Genesis and Geographical Aspects of Glaciers - Vladimir M
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Ice Ic” Werner F
Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in “ice Ic” Werner F. Kuhsa,1, Christian Sippela,b, Andrzej Falentya, and Thomas C. Hansenb aGeoZentrumGöttingen Abteilung Kristallographie (GZG Abt. Kristallographie), Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and bInstitut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France Edited by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved November 15, 2012 (received for review June 16, 2012) “ ” “ ” A solid water phase commonly known as cubic ice or ice Ic is perfectly cubic ice Ic, as manifested in the diffraction pattern, in frequently encountered in various transitions between the solid, terms of stacking faults. Other authors took up the idea and liquid, and gaseous phases of the water substance. It may form, attempted to quantify the stacking disorder (7, 8). The most e.g., by water freezing or vapor deposition in the Earth’s atmo- general approach to stacking disorder so far has been proposed by sphere or in extraterrestrial environments, and plays a central role Hansen et al. (9, 10), who defined hexagonal (H) and cubic in various cryopreservation techniques; its formation is observed stacking (K) and considered interactions beyond next-nearest over a wide temperature range from about 120 K up to the melt- H-orK sequences. We shall discuss which interaction range ing point of ice. There was multiple and compelling evidence in the needs to be considered for a proper description of the various past that this phase is not truly cubic but composed of disordered forms of “ice Ic” encountered. cubic and hexagonal stacking sequences. The complexity of the König identified what he called cubic ice 70 y ago (11) by stacking disorder, however, appears to have been largely over- condensing water vapor to a cold support in the electron mi- looked in most of the literature. -
Dielectric Properties of Water Under Extreme Conditions and Transport of Carbonates in the Deep Earth
Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth Ding Pana,1, Leonardo Spanua,2, Brandon Harrisonb, Dimitri A. Sverjenskyb, and Giulia Gallia,c Departments of aChemistry and cPhysics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and bDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 Edited by Russell J. Hemley, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, and approved February 22, 2013 (received for review December 11, 2012) Water is a major component of fluids in the Earth’s mantle, where We computed the dielectric constant of hot, compressed water its properties are substantially different from those at ambient using ab initio calculations (16, 17) with semilocal density func- conditions. At the pressures and temperatures of the mantle, tionals (18) and used our results to predict the solubility of car- experiments on aqueous fluids are challenging, and several fun- bonates in the Earth’s upper mantle, well into subduction zones. damental properties of water are poorly known; e.g., its dielectric We predict that MgCO3—an important mineral stable in the constant has not been measured. This lack of knowledge of water mantle up to 82 GPa (19) and insoluble in water at ambient dielectric properties greatly limits our ability to model water–rock conditions—becomes slightly soluble, at least millimolal levels at interactions and, in general, our understanding of aqueous fluids ∼10 GPa and 1,000 K. This result suggests that aqueous fluids below the Earth’s crust. Using ab initio molecular dynamics, we may be carbon hosts and transport carbonate in the deep Earth, computed the dielectric constant of water under the conditions of with important implications for the dynamics of the global car- the Earth’s upper mantle, and we predicted the solubility products bon cycle (20, 21). -
Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
Case Fil Copy
NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM X-3511 MEMORANDUM CO >< CASE FIL COPY REPORTS OF PLANETARY GEOLOGY PROGRAM, 1976-1977 Compiled by Raymond Arvidson and Russell Wahmann Office of Space Science NASA Headquarters NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. C. • MAY 1977 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. TMX3511 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date May 1977 6. Performing Organization Code REPORTS OF PLANETARY GEOLOGY PROGRAM, 1976-1977 SL 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Compiled by Raymond Arvidson and Russell Wahmann 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Office of Space Science 11. Contract or Grant No. Lunar and Planetary Programs Planetary Geology Program 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Memorandum National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20546 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract A compilation of abstracts of reports which summarizes work conducted by Principal Investigators. Full reports of these abstracts were presented to the annual meeting of Planetary Geology Principal Investigators and their associates at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, May 23-26, 1977. 17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement Planetary geology Solar system evolution Unclassified—Unlimited Planetary geological mapping Instrument development 19. Security Qassif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price* Unclassified Unclassified 294 $9.25 * For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 FOREWORD This is a compilation of abstracts of reports from Principal Investigators of NASA's Office of Space Science, Division of Lunar and Planetary Programs Planetary Geology Program. -
Ground (Subsurface) Ice Shumskii, P
NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Ground (subsurface) ice Shumskii, P. A.; National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20386780 Technical Translation (National Research Council of Canada), 1964 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=b714ab23-775f-4f1d-9a1e-ab4bc8f71c00 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=b714ab23-775f-4f1d-9a1e-ab4bc8f71c00 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. -
