Papers 50 european Metropolitan agglomerations

PRESENTATION entities and the competences of different However, the distribution of this urban metropolitan agglomerations. Finally, new occupation over the continent is uneven. Talking of population in Europe is information about the 14 countries studied The cluster of agglomerations that almost synonymous to talk about cities, in 2002 is presented allowing the analysis condenses on the land surface can about urban areas with thousands of of the evolution of these agglomerations be explained by both historical and inhabitants where economic activities during these years. geographical factors, and ultimately gives are concentrated. It is to refer to the rise to two different patterns of land use. nodes that are centers of the regions that The result is a monographic issue based on surround them, the links between the the statistical and cartographical information On one side, there is a diffuse, flows that define a worldwide network of (cities that make it up, size and density) homogeneous distribution that extends global relationships. and on the metropolitan government through central European countries such of each metropolis. 104 metropolitan as France, Belgium, the Netherlands, In the early years of 21st century, the agglomerations are identified in 20 countries Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, European Union is expanding in different using the same methodology developed Slovenia and Slovakia. This model is ways. On the one hand, adding new in 2002. The methodology analyzes a reminiscent of the urban grid systems of countries, and so, adding new urban straightforward and widely available Christaller’s theory. Urban agglomerations realities mixed with more consolidated variable: the number of inhabitants. It allows are distributed to form a network of areas; on the other hand, with the the identification of urban municipalities relatively equidistant central places that strengthening of their relationships with and metropolitan areas in all the studied have two or more levels of demographic its own surroundings, especially with the countries. Despite of its constraints, it is a concentration. This pattern extends over Mediterranean south coast countries. The method that shows, using urban densities, regions with high levels of occupation. launch of the Union for the Mediterranean some of the hierarchical relationships in is another step towards the construction higher population areas. Also, it permits On the other side, there is a form of of a Europe that wants to reinforce a social mapping urban agglomerations, showing distribution that draws points and lines of space of coexistence. In this scenario clearly that they form urban constellations demographic concentration on the map of cities play an important role thanks to spreading outside the boundaries of Europe. These correspond either to urban its capacity to revitalize and unify their European Union countries. cores that spread their influence radially surrounding regions. over the surrounding region or to linear strings of agglomerations. The consolidation process of this euromediterranean space depends, among Examples of cores are the cities of Paris, other aspects, on having an exhaustive METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS Madrid, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Budapest knowledge of the economic and population and Prague. They have a radial structure structures that defines it. Also, depends Urban Europe of polarisation and deconcentration, and on studying the cities and urban areas AND METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENTS they spread out in any direction that is not that extend beyond its administrative conditioned by geographical features. boundaries and that form large Urban Europe configuration metropolitan agglomerations. We present Linear clusters of agglomerations, on in this issue of PAPERS journal, the results Almost 300 million people are concentrated the other hand, generally respond to the of the analysis of the urban areas of the 25 in the urban areas of the European Union configuration of certain geographical countries that formed the European Union countries. Some 65% of the population elements, such as the Rhine basin, which in 2006. It would be very interesting to live on 9% of Europe’s land surface. These has a total population of 15.5 million apply this analysis to all the countries that urban areas have developed around cities living between Friedrichshafen, on Lake make up the Union for the Mediterranean, that over a long period absorbed the rural Constance, and Rotterdam, via Basel, an organization committed to the exodus and became cores of economic Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Frankfurt, Cologne, construction of a common Mediterranean activity, culture, communication, research Essen, Arnhem and Amsterdam. These space and that have located its secretariat and development. cities and urban agglomerations follow in one of the European large metropolitan the course of the river from the Alps to its agglomeration, Barcelona. At a later stage, the processes of mouth on the North Sea. residential and industrial sprawl shifted This study has been carried out by population and activity out into the Lying crosswise to the Rhine agglomeration the Servei d’Estudis Territorials de la metropolitan hinterland around the urban there is another continuous line of urban Mancomunitat de Municipis de l’Àrea core. Many peripheral municipalities were municipalities from Hanover to Calais, via Metropolitana de Barcelona and continues incorporated into the orbit of influence Bielefeld, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Liège, the one wrote in 2002 and published in the of the cities. In this respect, more recent Brussels and Lille, with a total population of issue 37 of PAPERS journal. It is important growth has been less along the lines of 20.5 million. This agglomeration reaches the to point out the novelties in this edition. an increase in the concentration of the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the First, the area of study has been widened population of urban areas and more in English Channel, Calais being the traditional and now includes those 12 countries that terms of the extension of their boundaries, port communicating France with the UK, joined the European Union in 2004. Second, that is, of their edges. Today most and it could be considered to continue a new chapter has been added with the suburban environments show stronger on the other side of the Strait with the reasons of the complexity of government population growth than their cities. conurbations of London, Manchester and

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 225 Liverpool, which accumulate another Municipal divisions in Europe idea of coordinating to reach consensus 31.1 million inhabitants. decisions in the joint interest of several European municipal divisions tend to have municipalities is not always positively South of the Alps, we find the cluster a historical origin linked to the distribution valued in local political culture, which of urban municipalities of the Po basin, of power with a view to controlling territory. is often mediated by atavistic attitudes which stretches from Turin and Milan, at The mosaics they form, mostly arising from towards the inhabitants. its western end, through Brescia, Verona feudalism, have lived on to this day. and Padua, finally reaching Venice and the Conflict is to be found, then, between urban sprawl of the Veneto, at the foot of At first, the land covered by each urban agglomerations and administrative the Dolomites. It also embraces, on the municipality was of sufficient size to areas both at the municipal level and on other side of the valley, Parma and Bologna, withstand the growth of its built-up areas that of higher administrative bodies, and at the foot of the Apennines. The urban and the economic activity carried on indeed often on both levels simultaneously. agglomerations of this basin trace perfectly within its territory. But with the passing the valley that lies between the Italian Alps of time, some of these cities have grown and the Apennines. spectacularly, to the extent that the Metropolitan phenomena and changing municipality has become too small to patterns of urban growth Tracing other river valleys, we find the take in the entirety of its urban activity. line that joins the cities of Dijon, Lyon These situations highlight the contradiction The economy of the European countries and Marseille in the Rhone valley; in the between the material reality of cities and grew steadily, with few setbacks, in Garonne valley there is Toulouse and their administrative boundaries. the second half of the 20th century. The Bordeaux, and further north, in the Loire evolution of the gross domestic product valley, the cities of Orléans, Tours and Over the last 50 years, in order to adjust the shows a permanent increase in wealth, and Nantes. If we follow the Danube we existing administrative limits to the real city, European countries have therefore been come across the cities of Linz, Vienna, some cities have opted to annex adjoining getting richer and richer since 1950. This Bratislava and Budapest. territory by absorbing other municipalities. wealth is concentrated mainly around the There have also been cases of two big cities, which act as organised systems Another characteristic form of urban municipalities merging to create a new one, sustaining and promoting economic activity. concentration has been that of coastlines. which sometimes takes the name of the This consolidated pattern is strong enough Although this was linked historically to larger of the two and sometimes takes a to resist the 2008 crisis that will stop and the establishment of trade networks, in new name. However, today such procedures even decrease the growth of GDP in the second half of the 20th century these are unpopular among the municipalities almost all the european countries. regions have also become consolidated as that would be annexed because of the tourist resorts and first-home residential associated loss of identity and autonomy. At the same time, the points at which this areas. The most extensive line of coastal economic growth occurs attract migratory agglomerations is to be found in the The spreading of democratic and flows, encouraged by the prospect of Mediterranean, from Málaga to Genoa, participative political systems, achieving achieving a particular standard of living. In passing through Almería, Alacant, Valencia, high degrees of municipal autonomy, this regard, the degree of attraction that Barcelona, Marseille and Nice. It is an strengthens local identities and makes cities exert on the population around them agglomeration of a diverse nature, with these operations increasingly improbable. or more distant areas is a reflection of their a succession of industrial cities, centres As a result, the map of municipal economic dynamism. of agricultural production and distribution boundaries is very rigid and shows a great and tourist resorts. Another coastal urban resistance to changes. Nevertheless, these For decades, European metropolises have continuum, in which tourism alternates with mergers and annexations of municipalities amassed growth in both population and some commercial ports, lines the Adriatic still happen occasionally. activity, and have become larger and larger. coast, with cities such as Rimini, Pesaro, These growth processes were initially Ancona, Pescara, Foggia, Bari and Brindisi. Cities may again find themselves at odds concentrated around the central cores, with existing divisions at a higher level of when the pattern of mobility between Urban Europe process shows that the government than the municipal, namely home and workplace was more short- densification of land use follows patterns that comprising political and administrative distance. Most travelling was on foot or linked to the specific geographical bodies of state decentralisation such as by means of an incipient network of public characteristics of each place and the history regions, autonomous communities and transport, and the city resulting from this of settlement in each country, but at the provinces. In fact, the various forms of was a compact one. same time there are common features that territorial decentralisation of the state are widespread throughout the continent. respond to criteria for the administrative Starting in the 1940s, this twofold model of distribution of space that have nothing to economic growth and migratory flow was Lastly, we should mention that in some do with urban agglomerations because they overlaid by the transport revolution, which situations urban systems have spilt were fixed when these agglomerations unleashed the mass dissemination of the over international borders. Cities grow did not even exist. In this case there is private car as a new consumer good. The regardless of the conditioning factors also strong resistance to the recognition popularisation of the private car, coupled imposed by administrative limits. First of metropolitan entities, as today big cities with policies of ongoing investment in road of all municipal limits were crossed, on concentrate such a huge population and infrastructure networks, brought about a many occasions regional boundaries have economic weight that any proposal to structural transformation of the transport likewise been ignored, and finally urban translate this into specific forms of political model throughout the industrialised world. conglomerations are beginning to take organisation is viewed by regions and The ability to move about more rapidly on a transnational character. The formation states with considerable mistrust. and without restrictions with regard to of all these new continuities will redefine timetables and routes made distances the great network of cities of the In the case of the municipalities, in addition shrink and rendered accessibility more even. European continent. to the resistance to merge into a larger Residents and workers had access to a body as mentioned above, sometimes much larger area, and most urban activities there is also reluctance to recognise the could be located anywhere in a much wider existence of the metropolitan reality. The radius. This new mobility model was more

226 / Papers 50 / versatile and dynamic and at the same management of public transport, the Capacity to govern time resulted in a much more disperse city, water cycle and waste disposal, economic where population, economic activities and promotion and tourism, health services, fire The practical implementation of powers services spread over the territory. prevention and security. can entail a series of actions of a different instrumental nature. The exercise of these The compact and concentrated growth Institutional level actions presupposes various levels of process of cities was thus succeeded by a capacity to govern that can be classified as new way of situating people and activities Territorial power is wielded from the follows: that has led to an indiscriminate occupation various strata of the institutional continuum of space and to territorial dispersion. A that runs from the level of the state to – Determining policies and setting goals. large proportion of the urban relations that that of the municipality. Between these until 70 years ago occurred within one two extremes we find different forms of – Planning actions and control systems. municipality have now become relations political or administrative decentralisation within a network of towns belonging to of the state and forms of association or – Managing and administrating the means different municipalities. coordination of local governments. and resources to achieve the goals set.

The cities of the 21st century are extensive The comparison of the various levels of – Coordinating and organising the actors and complex, and are fed by flows of government between European countries and elements involved in implementing the people, energy, activity and goods. presents many difficulties because the programmes. Furthermore, they are urban agglomerations way each country is organised territorially that take in supramunicipal areas. and the administrative categories that are A body can have power to exercise, derived from this are not homogeneous. alternatively or simultaneously, the Nevertheless, some correspondences can coordination, planning, management of Metropolitan governance be drawn that enable us to get a general the planning and definition of its own overview. To this end we provide a table of policies. But often we find that different The multimunicipal nature of metropolitan equivalences of the various administrative bodies overlap and may exercise different agglomerations raises the issue of levels of European Union countries, based levels of government action over the same governance, as municipal authorities on the data provided by the European area of responsibility. On other occasions, are unable to respond individually to the Commission and Eurostat. institutions manage policies that are metropolitan phenomena that always affect decided at a different level, in practice much larger areas than the municipality Each of these administrative levels forms acting as technical and/or sectoral agencies. itself. There must be some sort of part of a hierarchical order that is specific government to organise and manage the to each country and organises power in a Financing territorial, social and economic aspects particular political and territorial context. In that simultaneously affect a number of some situations, one of the administrative The financing system of Europe’s urban municipalities. The various municipal levels coincides with the area of a agglomerations is directly related to authorities involved need to be coordinated, metropolitan agglomeration, but this is not that adjudicated to local authorities by or there has to be some higher-level political usually the case. each country. Here too we have a very structure to deal with the issues that arise wide range of situations, although the in urban agglomerations. If governance is approached from a more main components of the financing of specifically metropolitan perspective, we metropolitan agglomerations are usually the In the face of this widespread need for will find even more institutional levels that following: administrative structures to organise the are not reflected in the table above, such policies of Europe’s urban agglomerations, as voluntary associations of municipalities, – Tariffs for the provision of services. solutions have been adopted that give rise specific corporations, sectoral agencies and to a great diversity of institutions at local, specifically metropolitan institutions derived – Local taxes (on property, business regional or state level. Typifying present from some ad hoc legislative provision. activities, personal income, etc.). forms of metropolitan government in Europe is a complex task, but nevertheless we Legal recognition – Financial transfers from the coordinated propose a classification taking into account city councils. the five variables set forth below. The If we analyse the above classification from combination of these institutional, political the viewpoint of the legal formalisation of – Transfers or subsidies from the state or and jurisdictional variables yields a specific metropolitan institutions, differentiating the regional government. form of government in each agglomeration. those of an obligatory nature – set up by state or regional law – from those of Taxes on the provision of services tend to Powers a voluntary nature, we can stress one procure the self-financing of some of these essential feature. The latter are forced to services, or to control deficits between the The administrative powers involved are arrive at solutions by consensus, which real operating costs and the revenue from the first factor to bear in mind in any is very positive in that it generates a tariffs. Obviously these deficits, when they comparative analysis of metropolitan good climate of political and institutional are assumed politically, can only be offset institutions, because as well as knowing cohabitation, but on the other hand through subsidies. who governs we want to know over what makes it difficult to reach decisions for affairs they govern. It is only possible to the common good when some of the The relative weight of each of the other compare governmental institutions in associated municipalities are in manifest types of financing in the make-up of the relation to the same political powers. If disagreement. In contrast, if the institution metropolitan finances is indicative of the one metropolitan institution has powers was set up under the provisions of a law level of financial autonomy or dependence. over transport and another one has that establishes the territory over which it If the largest percentage of funds comes powers over security they will not be has powers and endows it with a system from sufficient own resources derived comparable because they deal with objects of agreements by majority, the capacity to from local taxation, there will be greater of a different nature.The most usual ones govern will be strengthened, as will agility autonomy than if the own resources are tend to be urban and regional planning, in decision-making. not sufficient and the major contribution

