DOCSLIB.ORG

Common Pests and Pesticides Used in Tea in Nepal Abstract the Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Common Pests and Pesticides Used in Tea in Nepal Abstract the Study Common Pests and Pesticides Used in Tea in Nepal pramod Koirala, Dambar B. Khadka ,Santosh Dhakal ,Jiwan Prava Lama Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract The study is conduct to asses the common pests and pesticides uses in tea in Nepal. In Nepal, tea is consumed daily at almost every household. The study result revealed that during tea cultivation twenty five types of pesticides is applied. Contamination of pesticides in commonly used tea is an important unrecognized risk to public health and can have long term health implications. Even in small doses, continuous consumption can lead to many adverse health problems. Tea is one of the most potential exportable agri- products after Nepal's accession to WTO.Still, some of the pesticides applied in tea are prohibited and restricted pesticides in tea. Organic farming, promoting IPM approach, application of quality management system and adequate communication among stakeholders and modern tea pesticides residues analysis are some of the major approaches for assessing safety in tea cultivation and tea business. This article presents the existing practices of pesticides application in tea in Nepal. Key words: Tea, pest, Pesticide, Residue, Safety, Nepal Introduction The origin of tea as a popular wonder drink is steeped in legends. In 17 th century, tea begins to occupy the right place as a popular drink in china (Jhowar, 2002). Lu yu published first tea classic, contain the detail of cultivation and preparation of tea in china in 780 (Hill, 1998) and different types of green, black, and Oolong tea is made their first appearance of Ming dynasty during 1368-1644. In early 8 th century green tea was transferred to Japan for medicinal use (Chu Juneja, 1997). The tea drinking habit gradually spread along the trade routes of Asia and was introduced to Europe by Dutch traders in 17 th century. In Nepal, tea cultivation was started in 1863 AD. Late Gajaraj Singh Thapa initiated plantation of tea in Ilam district (Ghimire, 1997). At present tea has been extended to other districts where tea cultivation is made at commercial scale (Tea and Coffee news 2000). In Nepal, a total of 16012 hectare of land is occupied with tea and the current production of tea is 13043 MT. (Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2006) Growths of tea sector in the country have several advantages. It substitutes the import and earns foreign currency, generate employment as it is labor intensive, benefit environment, as it utilizes hilly unproductive land to production of orthodox tea and thus decrease migration rate from hills to terai. Therefore, its growth develops nations' socio-economic status. Nepalese orthodox tea due to its smell, unique taste and its color of the extract is very famous in the international market (Thapa and Shakya, 2006). During cultivation of tea, many pests attack it. So, tea growers apply several agro- chemicals including pesticides. Pesticides being toxic in nature do not differentiate between target and non-target species and threaten the health and well-being of humans and wildlife in every region of the world (Wassemann 1972). These highly stable compounds can last for years and decades before breaking down. They are highly toxic, causing an array of adverse effects, notably death, diseases and birth defects among human and animals. Specific effect can include cancer, allergies and hypersensitivity, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive disorders, and disruption of the immune system (Strecct 1981, Maroni 1990). In Nepal, 319 types of pesticides by trade name (Insecticides-213, Fungicides-71, Herbicides-23, Rodenticides-8, Acaricides-2 and others-2) have been registered for use under Pesticides Act and Rules. Highly persistent types (Chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, mirex,toksafen, BHC, Lindane), Phosphamidon and Organo-mercury fungicides are banned in Nepal .Large persistent chemical pesticides have been banned for agriculture and public health from 9 th april, 2001 and also hazardous pesticides was phased out by the government from 9th april, 2001.At present, prohibition on the use of highly toxic pesticides in tea are Quinalphos, Ethion, Monocrotophos and Phorate (Palikhe B.R., 2005). A total of 74 samples were analysed in DFTQC during 1995-2004 for the detection of pesticides in tea. The laboratory analysis result showed that 22 samples (29.7%) were positive to pesticides contamination. Among the pesticides detected samples in tea, 12.5% samples showed