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Ground (Subsurface) Ice Shumskii, P NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Ground (subsurface) ice Shumskii, P. A.; National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20386780 Technical Translation (National Research Council of Canada), 1964 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=b714ab23-775f-4f1d-9a1e-ab4bc8f71c00 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=b714ab23-775f-4f1d-9a1e-ab4bc8f71c00 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. NRC NRC TT·1130 TT ·1130 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA TECHNICAL TRANSLATION 1130 PRINCIPLES OF GEOCRYOLOGY (PERMAFROST STUDIES) PART 1, GENERAL GEOCRYOLOGY CHAPTER IX, GROUND (SUBSURFACE) ICE. P. 274 - 327 BY P. A. SHUMSKII FROM ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE U. S. S. R. V. A. OBRUCHEV INSTITUTE OF PERMAFROST STUDIES MOSCOW 1959 TRANSLATED BY C. DE LEUCHTENBERG THIS IS THE ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH OF THE SERrES OF TRANSLATIONS PREPARED FOR THE DIVISiON OF BUILDING RESEARCH OTTAWA 1964 PREFACE • This translation is the fourth arranged by the Permafrost SUbcommittee of the Associate ｃｯｲｲｾｩｴｴ･･ on Soil and Snow Mechanics • of the National Research Council of the Russian permafrost publi­ cation "Principles of Geocryologyll. The first translation in this group was of Chapter VI entitled IIHeat and Moisture Transfer in Freezing and Thawing Soils ll by G.A. Martynov (TT-I065). The second vias Chapter IV II General Mechanisms of the Formation and Development of Permafrost" by P.F. Shvetsov (TT-1117) and the third was Chapter VII IIGeographical Distribution of Seasonally Frozen Ground and Permafrost" by LYa. Baranov (TT-1121). This translation of Chapter IX by P.A. Shumskii reviews the highlights in the history of ground ice investigations which were initiated in the eighteenth century. The main body of the text consists of a discussion of each of the types of ground ice encoun­ tered in permafrost rq;ions. These include segregated ice, injected ice, ice veins, multiple ice veins, cave ice, thermokarst cave ice, karst cave ice, and buried ice. The modes of origin, characteris­ tics, properties and geographical distribution of each of these types of ice are discussed in detail. The Division is grateful to the Geological Survey of Canada for arranging the translation of this chapter in response to the request of the Permafrost ｓｵ｢｣ｯｮｾｩｴｴ･･Ｎ Ottawa R.F. Legget J1.me 1961+ Director NATIONAL nESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA Technical Translation 1130 .. Title: Ground (subsurfacc) ice • (Poazcl:mye l' dy) Author: P.A. Shumskil Reference: Principles of :::;eocryolo::?;y (permafrost studies), Part I, General ge oc r-yoLcgy, Chapter IX. Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. HoscOi'! 1959. ｰＮＲＷ［ｾＭ［ＱＲＷ (Osnovy geokr1oloGii (merzlotovedeniya), ChastI pervaya, ObshchayCl c;eokrioloe;iya, Glava IX. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moskva 1959. s.274-327) Translator: C. de Leuchtenberc;, Translation Bureau, Department of the Secretary of State GROUND (Slf.JSlffiFACE) ICE Introduction Ice, in the broad sense of the \'1orc1*, refers to all solid phases of water (H2 0 )** ; nine phases are known today, one amorphous and eiGht crystalline .. (Shumskii, 1991-2 ; 19552)' The wor-d ice, howeve r-, usually refers to only one, common ice or ice I, inasmuch as this crystalline modification of ice can • exist under thermodynamic conditions characteristic of the terrestrial cryo­ sphere***. Ice does not form isomorphic mixtures vlith other substances and therefore all natural ice phases belong by their chemical composition to one mineral type. Fr-eshwa t er-, saline wat e r and brine ice types, containing salts as mechanical admixtures, are varieties of that mineral. All ice located in the earth's crust, irrespective of its origin or form of occurrence, is called ground ice (Vernadskii, 1934,; Kim, Pavlov, 1911-3; Grave, 1951). O\'Jing to its physico-chemical properties, ice is the lightest, the coldest and because of that the most surficial of all the minerals forming the earth's crust. The main masses of ice are concentrated on the earth's surface where, as well as in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, they represent the most \'Jidespread solid substance. In the lithosphere, ice occurs only in the uppermost horizons and in a significantly