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 227 comes from state or municipal subsidies. It is clear from the above that the furthermore we have been able to start a Local taxation tends to be insufficient to institutional diversity is very great, and monitoring process of the demographic meet the service provision obligations of that even within the same country development of European metropolises from local authorities. Only when local taxes different solutions are adopted to organise the demographic and territorial point of view. are raised on income does local financial supramunicipal realities. These solutions We ought to mention that some aspects autonomy become significant. often entail overlapping institutions and in favour of the methodology used are duplicated powers, leading to malfunctions ease of updating and the systematic in the governance of these urban areas. and homogeneous application of the Forms of metropolitan government In some cases, the tendency to reinforce same criteria to all the cities studied. some instruments of municipal cooperation These aspects have been confirmed in In the spectrum of institutions that can prevails, in order to achieve a better this study. They allow obtaining a precise exercise government responsibilities in management of common services, from the representation of the extension and metropolitan agglomerations, situated efficiency and effectiveness point of view. boundaries of the more dense urban at any point on the scale from the local areas and, at the same time, emerging level to that of the state, there is a band In order to clarify this complexity a agglomerations not found by other studies occupied by institutions with a specifically summary datasheet has been incorporated can be identified. metropolitan outlook. into the study, describing the institutions and the government responsibilities The results forthcoming from this Some institutions are of a local nature of each of the large metropolitan methodology have been contrasted with and operate in one specific metropolitan agglomerations. It consists of a systematic those of other studies of a functional territory; others cover a substantially description of the various bodies and nature (that employ data on commuting to larger area, as a result of a territorial administrative levels that make up the define metropolitan area) or of a physical subdivision of the state adopted aside from 35 large agglomerations defined in this kind. The comparison of results shows metropolitan dynamics. Nevertheless, as study, in accordance with the variables and that, despite the diversity of approaches, we mentioned earlier, institutional levels of categories described in this section, with in most cases there is agreement about state decentralisation, such as regions or the aim of objectivising the comparative the dimensions and the delimitation of the provinces, may sometimes coincide with analysis of the forms of government. European urban reality. the metropolitan area. In these cases, the institutions concerned can in fact act as metropolitan governments, even though The European demographic context they were created for a different reason. Urban perspective This revision has incorporated 11 new Below we list some of the different forms Objectives countries 3; this has meant extending the adopted by metropolitan governments in study by nearly 85 million inhabitants various European cities: In order to get more insight into the and 17,500 municipalities. More than 455 European metropolitan realities and with million people live in the 25 European – Local governments with metropolitan the aim of analizing the transformations Union countries studied, which have a total powers: Warsaw, Katowice, Budapest. in the urban network, the report Grans surface area of almost 4 million sq km Aglomeracions Metropolitanes Europees and an average density of 117 inhabitants – Voluntary associations of (European Large Urban Agglomerations) 1, per sq km. One prominent feature is municipalities: the Mancomunitat de published in 2002, has been updated. It the great heterogeneity of the different Municipis of Barcelona Metropolitan Area, contained the results of a study carried out European countries regarding the size of the Regionalverband Ruhr in Cologne. with the aim of providing a methodology their population, their surface area and their allowing the delimitation of large urban administrative structure. – Specific bodies and sectoral agencies: concentrations in Europe according to the Metropolitan Areas of Lisbon and a homogeneous and comparable set of The population is not distributed evenly Porto, the Regional Planning Agencies criteria. In this revision the methodology over the EU countries, and very diverse of Frankfurt/Rhine-Main and Munich, used in the previous edition has been demographic realities are to be found: the Environment and Transport Authorities kept: the variable of population density, of Barcelona and Valencia, the Tyne and the geographical contiguity between the – Six countries with a very large Wear Fire and Civil Defence Authority in various municipalities and the criteria of demographic weight: in first place Germany Sunderland, the Greater Manchester Waste urban intensity. with 82 million; France, Italy and the UK Disposal Authority, the West Midlands with populations of around 58 million; and Passenger Transport Executive. In 2002 the study employed statistical then Spain with 44 million and Poland with data for the years 1996-1998 and the 38 million. These six countries alone account – Consortiums: Metropolregion Hamburg, map databases of the 15 countries that for 75% of the population and occupy 60% Barcelona Metropolitan Transport Authority. comprised the European Union at that time. of European territory. With the enlargement of the European – Provinces: Stockholm, Vienna, Milan, Union it was considered necessary – Six countries with populations of Turin, Naples. to extend the study to the whole of around 10 million: Austria, Belgium, Czech Community territory, including all the urban Republic, Portugal, Sweden and Hungary. – Regions with metropolitan powers: agglomerations of the countries that made The Netherlands stands in an intermediate Îlle-de-France, Madrid, Lazio, Piedmont, up the European Union in 2006 2, and the position at 16 million. Lombardy, Campania, Brandenburg and present study on European Metropolitan Berlin, Nottingham, Prague. Agglomerations (EMA) was undertaken. – Three countries with populations We have taken advantage of this new of around 5 million: Denmark, Slovakia – Specifically metropolitan governments process to update all the statistical data and Finland. created by law: Greater London Authority, and also to validate and simplify some of the various Communautés Urbaines the steps of the methodology used. In this – A group of countries with populations de France. way we have obtained up-to-date results that are smaller but range widely, from the for all the metropolitan agglomerations and 4 million of Ireland and Lithuania, through

228 / Papers 50 / the 2 million of Slovenia, Latvia and Estonia, analyse and measure this phenomenon, In this edition, working from the basis of to the three countries with a population of in this study the concept of the urban the urban municipalities, we have identified around half a million, namely Luxembourg, municipality has been defined as one which 104 metropolitan agglomerations (MAs) Malta and Cyprus. has a population density of 250 inh/sq km which define the urban sprawls constituted or higher. This threshold, contrasted with by contiguous municipalities that add up to With regard to population densities, the other sources, proved to be significant a population of over a quarter of a million countries presenting the highest values – in the previous edition. It draws a map inhabitants and have an overall density tripling and quadrupling average European of the EU that shows the main urban higher than 1,500 inh/sq km. values (117 inh/sq km) – are Belgium concentrations, more sparsely urbanised and the Netherlands, while at the other areas, and unoccupied areas, showing the More than 155 million people live in these extreme, with very low population densities continent’s high degree of urbanization. 104 MAs, on a surface area equivalent that fall short of a third of the EU average, to 2% of EU territory. This means that we find Finland and Sweden, very large Urban municipalities constitute the basis on more than a third of European citizens live countries, and small countries such as which, following the procedures established in a small number of densely populated Estonia and Latvia. in the methodology of the present research, areas, defined as metropolitan due to the it will be possible to recognise metropolitan physical contiguity that exists between their One country that merits a special mention agglomerations. Urban municipalities are municipalities and urban intensity. is Malta, which stands out for its high the frame on which the compact urban level of urbanisation, as its 400,000 fabric, an identifying element of Europe’s The 104 MAs identified can be classified inhabitants live in territory measuring 320 big cities, is spread. according to their population: sq km, with a resulting density of more than 1,200 inh/sq km. Among the 88,000 European municipalities – 35 MAs, with more than 1 million studied only 11,000 are urban inhabitants, European metropolises. The administrative divisions at a local municipalities and are inhabited by 300 level of the various European countries million people 4. In other words, 65% of – 27 medium MAs, with between 500,000 do not respond to a single model, as the population of the EU lives in 12% of and 1 million inhabitants the historical conditioning factors have its municipalities. This makes for high shaped a particular municipal structure population densities in urban centers, – 42 small MAs, with between 250,000 and have generated a great diversity of with a European average of 877 inh/sq and 500,000 inhabitants situations: administrative divisions of km, variyng from about 1700 inh/sq km of mediaeval origin are overlaid with more Greece and Lithuania to aproximately 600 As was to be expected, the largest number modern structures, either by means of the inh/sq km of Slovenia and Slovakia. of metropolitan agglomerations is detected annexing of small villages, or because the in those countries with the greatest modernisation of the structure of the state The countries with the highest demographic weight: Germany and France reaches the local sphere. percentages of urban population are the have 15 agglomerations each, and Italy and Netherlands, Belgium and the UK, where the UK have 12. Nor should we neglect the effect of more than 75% of the respective national different legal approaches about territorial populations live in urban municipalities. However, Spain – the fifth largest country matters in each country. In the case of the Germany, Spain, Italy, France and the in Europe in population terms – is top as countries with an Anglo-Saxon tradition Czech Republic, among others, also regards the number of agglomerations, as 16 this has shaped a very dynamic perception have levels of urban population that are are detected within its borders: 4 metropolis of administrative divisions. Continental above the European average (64.2%). The with more than 1 million inhabitants (Madrid, Europe countries use to show a more rigid countries with the lowest urbanisation Barcelona, Valencia and Seville), 2 medium and steady fragmentation of its territory percentages are Finland, Slovenia, Ireland ones (Bilbao and Las Palmas de Gran and, in some cases, use to adapt to new and Sweden, all of them with less than Canaria) and 10 smaller ones. needs through intermunicipal cooperation. 40% urban population, result of the low France, Germany, Spain, Italy and the global densities of these countries. Although it has been an EU member state Czech Republic are countries with a high since 1981, it was not possible to study number of municipalities as a result of the However, sometimes the percentage of Greece in the previous edition due to permanence of these structures. At the urban population does not correspond to lack of statistical data and accurate place- same time they are an example of this kind the number of urban municipalities. The names. These technical impediments now of organization, although keeping their own two clearest cases among the countries overcome, it is incorporated into the study specific features. studied are Spain and France, which with two metropolitan agglomerations: despite their relatively low number of the metropolis formed around the capital, It should be pointed out that in the urban municipalities (less than 10% of the which totals three and a half million cases of Ireland, Lithuania and the UK total of their municipalities) nevertheless inhabitants and a medium-sized one around we were unable to study the most have a very significant volume of urban Thessaloniki with a population of 900,000. basic local levels for technical reasons, population, thus indicating a high level of due to the impossibility of cartographic concentration of the population in a small The countries that joined the EU in 2004 identification and insufficient breakdown of number of cities. and have been analysed for the first time demographic data. in this edition contribute a total of 16 metropolitan agglomerations. Poland, with Metropolitan agglomerations a population of almost 40 million, has Urban municipalities an urban structure that follows a similar Metropolitan agglomerations are generally pattern to other European countries of One of the most widely known characterised by the existence of a core city a comparable size. There are 10 MAs demographic characteristics of the of prime demographic, historic and social within its borders, 2 of them metropolis European Union is its high level of importance, around which are organised (Katowice and Warsaw, each with a urbanisation and the concentration of the urban networks that relate physically, population of around 2 million), 5 MAs majority of the population in a small number economically and functionally. medium-sized and 3 MAs small. of municipalities. In order to be able to