presence of BHC (range Tr-1.4 ppm) followed by 8.3 % malathion (range 0.2-10 ppm), parathion and methyl parathion 2.7 % (range 0.2-2.5 ppm ) and by 1.35 % DDT (0.2 ppm ) (DFTQC Annual Bulletin 1994-2004) Methodology Three major tea producing districts in the country representing three different agro- climatic zones ( Jhapa, Illam and Panchthar districts ) which account for more than 95% of the total tea production in the country were selected for the survey purpose. The three greatest tea producing VDC were selected for this purpose. In each VDC of the district enlisting of largest tea growers were considered and from a single VDC, ten growers were selected and interviewed for the study purpose. The VDCs selected were Anarmani, Gaurigunj and Garmani in Jhapa district, Panchakanya, Shreeantu and Phikkal in Illam district; and Phidim, Yangam, Ranitar in Panchathar district. Interview with structured questionnaire served as data collection tool. Altogether sixty tea growers were interviewed for this purpose. Results and Discussion The survey results showed that different types of the pesticide are used in tea cultivation to control variety of pest. The use of organophosphate includes quinalphos, ethion, malathion, monochrotophus, propanofus, acefate, dichlorovous, chloropyriphos were found in the tea field to control large verities pest like cater pillar (Latoia sp ,Andraca bipunctata,Andraca bipunctataGracilaria theivora ), leaf roller (Gracilaria theivora,Stringlina glareola,Hamona coffearia ), tea mosquito (Heolipeltis febriculosa ), aphids (Toxopetra aurantii, Empoasca flavescens) , jassids (halopeltis spp.), flush worm (Lasperesia bipunctata ) and other pests. Similarly synthetic insecticides such as alfamethryene, cyper methryene and pyrethroid ester insecticides like fenpropathrin were also used in tea. Herbicides such as gramoxone, oxyflurene, glyphosphate and 2, 4 D were generally found to use to control dicot, broad leafs and grass bushes. Fungicides like copper oxychlorides, hexachonazol, carbandazim, mancozep, and copper sulphate were used in tea cultivation to prevent from fungal disease and foliar disease such as red rust (C. paraciticus) , black rot (Cephaleuros mycoldea) , and blister blight(Corticulum invisum ). To control and prevent the different mites problem during tea cultivation, accaricides such as dicofol, prapargite, sulphur and fenopthrin were used .The survey also revealed that use of prohibited pesticides in tea i.e.**quinalphos, ethion, monocrotophos were still in use. Some of the Pesticide (***dichlorovos) used in tea are under restricted pesticides which should be used under approval of the APPO (Asst. plant Protection Officer).Among these pesticides dichlorovos and monocrotophos are included in highly hazardous group (Ib) of pesticides by WHO. No evidence on application of banned pesticides by government of Nepal was seen in tea cultivation practice in Nepal. The details of the survey results were compiled on the Table 2 and Table 3. Table 2: Common insects and pests in tea Common name of pests Scientific name INSECTS Thrips Andraca bipuntata Scirtothrips dorsalis Hallothrips andressi H tenipennis Slug caterpillars Latoia sp Bunch caterpillars Andraca bipunctata Caterpillar Andraca bipunctata Leaf roller Gracilaria theivora Stringlina glareola Hamona coffearia Looper Biston suppressaria Tea mosquito Heolipeltis febriculosa Aphid Toxopetra aurantii Empoasca flavescens Jassids Helopeltis spp Halopeltis Lasperesia bipunctata Flushworm Lasperesia bipunctata FUNGUS Blister blight Corticulum invisum Black rot Cephaleuros mycoldea Red rust C. paraciticus MITES Pink ,purple and red mites Tetranychus biocuatus A theae Acerina gosspii Oligonychus coffeae Table: 3 Pesticides applied to tea cultivation S. Types of Trade Common Formulati Frequency Month Sensitive pests No. pesticides Name of name of the on used pesticide Pesticides /Group 1. Thiodane Endosulfan Chlorinated 2 January Green Fly Acaricides , , ,Looper ,Red Cychlodien Februar slugs, Thrips e y Aphids, Insecticides Flushwormes etc. 2. Farsa,Ge Alphamethryen Synthetic 2 April, Tea Mosquito, m e parathroids Septem Thrips, ber 3. Flash , **Quinal phos Organopho 3 March, Jassids, Aphids kinalaux sphate Aug, Broad spectrum acaricides, Insect Quinoxalli ne organothio phosphate insecticides 4. Emite **Ethion Organopho 4 March- Catterpillar , sphate August thrips, Red spider, acaricides, pink .scarlet and Aliphatic purple mite Organothio phosphate insecticides 5. Monosil **Monocrotoph Organopho 2 April, Systematic ( os sphates Octobe Green r Fly,halopaltis,Thi ps.Looper,Jasids, Caterpillar 6. Malathion Malathion Organopho 2 Tea mosquito Insecticides (includingInsecticides Miticides) 5% DP sphate March, Acaricides/ April Aliphatic Organothio phosphate 7. Propafos Propanophos Organopho 1 or 2 times as Thrips,Aphides, sphates necessa worms etc. ry 8. Emidagol imidacloprid Chloro- 1 or 2 times as Termites and d, Josh nicotinyl necessa other insect ry 9. Orthene,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Major Locus Controls a Biologically Active Pheromone Component in Heliconius Melpomene
