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Is the Use of Yellow Sticky Trap Detrimental to Natural Enemy Complex of Tea Pests?

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American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 16 (9): 1597-1601, 2016 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2016.1597.1601

Is the Use of Yellow Sticky Trap Detrimental to Natural Enemy Complex of Tea Pests?

1Souvik Sen, 2Sunil Kumar Pathak and 3Maqbool Lyngdoh Suiam

1Tea Research Association, Meghalaya Advisory Centre,
Lumnongrim, Dewlieh, Umsning, Pin-793105, Meghalaya, India
2Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Pin-785008, Assam, India
3Department of Horticulture, Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of Meghalaya,
Tea Development Centre, Lumnongrim, Dewlieh, Umsning, Pin-793105, Meghalaya, India

Abstract: Yellow Sticky Traps are excellent tools for precision monitoring of thrips, jassids, white flies and leaf miners and largely used in the tea plantations of North East India. But the question comes in the tea planters’ mind whether there is any adverse effect of such traps on the natural enemy complex of tea pest. In view of this, the present study was undertaken in organically managed tea garden of Meghalaya having higher diversity and density of natural enemies. The study revealed that there is no negative impact on natural enemy population concerning the use of yellow sticky traps. In addition a clear picture was received on type of arthropods trapped in the sticky traps.

Key words: Yellow sticky trap North East India Tea plantation Pest Natural enemy

INTRODUCTION

submarginata), scale insects and mealy bugs are recognized as minor pests which may also adversely affect the production of tea bushes [3-5]. The minor status of several pests is due to the action of the natural enemies which are mostly arthropods. Arthropods occupy a wide variety of functional niches and microhabitats and play a major role in the sustainable and healthy functioning of tea ecosystem [6]. Species diversity of arthropods in the tea ecosystem of India comprised of 721 species belonging to 13 Orders and 141 Families. Out of the 721 species, 380 are pests while, 341 species are natural enemies [7]. The accumulation of arthropod species on tea is influenced by various factors including the age of plants; the older tea plantations harbor more number of insect species [8].
Pest control decisions are often based on trap catches as a physical control tool of IPM. Insects are differentially attracted to coloured surfaces, particularly yellow as a general insect attractant. Yellow trap has often been used in the ecological studies of sucking insect pests in agro-ecosystems. Insects that are attracted to this yellowish device include important crop pests such as plant hoppers, leafhoppers, aphids, white flies, thrips and leaf miner flies [9-16]. Use of yellow sticky trap works
India is the second largest black tea producer in the world. North East India contributes more than 60% of the gross national tea production. India is also the world’s largest tea drinking nation; 90% of all Indian households are regular tea drinkers [1]. Tea plants are attacked by a variety of herbivores and the profile of pests vary from region to region. The biggest challenge for tea growers of India nowadays is to battle against pests and diseases. Crop loss due to pests varies between 15 to 20% [2]. The major tea pests of North East India are red spider mite

(Oligonychus coffeae), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora), tea thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis), tea jassid (Empoasca flavescens) and loopers (Buzura suppressaria, Hyposidra talaca, Hyposidra infixaria) which have

gained considerable importance during the last one decade owing to the severity of damage and magnitude of crop loss to tea in North East India. Red slug caterpillars

(Eterusia magnifica), bunch caterpillar (Andraca bipunctata), flush worm (Cydia leucostoma), leaf roller (Caloptilia theivora), leaf miner (Tropicomyia theae), termites (Microcerotermes sp. & Odontotermes sp.), aphid (Toxoptera aurantii), black caterpillar (Arctornis

Corresponding Author: Souvik Sen, Tea Research Association, Meghalaya Advisory Centre, Lumnongrim,
Dewlieh, Umsning, Pin-793105, Meghalaya, India.

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  • best in tea for controlling the population radix of sucking
  • enemies. The study revealed that the Order Hemiptera

