacts of high divorce rate on development
3.3 (a) Do you face any challenge since the increase of divorce ? Yes [ ] No [ ]
[b] Are there other ways of mitigation do your community members and other groups use since the divorce increased?
(c) If the answers to questions 3 (a) and (b) above are yes,what challenges do you face and what other measures do your stakeholders and the community members use ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Do you face any problems with your community members using other measures ? Yes [ ] No [ ]
5. Since the divorce rate, how have you been behaving in communing knowing that divorce is a threat to life ?
(i) Good [ ]
(ii) Bad [ ]
(iii) Other,please specify
THE END
Thank you for participating in this study
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Appendix 2 Interview guide for community Youths
Introduction
Your school has been selected to help in finding out the impacts of divorce rate on development in Lusaka District selected Matero constiuency and other parts of the district.
Instructions
Please put a tick in the brackets [ ] provided against your answer
Put your answers in the spaces provided
SECTION A: Bio Data
1. Gender of Responded.Male ( ) female ( )
2. Age Range
( ) 15-25 yrs.
( ) 26-35 yrs.
( ) 36-45 yrs
( ) 45+
3. How long have you been in the service?
( ) Above 2 to 5 years
( ) 1-2 years
( ) Below one year
4. Position held in community
( ) community chairman ( ) community union leader
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Other, specify………………………………………………………………………………………......
SECTION C: Challenges that divorced children face since the impact of divorce rate on development in Lusaka district selected Matero.
6 (a) . Do you face any challenges in divorce?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(b) If your answer is YES to question 6 (a), please specify the challenges
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..
7 (a) Are there any other measures used since the divorce rate incresed ?
Yes [ ]
(b) If yes to question 7 (a) please specify the measured being used
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Do you face any challenges in using the other measures ?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
SECTION D: Measures that can be used to overcome challenges faced by researchers using other measurements on divorce rate in Lusaka selected Matero.
9. Suggest factors that can be used to overcome the challenges which researchers and community stakeholders face in using other modes of measurements since the divorce increased in a district ?
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
THE END.
Thank you for participating in this study
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Appendix 3 Interview guide for parents
Introduction
Your area has been selected to help in finding out the Impact of high devorce rate on development . You have been purposively selected to help in finding out the stakeholders perception towards the alleviation of divorce rate in Lusaka district selected Matero.
(1) How long have you lived in this area ?
(2) How do you see the children‟s behaviour in society ?
(3a) Following the increase of divorce in a district, what is the community members suggest should be done to those divorced family ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(3b) Give reasons for your answer in question (3a) ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(4) Do you think the rise in divorce has led to high levels of suffering in a community ? Yes [ ] No [ ]
(5) If your answer is yes to question (4), please give the reasons for your answer ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What other solution would you suggest should be used to decrease divorce rate in a district ?
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
THE END
Thank your for participation
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