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 229 In Hungary and the Czech Republic we of Cologne has a polycentric configuration they are comprised takes highly diverse find two metropolis centred on their made up of 5 cities with a population of forms depending on the historical and respective state capitals: Budapest with over 500,000, usually called the Rhine-Ruhr geographical peculiarities of each 2,260,000 inhabitants and Prague with area and coinciding approximately with of them. In order to characterise the 1,240,000. Czechia also contains a small the agglomeration defined in this study as different structures we have considered agglomeration, around Brno. regards both its population and its extension. the weight of the core city with respect Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania each add to its metropolitan environment and we a medium-sized or a small metropolitan – 3 metropolises with a population of have identified the following models agglomeration: Riga with 800,000 around 6 million inhabitants: Amsterdam- of urban configuration: inhabitants, and Tallinn and Kaunas with Rotterdam, Liverpool-Manchester and approximately 400,000 each. Milan. Some studies give the metropolitan – Metropolises in which the weight of areas of these cities tighter limits than the core city amounts to more than 50% In the remaining countries there is no those provided by the EMA methodology. of the total of the agglomeration, and that MA: Slovakia and Slovenia because their These differences are due to the fact therefore constitute clearly monocentric respective capitals, Bratislava and Ljubljana, that these other studies consider each of structures in which the core city has a even though their population exceeds the main cities individually, without their great preponderance over its surrounding 250,000, do not meet the density criterion surrounding areas, and therefore do not area. This is the model adopted by most to be centres of an agglomeration; and recognise their twin-core nature (in the case European state capitals, such as London, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus because of Amsterdam and Liverpool). As for Milan, Paris, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, Budapest, there is no city reaching the required the differences would derive from the fact Stockholm, Vienna, Warsaw and Prague. population threshold. that the parameters established in the EMA Other cities that are not capitals but methodology, which are effective for most follow the same pattern are: Munich, Turin, It should be noted that in Europe there cases, extend the agglomeration whenever Marseille and Seville. are other major urban realities that do not it is possible to establish contiguity among feature as metropolitan agglomerations urban municipalities. Around this city there – Metropolises with a core city that is because they fail to meet the established is a large number of medium-density urban important but accounts for less than 50% selection criteria. This is the case of the municipalities are contiguous and enable of the population of the agglomeration as Italian region of the Veneto, where an the agglomeration to spread. a whole. These cities have a metropolitan urban continuum exists around cities such structure that could be defined as radial, as Venice, Verona and Padua that contains – 14 metropolises with a population of because despite the presence of a marked more than 3 million people, yet on applying between 5 and 2 million, 7 of which are core, it coexists with medium-sized cities the selection filters, only the city of Padua centred on state capitals (Madrid, Berlin, that show a certain degree of centrality, meets them and forms a small MA of Athens, Rome, Brussels, Lisbon and albeit with a very different intensity to that 300,000 inhabitants. Budapest). Barcelona occupies eighth of the core city. This is the structure of the place, with 4.6 million inhabitants. These agglomerations of Barcelona and Milan, Still in Italy but further down the Adriatic agglomerations are usually formed around which are surrounded by second-order coast, the Rimini area constitutes another core cities with very high population medium-sized cities that are related to the area with a high level of urbanisation and densities and a marked urban hierarchy. main city and at the same time agglutinate over 1 million inhabitants, but there is no their own respective surrounding area. city with the required minimum population – The 15 remaining metropolises, with This is the case of cities such as Sabadell, to be the core city of an MA. a population of between 1 and 2 million, Terrassa and Mataró near Barcelona, and including 5 state capitals (Vienna, Warsaw, Brescia, Monza and Bergamo near Milan. Spain provides more examples around the Copenhagen, Stockholm and Prague). cities of Málaga and Murcia, where urban The other 10 that are not state capitals all – Polycentric metropolises characterised areas are formed with close to 1 million belong to the 5 big European states, with by the presence of two or more cities inhabitants, but their capitals fail to reach the exception of Porto-Vila Nova de Gaia. with equivalent representativeness and the required density. In turn, the city of demographic characteristics and that Zaragoza has over 670,000 inhabitants, As far as density is concerned, the are closely interrelated by means of but because it has a very large municipal agglomerations with the highest communication flows and networks. district it does not reach the density concentrations are those of Athens (4,500 Examples of this type of structure are the required to be considered an MA. inh/sq km), Paris (3,150 inh/sq km) and twin-core agglomerations of Brussels- Barcelona (2,680 inh/sq km): these figures Antwerp and Amsterdam-Rotterdam. reflect the high densities of the core The European metropolises cities, as a result of the small size of their One very specific polycentric model, respective municipal districts. emphasising the lattice arrangement of The 35 large metropolitan agglomerations the cities that make up the agglomeration, or European metropolises, those that As regards the surface area of the is the one centred on Cologne. Following exceed 1 million inhabitants, are studied agglomerations, London with 8,400 sq the criteria laid down in this study, the in greater depth from the demographic km and Cologne with 6,750 sq km are the agglomeration is named after the city and governance viewpoints in the detailed largest, followed by Amsterdam-Rotterdam, with the largest population, Cologne, but datasheets for each agglomeration, which Liverpool-Manchester and Milan, with it includes 4 cities with more than half can be consulted below. If we analyse them surface areas in the region of 4,200 sq a million inhabitants (Dortmund, Essen, as a whole, bearing in mind their size and km. The agglomerations of Paris, Naples, Düsseldorf and Duisburg), 7 cities with internal structure, we can single out several Birmingham and Madrid all have a surface a population of 200,000 to 500,000 and characteristic features: area of about 2,500 sq km. There are 13 cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. 11 agglomerations that occupy less Together they make up a region that – 3 metropolises with more than 10 million than 1,000 sq km. encompasses 10 million inhabitants and is inhabitants: London with 12.7 million, and commonly known as the Rhine-Ruhr area. Paris and Cologne with 10 million each. In The internal structure of the On a smaller scale, but again displaying London and Paris the core cities are clearly agglomerations from the point of view of this lattice structure, is the Liverpool- discernible. In contrast, the agglomeration the urban hierarchy of the cities of which Manchester agglomeration, which consists

230 / Papers ?? of 15 cities with a population of 200,000 to inh/sq km, and have at least one central steepest increases in absolute numbers. The 500,000 (including Leeds, Bradford, Wirral, core consisting of a city with more than more significant growth rates, a 3.9%, are Wakefield and Wigan) that together total 100,000 inhabitants, which provides the registered in the medium-small cities (495), 6.5 million inhabitants. name of the agglomeration. Of Europe’s those with a population between 50,000 and 104 metropolitan agglomerations, which 100,000 inhabitants. are made up of 3,211 urban municipalities, 35 have more than 1 million inhabitants, The population’s increments in this group METHODOLOGY 27 between 500,000 and 1 million, and 42 of medium and small cities confirm a fewer than half a million. trend towards more intense growth in Methodological procedure the periferies of big cities rather than in In an effort not to overlook any major their centers. This data corroborate the The delimitation method used in the revision urban entity, we ought to mention that deconcentration of the population to the of the EMA study is essentially the same as there is a group of cities each with metropolitan surroundings and emphasize that used in the first version, although some a population greater than 250,000 the urban sprawl phenomenon in contrast aspects have been simplified. which the methodology used does not with the compact city, model of the identify as metropolitan agglomerations. European city. The delimitation process uses two basic Although these cities constitute notable information sources: a map database of urban centres, they have low population A comparative ranking of metropolitan EU municipalities and the statistical data densities and do not meet the required agglomeration is drawn up with 81 MA, on population, surface area and density of density criterion (over 1,500 inh/sq km). 7 being excluded in respect to the 2000 the administrative units of each country, The 24 European cities in this situation edition for various methodological reasons 5. equivalent to Eurostat’s level 1 and 2 local are listed below. If we observe the demographic variations administrative units (LAU): municipalities, of the 81 agglomerations as a whole, we communes, wards, Gemeinden or similar At the end of the study, it is included a list find that approximately half have grown units. These sources are incorporated of all European cities with a population larger and have gained population, while into a geographic information system that greater than 100,000, and as such eligible 25% have kept stable, without significant integrates them and provides the spatial to be considered core cities and to form a changes, and the remaining 25% have analysis tools that make it possible to carry metropolitan agglomeration. For each of undergone population losses in both out delimitation processes. them we specify the basic demographic absolute and relative terms. data and its urban characteristics in relation The first step, once the records are to the criteria established in this study. The demographic balance shows an homogenised and standardised, is to link increment of 2,3 milion inhabitants, that the statistical data for each of Europe’s is a 2% growth respect to the previous 87,901 municipalities. Then we select Results of the 2000 and 2006 editions edition. Those agglomerations that show those that have a population density increases mostly do so by spreading equal to or greater than 250 inh/sq km; One of the aims of updating this study is out territorially and incorporating new these constitute the urban municipalities to analyse the evolution of the urban reality urban municipalities around their edges (10,630 in the European countries studied) over the period 2000-2006 by comparing rather than through the demographic to which the delimitation process will the results of the two editions. However, increase of their built-up areas. There subsequently be applied. obviously we can only compare those are 10 MA that grow more than 100,000 countries that are common to both reports. inhabitants and it should be noted that Then we select the cities that are eligible Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia are the as metropolitan agglomeration core In general terms, most of the European cities with the stronger increments, cities because they meet the established countries have remained demographically with absolute demographic increases of criteria of having a population greater than steady. Austria and Belgium have grown a 800,000, 500,000 and 226,000 inhabitants, 100,000 and a density higher than 1,500 3% and The Netherlands, Luxembourg and a reflection of the Spanish demographic inh/sq km. Once these are identified, Ireland a 6, 7, and 8 % respectively. Spain dynamisn in recent years. a succession of search procedures is has had the higher increase with the arrival put into operation for each city in order of 4.4 millions of inhabitants that makes The MA losing population more significantly to find, out of all its contiguous urban a 11% increment. are Liverpool-Manchester (-400.000 inhab.), municipalities, the one with the highest Rome (-330.000 inhab.), Cologne (-200.000 population density and incorporate it into In the period studied there has been an inhab.) and Sunderland (-140.000 inhab.). its area, thus forming a new area. This increase in the population living in urban These losses can not be only attributed to procedure is repeated as many times municipalities of six and a half million demographic elements, for example the as necessary until the agglomeration people, which amounts to a rise of 2.7% decrease of population density is some is complete, either because no further over the 2000 data. The statistical sources municipalities, but to the dissapearing of contiguous urban municipality can be consulted confirm this rising trend and at municipal contiguities due to technical found or because the population density of the same time indicate that the growth questions of the delimitation process. the agglomeration as a whole drops below corresponds to the migratory flows the fixed threshold of 1,500 inh/sq km. experienced by all of Europe. If we focus in the study of all MA’s central cities we can see that the demographic The results obtained with this procedure In order to know if the population increments balance of the whole is positive on have defined 104 metropolitan have been homogeneous among all the 350,000 inhabitants. Of all this group the agglomerations, i.e., 104 cities around studied cities, the urban municipalities have spanish cities are the ones that attract which an urban sprawl has formed been analysed according to municipality size. our attention: Madrid with 274,000 inhab. that meets the conditions laid down to This analisys shows that the European urban followed by Barcelona with 88,000 detect a particular level of metropolitan configuration is characterised by the huge inhabitants and Valencia and Palma de intensity. They are urban areas made up number of cities with fewer than 50,000 Mallorca with 57,000 inhab. The cities with of contiguous municipalities that form inhabitants. In these cities (8,423) is where greater losses are the italian: Roma with areas with a population greater than the great majority of people live, more -160,000 inhab., and Torino and Genoa with 250,000 and a density higher than 1,500 than 90 million, and have registered the -46.000 inhab.

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 231 Thus, if we study the comparable Urban growth phenomena in European the metropolises of Cologne, Liverpool- agglomerations we see that the most cities tend to follow long-term cycles of Manchester and Brussels-Antwerp, the populated continues to be London, with demographic development. Although this results are fairly similar if compared with more than 12 million inhabitants and a slight study has been updated in a relatively the sum of the different cities that make demographic increase over the previous short lapse of time (6 years), the analysis up the EMA agglomerations. edition. Then comes Paris, with an increase of the results points towards the existence of 175,000 inhabitants; this change places of expansive urban dynamics in the Geopolis 2005 it above the Cologne agglomeration, which agglomerations of the European Union. has lost population. Liverpool-Manchester This is a database supplied by the falls one position due to population loss and Statistical Institute of France, with gives way to Amsterdam-Rotterdam, which Comparison with other sources information on the cities of the world. Its has gained 269,000 inhabitants. Milan and definition of metropolitan areas is based on Madrid maintain their respective positions, The difficulty of understanding the physical criteria. It considers that an urban both of them increasing their populations complexity of the urban reality advises a unit consists of one or more municipalities both in number of inhabitants and in certain level of external validation of the with a total population of more than 2,000 number of municipalities. Next, Barcelona results obtained in this study in order to in which the built-up areas are separated by occupies eighth place, moving ahead of contrast and, if possible, consolidate the no more than 200 metres. If the urban unit Naples in the ranking: both cities have methodology applied. spreads over more than one municipality, gained population, but whereas Barcelona it forms an urban agglomeration. This has gained 510,000 inhabitants, Naples has Out of the various reference sources study was conducted by the University grown by only 12,700. consulted that provide information on of Avignon following and updating the urban dynamics, we have selected three methodology set forth in NUREC - Atlas of In order to gain more insight into the works: the European Union’s Urban Audit Agglomerations in the EU (1994). dynamics at work in Europe’s metropolitan project, the Geopolis database supplied areas over the last 6 years and furthermore by the Statistical Institute of France, and In general terms, the population figures observe their demographic evolution, it is the World Urbanization Prospects (WUP) on agglomerations offered by Geopolis also interesting to analyse the relationship study conducted by the United Nations on are lower than those obtained by the between the core city and its immediate urban agglomerations. These three sources EMA, and are higher in only 7 cases. surroundings, and to see what changes it analyse the urban phenomenon according The biggest differences occur with the has undergone. to different criteria. The Urban Audit uses largest agglomerations, such as London, functional criteria to define urban areas Amsterdam-Rotterdam, Liverpool- As a general trend, it can be observed around major cities; Geopolis uses physical Manchester, Milan and Naples. These that there is a predominant loss of weight criteria of urban occupation of the territory differences can be attributed to the by the core cities with respect to their such as morphological contiguity; and lastly, fact the contiguity criteria for built-up surroundings: 60% of comparable MA the United Nations WUP study combines urban areas are very restrictive, as 200 peripheries gain weight in relation to their both these methodological approaches by m is a relatively short distance within a respective central cities. This phenomenon taking into account both contiguity and consolidated urban fabric. depicts a scenario of metropolitan functional relations. deconcentration that is characteristic of United Nations World Urbanization the evolution of many European cities As the reader will see below, the Prospects: The 2005 Revision with residential mobility from the denser, delimitations obtained in the EMA study are more compact city centres towards the in general a little larger than those based With a view to making demographic outskirts with looser, and more disperse on physical criteria and a little smaller than projections for urban and rural areas in all residential fabrics and affordable properties. those that use functional criteria. the world’s countries, this study identifies This phenomenon is perfectly visible in the those urban agglomerations that have a agglomerations of Paris, Milan and Naples, Urban Audit – Eurostat population of at least 750,000, plus all where the core cities lose population and state capital cities. An urban agglomeration density to their areas of influence. This is a joint project by the Directorate- is defined as the actual population living There are other agglomerations where General for Regional Policy (DG Regio) in a contiguous territory with high urban both the core cities and their surrounding and Eurostat to facilitate the comparison densities, regardless of administrative areas gain population, but proportionally of the urban areas of the EU. The Urban divisions. A metropolitan area is considered the increases are more intense in the Audit contains information on 258 as the contiguous territory with high levels metropolitan hinterland. This is the most European cities and the quality of life of of urban residential density, together frequent dynamic among agglomerations their inhabitants regarding the economy, with their surrounding areas, with lower such as those of Lyon, Lisbon and Barcelona. employment, transport, education and so densities, that are under the direct on. In addition to providing data on the influence of a core city by means of public However, there is also another trend in core city, it also takes into consideration transportation, the road network, service’s the evolution of agglomerations, in which Larger Urban Zones (LUZ), which are infraestructures, commuting, etc. precisely the opposite phenomenon defined as the “functional urban regions” occurs, i.e., a certain process of urban (commuting zones) around the core city. This definition of the urban agglomeration concentration, noticeable in the increased In order to ensure data availability, both coincides with that in the present study, weight of the core cities with respect to the Urban Audit and the EMA work with in that urban density is regarded as the their surroundings. Brussels, Lille and the existing administrative limits in the defining factor of the urban phenomenon. Leipzig are examples of core cities that urban area under study. In some cases the population figures are gaining population and density while given by the WUP study are very similar the rest of the municipalities in their In general, the values given in the Urban to the results obtained with the EMA agglomerations are losing weight. In yet Audit are slightly higher in the cases methodology; for example, those for Paris, other agglomerations, such as Stockholm, of Berlin, Hamburg, Katowice, Munich, Madrid, Barcelona, Athens, Rome, Lisbon, Aachen and Bordeaux, both the cores and Warsaw and Turin, very similar for Madrid, Warsaw, Turin, Lyon, Porto and Prague. their hinterlands gain weight, but the core Barcelona, Lisbon and Budapest, and lower However, in other cases the figures city grows to a greater extent. for Milan, Naples and Lille. In the case of diverge considerably, and in general

232 / Papers 50 / EMA study detects larger conurbations Data on EUROPEAN institutionalisation, especially in economic than those defined by the WUP, as in the large metropolises promotion. For example, the Regio cases of Cologne, Liverpool-Manchester, Randstad network, an association for the Brussels and Lille. Amsterdam-Rotterdam promotion of the competitiveness of the region, operated from 2002 to 2007. General aspects This agglomeration is very extensive: Other bodies and public enterprises 1 This report was published in Papers. it has two dense cores (Amsterdam GVB (Amsterdam Transport): public Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona, and Rotterdam), 12 cities with 500,000 body that coordinates public transport in No. 37. Institut d’Estudis Regionals to 100,000 inhabitants, and about 100 Amsterdam and its neighbouring cities. i Metropolitans de Barcelona. municipalities of various sizes. It accounts Includes bus, tram, underground Barcelona, June 2002. for 40% of the Dutch population and a and ferry services.