contained the highest number of trapped arthropod species (39.08%) followed by Diptera (27.15%), Thysanoptera (25.06%), Hymenoptera (4.86%), Blattodea (1.05%), Lepidoptera (1.05%), Coleoptera (1%) and Araneae (0.75%) [Fig.1 & 2]. pests viz. thrips, jassids, white flies and adults of tea mosquito bugs. This traps are environment-friendly, costeffective and reducing the number of pesticide spraying round [17-20]. Towards the physical pest control operation, the planters of North East India were advised to use such sticky plates to monitor and control sucking pests mainly thrips, jassids & white flies. But several times we have been asked with the following questions: 1) What are the arthropod species other than tea pest trapped in sticky traps? 2) Is the use of such trap detrimental to the natural enemies of tea pests? Systematic studies on the potential effect of using the sticky traps for mass trapping of harmful insects or nontargeted insects (predators and parasitoids), are lacking. The present study therefore, is aimed at unfolding the trapping of arthropod species in yellow sticky traps used in the tea ecosystem of North East India. The diversity and density of predators are believed to be more in organically managed tea gardens as compared to conventional ones at any point of time [21-22]. Therefore, the present study has been conducted in an organic tea garden of Meghalaya, North East India.
Fig. 1: Arthropod fauna trapped on the yellow sticky traps used in a tea garden of Meghalaya

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study has been conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Govt. of Meghalaya at Tea Development Centre, Umsning, District Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya. The garden is bio-organic in practice and situated at 800m msl. The investigation was conducted in 1ha area over a period of 4 months (March-June 2016). No bio-pesticide has been applied during the period of study. The yellow sticky traps were placed above the bush canopy randomly in the tea field @ 5 yellow sticky traps per 1000m2. Position of the traps were changed at weekly interval and replaced at fortnightly interval. The surface area of a sticky trap was 630cm2 (30cm×21cm). Interval of 15 days, the traps with arthropods were brought to the laboratory and the number of arthropods per trap was recorded order wise. The arthropods were identified with the help of available taxonomic literatures [3,23,24].
Fig. 2: Proportion (%) of different Arthropod Orders trapped on yellow sticky traps in a tea garden of Meghalaya during cropping period.

Table 1: List of arthropod species trapped on yellow sticky traps

  • Arthropod Orders
  • Representatives

Araneae Blattodea Coleoptera Diptera
Jumping & Crab spiders Termites & Cockroach nymphs Lady bird beetles & Scarab beetles or Scarabaeidae Leaf miner flies , Syrphids or Hover flies, Shore flies, House flies , Mosquitoes & Tipulidae or Crane flies Jassids, White flies, Aphids & Tea mosquito bugs Ants, Bees & Wasps

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Hemiptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Thysanoptera

The present study was conducted during the cropping period in a specific time frame which coincides with the activity of sucking pests and their natural

Leaf roller adults & other moths Thrips

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It is estimated that more than 1000 species of arthropods infest tea all over the world [25] as pests, casual visitors and also as predators and parasitoids of pests [26]. The presence of insects feeding on the tea plants and shade tress invariably has led to the buildup of several species of insect parasitoids and predators [6 , 27] and the foliage below the plucking surface is important as a refuge for natural enemies [6]. The intensity of activities of predators and the parasitoids have been found to be very high in North East India [28]. Among the predators active in the tea plantations of North East India, lady bird beetles and spiders are the most dominant and number of predators are more than that of parasitoids [21 , 29]. Instead of this high diversity of natural enemies in the tea plantation of NE India, it is worth to mention that only negligible percentages (2.95%) of predators (spiders & lady bird beetles) as well as parasitoids (Hymenopteran wasps) were trapped in the sticky traps along with their prey.
During the period of study red spider mites, tea mosquito bugs, thrips, jassids, white flies, leaf rollers and leaf miners were found to be active in the experimental plots of Horticulture Department. Considering their peak period of activity [3,30-32] the study phase was thus selected. But the potential natural enemies of sucking pests like Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera), praying mantis (Mantodea), reduviid bugs (Hemiptera) etc. [3,30- 32] have not been ensnared in the sticky devices. Therefore, the natural enemy complex has not been disturbed at all and maximum percentage (66.68%) of trapped arthropod species are recognized as pests of tea.
Fig. 3: Percentage (%) of hemipteran pests trapped on yellow sticky traps in a tea garden of Meghalaya during cropping period.

Most of the sucking tea pests trapped in the yellow sticky plates is representative of the order Hemiptera (Jassids, White flies, Aphids, Tea mosquito bugs) & Thysanoptera (Thrips). Among hemipteran insects, Jassids (65.71%) top the list followed by white flies (15.37%), aphids (13.1%) and tea mosquito bugs (5.82%) (Fig. 3). Other minor pest like leaf roller, leaf miner and termite belongs to order Lepidoptera, Diptera and Blattodea respectively (Table 1). Among the trapped arthropods, spiders (Araneae), lady bird beetles (Coleoptera) and parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) are the only members of natural enemy complex (Table 1). The overall collection reflects a high richness of arthropod pests in relation to natural enemies (predators and parasitoids), where the arthropod pests and natural enemies comprised 66.68 and 2.95 per cent of the total arthropod species trapped on the sticky devices (Fig.4).