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/739037; this version posted August 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 A major locus controls a biologically active pheromone component in Heliconius melpomene 2 Kelsey J.R.P. Byers1,2,9, Kathy Darragh1,2,9, Jamie Musgrove2, Diana Abondano Almeida2,3, Sylvia Fernanda 3 Garza2,4, Ian A. Warren1, Pasi Rastas5, Marek Kucka6, Yingguang Frank Chan6, Richard M. Merrill7, Stefan 4 Schulz8, W. Owen McMillan2, Chris D. Jiggins1,2,10 5 6 1 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 7 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama 8 3 Present address: Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany 9 4 Present address: Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, 10 Konstanz, Germany & Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 11 Konstanz, Germany 12 5 Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 13 6 Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tuebingen, Germany 14 7 Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany 15 8 Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 16 Braunschweig, Germany 17 9 These authors contributed equally to this work 18 10 To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] 19 Running title: Genetics of bioactive pheromones in Heliconius 20 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/739037; this version posted August 19, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 127: 29–42 (2011)The genusAndraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China... 29 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.127.928 RESEARCH artICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China with descriptions of a new species Xing Wang1,†, Ling Zeng2,‡, Min Wang2,§ 1 Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China. Present address: Institute of Entomology, College of Biosafety Science and Technology, Hunan Agricul- tural University, Changsha 410128 Hunan, China; and Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China 2 Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F8727887-0014-42D4-BA68-21B3009E8C7F ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7981BF0E-D1F8-43CA-A505-72DBBA140023 § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:D683614E-1F58-4CA8-9D80-B23BD41947A2 Corresponding author: Ling Zeng ([email protected]) Academic editor: N. Wahlberg | Received 21 January 2011 | Accepted 15 August 2011 | Published 8 September 2011 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:33D4BBFB-4B7D-4BBC-B34C-17D2E7F99F67 Citation: Wang X, Zeng L, Wang M (2011) The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae) in China with descriptions of a new species. ZooKeys 127: 29–42. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.127.928 Abstract The six species of the genus Andraca Walker hitherto known from China are reviewed, and a new species, A. gongshanensis, sp. n., described from Yunnan Province, China. Adults and male genitalia of all exam- ined species are illustrated, together with a distributional map. A key to all seven Chinese Andraca species is provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Viruses 2015, 7, 306-319; Doi:10.3390/V7010306 OPEN ACCESS
    Viruses 2015, 7, 306-319; doi:10.3390/v7010306 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review History and Current Status of Development and Use of Viral Insecticides in China Xiulian Sun Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-8719-8641; Fax: +86-27-8719-8072 Academic Editors: John Burand and Madoka Nakai Received: 1 December 2014 / Accepted: 14 January 2015 / Published: 20 January 2015 Abstract: The use of insect viruses as biological control agents started in the early 1960s in China. To date, more than 32 viruses have been used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, pastures, and domestic gardens in China. In 2014, 57 products from 11 viruses were authorized as commercial viral insecticides by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. Approximately 1600 tons of viral insecticidal formulations have been produced annually in recent years, accounting for about 0.2% of the total insecticide output of China. The development and use