2 Bulgaria and Romania are not included because quarter of the country’s municipalities, and they joined the EU on 1 January 2007, after the is known as the Randstad. No institutional Rotterdam Development Corporation (OBR): completion of the study. structure exists that includes all the local public agency that works to promote municipalities of the agglomeration. economic development, new investment 3 The 10 countries that joined the EU in January and tourism in the city of Rotterdam. 2004 (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Amsterdam City Council Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus and The city council is governed by an Websites of interest Malta) and Greece, which could not be included in executive comprising a burgemeester or Amsterdam City Council: the previous edition due to lack of data. mayor appointed by central government www.amsterdam.nl 4 In the present edition, 1.263 administrative units and a college of wethouders or aldermen Rotterdam City Council: www.rotterdam.nl with urban municipality condition have been added. elected by the municipal Council. The GVB (Amsterdam Transport): www.gvb.nl In these munipalities, that belong to the countries Council is formed by 45 members elected Rotterdam Development Corporation: that joined the UE in 2004, live 45 milions every 4 years and is the organ of political www.rotterdam.com of inhabitants. representation of the citizens. The city is divided into 14 neighbourhoods, each with 5 The cities that have been excluded are: Nancy its own neighbourhood council dealing with Athinai / Athens because it has lost population and falls short of local services and affairs. 100,000 inhabitants and Dresden because its density has fallen below 1,500 inh/sq km, neither General aspects city therefore reaching the threshold values Rotterdam City Council The agglomeration of the Greek capital established to be considered the “core city” of an The municipal Council is the organ of has a central core, Athens, three more MA; and Saint-Étienne, Halle, Kingston upon Hull, political representation of the citizens and municipalities with a population of over Plymouth and Stoke-on-Trent because they fail is made up of 45 members elected every 100,000, and some 60 municipalities of to form an agglomeration of more than 250,000 4 years. The Council elects the aldermen greatly varying sizes. The Capodistrias inhabitants around them, as a result of population (wethouders), who together with the mayor reform of 1997-98, which entailed decreases in the municipalities of which they are (burgemeester), appointed by central the merging of municipalities and the comprised. government, form the executive power. The restructuring of the regions and provinces city is divided into 11 neighbourhoods, each (or prefectures), did not include the with its own neighbourhood council dealing metropolitan agglomeration of Athens. This with local services and affairs. area still awaits a reform to simplify the coordination of metropolitan policies. Metropolitan area There is no political structure to Athens City Council coordinate the policies of the metropolitan The mayor is the highest authority and agglomeration. Central government has head of the municipal council, the organ fostered several attempts at an integrated of political representation of the citizens, management of the metropolitan areas which is formed by 41 councillors elected of Amsterdam and Rotterdam which every 4 years. The city is divided into 7 have been unsuccessful (the creation of districts, each with its own district council administrative bodies such as suburban composed of 15 directly elected members councils and city-provinces). The Ministry acting in an advisory capacity. of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment has, on the other hand, Metropolitan area played a very active role in the regional There is no coordinating body for the planning of the Randstad, by passing metropolitan agglomeration, but rather a several development plans and directives. great institutional fragmentation that has Provinces (supramunicipal bodies) are also been a subject of political debate for years, responsible for drafting regional plans. without any decision having been reached However, they have no political or legislative to simplify the institutional framework. autonomy; their responsibilities are limited Traditionally, the state has managed the to exerting regulatory power, especially affairs of the capital. In recent years there with reference to the areas of regional has been a process of decentralisation planning, the environment, infrastructures with the creation of administrative regions and regional development. with certain powers (periphereia) and the Despite the absence of a metropolitan introduction of a system whereby posts at institution, this region functions as the level of provinces (nomoi) are elected an integrated whole thanks to its by the people. In practice, all levels of infrastructures and communications government (central, regional, provincial (particularly the network of motorways). and local) are involved in metropolitan Cooperation exists without policies, without there being any true

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 233 coordination. The state is responsible for Metropolitan area is cooperation between the two länd the coordination of public transport and The inner metropolitan area has two sectoral regarding regional planning. infrastructures; the region for regional metropolitan bodies created by the regional planning, emergencies, social services, planning laws of 1987. One is the Entitat Government and parliament of Berlin environmental impact studies, forest Metropolitana del Transport, comprising 18 The governing mayor (Regierender management and coordination of the municipalities and having powers over the Bürgermeister) is the head of the application of state policies; the province (in organisation, management and planning of government. He or she directs and this case the province of Athens-Piraeus) public transport systems; provision of the presides over the government of the länd for the supervision of the municipalities and underground railway service; organisation (Senate), which has legislative initiative economic, social and cultural development; and control of the taxi service; and and regulatory power. The mayor and and the municipalities for the management programming of traffic and the road network. the government are designated by the of typically local services (technical and The other is the Entitat Metropolitana del parliament (Abgeordneten-haus), the material infrastructures, social services, Medi Ambient, comprising 33 municipalities legislative body that exercises control over education and culture, urban planning, and with responsibility over the construction the government and is also responsible for environmental protection, traffic and the and maintenance of water infrastructures; passing the budget. The 141 members are local economy). water supply and wastewater treatment; elected for terms of 4 years. The city-state and treatment of urban and industrial waste. is decentralised into 12 boroughs (bezirke) Other bodies and public enterprises In addition, 31 municipalities voluntarily that carry out administrative activity under Electric Railway Company (ISAP): state- decided to set up the Mancomunitat de the supervision of the government. Each owned company set up to manage the light Municipis with the aim of providing a borough has an assembly, its organ of railway (Metro line 1) that joins the capital common metropolitan viewpoint and acting self-government, which oversees the and its surrounding municipalities. in the areas of planning and improvement of administration and passes its budget. Attiko Metro SA: state-owned company metropolitan infrastructures, public space, The assembly, formed by 45 members responsible for managing the underground housing and land use. On January 2009 the elected at the same time as the parliament, railway (Metro lines 2 and 3). Consorci Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona also elects the borough’s administrative was established including the three authorities: the office and the mayor. Hellenic Agency for Local Development and mentioned metropolitan bodies and Local Government SA (EETAA): provides 36 municipalities. Metropolitan area technical and legal assistance for local There is no metropolitan authority that governments. It comprises the state, the Catalonia takes in the 25 municipalities of the Loans Fund, the Central and Local Unions of The Generalitat of Catalonia is the historical agglomeration of Berlin. Services are Municipalities and Communes (KEDKE and institution of the Catalan government, and provided basically from the capital, TEDK), the Technical Chamber of Greece, has ample powers over regional planning, where the majority of the population is the Panhellenic Confederation of Unions of urban planning, housing, public works, concentrated. This is the case of public Agricultural Cooperatives (PASEGES) and transport, health care, education and so transport, which is coordinated by the other social sector agencies. on. The legislative body providing political Berlin transport company. representation is the Catalan Parliament, Websites of interest comprising 135 members. As regards regional planning, a joint Athens City Council: www.cityofathens.gr regional development department for Berlin Electric Railway Company: www.isap.gr Other bodies and public enterprises and Brandenburg has existed since 1996. Attiko Metro SA: www.ametro.gr Autoritat del Transport Metropolità: It is comprised of the department of urban Hellenic Agency for Local Development and consortium formed by public development of Berlin and the ministry of Local Government SA: www.eetaa.gr administrations responsible for public regional planning of Brandenburg, and is transport services in the metropolitan a regional coordination body that takes in region of Barcelona (165 municipalities). the city-state of Berlin and part of the länd Barcelona Its purpose is to ensure cooperation, of Brandenburg. Its tasks are to coordinate coordination and planning in transport transport plans, regional development, General aspects services, funding and infrastructures. green spaces and tourism. The Barcelona metropolitan area, in which more than half the Catalan population Websites of interest Other bodies and public enterprises lives, spreads along the central Catalan Barcelona City Council: www.bcn.cat Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, BVG (Berlin coastal strip. On an institutional level, Metropolitan Area: www.amb.cat Transport Company): public body created several organisations operate in this Autoritat del Transport Metropolità: in 1996, grouping together the main public region: city councils, metropolitan www.atm.cat transport operators. bodies, county councils, agencies and Generalitat of Catalonia: www.gencat.cat consortiums, as well as the organs of the Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbH: its main regional and state governments. aim is to promote tourism in the region and Berlin publicise it nationally and internationally. Barcelona City Council The Municipal Charter of Barcelona grants General aspects Unternehmensverbände Berlin- ample powers to the city council. The mayor Berlin is a city-state (like Hamburg and Brandenburg, UVB: (Confederation of is the highest authority and head of the Bremen), and as such, its local institutions Employers’ and Business Associations municipal council, the organ of political are merged with those of the länd. of Berlin and Brandenburg): consists of representation of the citizens of Barcelona, Furthermore, Berlin is the German federal 65 members, and seeks to promote the which is formed by 41 councillors elected capital and is governed by a special economic and social development of the every 4 years. The municipality is divided law passed in 1995. The metropolitan Berlin-Brandenburg region. into 10 districts with powers over local agglomeration lies within the länd of services. Each has its own district council Brandenburg (of which Berlin does not Websites of interest the composition of which is proportional form part) and is strongly dominated by City-state of Berlin: www.berlin.de to the election results obtained by each the core city. There is no coordinating Parliament of Berlin: party in that district. metropolitan authority, although there www.parlament-berlin.de

234 / Papers 50 / Gemeinsame Landesplanungsabteilung: West Midlands Passenger Transport Bruxelles (STIB): company responsible for www.gl.berlin-brandenburg.de Executive: www.centro.org.uk the management of the public transport of Berlin Transport Company: www.bvg.de West Midlands Police: the region’s 19 municipalities, including the Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbH: www.west-midlands.police.uk bus, metro and tram network. www.berlin-tourist-information.de West Midlands Fire Service: Vlaamse Vervoermaatschappij De Lijn: Confederation of Employers’ and Business www.wmfs.net company responsible for managing public Associations of Berlin and Brandenburg Government Office for the West Midlands: transport (bus and tram) in the Flemish (UVB): www.uvb-online.de www.gos.gov.uk region. De Lijn was created in 1991 as a result of the merging of the municipal transport companies of Antwerp and Birmingham Bruxelles-Antwerpen / Gent with the Flemish part of the Belgian Brussels-Antwerp transport company Nationale Maatschappij General aspects van Buurtspoorwegen (NMVB). The core of the agglomeration consists General aspects of Birmingham and 7 more cities with The expansion of these two major cities Websites of interest over 200,000 inhabitants. The West has brought them to merge into a single Brussels City Council: www.brucity.be Midlands Metropolitan County, a two-tier metropolitan agglomeration comprising Antwerp City Council: www.antwerpen.be structure, existed from 1974 to 1986, but 78 municipalities. However, there is no Brussels Capital region: cooperation is now channelled through institutional structure; on the contrary, www.brussels.irisnet.be the agencies that depended on this it is politically fragmented, as it spreads Flanders: www.flanders.be structure and that cover part of the over two separate regions (Brussels Société des Transports Intercommunaux de metropolitan agglomeration. Capital and Flanders), each a federated Bruxelles: www.stib.be body with ample powers. Vlaamse Vervoermaatschappij De Lijn: Birmingham City Council www.delijn.be The Council is headed by the Leader and Brussels City Council has 120 councillors, a third of which are The organ of representation of the citizens elected every 4 years. The city is divided is the municipal council, constituted by 46 Budapest into 40 wards, each with its own committee members elected directly every 6 years. to deal with local issues. The city also The executive comprises 9 councillors General aspects has 10 constituency committees for appointed by the council, and is in charge of Budapest has a special statute as capital implementing policies on housing, sport, the day-to-day running of the municipality. city (föváros), with a two-tier system of culture, security and transport. The mayor is appointed by the government government. The core city acts as the of the Brussels Capital region, out of all the centre of the metropolitan area, as it Metropolitan area members of the council. accounts for 75% of its population, while The West Midlands Metropolitan County the rest of the municipalities are very small is made up of 7 metropolitan boroughs Antwerp City Council (the largest has 60,000 inhabitants). The with a total population of 2.5 million. The municipal council, constituted by 55 capital therefore undertakes most affairs of Despite the abolition of the county council, members, is the organ of representation a metropolitan nature. these boroughs continue to have joint of the citizens, and the executive is in services such as transport, policing and fire charge of the day-to-day running of the Budapest City Council prevention. The remaining cities that did not municipality. The mayor is the head of the The capital city is organised according form part of the former county are included municipal administration and the president to a system of government on two in the West Midlands region. This is the of both the council and the executive. He tiers: municipal and district. Each level is Government Office region, comprising or she is appointed by the government independent and has powers fixed by the more than 5 million inhabitants and a larger of the region of Flanders, out of all the Law on Local Government of 1990. The area than the metropolitan county. It has members of the council. municipality has a general assembly – the administrative functions to implement organ of political representation of the programmes in education, economic Metropolitan area citizens – with 67 members, of which 66 development, the environment, culture, As there is no institution coordinating are elected by means of party lists and one health care and transport. this agglomeration, it is the regional (the mayor) is elected directly, every 4 years. governments that act, together with their The mayor is the head of the municipal Other bodies and public enterprises parliaments, with ample powers over government and is responsible for the West Midlands Passenger Transport economic development, energy, transport, coordination of the departments. Executive: known as Centro, this is the social services, the environment and public body in charge of promoting and employment. Brussels and another 18 The city is decentralised into 23 districts coordinating public transport services municipalities make up the Région de (kerület) with legal autonomy. Each (bus, train and metro). It has a board of Bruxelles-Capitale, which includes the district has an assembly, its organ of self- managers formed by representatives of the capital’s direct area of influence. These government, and its own directly elected 7 metropolitan boroughs of the county. municipalities also belong to a voluntary mayor. In order to facilitate coordination with cooperative association (Association de la the city government, the district mayors West Midlands Police: public body Ville et des Communes de la Région de can attend the general assembly and ask responsible for ensuring public safety. Bruxelles-Capitale). Antwerp is the city questions. With a view to the harmonisation with the largest population in Flanders, of tasks,there are also cooperation West Midlands Fire Service: public body and capital of its province. In both mechanisms such as the permanent responsible for protection, prevention cases, responsibilities of a metropolitan District Coordination Committee. and intervention in the event of fires and nature such as transport, planning and emergencies. infrastructures are carried out by the two Metropolitan area cities and their respective regions. There is no metropolitan authority taking in Websites of interest the 39 municipalities of the agglomeration City of Birmingham: Other bodies and public enterprises of Budapest. The metropolitan www.birmingham.gov.uk Société des Transports Intercommunaux de agglomeration is structured on the basis of