Searching for Crystal-Ice Domains in Amorphous Ices
PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS 2, 075601 (2018) Searching for crystal-ice domains in amorphous ices Fausto Martelli,1,2,* Nicolas Giovambattista,3,4 Salvatore Torquato,2 and Roberto Car2 1IBM Research, Hartree Centre, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom 2Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA 3Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA 4The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA (Received 7 May 2018; published 2 July 2018) Weemploy classical molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the molecular-level structure of water during the isothermal compression of hexagonal ice (Ih) and low-density amorphous (LDA) ice at low temperatures. In both cases, the system transforms to high-density amorphous ice (HDA) via a first-order-like phase transition. We employ a sensitive local order metric (LOM) [F. Martelli et al., Phys. Rev. B 97, 064105 (2018)] that can discriminate among different crystalline and noncrystalline ice structures and is based on the positions of the oxygen atoms in the first- and/or second-hydration shell. Our results confirm that LDA and HDA are indeed amorphous, i.e., they lack polydispersed ice domains. Interestingly, HDA contains a small number of domains that are reminiscent of the unit cell of ice IV,although the hydrogen-bond network (HBN) of these domains differs from the HBN of ice IV. The presence of ice-IV-like domains provides some support to the hypothesis that HDA could be the result of a detour on the HBN rearrangement along the Ih-to-ice-IV pressure-induced transformation. -
Modeling the Ice VI to VII Phase Transition
Modeling the Ice VI to VII Phase Transition Dawn M. King 2009 NSF/REU PROJECT Physics Department University of Notre Dame Advisor: Dr. Kathie E. Newman July 31, 2009 Abstract Ice (solid water) is found in a number of different structures as a function of temperature and pressure. This project focuses on two forms: Ice VI (space group P 42=nmc) and Ice VII (space group Pn3m). An interesting feature of the structural phase transition from VI to VII is that both structures are \self clathrate," which means that each structure has two sublattices which interpenetrate each other but do not directly bond with each other. The goal is to understand the mechanism behind the phase transition; that is, is there a way these structures distort to become the other, or does the transition occur through the breaking of bonds followed by a migration of the water molecules to the new positions? In this project we model the transition first utilizing three dimensional visualization of each structure, then we mathematically develop a common coordinate system for the two structures. The last step will be to create a phenomenological Ising-like spin model of the system to capture the energetics of the transition. It is hoped the spin model can eventually be studied using either molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations. 1 Overview of Ice The known existence of many solid states of water provides insight into the complexity of condensed matter in the universe. The familiarity of ice and the existence of many structures deem ice to be interesting in the development of techniques to understand phase transitions. -
Ice-VII Inclusions in Diamonds: (18)
RESEARCH GEOCHEMISTRY on the basis of x-ray diffraction data that are presented here (Fig. 1). Ice-VII is a high-pressure form of water ice that is stable above 2.4 GPa Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: (18). As we show, ice-VII (along with magnesian calcite, ilmenite, and halite) sensitively records high remnant pressures, which then also constrain Evidence for aqueous fluid the pressure and temperature where it has been encapsulated in the host diamond crystal, similar in Earth’s deep mantle to other micrometer-scale inclusions of soft molec- ular materials such as CO2,CO2-H2O, and N2 in diamond (19–23). O. Tschauner,1* S. Huang,1 E. Greenberg,2 V. B. Prakapenka,2 C. Ma,3 G. R. Rossman,3 By retaining high pressures, ice-VII inclusions A. H. Shen,4 D. Zhang,2,5 M. Newville,2 A. Lanzirotti,2 K. Tait6 monitor the former presence of H2O-rich fluid at different depths in the diamond-bearing man- Water-rich regions in Earth’s deeper mantle are suspected to play a key role in the global tle. Remnants of former fluids and melts have water budget and the mobility of heat-generating elements. We show that ice-VII occurs been found as inclusions in many diamonds as inclusions in natural diamond and serves as an indicator for such water-rich regions. through infrared (IR) spectroscopy and micro- Ice-VII, the residue of aqueous fluid present during growth of diamond, crystallizes upon chemical analysis (19, 22). On the basis of IR ascent of the host diamonds but remains at pressures as high as 24 gigapascals; it is spectroscopy, a lower-pressure ice phase, VI, has now recognized as a mineral by the International Mineralogical Association. -
Novel Hydraulic Structures and Water Management in Iran: a Historical Perspective
Novel hydraulic structures and water management in Iran: A historical perspective Shahram Khora Sanizadeh Department of Water Resources Research, Water Research Institute������, Iran Summary. Iran is located in an arid, semi-arid region. Due to the unfavorable distribution of surface water, to fulfill water demands and fluctuation of yearly seasonal streams, Iranian people have tried to provide a better condition for utilization of water as a vital matter. This paper intends to acquaint the readers with some of the famous Iranian historical water monuments. Keywords. Historic – Water – Monuments – Iran – Qanat – Ab anbar – Dam. Structures hydrauliques et gestion de l’eau en Iran : une perspective historique Résumé. L’Iran est situé dans une région aride, semi-aride. La répartition défavorable des eaux de surface a conduit la population iranienne à créer de meilleures conditions d’utilisation d’une ressource aussi vitale que l’eau pour faire face à la demande et aux fluctuations des débits saisonniers annuels. Ce travail vise à faire connaître certains des monuments hydrauliques historiques parmi les plus fameux de l’Iran. Mots-clés. Historique – Eau – Monuments – Iran – Qanat – Ab anbar – Barrage. I - Introduction Iran is located in an arid, semi-arid region. Due to the unfavorable distribution of surface water, to fulfill water demands and fluctuation of yearly seasonal streams, Iranian people have tried to provide a better condition for utilization of water as a vital matter. Iran is located in the south of Asia between 44º 02´ and 63º 20´ eastern longitude and 25º 03´ to 39º 46´ northern latitude. The country covers an area of about 1.648 million km2. -
