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AESA BASED PACKAGE TEA Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine National Institute of Plant Health and Storage Management N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telaangana DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA The AESA based IPM - Tea, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization. NIPHM Working Group: Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor : Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM) Core Members : 1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise. 2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise. 3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise. 4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. 5. Sri. D. Chatopadhyaya, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. Other Members : 1. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise. Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts: 1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM), 2. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology), 3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology), 4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science) 5. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology) Contributions by External Experts: 1. Dr. Somanth Roy, Scientist C, Department of Entomology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat – 785008, Assam, India 2. Dr. Hitendra Kumar Rai, Senior Scientist, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur 3. Prof. T.K.Hath, Department of Agril. Entomology. UBKV, Pundibari, Coochbehar, WB 4. Dr. Nripendra Laskar, Asst. Prof., Department of Agriculture Entomology UBKV, Pundibari, Coochbehar, WB. 5. Dr. Ayan Roy, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, UBKV, Pundibari, Coochbehar, WB. 6. Dr. Surajit Khalko, Asst. Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, UBKV, Pundibari, Coochbehar, WB. CONTENTS Tea-Plant description I. Pests A. Pests of National Significance 1. Insect pests 2. Diseases 3. Weeds 4. Nematodes B. Pests of Regional Significance 1. Insect and mites pests 2. Diseases 3. Nematodes II. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based integrated pest management (IPM) A. AESA B. Field scouting C. Surveillance through pheromone trap catches D: Yellow pan water/Blue sticky traps E. Light traps F. Nematode extraction III. Ecological engineering for pest management IV. Crop stage-wise IPM V. Insecticide resistance and its management VI. Nutrient deficiency symptoms VII. Common weeds VIII. Description of insects, mites and nematode pests IX. Description of diseases X. Safety measures A. Pre-harvesting XI. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM XII. Safety parameters in pesticide usage XIII. Basic precautions in pesticides usage XIV. Pesticide application techniques XV. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief XVI. References AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR TEA Tea-Plant description: Camellia sinensis is native to East commonly called as tea belong to family Theaceae, South and Southeast Asia, but it is today cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m (6.6 ft) when cultivated for its leaves. It has a strong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5– 4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) in diameter, with 7 to 8 petals. The leaves are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine. The young, light green leaves are preferably harvested for tea production; they have short white hairs on the underside. Older leaves are deeper green. Different leaf ages produce differing tea qualities, since their chemical compositions are different. Usually, the tip (bud) and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. The leaves have been used in traditional Chinese medicine and other medical systems to treat asthma (functioning as a bronchodilator),angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. The seeds of Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera can be pressed to yield tea oil, a sweetish seasoning and cooking oil that should not be confused with tea tree oil, an essential oil that is used for medical and cosmetic purposes, and originates from the leaves of a different plant, while both green and black teas may protect against cardiovascular disease. I. PESTS A. Pests of National Significance I. Pests and mites 1.1 Tea mosquito bug: Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Miridae: Hemiptera) 1.2 Thrips: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) 1.3 Jassid: Empoasca flavescens Fab. (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) 1.4 Aphids: Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Aphididae: Hemiptera) 1.5 Leaf eating caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fab (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) 1.6 Bunch caterpillar: Andraca bipunctata Walker (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera) 1.7 Red spider mite: Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Tetranychidae: Acari) 1.8 Tea looper complex: Buzura suppressaria Guen (Geometridae: Lepidoptera), Hyposidra talaca (Walker), H. infixaria (Walker) (Geometridae: Lepidoptera) 1.9 Shot hole borer: Euwallacea fornicates Eichhoff (Scolytidae: Coleoptera) 1.10 Live wood eating termite: Microcerotermes sp. (Isoptera:Termitidae) 1.11 Scavenging termites: Odontermes sp. (Isoptera:Termitidae) 2. Diseases 2.1 Brown and Grey blight: Colletotrichum sp. & Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert 2.2 Black rot: Corticium theae, C. invisum 2.3 Blister blight: Exobasidium vexans Massee 2.4 Red rust: Cephaleuros parasiticus Scot Nelson, C,mycoides 2.5 Poria branch canker: Poria hypobrunnea Petch 2.6 Charcol stump rot: Ustulina zonata (Lév.) Sacc. 2.7 Brown root rot disease: Fomes lamoensis 3. Weeds Broad leaf 3.1 Goat weed: Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) 3.2 Landrina: Borreria hispida L. (Rubiaceae) 3.3 Tropical spider wort: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) 3.4 Hill glory bower: Clerodendron infortunatum L. (Verbinaceae) 3.5 Malabar melastome: Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae) 3.6 Bitter Vine: Mikania micrantha Kunth (Aseteraceae) 3.7 Non tai baihong: Pouzolzia indica (L.) G. Benn (Urticaceae) 3.8 Congo jute: Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae) 3.9 Wood sorrels: Oxalis corymbosa L., O. acetocella (Oxalidaceae) 3.10 Kuppaimeni: Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) 