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 235 the capital and services are provided from government has legislative initiative and There is, however, a sectoral agency the core city. As a municipality, Budapest is regulatory power. The parliament (Landtag) that coordinates public transport: the in charge of policies on housing, education, is the legislative body, and is responsible Hamburger VerkehrsVerbund (Hamburg urban planning, tourism, transport and for controlling the government and passing Transport Association). It is a public body communications, traffic and technical the budget. Its 110 members are elected for comprising a total of 35 operators of public infrastructures (water, gas, waste). The five-year terms. transport (bus, underground, tram and river districts are in charge of health care, social transport) in and around the city-state, the welfare and maintenance of primary and Other bodies and public enterprises association’s responsibility thus extending secondary schools. Rhein-Main Verkehrsverbund GmbH: beyond the boundaries of Hamburg and organisation coordinating the public including parts of the länd of Schleswig- Other bodies and public enterprises transport of the metropolitan agglomeration Holstein and Lower Saxony, and serving BKV (Budapest Transport): company that (train, underground, bus, tram and river 3.3 million inhabitants. In fact, there has runs the urban passenger transport services transport). It works in conjunction with the been voluntary cooperation between the (bus, metro, tram, trolleybus and local train) various operators and government areas. three states since the 1950s, and in 1991 in and around the city. It coordinates the Wirtschaftsförderung Region Frankfurt the association Metropolregion Hamburg action of the various transport operators Rhein-Main: company founded in 1995 was created, as a tool for informal and fare integration. to promote the competitiveness of the cooperation between the municipalities region. It brings together local authorities, of the agglomeration. Websites of interest chambers of commerce, universities, Budapest City Council: www.budapest.hu enterprises, etc. It covers a large area of Other bodies and public enterprises BKV (Budapest Transport): www.bkv.hu 13,000 sq km with a population of 5.2 Hamburgischen Gesellschaft for million in three federated states (Hesse, Wirtschaftsforderung (Association for Rhineland-Palatinate and Bavaria). the Economic Promotion of Hamburg): Frankfurt am Main association to foster the economic Websites of interest competitiveness of the metropolitan General aspects City of Frankfurt: www.frankfurt.de agglomeration and to encourage business. Thanks to the Law on Conglomerations Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Conurbation Planning (Ballungsraumgesetz) passed by the Association: www.planungsverband.de Websites of interest Parliament of Hesse, since 2001 there Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund: www.rmv.de City-state of Hamburg: has been a regional planning association Wirtschaftsförderung Region Frankfurt www.hamburg.de encompassing the 75 municipalities of the Rhein-Main: www.frankfurt-rhein-main.de Parliament of Hamburg: metropolitan agglomeration. The association Government of Hesse: www.hessen.de/ www.hamburgische-uergerschaft.de replaced the Umlandverband Frankfurt Hamburg Transport Association: (UVF) (1975-2000), a multisector body www.hvv.de covering 43 municipalities represented by a Hamburg Metropolregion: regional assembly, the members of which www.metropolregion.hamburg.de were elected directly by the people. General aspects Hamburgischen Gesellschaft for Hamburg is a city-state (like Berlin and Wirtschaftsforderung: Frankfurt City Council Bremen), and as such, its local institutions www.wirtschaftsfoerderung.hamburg.de The mayor (Oberbürgermeister) is are merged with those of the länd. The core the head of the administration of the city acts as the centre of the metropolitan city and chairs the municipal council area, as it accounts for 75% Katowice (Rat der Stadt), the organ of political of its population. representation of the citizens. All elected General aspects posts are renewed every 5 years. The Government and parliament of Hamburg This is a multicore metropolitan city is decentralised into 16 districts, The governing mayor (Erste Bürgermeister) agglomeration, with Katowice as the city with powers over local services. is the head of the government. He or she with the largest population and another 8 directs and presides over the government cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Metropolitan area of the länd (Senate), which has legislative Although there is no metropolitan structure, The Planungsverband Ballungsraum initiative and regulatory power. The mayor there is voluntary cooperation between Frankfurt/Rhein-Main (Frankfurt/Rhine- and the government are designated by the municipalities. Main Conurbation Planning Association) parliament (Bürgerschaft), the legislative is a public body the function of which is body that exercises control over the Katowice City Council to provide regional planning by drafting government and is also responsible for The mayor (prezydent) is the head of the the Regional Land Use Plan and the passing the budget. The 121 members are municipal government (executive power) Landscape Plan. It is also involved in the elected for terms of 4 years. The city-state and is elected directly by the people every analysis of regional data, the management is decentralised into 7 boroughs (bezirke) 4 years. He or she directs and presides over of projects funded by the European Union that carry out administrative activity under the municipal council (rada miasta), formed and the provision of technical advice to the supervision of the government. Each by 34 councillors elected every 4 years. municipalities on European funds. The borough has an assembly, its organ of association is organised by the Council of self-government, which oversees the Metropolitan area the Region (Rat der region), the highest administration and passes its budget. Polish municipalities have ample powers, political organ of indirect representation, The assembly, formed by 41 members and in the absence of recognition for formed by the mayors, and the executive elected at the same time as the parliament, the metropolitan areas, most services committee, which is responsible for day- also elects the borough’s administrative (sewerage and waste, water and gas to-day management and for preparing authorities: the office and the mayor. provision, public transport, urban planning) council meetings. are provided by local government. Metropolitan area The counties (powiat) are in charge of Hesse There is no metropolitan authority secondary education, public safety and The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) is that takes in the 33 municipalities social services, except in major cities the head of the government of the länd. The of the agglomeration of Hamburg. such as Katowice, which have county

236 / Papers 50 / status. There is therefore no metropolitan up of 55 councillors elected every 4 years. agglomeration (the Rhine-Ruhr region), authority taking in the 22 municipalities The 7 sectoral committees are elected by basically the area around the cities of of the agglomeration. There have, the council on the basis of proportional Dortmund, Essen and Duisburg. however, been several initiatives by the representation. The most important is the municipalities to offer joint services: this Finance Committee, as it coordinates the Cologne City Council has been the case with public transport functioning of the city council as a whole. The mayor (Oberbürgermeister) is the head since 1991. In 2006, a new initiative paved The Finance Committee is chaired by the of the city’s administration and chairs the the way for the creation of a voluntary lord mayor, and its members are the chairs municipal council (Rat der Stadt), the organ association of municipalities. of the other 6 committees plus 6 other of political representation of the citizens, council members. with 90 members. All elected posts Silesia are renewed every 5 years. The city is The region, Silesia, covers a much larger Metropolitan area: Region Hovedstaden decentralised into 9 districts, with powers area (with almost 5 million inhabitants) The Hovedstadens Udviklingsråd (Capital over local services. than the metropolitan one and acts by Development Board) or HUR existed state delegation on two tiers. The first tier from 2000 to 2006. It was a council of Metropolitan area is that of so-called decentralised tasks, mayors, created with the aim of reaching The Regionalverband Ruhr, an association and includes general and strategic regional joint decisions on the development of the of municipalities set up in 1979 (under the planning, the regional road network, capital’s metropolitan agglomeration. One name of Kommunalverband Ruhrgebiet), was higher education and cultural facilities, of its lines was to foster cooperation with transformed in 2004 to endow it with greater regional hospitals and environmental the Swedish city of Malmö, with which powers. It covers an area of 4,435 sq km protection. The second tier is that of the city forms the geographical region of with a population of 5.3 million, half the total so-called deconcentrated tasks, which the Øresund. agglomeration. It is responsible for regional consist of supervising the local functions planning, and the planning of infrastructures, of the state and maintaining motorways, The reform of 2007 ushered in the economic development and tourism. expressways and local roads. Region Hovedstaden, which basically has The association has a regional assembly responsibility over the management of consisting of 71 members elected by direct Other bodies and public enterprises the health services (hospitals) and has suffrage every 5 years. The assembly elects Komunikacyjny Zwiazek Komunalny GOP an elected council. Other services are the president (a symbolic post) and appoints a (Municipal Transport Union of the Upper provided by the Danish municipalities, general director. In the transport sector, there Silesian Industrial District): 23 municipalities which have ample powers and strong are different agencies: one for the Rhein-Ruhr of the Katowice metropolitan agglomeration financial autonomy. district (corresponding to the Dortmund, belong to this voluntary association for Essen and Duisburg area) and one for the the management and planning of public Other bodies and public enterprises Rhein-Sieg district (Cologne and Bonn). transport. It coordinates the action of the Metro: public enterprise that manages various operators of the bus and tram the metro network (underground and North Rhine-Westphalia services and also transport fare integration. overground), opened in 2002. The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) is Górnos´la˛ski Zwia˛zek Metropolitalny GZM The Ørestad Development Corporation, the head of the government of the länd. The (Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia): created in 1993, is responsible for the government has legislative initiative and 14 municipalities have participated in this construction of the metro and is owned regulatory power. The parliament (Landtag) voluntary association since 2006. Among its by the City of Copenhagen (55%) and the is the legislative body, and is responsible for goals figure the development of a common state (Ministry of Transport, 45%). controlling the government and passing the vision, the elaboration of joint applications Trafikselskabet Movia: public transport budget. Its 231 members are elected for for European funds and the economic agency that runs the bus and train services five-year terms. promotion of the region. in and around Copenhagen. Copenhagen Capacity: official economic Other bodies and public enterprises Websites of interest development agency of the Region Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (Rhine-Ruhr Katowice City Council: Hovedstaden. Formed by representatives Transport Association): since 1980 has www.um.katowice.pl of the public and private sectors, its coordinated the activity of 25 local public Region of Silesia: www.silesia-region.pl function is to promote the region in order transport companies and 3 public rail KZK GOP: www.kzkgop.pl to attract investment and generate wealth. companies. It integrates train, local Górnos´la˛ski Zwia˛zek Metropolitalny (GZM): and regional bus, tram and river www.gzm.org.pl Websites of interest transport services. City of Copenhagen: www3.kk.dk Region Hovedstaden: www.regionh.dk Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg GmbH København / Copenhagen Metro: www.m.dk (Rhine-Sieg Transport Association): since Trafikselskabet Movia: www.movia.dk 1987 has coordinated the train, bus and General aspects Copenhagen Capacity: www.copcap.com tram services of the Cologne-Bonn region The Danish agglomeration is characterised (an area of 5,111 sq km with 3.2 million by the existence of a central core inhabitants). It comprises 29 companies, (Copenhagen) and 25 municipalities with Köln / Cologne notably the transport associations of fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. As of 1 Cologne (Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG) and January 2007 a new tier of government General aspects Bonn (Stadtwerke Bonn). (Region Hovedstaden) has come into being The Cologne agglomeration, which as a result of the territorial reform process accounts for more than half the population Websites of interest carried out by the Danish government. of the länd of North Rhine-Westphalia, is City of Cologne: www.koeln.de a multicore one, as it comprises 20 cities Regionalverband Ruhr: www.rvr-online.de Copenhagen City Council with over 100,000 inhabitants, 8 of these Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr: www.vrr.de The central political institutions are the with more than 300,000; Cologne has Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg GmbH: municipal council and the structure of the largest population. There has been www.vrsinfo.de committees. The council is the organ of a long tradition of cooperation among Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia: representation of the citizens, and is made the municipalities of one part of the www.landtag.nrw.de