lesser quantity. According to the approximate data available to us the total ｶｯｬｬｬｩｾ･ of ground ice amounts to 3 0.5 million lcm , or to about 2% of the total volume of ice on the globe. Nevertheless in parts of the lithosphere ice is the main component. There are * In the narrOH sense the term ice refers to solid ice (icc I), free of interconnecting air pores, in contrast to such porous substances as snow, firn, ri1l1e, etc. ** The concentration of heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, H2 (deuterium), H3 (tritiwn), 0'7 and 0'8 is insignificant in nature and exerts no per­ ceptible influence on the physico-chemical properties of water and ice. *** Other artificially obtained modifications of ice cannot exist as bodies of macroscopic dimensions under the combinations of temperature and pressure existing in the earth's crust and on its surface. This however does not exclude the possibility of their existence as thin films on the surface of solid bodies. It is probable that the internal part of the films of bound water, vrhf.ch plays a great part in soils, is a modification of ice exist­ ing under high pressure (Vernadskii, ＱＹＳＮＧｾ 1; Parkhomenko, 1956). At least the binding energy (deterl:1ined by the heat of wetting) and the physical properties of adsorbed or hycroscopic water are in agreement with the heat of cr¥stallization and the properties of the "hot " ice VIII (Shumskii, 1955 2 )• vast regions at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere where the upper part of the soil stratum 10 - 30 m in thickness, consists of 50 - 80% (by volwne) of ice. However, when the reserves of ice in the earth's crust are compared with those in the world's ocean* and in the atmosphere, it comes out that the first are several times larger despite their much smaller spatial concentra- • tion. Thus the part of the terrestrial cryosphere represented by the litho­ sphere, i.e. the cryolithozone, occupies by its ice quantity a second place • with respect to the ice that is being accumulated on the surface of the con­ tinents, although that zone has a much smaller surface than the latter. The significance of ice in nature and for human economic activity is stipulated not only by its widespread occurrence but also by its position amid the series of minerals. Ice is the solid phase of a substance which takes an exclusive part in the chemical and biochemical processes, and which in its liquid phase is the indispensable condition for organic life. Yet in the thermal succession of mineral formation, ice belongs to the last and coldest stage, which is separated from all other ones by the stage of formation of organic substances. With this, as well as with the specific physical proper­ ties of ice, is connected its specific role in the biosphere, where it dis­ turbs by its appearance in any significant quantity the normal course of organic, chemical as well as all other geological and geographical processes. All features of nature and economic utilization of a region with a continuously frozen subsoil are, in the end, stipulated by the phase-changes of water in the earth's crust - the appearance, existence and disappearance of the ground ice. By cementing SOil, which is friable in its thawed state, ice radically changes its mechanical properties. The thermal properties and water perme­ ability of soil containing icc are likewise significantly changed. The forma­ tion of certain types of ground ice causes frost-heaving of the ground, and the melting of that ice causes flow of the ground, its subsidence and destruc­ tive thermokarst processes. Because of this, the presence, formation and disappearance of ground ice types determine the main features of relief of a region with frozen ground, its hydrogeological regime, conditions for building houses, etc. and all human economic activity. Inasmuch as all ground ice types are accumulations of one and the same mineral - ice I, the majority of their most important physical properties are generally uniform, and at constant temperature they vary comparatively little with difference in structure and content of admixtures. However, the * Shelf-ice of the Antarctic is excluded as it is a continental type of for­ mation. -5- properties and behaviour of the entire mass of frozen ground depends essen­ tially on the form and quantity of the ice contained in it, and the conditions and mode of its (the ice) occurrence.
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