3.11 Common wireweed: Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) 3.12 Aligator yam: Ipomea digitata L. (Convolvulaceae) 3.13 Cichorium: Cichorium intybus L. (Astaraceae) 3.14 False amaranth: Digera arvensis Forsk. (Amaranthaceae) 3.15 Asthma plant: Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae) Grasses 3.16 Buffalo grass: Paspalum conjugatum L. (Poaceae) 3.17 Torpedo grass: Pannicum repens L. (Poaceae) 3.18 Blady grass: Imperata cylendrica (L.) P.Beauv. (Poaceae) 3.19 Hairy crabgrass: Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Poaceae) 3.20 Indian goosegrass: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae) 3.21 Blanket grass: Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. (Poaceae) 3.22 Bermuda grass: Cynadon dactylon L. (Poaceae) 3.23 Kans grass: Saccharum spontanium L. (Poaceae) Sedges 3.24 Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) 3.25 Yellow nutsedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae) 4. Nematodes 1. Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp (Heteroderidae: Tylenchida) 2. Root lesion nematode: Pratylenchus spp B. Pests of Minor Significance 1. Pests and mites 1.1 Flush worm: Cydia leucostoma Meyrick (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) 1.2 Pink and Purple mite: Acaphylla theae Watt and Calacarus carinatus Green (Eriophyidae: Acarina) 1.3 Scarlet mite: Brevipalpus phoenicis Geijskes (Tenuipalpidae : Acarina) 1.4 Yellow mite: Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae: Acarina) 1.5 Leaf roller: Caloptilia theivora Walsingham (Gracillariidae: Lepidoptera) 1.6 Scales: Saissetia formicarii Takahashi, S. coffeae Walker, Eriochiton theae Green, Coccus viridis Green (Coccidae: Hemiptera) 1.7 Tea tortrix: Homona coffearia Nietner (Tortricide: Lepidoptera) 2. Diseases 2.1 Black root disease: Rosellinia arcuata Petch 2.2 Charcoal stump rot: Ustulina zonata (Lév.) Sacc. 2.3 Collar canker: Phomopsis theae Petch 2.4 Branch Canker: Poria hypobrunnea Petch 2.5 Twig die back, stem canker: Macrophoma theicola Siemaszko II. AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) A. AESA: The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the planters. The economic threshold level (ETL) was the basis for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO 2002) emphasis is given to AESA where planters take decisions based on larger range of field observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes physical factors (i.e. soil, rain, sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. pests, diseases and weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists between herbivore insects and their natural enemies. Understanding the intricate interactions in an ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management. Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agro- ecosystem. Planters have to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the field situation and how to make proper decisions for
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  • Taxonomic Remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with Descriptions of Five New Species

    Taxonomic Remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with Descriptions of Five New Species

    Zootaxa 3262: 22–34 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species VADIM V. ZOLOTUHIN Department of Zoology, State Pedagogical University of Ulyanovsk, pl. Lenina 4, RUS-432700, Ulyanovsk, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Andraca Walker, 1865, is divided into two subgenera, one of them new: Chrypathemola Zolt., subgen. nov. (type species Andraca apodecta Swinhoe, 1907). The following new species are described: Andraca draco, sp. nov. (from Java); Andraca lawa, sp. nov. (from Palawan), Andraca paradisea, sp. nov. (from Philippines), Andraca chrysocollis, sp. nov. (from Philippines) and Andraca (Chrypathemola) nobilorum, sp. nov. (from Vietnam). A male lectotype for Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865 is designated from the collection of ZMHU; this designation led to the new synonymy: Andraca bipunctata Walker, 1865 = Andraca angulata Kishida, 1993, syn. nov. The systematics of the family Bombycidae is briefly discussed. Key words: Lepidoptera, Bombycidae, Oberthuerinae, Andraca, new species, new synonymy, taxonomy Introduction This article describes new species and taxonomic arrangements in the bombycid genus Andraca Walker, 1865. The members of the genus Andraca are of non-bombycid external appearance—with broad and short wings, mostly with apex pointed to falcate, with a characteristic tuft of scales on the anal margin of the hind wing (a character typical for the Bombycidae, s. lat., and formerly treated as an autapomorphy of the family). The genus was established in Bombycidae, transferred to the Notodontidae by van Eecke (1921, Tijdschr.
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    CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 1.1. TEA: JOURNEY FROM THE WILDERNESS TO THE CUP OF CIVILIZATION Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an evergreen plant that is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical climates for its leaves, which are dried, fermented, processed and consumed as much-loved beverage. For centuries tea has been an integral part of people around the globe for its refreshing aromatic flavor which invigorates billions of life every morning with its first sip. In fact after water, tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world (van der Wal, 2008). It was discovered in around 2700 BC, crowning it to be one of the oldest beverages in the world. It has been an integral part of human civilization for having tremendous medicinal, commercial and cultural value. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. It was first elaborately described by Sealy in 1958 with reported 82 species, classified into 12 sections. Chang (1998) later rearranged the native Chinese Camellia into 280 species under four subgenera and 22 sections. All Camellia spp. does not produce the globally renowned beverage ‘tea’ (Benerjee, 1988), in fact many species are cultivated to produce ‘tea tree oils’ and some P a g e | 1 others like Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua etc. are grown as ornamental plants (Benerjee, 1992). A free grown tea tree can reach a height of 30-40 feet if left un-pruned (Carr and Stephens, 1992). However, for the ease of harvesting young shoots they are either pruned or skiffed time to time to maintain a bed of reachable height.