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 237 Lille Lisboa / Lisbon Websites of interest Lisbon City Council: www.cm-lisboa.pt General aspects General aspects Área Metropolitana de Lisboa: www.aml.pt The Lille agglomeration has had a This agglomeration is made up of 11 Metropolitano de Lisboa: supramunicipal cooperation structure, municipalities with more than 100,000 www.metrolisboa.pt the Communauté Urbaine de Lille, since inhabitants surrounding the state capital, Carris: www.carris.pt 1966. As a result of the 1999 Law on Lisbon. It is coordinated through the Área Intermunicipal Cooperation, the structure Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML), set up in was transformed. 2004 to replace the previous structure, Liverpool-Manchester which dated from 1991. Lille City Council General aspects The mayor is the highest authority and Lisbon City Council This very extensive multicore agglomeration is elected for a 6-year term. He or she The mayor is the head of the executive is made up of two densely populated cities chairs the municipal council, the organ of (câmara municipal) and chairs the (Liverpool and Manchester) and two more political representation of the citizens and municipal assembly (assembleia cities (Leeds and Bradford) that have a of control over the executive committee, municipal). This is the organ of political larger population but a lower density. For comprising 62 councillors likewise elected representation of the citizens, formed the organisation of its metropolitan services for a 6-year term. The municipality has 10 by 107 elected councillors, including the each city has its area of influence with its districts or quartiers, each with its own presidents of the 50 parish councils that own agencies, left over after the abolition district office, headed by a city councillor, exist in the area. Parishes are a lower level of the metropolitan institutions in 1986, with responsibility over the management of local government that also have their without the existence of any common of local services. own assembly (assembleia de freguesia) structure at present. and executive (junta de freguesia). Metropolitan area Liverpool City Council The Communauté Urbaine de Lille Metropolitan area The 90 members of the city council has a series of powers and a structure Law 10/2003, of 13 May, reformed the are elected every 4 years. They in turn established by law, concerning economic, organisation of the metropolitan areas of appoint the lord mayor and the head of the social and cultural development (creation Portugal. The Metropolitan Area of Lisboa executive board (leader council). There are and management of industrial and (AML) comprises three bodies: a deliberative also 10 neighbourhood committees, with commercial zones, management of assembly (assembleia), an executive council consultative functions. facilities and schools); regional planning (junta) and a consultative council (conselho). (master plans, organisation of public The assembly of the AML has 55 members Manchester City Council transport and roads); public housing; elected by all the municipal assemblies of The highest organ of political representation urban regeneration and revitalisation; the area; the executive council includes is the board formed by the lord mayor and management of common services (water, all the mayors of the area, who out of 14 councillors, 12 of them appointed by cemeteries, abattoirs, fire prevention and their numbers choose the president and each of the electoral wards and 2 by the emergency services); and the environment the two vice-presidents. The consultative city as a whole, every 4 years. (waste treatment and pollution prevention). council consists of all the members of the The organisation takes in 85 municipalities executive, the president of the Comissão Metropolitan area covering some 600 sq km with 1 de Coordenação da Região de Lisboa e The two main cities retain the tradition million inhabitants. Its political structure Vale do Tejo (the area’s regional delegation of cooperation with their neighbouring comprises a president, an executive of central government for planning issues) municipalities, as they belonged to committee and a council, formed by 170 and representatives of public institutions metropolitan structures from 1974 to 1986. members. All these posts are renewed and other economic, social and cultural In Liverpool, the county of Merseyside every 6 years by indirect election, through institutions. It serves 18 municipalities and includes Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, delegation to the municipalities. almost 3 million inhabitants. St Helens and Wirral: an area of 645 sq The AML performs the following functions: km with more than 1 million inhabitants. Nord-Pas de Calais region to provide a structure for municipal Despite the abolition of the political The regional council is an elected body investments of supramunicipal interest; to structure, the following services continue for reflection and promotion in the coordinate the actions of the municipalities to be run by sectoral agencies: public areas of planning, regional organisation and central government in the spheres of transport, police (Merseyside Police), waste and economic and development environmental infrastructures, health care, (Merseyside Waste Disposal Authority), and action. It also acts as a coordinator in education, security and civil defence, roads fire prevention and emergency services economic development, training and the and transport, social facilities, tourism (Merseyside Fire & Rescue Service). environment, in a much larger area than and culture, sports, leisure and youth; and In Manchester, following the abolition that of the agglomeration. strategic planning of economic, social and of Greater Manchester County Council, regional management and organisational services have continued to be provided Other bodies and public enterprises issues. Specifically, the AML has promoted through sectoral agencies: waste (Greater Transpole: organises and funds the region’s the metropolitan geographical information Manchester Waste Disposal Authority), bus, metro and tram transport, under the system (SMIG) and a strategic study on police (Greater Manchester Police auspices of the Communauté Urbaine. vocational training. Authority), fire prevention and emergency services (Greater Manchester Fire and Civil Websites of interest Other bodies and public enterprises Defence Service) and transport (Greater Lille City Council: www.mairie-lille.fr Metropolitano de Lisboa: company created Manchester Passenger Transport Authority). Communauté Urbaine de Lille: to run the Lisbon metro. In addition, in 1986 the municipalities joined www.lillemetropole.fr together to form the Association of Greater Nord-Pas de Calais region: Carris: company that runs urban passenger Manchester Authorities (AGMA), in order www.nordpasdecalais.fr transport services (bus and tram) in the city to ensure a region-wide vision by means of Transpole: www.transpole.fr of Lisbon. strategic planning, especially in transport and the environment.

238 / Papers 50 / Other bodies and public enterprises which spreads over the regions of Greater including: economic, social and cultural Merseytravel: public body coordinating London, South East and East of England. development (creation and management transport in Liverpool and 4 more cities; The GLA is usually regarded as the body of industrial and commercial zones, it is governed by a board of councillors. that represents the agglomeration. management of facilities and schools); regional planning (master plans, Mersey Partnership: public-private body Other bodies and public enterprises organisation of public transport and roads); seeking to promote economic development Transport for London: organisation that public housing; urban regeneration and and attract investment and tourism to the depends on the GLA and is responsible for revitalisation; management of common Liverpool region. the planning and management of integrated services (water, cemeteries, abattoirs, transport, comprising the bus network, fire prevention and emergency services); Public Transport for Greater Manchester: the underground system, the trams, the and the environment (waste treatment funded by the Greater Manchester Docklands Light Railway, river transport and and pollution prevention). The organisation Passenger Transport Authority, which is Victoria bus station. It is also in charge of takes in 57 municipalities covering some responsible for planning and managing traffic management on 580 km of the city’s 500 sq km with 1,300,000 inhabitants. Its the integrated transport system for the road network. political structure comprises a president, an Manchester region. executive committee and a council, formed London Development Agency: agency by 157 members. All these posts are Websites of interest depending on the GLA that promotes the renewed every 6 years by indirect election, Manchester City Council: economic development of the capital, through delegation to the municipalities. www.manchester.gov.uk with the aim of ensuring London’s role Liverpool City Council: as an international business centre and a Rhône-Alpes region www.liverpool.gov.uk generator of wealth. The regional council is an elected body Merseytravel: www.merseytravel.gov.uk for reflection and promotion in the areas Mersey Partnership: London Fire and Emergency Planning of planning, regional organisation and www.merseyside.org.uk Authority: under the auspices of the GLA, it economic and development action. It Association of Greater Manchester has powers over fire prevention and control also acts as a coordinator in economic Authorities: www.agma.gov.uk and emergency response. development, training and the environment, Public Transport for Greater Manchester: in a much larger area than that of the www.gmpte.com Metropolitan Police Authority: under the agglomeration. responsibility of the GLA, it works to ensure public safety. Other bodies and public enterprises London Transports en Commun Lyonnais: organises Websites of interest and funds the region’s bus, metro and General aspects Greater London Authority: tram transport, under the auspices of the Since 2000, the London agglomeration www.london.gov.uk Communauté Urbaine. has been endowed with an institution Transport for London: www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl responsible for providing metropolitan London Development Agency: Agence pour le Développement de services: the Greater London Authority www.lda.gov.uk la Région Lyonnaise (Aderly): agency (GLA), in the wake of its predecessor, Metropolitan Police Authority: created in 1974 to promote the economic the Greater London Council (1965-1986). www.mpa.gov.uk development and competitiveness of the However, the GLA does not cover the London Fire and Emergency Planning metropolitan agglomeration. It is made totality of the metropolitan agglomeration, Authority: http://www.london-fire.gov.uk up of representatives of local and regional which spreads over 3 regions. governments, together with chambers of commerce, enterprises, etc. Greater London Authority Lyon The Greater London Authority (GLA) covers Websites of interest the City of London and the 32 boroughs. General aspects Lyon City Council: www.lyon.fr The mayor holds executive power and The Lyon agglomeration has had a Communauté Urbaine de Lyon: political leadership, and heads the London supramunicipal cooperation structure, www.grandlyon.com Assembly, formed by 25 members. All the Communauté Urbaine de Lyon, since Rhône-Alpes region: www.rhonealpes.fr elected posts are renewed by direct 1966. As a result of the 1999 Law on Transports en Commun Lyonnais: suffrage every 4 years. The GLA has Intermunicipal Cooperation, the structure www.tcl.fr powers over: public transport, planning, the was transformed. Agence pour le Développement de la environment, culture, health care, policing Région Lyonnaise: www.lyon-aderly.com and emergency and fire services. However, Lyon City Council it has very limited tax raising powers and The mayor is the highest authority and is cannot issue bonds, and funding comes elected for a 6-year term. He or she chairs Madrid basically from central government transfers. the municipal council, the organ of political Each borough council is headed by a chief representation of the citizens and of control General aspects executive who is elected for a 4 year term. over the executive committee, comprising The present municipality of Madrid is These councils provide local public services 72 councillors likewise elected for a 6-year the result of the amalgamation of 13 such as education, housing, social services, term. The municipality has 9 districts municipalities into Madrid between 1948 street cleaning and maintenance, waste or arrondissements, each with its own and 1954. In its capacity as state capital, management, local urban planning, culture council and district mayor. This council is it has a special status (Law on Capital and leisure. The borough councils are responsible for decision-making with regard Status, of July 2006, updating the 1963 financed by means of a direct Council Tax to the implementation, conditioning and and 1985 legislation) which establishes and various central funds. management of local facilities. the Interadministration Capital Status Committee. This is articulated as a Metropolitan area Metropolitan area cooperation body between the state, There is no institution that includes the The Communauté Urbaine de Lyon has the Autonomous Community of Madrid totality of the metropolitan agglomeration, a series of powers established by law, (CAM) and the City of Madrid on issues

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 239 such as public safety and the celebration Marseille City Council over 100,000 inhabitants (Brescia, Bergamo of official events. The mayor is the highest authority and is and Monza). Law 142 of 1990 provides elected for a 6-year term. He or she chairs for the creation of the città metropolitana, Madrid City Council the municipal council, the organ of political an administrative body for coordinating The mayor is the highest authority and representation of the citizens and of control metropolitan policies. However, the head of the municipal council, the organ over the executive committee, comprising application of the law has been non- of political representation of the citizens, 101 councillors likewise elected for a 6-year existent; in practice, the municipality, the formed by 55 councillors elected every 4 term. The municipality has 16 districts province and the region all exercise some years. The municipality is divided into 21 or arrondissements, each with its own metropolitan powers, such as transport. districts with powers over personal services. council and district mayor. This council is responsible for decision-making with regard Milan City Council Metropolitan area to the implementation, conditioning and The mayor (sindaco) is elected directly by The metropolitan area has no organisational management of local facilities. the people for a 5-year term. He or she is recognition. Powers are exercised either the political leader of the administration of by the City Council, as the large surface Metropolitan area the municipality and chairs the Giunta, the area (600 sq km) and population of the The Communauté Urbaine de Marseille executive body. The Consiglio Comunale municipality render it almost metropolitan Provence Métropole has a series of or Municipal Council is formed by 60 in nature, or by the government of the powers established by law, concerning members, likewise elected for 5-year autonomous community. economic, social and cultural development terms. The city is divided into 9 boroughs (creation and management of industrial and (zona), each with a president and a Autonomous Community of Madrid commercial zones, management of facilities council, directly elected every 5 years. The CAM was constituted by a statute and schools); regional planning (master They perform functions that are delegated passed on 1 March 1983, and its president plans, organisation of public transport and by the municipality and promote citizen is the highest authority. The legislative roads); public housing; urban regeneration information and participation. body providing political representation and revitalisation; management of common is the Madrid Assembly, comprising 111 services (water, cemeteries, abattoirs, fire Metropolitan area representatives. The creation of the CAM prevention and emergency services); and There is no metropolitan coordination entailed the abolition of the regional the environment (waste treatment and structure. The city and the province of planning body that had existed since pollution prevention). The organisation takes Milan are both involved in metropolitan 1963, the Comisión de Planeamiento in 18 municipalities covering some 600 sq planning through the drafting of regional y Coordinación del Área Metropolitana km with almost 1 million inhabitants. Its and sectoral plans, which have to be de Madrid. The territory of the CAM political structure comprises a president, an passed by the region of Lombardy. The encompasses the Madrid metropolitan executive committee and a council, formed province is a second-level local government agglomeration and in practice coordinates by 157 members. All these posts are comprising 189 municipalities. It performs metropolitan policies through its powers renewed every 6 years by indirect election, a support function for municipalities and over regional planning, urban planning, through delegation to the municipalities. facilitates their economic, regional and housing, public works, roads, railways, environmental planning. It also acts in transport and water resources. Other Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region the areas of culture, green spaces, civil powers are shared with the state, including The regional council is an elected body defence and social services. economic planning, industry, security, for reflection and promotion in the areas education and health care. The CAM of planning, regional organisation and Lombardy assumes the powers of Madrid Provincial economic and development action. It The region of Lombardy has exclusive Council, as the autonomous community also acts as a coordinator in economic legislative powers over urban planning, consists of only one province. development, training and the environment, public works and infrastructures of regional in a much larger area than that of the interest, tourism, agriculture, health care Other bodies and public enterprises agglomeration. and urban and rural local police, and shared Consorcio Regional de Transportes de powers over culture, the environment, Madrid: coordinates the services, networks Other bodies and public enterprises occupational promotion and economic and fares of the public transport system Régie des Transports de Marseille: development. The Lombardy region of the CAM. The state, the CAM, the organises and funds the region’s bus, metro organises public transport (bus, tram, taxi, municipalities and public and private and tram transport (the latter service being funicular, etc.), including the management transport companies are all represented. delegated by the Communauté Urbaine). of the system of metropolitan and suburban trains in the Milan agglomeration. Websites of interest Websites of interest Madrid City Council: www.munimadrid.es/ Marseille City Council: www.marseille.fr Other bodies and public enterprises Autonomous Community of Madrid: Communauté Urbaine de Marseille Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A: created www.madrid.org Provence Métropole: in 1999 out of the former public municipal Consorcio Regional de Transportes de www.marseille-provence.com transport company, it is responsible for the Madrid: www.ctm-madrid.es Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region: management of public transport in Milan ww.regionpaca.fr (bus, tram and underground) and also the Régie des Transports de Marseille: interurban transport system. Marseille www.rtm.fr Websites of interest General aspects Milan City Council: www.comune.milano.it The Law on Intermunicipal Cooperation Milano / Milan Province of Milan: www.provincia.milano.it passed in 1999 led a year later to the Region of Lombardy: creation of the Communauté Urbaine de General aspects www.regione.lombardia.it Marseille Provence Métropole, an indirectly The metropolitan agglomeration is made Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A.: elected structure for cooperation between up of more than 400 municipalities of www.atm-mi.it municipalities that serves to coordinate the different sizes and densities. In addition metropolitan policies of the agglomeration. to the core city, there are three cities with

