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Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems ©2021 The Author(s) This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution in the original format for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. This title was made available Open Access through a partnership with Knowledge Unlatched. IWA Publishing would like to thank all of the libraries for pledging to support the transition of this title to Open Access through the KU Select 2019 program. WATER-WISE CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEMS SYSTEMS WATER CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE WATER-WISE WATER-WISE CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Xiaochang C. Wang and Guangtao Fu Building water-wise cities is a pressing need nowadays in both developed and developing countries. This is mainly due to the limitation of the available water resources and aging infrastructure to meet the needs of adapting to social and environmental changes and for urban liveability. This is the first book to provide comprehensive insights into theoretical, systematic, and engineering aspects of water-wise cities with a broad coverage of global issues. The book aims to (1) provide a theoretical framework of water-wise cities and associated sustainable water systems including key concepts and principles, (2) provide a brand-new thinking on the design and management of sustainable urban water systems of various scales towards a paradigm shift under the resource and Guangtao Fu Wang Edited by Xiaochang C. WATER-WISE CITIES and environmental constraints, and (3) provide a technological perspective with successful case studies of technology selection, integration, and optimization on the “fit-for-purpose” basis. AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND APPLICATIONS ISBN 9781789060751 iwapublishing.com Edited by Xiaochang C. Wang and Guangtao Fu @IWAPublishing ISBN: 9781789060751 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789060768 (eBook) 9 781789 060751 Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems_layout_2.0.indd 1 17/12/2020 16:16 Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems: Concepts, Technologies, and Applications Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems: Concepts, Technologies, and Applications Edited by Xiaochang C. Wang and Guangtao Fu Published by IWA Publishing Unit 104-105, Export Building 1 Clove Crescent London E14 2BA Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2021 © 2021 IWA Publishing Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781789060751 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789060768 (eBook) This eBook was made Open Access in January 2021. © 2021 The Editors This is an Open Access eBook distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for non-commercial purposes with no derivatives, provided the original work is properly cited (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. Contents Preface .................................................. xv About the Editors ....................................... xix Part I: Water Management Concepts and Principles Chapter 1 Pathways towards sustainable and resilient urban water systems ............................................ 3 Guangtao Fu and David Butler 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 The Evolution of Urban Water Systems . 4 1.3 Pathways Towards Sustainable Water Systems . 6 1.3.1 Decentralisation . 6 1.3.2 Greening . 8 1.3.3 Circular economy . 10 1.3.4 Digitalisation . 13 1.4 A New Paradigm Towards Sustainable Water Management . 15 1.4.1 Performance measures . 16 1.4.2 Intervention framework . 17 1.5 Conclusions . 20 Acknowledgements . 21 References . 21 vi Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems Chapter 2 Water-wise cities and sustainable water systems: Current problems and challenges ........................ 25 Xiaochang C. Wang and Li Luo 2.1 Introduction . 25 2.2 Facts of Our Living Conditions on the Earth . 26 2.2.1 Population and cities . 26 2.2.2 Available water resources . 27 2.2.3 Imbalanced resource provision and consumption – biocapacity and ecological footprint as indicators . 30 2.3 Urban Water Systems: History and Development . 31 2.3.1 Water and human settlements . 31 2.3.2 Pre-modern urban water systems . 32 2.3.3 Modern urban water systems . 33 2.4 International Actions for Building Water Wise Cities . 37 2.4.1 Cities of the future program implemented by the International Water Association . 37 2.4.2 The IWA principles for water-wise cities . 38 2.4.3 Envisaged solutions . 45 References . 49 Chapter 3 Chinese version of water-wise cities: Sponge City initiative .................................... 53 Nanqi Ren, Xiuheng Wang and Shunwen Bai 3.1 Introduction . 53 3.2 Problems to Solve . 54 3.3 Conventional Solutions: Gray Engineering Measures . 57 3.3.1 Urban water system 1.0 . 57 3.3.2 Urban water system 2.0 . 58 3.4 Towards a Multi-Purpose Water-Wise System: Sponge City . 60 3.4.1 Urban water system 3.0 as a new approach . 60 3.4.2 Main functional elements of the water system 3.0 . 65 3.5 Future Perspectives . 69 3.5.1 Enhancing system monitoring and evaluation and promoting multi-channel cooperation management . 69 3.5.2 Developing decision support tools for sustainable implementation of sponge city . 70 3.5.3 Valuing Sponge City ecosystem services . 70 3.5.4 Developing local guidelines and standards for Sponge City implementation . 71 Contents vii 3.5.5 Promoting Sponge City construction in watershed-scales based on data and information sharing . 71 References . 72 Chapter 4 US version of water-wise cities: Low impact development . 77 Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver and Ali Ebrahimian 4.1 Introduction to Regulatory History . 77 4.2 A Shift in Stormwater Management in the United States . 82 4.2.1 Pollution prevention, source control, and public education . 83 4.2.2 Volume reduction . 84 4.2.3 Pollution retention by soil and potential for soil and groundwater contamination . 85 4.2.4 Summary of groundwater contamination due to stormwater infiltration . 90 4.3 LID Applications . 91 4.3.1 Combined sewer overflows . 91 4.3.2 Eutrophication in fresh surface water bodies . 92 4.3.3 Hypoxia in coastal waters . 92 4.3.4 Climate change adaptation . 92 4.3.5 Selection of an LID practice . 93 4.4 Technological Aspects of Low Impact Development Practices . 93 4.4.1 Common practices . 93 4.4.2 Emerging LID practices . 112 4.4.3 Future perspectives . 119 References . 123 Chapter 5 Australian case of water sensitive city and its adaptation in China ................................................ 131 Kefeng Zhang, Miao Wang, Xiuyu Li and Jiukun Hu 5.1 Introduction . 131 5.2 Case Study 1: Monash Carpark Stormwater Treatment Systems ............................................... 132 5.2.1 A treatment train that provides both pollution management and landscape value . 132 5.2.2 Key components of the treatment train . 132 5.3 Case Study 2: How this was Applied Outside of Australia . 136 5.3.1 Introduction of EastHigh stormwater treatment systems . 137 5.3.2 Landscaping . 138 viii Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems 5.3.3 Local tailoring research . 138 5.3.4 The main parts of the biofilter . 139 5.4 Summary .............................................. 144 Acknowledgement . 144 References . 145 Part II: New Paradigm of Systems Thinking and Technology Advances Chapter 6 Water cycle management for building water-wise cities ... 151 Xiaochang C. Wang and Li Luo 6.1 Introduction . 151 6.2 Things to Learn from the Natural Hydrological Cycle . 152 6.2.1 Natural hydrological cycle . 152 6.2.2 Functions of the hydrological cycle . 155 6.2.3 Thermodynamic characteristics of the hydrological cycle 158 6.2.4 Human disturbance of the hydrological cycle . 158 6.3 Urban Water Cycle . 159 6.3.1 Characteristics of the urban water cycle . 160 6.3.2 Conventional modern urban water system . 161 6.3.3 Urban water system toward a new paradigm . 163 6.4 Conceptual Scheme of Water Cycle Management . 165 6.4.1 Resource management . 165 6.4.2 Quality management . 166 6.4.3 Water use management . 167 6.4.4 Discharge management . 168 6.4.5 Overall management . ..
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