of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus, Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus, and Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus are discussed as case studies. Additionally, some baculoviruses have been genetically modified to improve their killing rate, infectivity, and ultraviolet resistance. In this context, the biosafety assessment of a genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus is discussed. Keywords: viral insecticides; commercialization; genetic modification 1. Introduction Research on insect viruses in China started with the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus in the mid-1950s [1] and, to date, more than 200 insect virus isolates have been recorded in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with Descriptions of Five New Species
    Zootaxa 3262: 22–34 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species VADIM V. ZOLOTUHIN Department of Zoology, State Pedagogical University of Ulyanovsk, pl. Lenina 4, RUS-432700, Ulyanovsk, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Andraca Walker, 1865, is divided into two subgenera, one of them new: Chrypathemola Zolt., subgen. nov. (type species Andraca apodecta Swinhoe, 1907). The following new species are described: Andraca draco, sp. nov. (from Java); Andraca lawa, sp. nov. (from Palawan), Andraca paradisea, sp. nov. (from Philippines), Andraca chrysocollis, sp. nov. (from Philippines) and Andraca (Chrypathemola) nobilorum, sp. nov. (from Vietnam). A male lectotype for Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865 is designated from the collection of ZMHU; this designation led to the new synonymy: Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865 = Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, syn. nov. The systematics of the family Bombycidae is briefly discussed. Key words: Lepidoptera, Bombycidae, Oberthuerinae, Andraca, new species, new synonymy, taxonomy Introduction This article describes new species and taxonomic arrangements in the bombycid genus Andraca Walker, 1865. The members of the genus Andraca are of non-bombycid external appearance—with broad and short wings, mostly with apex pointed to falcate, with a characteristic tuft of scales on the anal margin of the hind wing (a character typical for the Bombycidae, s. lat., and formerly treated as an autapomorphy of the family). The genus was established in Bombycidae, transferred to the Notodontidae by van Eecke (1921, Tijdschr.
    [Show full text]
  • Inntttrrroooddduuuccc
    CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 1.1. TEA: JOURNEY FROM THE WILDERNESS TO THE CUP OF CIVILIZATION Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an evergreen plant that is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical climates for its leaves, which are dried, fermented, processed and consumed as much-loved beverage. For centuries tea has been an integral part of people around the globe for its refreshing aromatic flavor which invigorates billions of life every morning with its first sip. In fact after water, tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world (van der Wal, 2008). It was discovered in around 2700 BC, crowning it to be one of the oldest beverages in the world. It has been an integral part of human civilization for having tremendous medicinal, commercial and cultural value. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. It was first elaborately described by Sealy in 1958 with reported 82 species, classified into 12 sections. Chang (1998) later rearranged the native Chinese Camellia into 280 species under four subgenera and 22 sections. All Camellia spp. does not produce the globally renowned beverage ‘tea’ (Benerjee, 1988), in fact many species are cultivated to produce ‘tea tree oils’ and some P a g e | 1 others like Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua etc. are grown as ornamental plants (Benerjee, 1992). A free grown tea tree can reach a height of 30-40 feet if left un-pruned (Carr and Stephens, 1992). However, for the ease of harvesting young shoots they are either pruned or skiffed time to time to maintain a bed of reachable height.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesa Based Package