240 / Papers 50 / München / Munich Napoli / Naples Nottingham

General aspects General aspects General aspects The metropolitan agglomeration of The metropolitan agglomeration is made The metropolitan agglomeration is Munich is characterised by the existence up of almost 200 municipalities of different multicore, with two cities of over 200,000 of a central core in the form of the city of sizes and densities. In addition to the city inhabitants (Nottingham and Derby) and Munich, capital of the länd, which accounts of Naples, there are two cities with over five with 100,000. Nottinghamshire County for 65% of the population, and several 100,000 inhabitants (Salerno and Giugliano Council has powers over most of the cities municipalities with fewer than 50,000 in Campania). Law 142 of 1990 provides in the agglomeration, with the exception inhabitants. All these municipalities belong for the creation of the città metropolitana, of Nottingham itself. to a regional planning structure. an administrative body for coordinating metropolitan policies. However, the Nottingham City Council Munich City Council application of the law has been non- The 55 members of the city council are The mayor (Oberbürgermeister) is the head existent; in practice, the municipality, the elected every 4 years. They in turn appoint of the city’s administration and chairs the province and the region all exercise some the lord mayor and the head of the executive municipal council (Rat der Stadt), the organ metropolitan powers, such as transport. board (council leader). There are also 9 area of political representation of the citizens. All committees whose purpose is to bridge elected posts are renewed every 5 years. Naples City Council the gap between the council and the The city is decentralised into 25 districts, The mayor (sindaco) is elected directly by neighbourhoods, with consultative functions. with powers over local services. the people for a 5-year term. He or she is the political leader of the administration of Metropolitan area Metropolitan area the municipality and chairs the Giunta, the Nottinghamshire County Council serves The Munich Regional Planning Agency is a executive body. The Consiglio Comunale a larger area than the metropolitan, with public body without legislative powers; it or Municipal Council is formed by 60 a population of 1 million. It is a two-tier operates as a structure for regional planning members, likewise elected for 5-year government body, as there is a distribution and economic development (drafting terms. The city is divided into 10 boroughs of powers. The metropolitan body plans and studies to channel growth, (municipalità), each with a president and (Nottinghamshire County Council) deals providing support for municipalities, etc.). a council, directly elected every 5 years. with schools, social services, libraries, Its main organs are the federal committee They perform functions that are delegated waste treatment and recycling, parks, (the highest political organ of indirect by the municipality and promote citizen security, emergency services, transport, representation, formed by the mayors) information and participation. etc., and has 67 representatives elected and the executive committee (in charge of every 4 years. The 7 district councils are day-to-day management and preparing the Metropolitan area and region responsible for housing, leisure, refuse meetings of the federal committee). of Campania collection and council tax collection, and The city of Naples draws up its own preserve local government. Bavaria plans for transport and urbanism, which The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) is require harmonisation with the provincial The city of Nottingham used to belong to the head of the government of the länd. The and regional plans. All three government the county council but it no longer does government has legislative initiative and levels have powers over the metropolitan so, and since 1998 the city council has regulatory power. The parliament (Landtag) agglomeration, although there is no overall taken exclusive responsibility for all the is the legislative body, and is responsible for coordinating body. As regards transport, city’s services. controlling the government and passing the there are 13 public transport companies, budget. Its 180 members are elected for coordinated by the region through the Other bodies and public enterprises five-year terms. Consorzio Unico Campania. Nottingham City Transport: responsible for bus services in the city of Nottingham Other bodies and public enterprises Other bodies and public enterprises (in conjunction with the private operator MVV (Munich Transport and Tariff Compagnia Trasporti Pubblici di Napoli Trent Barton). Together with the company Association): public-private association S.p.A.: public bus transport operator jointly Transdev, it is a partner in the Nottingham constituted on an equal footing by the owned since 2001 by the municipality Express Transit - Nottingham Tram transport operators and the competent and the province of Naples. The network consortium, which runs the tram service. authorities. It coordinates the planning covers an area of 850 sq km formed by 71 Greater Nottingham Partnership: created and provision of services, fare integration, municipalities with a total population of one in 1994, this organisation comprises 15 distribution of costs and profits, etc. The and a half million. representatives of the public, private and network includes urban rail, bus and tram third sectors in order to revitalise the area services. Consorzio Unico Campania: since 2002, and generate economic dynamism. has encompassed 13 public transport München Betriebs-GmbH & Co. KG: its companies in order to run the fare Websites of interest main aim is to promote tourism in the integration system for the whole region. Nottingham City Council: www. region and publicise it nationally and It includes bus, light metro, train and nottinghamcity.gov.uk internationally. funicular services. Nottinghamshire County Council: www. nottinghamshire.gov.uk Websites of interest Websites of interest Nottingham City Transport: www.nctx.co.uk City of Munich: www.muenchen.de Naples City Council: www.comune.napoli.it Nottingham Express Transit - the MVV, Munich Transport and Tariff Region of Campania: Nottingham Tram: www.thetram.net Association: www.mvv-muenchen.de www.regione.campania.it Greater Nottingham Partnership: www. Government of Bavaria: www.bayern.de Compagnia Trasporti Pubblici di Napoli gnpartnership.org.uk München Betriebs-GmbH: S.p.A.: www.ctpn.it www.mux.de/muenchen-de Consorzio Unico Campania: www.unicocampania.it

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 241 Paris Porto-Vila Nova de Gaia strategic planning of economic, social and regional management and organisational General aspects General aspects issues. Specifically, the AMP has promoted The Paris agglomeration is the largest This agglomeration is made up of two the construction of the light metro and a in France in terms of population, and neighbouring core cities, Porto and Vila strategic study on mobility. the heart of the Île-de-France region. Nova de Gaia, plus 8 other municipalities, The latter has a very densely populated 4 of them with a population of more than Other bodies and public enterprises inner core formed by Paris and its three 100,000. It is coordinated through the Área Sociedade de Transportes Colectivos do surrounding departments (Hauts-de-Seine, Metropolitana do Porto (AMP), set up in Porto, S.A. (STCP): created in 1994 to run Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), 2004 to replace the previous structure, the urban passenger transport service in and a sparsely populated outer ring with which dated from 1991. and around Porto. rural municipalities. The region acts as a coordinator for metropolitan policies, unlike Porto City Council Metro do Porto: company created to run the in France’s other large agglomerations, The representative organs are the new light metro network, jointly owned by which are regulated by the Law on assembly (assembleia municipal) and the the AMP, the STCP and the state. Intermunicipal Cooperation of 1999. executive (câmara municipal). The head of the executive, the mayor, is the leader of Websites of interest Paris City Council the most voted list. The assembly is the Porto City Council: www.cm-porto.pt Paris has two territorial levels of municipality’s deliberative body and is made administration: the municipality and the up of 39 directly elected members, including department. The mayor is the highest the presidents of the 15 parish councils that Praha / Prague authority and is elected for a 6-year term. exist in the area. Parishes are a lower level He or she chairs the municipal council, of local government that also have their own General aspects comprising 163 councillors likewise assembly (assembleia de freguesia) and Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic elected for a 6-year term, which is the executive (junta de freguesia). and is governed by a special law (Act organ of political representation of the 131/2000 Coll.). It has its own statute as citizens and of control over the executive Vila Nova de Gaia City Council a city-region (hlavní meˇsto): i.e., local and committee. The municipality has 20 districts The mayor is the head of the executive regional institutions are merged. The core or arrondissements, each with its own (câmara municipal) and chairs the assembly city accounts for 95% of the population council and district mayor. This council is (assembleia municipal). This is the organ of the metropolitan agglomeration, the responsible for decision-making with regard of political representation of the citizens, remaining 5% being distributed in 18 to the implementation, conditioning and formed by 55 elected councillors, including very small municipalities (from 770 management of local facilities. the presidents of the 24 parish councils that to 11,800 inhabitants) that belong to exist in the area. Parishes are a lower level the region of Central Bohemia. Prague Metropolitan area of local government that also have their therefore undertakes most affairs The French regions have constituted a own assembly (assembleia de freguesia) of a metropolitan nature. territorial administration with full powers and executive (junta de freguesia). since 1986. Their powers are binding and Prague City Council include several areas: public transport Metropolitan area The mayor directs and presides over the and roads, regional and urban planning, Law 10/2003, of 13 May, reformed the municipal council, the organ of political economic development, housing, education organisation of the metropolitan areas representation of the citizens, formed by 55 (higher education and research, construction of Portugal. The Metropolitan Area of councillors elected every 4 years. The Czech and maintenance of schools, vocational Porto (AMP) comprises three bodies: a capital’s special statute grants it both local training), the environment, culture, sport and deliberative assembly (assembleia), an and regional powers. tourism. The Conseil régional d’Île-de-France executive council (junta) and a consultative is made up of the following political organs: council (conselho). The assembly of the Metropolitan area the executive (formed by the president AMP is made up of 43 members elected by The metropolitan agglomeration is clearly and 15 vice-presidents) and the regional all the municipal assemblies of the area; the monocentric and services are provided assembly (209 members elected directly executive council includes all the mayors of from the core city. As a municipality, Prague every 6 years). It also has a permanent the area, who out of their numbers choose is in charge of policies on housing, health control committee and a regional economic the president and the two vice-presidents. protection and improvement, transport and social council, an advisory body with The consultative council consists of and communications, education, culture 122 members drawn from trade unions, all the members of the executive, the and public safety. As a region, it deals enterprise and civil society. president of the Comissão de Coordenação primarily with spatial planning and regional e Desenvolvimento Regional do Norte development, health care, social welfare Other bodies and public enterprises (the area’s regional delegation of central and the environment. Syndicat des Transports d’Île-de-France government for planning issues) and (STIF): organises and funds the region’s representatives of public institutions Other bodies and public enterprises transport under the authority of the and other economic, social and cultural Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, a.s. (Prague president of the Regional Council. It institutions. It serves 14 municipalities and Public Transit Co. Inc.): company that runs coordinates the activity of the RATP 1.5 million inhabitants. the city’s urban passenger transport (metro), SNCF (regional and suburban service (bus, metro and tram). trains) and 90 private bus operators. The AMP performs the following functions: It coordinates the action of the various to provide a structure for municipal transport operators and also fare Websites of interest investments of supramunicipal interest; to integration. Paris City Council: www.paris.fr coordinate the actions of the municipalities Île-de-France region: www.iledefrance.fr and central government in the spheres of Websites of interest Syndicat des Transports d’Île-de-France: environmental infrastructures, health care, Prague City Council: www.stif-idf.fr education, security and civil defence, roads www.magistrat.praha-mesto.cz and transport, social facilities, tourism Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, a.s.: and culture, sports, leisure and youth; and www.dp-praha.cz

242 / Papers 50 / Roma / Rome the Andalusian government articulates Stockholm urban planning and transport. General aspects General aspects The agglomeration of the Italian capital Seville City Council The Stockholm agglomeration is made up is structured around the core city, Rome, The mayor is the highest authority and head of the core city plus 10 municipalities with the rest of the municipalities having fewer of the municipal council, the organ of political between 30,000 and 90,000 inhabitants. than 100,000 inhabitants. There is no representation of the citizens, formed by There is no metropolitan coordinating metropolitan institution, despite Law 142 32 councillors elected every 4 years. The structure, but the county, which covers a of 1990, which provides for the creation of municipality is divided into 11 districts for larger area, undertakes certain functions the città metropolitana, an administrative purposes of administrative management. such as transport. body for coordinating metropolitan policies. The application of the law has been non- Metropolitan area Stockholm City Council existent, and in practice most services There is no metropolitan government, The central political institutions are the are managed by the capital. although there are several initiatives council and a structure of committees. fostered by the Andalusian government. The council is the organ of representation Rome City Council Notable among these has been the of the citizens, formed by 101 councillors The mayor (sindaco) is elected directly by creation in 2000 of the Consorcio de elected every 4 years. The sectoral the people for a 5-year term. He or she is Transportes Metropolitano del Área de committees are elected by the council on the political leader of the administration of Sevilla, formed by the various levels of the basis of proportional representation. the municipality and chairs the Giunta, the government existing in the area (Junta The most important is the Executive executive body. The Consiglio Comunale de Andalucía, Seville City Council, the Board, as it proposes all the decisions to or Municipal Council is formed by 60 provincial council and a number of other be taken by the council. This means that members, likewise elected for 5-year city councils from the metropolitan area), before any decision is made concerning terms. The city is divided into 19 boroughs which is responsible for coordinating the a draft bylaw, it must be presented to the (municipi), each with a president and a metro, bus and train network. A regional Executive Board for approval. This body council, directly elected every 5 years. plan entitled Plan de Ordenación del is made up of 13 members elected in They perform functions that are delegated Territorio de la Aglomeración Urbana de proportion to the political composition of by the municipality and promote citizen Sevilla has been in preparation since the council, and led by the mayor. information and participation. 2007. This plan, which takes in an area of 4,900 sq km with 46 municipalities and The city is decentralised into 18 districts, Metropolitan area and region of Lazio a population of 1,421,000 inhabitants, is each responsible for the provision of The city of Rome plays a dominant role in scheduled to be approved during 2008. essential local services. The organ of the agglomeration. Nevertheless, the region It will regulate the system of urban representation of the citizens is the of Lazio has exclusive legislative powers settlements, the system of public transport district council, which reflects the political over urban planning, public works and and highways, basic infrastructures composition of the city council. infrastructures of regional interest, tourism, (energy, telecommunications, water and agriculture, health care and urban and rural waste), the regional protection system Metropolitan area local police. Regarding transport, the region and areas of public use. Sweden’s municipalities (kommuner) and draws up regional plans and coordinates counties (län) are local government bodies the public transport system (bus, tram, taxi, Andalusia with far-reaching powers and a similar funicular, etc.), including the management The Junta de Andalucía is the Andalusian political organisation. The municipalities of the system of suburban trains in the autonomous government, comprising are in charge of the provision of social Roman agglomeration. the president, the governing council and services, including primary and secondary the parliament, with 109 members. The schools, nurseries, personal welfare, culture Other bodies and public enterprises government has launched regional plans for and leisure, and in most cases housing. Metropolitana di Roma: responsible for the Andalusia’s urban agglomerations and has They are also responsible for technical management of public transport in Rome promoted the creation of 5 metropolitan infrastructure and the provision of technical (bus, tram and underground) and also the transport consortiums. services (local roads, water supply and interurban transport system. wastewater, gas and electricity, local and Other bodies and public enterprises regional transport, refuse collection and Azienda di trasporto pubblico regionale (CO. Transportes Urbanos de Sevilla: Tussam is a disposal, etc.). The counties are responsible TRAL.S.p.A): public enterprise created in municipal public limited company, set up in for health care and care of the elderly, March 2001 to run the public transport of 1975 to run the urban passenger transport transport and regional planning. the Lazio region. service for the city of Seville. Metropolitan services are therefore Websites of interest Ferrocarriles de la Junta de Andalucía: provided basically by the city and the Rome City Council: www.comune.roma.it coordinates the services, networks and county of Stockholm (which comprises Region of Lazio: www.regione.lazio.it fares of the Andalusian public transport 26 municipalities). Metropolitana di Roma S.p.A.: system, including the Seville metro. www.metroroma.it Other bodies and public enterprises Azienda di trasporto pubblico regionale: Websites of interest Stockholms Stadshus AB: public enterprise www.cotralspa.it Seville City Council: www.sevilla.org encompassing 17 municipally owned Junta de Andalucía: service companies, including those www.juntadeandalucia.es responsible for housing, schools, sewerage, Sevilla / Seville Transportes Urbanos de Sevilla: ports, economic promotion, technological www.tussam.es infrastructure, etc. General aspects Consorcio de Transportes Metropolitano del The city of Seville is the core of a Área de Sevilla: Storstockholms Lokaltrafik SL: under the metropolitan agglomeration that contains www.consorciotransportes-sevilla.com auspices of the county of Stockholm, 21 municipalities. There is no metropolitan Ferrocarriles de la Junta de Andalucía: it organises all integrated public land institution coordinating the various policies; www.ferrocarrilesandaluces.com transport (metro, bus, train, trams), while