11Th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, PCI
11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI-2006) Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006 Abstracts _______________________________________________ Edited by Frank Wilhelms and Werner F. Kuhs Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 549 (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Frank Wilhelms, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Werner F. Kuhs, Universität Göttingen, GZG, Abt. Kristallographie Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Preface The 11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI- 2006) took place in Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006. It was jointly organized by the University of Göttingen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI), the main German institution for polar research. The attendance was higher than ever with 157 scientists from 20 nations highlighting the ever increasing interest in the various frozen forms of water. As the preceding conferences PCI-2006 was organized under the auspices of an International Scientific Committee. This committee was led for many years by John W. Glen and is chaired since 2002 by Stephen H. Kirby. Professor John W. Glen was honoured during PCI-2006 for his seminal contributions to the field of ice physics and his four decades of dedicated leadership of the International Conferences on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice. The members of the International Scientific Committee preparing PCI-2006 were J.Paul Devlin, John W. Glen, Takeo Hondoh, Stephen H. Kirby, Werner F. Kuhs, Norikazu Maeno, Victor F. Petrenko, Patricia L.M. Plummer, and John S. Tse; the final program was the responsibility of Werner F. Kuhs. The oral presentations were given in the premises of the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (DSM) a few meters away from the Alfred-Wegener-Institute. -
Comprehensive High-Pressure Ices Eos for Icy World Interior
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-579, 2018 European Planetary Science Congress 2018 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2018 Comprehensive high-pressure ices EoS for icy world interior Baptiste Journaux (1,2), J. Michael Brown (1), Anna Pakhomova (3), Ines Colligns, (4), Sylvain Petitgirard (5), Jason Ott (1) (1) University of Washington, Seattle, USA, (2) NASA Astrobiology Institute, (3) DESY, Hamburg, Germany, (4) ESRF, Grenoble, France, (5) Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth, Germany. Abstract recovered quenched sample at ambient pressure [6]. Ice VI has been also poorly investigated, and even if New X-Ray diffraction (XRD) volume data on ice recent work has determined its compressibility above III, V and VI were collected in-situ in the 200-1800 300K [7], lower temperature data are still very MPa and 220-300 K range. The accuracy and density sparse. of the data allow to derive Mie-Gruneisen equations of state (EoS), providing other thermodynamic 2.Experimental approach parameter such as their thermal expansion coefficient, bulk modulus or heat capacity as a To complete the lack of volume data for high function of pressure and temperature. These new pressure ices, we performed in-situ single-crystal and comprehensive EoS enable accurate thermodynamic powder X-ray diffraction experiment on ices III and calculation of ice polymorphs in a framework V and VI grown in a cryostat cooled diamond anvil directly usable for planetary interior modelling. cell (DAC) at the ID15B beamline of the European Synchrotron Research Facility. We were able to 1.Introduction obtain many volume pressure-temperature data in the Water is distinguished for its rich pressure (P) – 200-1800 MPa and 220-300 K range for ice III, ice V temperature (T) phase diagram: currently, in which and ice VI. -
Electromagnetism Based Atmospheric Ice Sensing Technique - a Conceptual Review
Int. Jnl. of Multiphysics Volume 6 · Number 4 · 2012 341 Electromagnetism based atmospheric ice sensing technique - A conceptual review Umair N. Mughal*, Muhammad S. Virk and M. Y. Mustafa High North Technology Center Department of Technology, Narvik University College, Narvik, Norway ABSTRACT Electromagnetic and vibrational properties of ice can be used to measure certain parameters such as ice thickness, type and icing rate. In this paper we present a review of the dielectric based measurement techniques for matter and the dielectric/spectroscopic properties of ice. Atmospheric Ice is a complex material with a variable dielectric constant, but precise calculation of this constant may form the basis for measurement of its other properties such as thickness and strength using some electromagnetic methods. Using time domain or frequency domain spectroscopic techniques, by measuring both the reflection and transmission characteristics of atmospheric ice in a particular frequency range, the desired parameters can be determined. Keywords: Atmospheric Ice, Sensor, Polar Molecule, Quantum Excitation, Spectroscopy, Dielectric 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ATMOSPHERIC ICING Atmospheric icing is the term used to describe the accretion of ice on structures or objects under certain conditions. This accretion can take place either due to freezing precipitation or freezing fog. It is primarily freezing fog that causes this accumulation which occurs mainly on mountaintops [16]. It depends mainly on the shape of the object, wind speed, temperature, liquid water content (amount of liquid water in a given volume of air) and droplet size distribution (conventionally known as the median volume diameter). The major effects of atmospheric icing on structure are the static ice loads, wind action on iced structure and dynamic effects.