    AESA BASED PACKAGE TEA Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine National Institute of Plant Health and Storage Management N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telaangana DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA The AESA based IPM - Tea, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization. NIPHM Working Group: Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor : Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM) Core Members : 1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise. 2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise. 3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise. 4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. 5. Sri. D. Chatopadhyaya, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. Other Members : 1. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise. Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts: 1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM), 2. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology), 3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology), 4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science) 5. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology) Contributions by External Experts: 1. Dr. Somanth Roy, Scientist C, Department of Entomology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat – 785008, Assam, India 2. Dr. Hitendra Kumar Rai, Senior Scientist, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Database Bibliography
    Egg Database Bibliography Samuel H. Church1;∗;y, Seth Donoughe1;2;∗, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1, Cassandra G. Extavour1;3;y Note: This document is a list of the 1,756 published sources that were used to generate the assembled dataset of insect egg traits. ‘Diss.’ indicates a PhD dissertation, whereas ‘MA thesis’ indicates a Master’s thesis. For more information on the dataset, please see Church et al. 2018: “A database of egg size and shape from more than 6,700 insect species” (preprint). It describes the criteria that were used to include sources, definitions of each trait, and details on the procedure that was used to collect data from each source. References Abbassy, M. M., N. Helmy, M. Osman, S. E. Cope, and S. M. Presley. “Embryogenesis of the sand fly Phlebotomus pa- patasi (Diptera: Psychodidae): cell cleavage, blastoderm formation, and gastrulation”. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88.6 (1995): 809–814. Abdel-Razak, S. I., S. M. Beshr, A. K. Mourad, and K. S. Moursi. “Ultrastructure of egg shell of four different Coccoidea species in Egypt”. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 73.3 (2007): 521– 527. Abdurahiman, U. C. and K. J. Joseph. “Observations on the biology and behaviour of Ceratosolen marchali Mayr (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera)”. Entomon 1.2 (1976): 115–122. Abraham, Y. J., D. Moore, and G. Godwin. “Rearing and aspects of biology of Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitoids of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)”. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80.2 (1990): 121–128. Adamski, D., J.
    [Show full text]
  • Macro Moths of Tinsukia District, Assam: a JEZS 2017; 5(6): 1612-1621 © 2017 JEZS Provisional Inventory Received: 10-09-2017 Accepted: 11-10-2017
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(6): 1612-1621 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Macro moths of Tinsukia district, Assam: A JEZS 2017; 5(6): 1612-1621 © 2017 JEZS provisional inventory Received: 10-09-2017 Accepted: 11-10-2017 Subhasish Arandhara Subhasish Arandhara, Suman Barman, Rubul Tanti and Abhijit Boruah Upor Ubon Village, Kakopather, Tinsukia, Assam, India Abstract Suman Barman This list reports 333 macro moth species for the Tinsukia district of Assam, India. The moths were Department of Wildlife Sciences, captured by light trapping as well as by opportunistic sighting across 37 sites in the district for a period of Gauhati University, Assam, three years from 2013-2016. Identification was based on material and visual examination of the samples India with relevant literature and online databases. The list includes the family, subfamily, tribes, scientific name, the author and year of publication of description for each identified species. 60 species in this Rubul Tanti inventory remain confirmed up to genus. Department of Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College, Tamil Nadu, Keywords: Macro moths, inventory, Lepidoptera, Tinsukia, Assam India Introduction Abhijit Boruah Upor Ubon Village, Kakopather, The order Lepidoptera, a major group of plant-eating insects and thus, from the agricultural Tinsukia, Assam, India and forestry point of view they are of immense importance [1]. About 134 families comprising 157, 000 species of living Lepidoptera, including the butterflies has been documented globally [2], holding around 17% of the world's known insect fauna. Estimates, however, suggest more species in the order [3]. Naturalists for convenience categorised moths into two informal groups, the macro moths having larger physical size and recency in evolution and micro moths [4] that are smaller in size and primitive in origin .