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 243 the services are run by private operators both public and private funds) responsible private and third sectors with a view such as Connex (metro and trams) and for promoting the region’s economic to revitalising the area and generating Waxholmsbolaget (ferries). activities and development. economic dynamism. It seeks to promote a regional vision though strategic and Websites of interest Websites of interest regional planning. City of Stockholm: www.stockholm.se City of Stuttgart: www.stuttgart.de Stockholm County Council: www.sll.se Verband Region Stuttgart: Websites of interest Stockholms Stadshus AB: www.region-stuttgart.org Sunderland City Council: www.s-husab.stockholm.se Government of Baden-Württemberg: www.sunderland.gov.uk Storstockholms Lokaltrafik SL: www.sl.se www.baden-wuerttemberg.de Newcastle City Council: Verband Verkehrsmittel Stuttgart: www.newcastle.gov.uk www.s-bahn-region-stuttgart.de Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Stuttgart Wirtschaftsförderung Region Stuttgart Executive: www.nexus.org.uk GmbH: wrs.region-stuttgart.de Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service: General aspects www.twfire.org The municipalities of the metropolitan Tyne and Wear Partnership: agglomeration of Stuttgart form part of a Sunderland www.tynewearpartnership.org.uk regional planning agency that belongs to the länd of Baden-Württemberg, created in General aspects 1952 with powers over local government There are two main core cities: Sunderland Torino /Turin and regional organisation. and Newcastle upon Tyne. From 1974 to 1986 there was a two-tier authority General aspects Stuttgart City Council (Tyne and Wear Metropolitan County) that The agglomeration of Turin is structured The mayor (Oberbürgermeister) is the encompassed 5 local government bodies around the core city, the rest of the head of the city’s administration and (South Tyneside, North Tyneside, Newcastle municipalities having fewer than 60,000 chairs the municipal council (Rat der Stadt), upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland). inhabitants. There is no metropolitan the organ of political representation Following its abolition, sectoral agencies institution, despite Law 142 of 1990, of the citizens. All elected posts are continue to provide common services. which provides for the creation of the città renewed every 5 years. The city is metropolitana, an administrative body decentralised into 23 districts, with Sunderland City Council for coordinating metropolitan policies. powers over local services. The 75 members of the city council are The application of the law has been non- elected every 4 years. They in turn appoint existent, and in practice most services are Metropolitan area the mayor and the head of the executive managed by the region’s capital. The Verband Region Stuttgart was set up board (council leader). There are also 6 in 1994, with binding powers over planning area committees whose purpose is to Turin City Council issues (regional, infrastructures, traffic, bridge the gap between the council and the The mayor (sindaco) is elected directly by transport, economic development, tourism, neighbourhoods, with consultative functions. the people for a 5-year term. He or she is waste treatment). It can also organise the political leader of the administration of regional-level fairs, exhibitions, congresses Newcastle City Council the municipality and chairs the Giunta, the and cultural and sporting events. The The city council has 78 members, elected executive body. The Consiglio Comunale or association has a regional assembly every 4 years. They in turn appoint the Municipal Council is formed by 50 members, consisting of 93 members elected by direct mayor and the head of the executive likewise elected for 5-year terms. The city is suffrage every 5 years. The assembly elects board (council leader). divided into 10 boroughs (circoscrizioni) that the president (a symbolic post) and appoints facilitate citizen information and carry out a general director. The budget comes almost Metropolitan area administrative tasks. exclusively from public funds, and 85% of Following the tradition of cooperation expenditure is on public transport. established between the 5 boroughs, Metropolitan area and region which together have a population of of Piedmont Baden-Württemberg approximately 1 million people, a number The city of Turin plays a dominant role The Prime Minister (Ministerpräsident) is of joint bodies were set up in 1986 to in the agglomeration. Nevertheless, the head of the government of the länd. The provide their respective services: the the region of Piedmont has exclusive government has legislative initiative and Passenger Transport Authority, Tyne and legislative powers over urban planning, regulatory power. The parliament (Landtag) Wear Fire and Civil Defence Authority, public works and infrastructures of regional is the legislative body, and is responsible for Tyne and Wear Museums, and Tyne interest, tourism, agriculture, health care controlling the government and passing the and Wear Archives Service. and urban and rural local police. Regarding budget. Its 139 members are elected for transport, the region draws up regional five-year terms. Other bodies and public enterprises plans and coordinates the public transport Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport system (bus, tram, taxi, funicular, etc.), Other bodies and public enterprises Executive: funded by the Passenger including the management of the system Verband Verkehrsmittel Stuttgart (Stuttgart Transport Authority and known as Nexus, of suburban trains in the agglomeration Transport Association): organises public it is responsible for planning and running of Turin and the construction of line transport under the auspices of the Verband the region’s integrated transport system, 1 of the underground. Region. It is a public-private association including the bus network, the Tyne and constituted on an equal footing by the Wear Metro, trains and ferries. Other bodies and public enterprises transport operators and the competent Gruppo Torinese Trasporti: owned by Turin authorities. It coordinates the planning Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service: City Council and founded in 2003 as a and provision of services, fare integration, public body responsible for protection, result of a merger between two transport distribution of costs and profits, etc. prevention and intervention in the event of companies. It is responsible for the fires and emergencies. management of public transport in Turin Wirtschaftsförderung Region Stuttgart Tyne and Wear Partnership: organisation (bus, tram and light metro) and also the GmbH: mixed capital company (i.e., with comprising representatives of the public, interurban transport system.

244 / Papers 50 / Torino Internazionale: created in 2000, this its president is the highest authority. metropolitan government) without the strategic planning association is the first The Corts or Parliament, comprising 99 participation of Warsaw. of its kind in Italy. It has already drawn up members, is the legislative branch and two strategic plans for the metropolitan provides political representation. It has Masovia area, with 118 members of the public and powers to set up or abolish metropolitan The region covers a much larger area private sectors, with a view to building a bodies. The organ of government is the (with almost 5 million inhabitants) than common vision of the development of the Generalitat of Valencia. the metropolitan one and acts by state agglomeration. delegation on two tiers. The first tier is Other bodies and public enterprises that of so-called decentralised tasks, and Websites of interest Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana: includes general and strategic regional Turin City Council: www.comune.torino.it public corporation that runs and manages planning, the regional road network, higher Region of Piedmont: the railway lines under the control the education and cultural facilities, regional www.regione.piemonte.it Community of Valencia. Within the hospitals and environmental protection. Gruppo Torinese Trasporti: metropolitan agglomeration of Valencia, it The second tier is that of so-called www.comune.torino.it is responsible for 3 metro lines and 1 tram deconcentrated tasks, which consist of Torino Internazionale: line, through the agency Metrovalencia. supervising the local functions of the state www.torino-internazionale.org and maintaining motorways, expressways Empresa Municipal de Transports de and local roads. València: operates basically in Valencia and València / Valencia neighbouring municipalities, and runs a Other bodies and public enterprises network of interurban buses (Metrobús). Zarza˛d Transportu Miejskiego, ZTM General aspects (Warsaw Transport Authority): public agency The city of Valencia is the core of Websites of interest which operates the city’s public transport a metropolitan agglomeration that Valencia City Council: www.valencia.es network. It includes urban and suburban contains 65 municipalities. Metropolitan Community of Valencia: www.gva.es bus lines, tram and underground. coordination is achieved through a number Entitat Pública de Transport Metropolità de of metropolitan bodies of a sectoral València: www.etmvalencia.es Websites of interest nature (waste, transport, water). A general Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana: Warsaw City Council: metropolitan coordination body, the Consell www.fgv.es www.um.warszawa.pl Metropolità de l’Horta, existed from 1986 to Zarza˛d Transportu Miejskiego (ZTM): 1999. It had more extensive powers (urban www.ztm.waw.pl planning, transport, waste collection and Warsawa / Warsaw Region of Masovia: treatment, treatment and distribution of www.mazowsze.uw.gov.pl drinking water, fire fighting, etc.), but General aspects it was never properly set in motion. Warsaw is the capital of Poland and the city is organised according to a special law Wien / Vienna Valencia City Council on local government. However, there is The mayor is the highest authority and no regulation concerning the metropolitan General aspects head of the municipal council, the organ agglomeration; most services are provided Vienna is the federal capital of Austria and of political representation of the citizens, by the core city. a city-state. As such, its local institutions formed by 32 councillors elected every 4 are merged with those of the länd. The years. There are also 15 neighbourhood Warsaw City Council metropolitan agglomeration is clearly mayors, appointed by the mayor from The mayor (prezydent) is the head of the structured around the city of Vienna, which among the residents, who hold authority municipal government (executive power) accounts for 83% of the population. There for the fulfilment of municipal duties and and is elected directly by the people is no coordinating metropolitan institution. are competent in those matters expressly every 4 years. He or she directs and Most services are provided by the capital, delegated by the mayor. presides over the municipal council (rada and the city exercises political leadership miasta), formed by 60 councillors elected over the agglomeration as a whole. Metropolitan area every 4 years. The city has county status Law 2/2001, of 11 May, establishes the (supramunicipal scope of government), Vienna City Council creation of two sectoral bodies for service and has been decentralised since 2002 The mayor is the head of the government. management: the Entitat Metropolitana de into 18 districts, which are responsible He or she directs and presides over the Serveis Hidràulics for water resources and for local services. government of the länd (Senate), which has the Entitat Metropolitana per al Tractament legislative initiative and regulatory power, de Residus for waste treatment, formed Metropolitan area and determines the political directives by 51 and 45 municipalities respectively. Polish municipalities have ample powers, to be passed by the parliament (which is Similarly, the Entitat Pública de Transport and in the absence of recognition for at the same time the municipal council). Metropolità de València, for metropolitan the metropolitan areas, most services The parliament, formed by 100 members, transport, was constituted in compliance (sewerage and waste, water and gas is the legislative body that exercises with Law 9/2000, of 23 November. This provision, public transport, urban planning) control over the government and is also body, which covers 60 municipalities, are provided by local government. The responsible for passing the budget. The city devises and implements the provisions counties (powiat) are in charge of secondary is decentralised into 23 districts, each with of the Metropolitan Transport Plan of education, public safety and social services, powers over local services and having its Valencia (fare integration, administrative except in major cities such as Warsaw, own district council. management of services). It works in which have county status. There is therefore conjunction with other transport agencies no metropolitan authority taking in the 11 Metropolitan area (those of the Community of Valencia municipalities of the agglomeration. There Vienna is one of Austria’s 39 urban regions and the City of Valencia). have, however, been several initiatives (Stadtregionen). The urban regions exist Community of Valencia by the suburban municipalities (which in for planning and statistical purposes, The Community of Valencia was created 2000 created an association called Warsaw but in practice there is no political and by Organic Law 5/1982, of 1 July, and Metropolis with a view to setting up a administrative structure for metropolitan

EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN AGGLOMERATIONS / 245 management and coordination. There is therefore no metropolitan authority taking in the 41 municipalities of the Viennese agglomeration, although there has been some movement towards voluntary planning in matters of regional cooperation and transport. One example of this is the Planungsgemeinschaft Ost or PGO (Eastern Planning Community), created in 1978. This cooperation involves Vienna and two neighbouring länd (Burgenland and Lower Austria), making a total population of more than 3 million people. However, cooperation remains on a symbolic level, without visible results in planning terms. Planning and service provision are basically in the hands of the capital. As it is also a länd – a state of Austria with far-reaching powers – Vienna is capacitated to carry out policies in such fundamental areas as health care, education, housing, economic development, regional planning and the environment.

Other bodies and public enterprises Wiener Linien: public enterprise that operates the public transport network in and around the city. This includes bus, train, tram and underground services. The company forms part of the Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region or VOR (Eastern Region Transport Association), which coordinates fare integration and transport planning in the region.

Websites of interest City of Vienna: www.wien.gv.at Planungsgemeinschaft Ost, PGO: www.pgo.wien.at Wiener Linien: www.wienerlinien.at

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