    [Show full text]
  • Tea Pests and Pesticide Problems and Integrated Management
    The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol: 16, June 2015 Technical Paper TEA PESTS AND PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT Gita Shrestha & Resham B. Thapa11 ABSTRACT Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production. Key words: Tea insect pests, field incidence, integrated management INTRODUCTION Tea is the oldest known beverage, native to China. It is one of the important plantation crops in the world. Its cultivation, processing and trade is expanding globally. The industry has grown globally into a $20 billion (Kahn, 2015). Annually over 2.6 million mt of tea is consumed in more than 65 countries, where people drink some 4 billion cup of tea brew daily (Jain, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management
    ANRV363-EN54-14 ARI 23 October 2008 12:19 Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management Lakshmi K. Hazarika,1 Mantu Bhuyan,2 and Budhindra N. Hazarika3 1Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India; email: [email protected] 2Entomology Laboratory, Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plant Division, North-East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; email: [email protected] 3College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat-791102, Arunachal Pradesh, India; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2009. 54:267–84 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on tea ecosystem, integrated pest management, biological control September 11, 2008 The Annual Review of Entomology is online at Abstract ento.annualreviews.org Globally, 1031 species of arthropods are associated with the intensively This article’s doi: managed tea Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze monoculture. All parts of 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093359 the plant, leaf, stem, root, flower, and seed, are fed upon by at least one Copyright c 2009 by Annual Reviews. pest species, resulting in an 11%–55% loss in yield if left unchecked. All rights reserved There has been heavy use of organosynthetic pesticides since the 1950s 0066-4170/09/0107-0267$20.00 to defend the plant against these pests, leading to rapid conversion of innocuous species into pests, development of resistance, and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. As a result of importer and consumer concerns, pesticide residues have become a major problem for the tea industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) may help to overcome the overuse of pesticides and subsequent residues.
    [Show full text]
  • AESA BASED IPM Package TEA
    AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE TEA , , Tel : 040-2330 3424 Tel Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Balaji Scan Pvt. Ltd., Important Natural Enemies of Tea Insect & Mite Pests Parasitoids Plants Suitable for Ecological Engineering in Tea Plantation Mymarid wasp Erythmelus helopeltidis Chelonus spp. Alfalfa Sunflower Ocimum spp. Cotesia ruficrus Anagrus flaveolus Tachinid fly Cosmos Spearmint Mustard Predators Marigold C arrot C astor Robber fly Reduviid Pentatomid bug Cowpea Buckwheat Maize Orius spp. Praying mantis G round beetle The AESA based IPM - Tea, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization. NIPHM Working Group: Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor : Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM) Core Members: 1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise. 2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise. 3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise. 4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. 5. Sri. D. Chatopadhyay, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. Other Member: 1. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise. Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts: 1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM) 2. Shri R. Murali, Deputy Director (Entomology) 3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology) 4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science) Contributions by External Experts: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. ANIMESH PANIGRAHI
    Dr. ANIMESH PANIGRAHI Designation: Associate Professor of Zoology (West Bengal Educational Service) Qualifications: M.Sc. (1983), First Class, Calcutta University M.Phil. (1986), First Class, Calcutta University Ph.D. (1990), Calcutta University Title of the Ph.D. Thesis: Ecology and Ethology of the Pestiferous Slug Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac). Experience/ Expertise: Taught since 1989 (August) in Under Graduate Honours, General and Post Graduate classes for five years at Darjeeling Government College, continued teaching in Under Graduate Honours and General classes from 1994 to 2011 at Jhargram Raj College and Hooghly Mohasin College, respectively continuing teaching in Under Graduate and Post Graduate classes at Maulana Azad College. Continued teaching on different areas of Zoology. Continued special paper Developmental Biology at the Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government college. At present teaching special paper Fisheries and Aquaculture at the Post Graduate Department of Maulana Azad College. Specialisation and Area of Interests: Fisheries, Aquaculture; Ecology, Malacology, Entomology, Neuroendocrinology. Current Teaching: At present, teaching in Honours and General classes at Under Graduate level covering different areas of Zoology, teaching at the Post Graduate classes covering different areas of Zoology and continuing teaching the Special Paper Fisheries and Aquaculture . Research Experience : 23 Years (collaborative and independent ) (i) Did research works on Ecology and Ethology of the Pestiferous Slug Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac), for Ph.D. Thesis under Calcutta University with a Senior Research Fellowship awarded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (New Delhi) from 1984 – 1987. (ii) Continued Research in Collaboration with Ecology & Ethology Laboratory and Histophysiology Laboratory of Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta from 1987 – 1995.
    [Show full text]