CONCLUSION

The present study revealed that the use of yellow sticky trap in tea plantation has no detrimental effect on the natural enemy population of tea pests. Therefore, the planters can use such trap in their tea fields without any hesitation. This sticky trap works best for sucking pests and helps in tapping the population of thrips, jassids, white flies and adults of tea mosquito bugs. They are environment-friendly and cost-effective. It is always wise to follow the respective TRI’s recommendation before installing such traps in the tea fields. Tea is unique because only of its vegetative parts ‘two leaves and bud’ are commercially exploited where pollinator has no role to play and use of such sticky plates has no adverse effect upon tea ecosystem. On the other hand, prey-predator & parasitoid coactions prevailing in the tea ecosystems of North East India should be optimized by minimizing
Fig. 4: Percentage (%) of arthropod pests in relation to natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) trapped on yellow sticky traps in a tea garden of Meghalaya during cropping period.

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chemical control of tea pests and adopting IPM strategies in order to produce residue free healthy tea for consumption.
9. Riley, D.G. and D.J. Schuster, 1994. Pepper weevil adult response to colored sticky traps in pepper fields. Southwestern Entomologist, 19: 93-107.
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Trap height and orientation of yellow sticky

traps affect capture of Chaetocnema pulicaria

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are gratefully acknowledged for the assistance extended by the Horticulture Inspectors and field stuffs of Tea Development Centre, Umsning during the study. They are also thankful to the Director of Horticulture, Govt. of Meghalaya, Shillong for providing facilities. The first and second authors are grateful to the Director, Tea Research Association, TTRI, Jorhat, Assam for his support and encouragement. The first author is also indebted to Prof. D. Raychaudhuri, Honorary Professor, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata for his continuous mental support and encouragements.
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Control of the white ?ies, Trialeurodes

vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci, in tomato

greenhouse by yellow sticky long ?lm. Ann Rept Kansai Plant Prot, 51: 87-88.
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attraction of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

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    Plant Protection Code (July 2019, Ver. 11.0) Policy on usage of Plant Protection Formulations in Tea Plantations of India Issued BY Tea Board India Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India 14, B. T. M Sarani, Kolkata- 700 001 West Bengal, India w w w . t e a b o a r d . g o v . i n 2 I N D E X Sl. No CONTENTS Page No 1 FOREWORD BY CHAIRMAN TEA BOARD OF INDIA 3 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 3 PREAMBLE 5 4 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTERS 1 PLANT PROTECTION FORMULATIONS USAGE POLICY 7-8 ANNEXURE 1: 9-10 List of approved plant protection formulations for use in tea plantations with MRLs fixed by FSSAI for use in Tea 2 INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN TEA PLANTATIONS 11-35 3 HAZARD CATEGORIZATION OF PESTICIDES 36 4 DO’S AND DON’TS IN TEA PEST MANAGEMENT 37-38 5 SAFE DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDE CONTAINER 39 6 TRANSPORTATION OF PLANT PROTECTION FORMULATIONS 40-41 7 STORAGE OF PLANT PROTECTION FORMULATIONS 42 8 APPLICATION OF PLANT PROTECTION FORMULATIONS 43-44 9 PRE-HARVEST INTERVAL 45 SPRAYING INSTRUCTIONS AND PROPER MAINTENANCE OF SPRAYING 46-48 10 EQUIPMENTS 11 QUALITY OF WATER FOR SPRAYING 49-51 12 SAFETY MEASURES FOR SPRAYING SQUAD 52-55 13 END PRODUCT TESTING 56 14 MEASURES TO KEEP THE RESIDUES IN TEA BELOW THE MAXIMUM LIMIT 57 NOTES : MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS (MRLS) 58 3 FOREWORD Consumers are now increasingly demanding products produced sustainably without adversely impacting the environment. Given this demand, the need to embrace sustainability becomes more and more important.
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List

    REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List

    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
  • Plant Protection Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University P

    Plant Protection Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University P

    Plant Protection Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia Tel: +966 1 467 8422 Fax: +966 1 467 8423 E.mail: [email protected] قائمة بعدد البحاث العلمية التي تم نشرها بدأ نشر البحاث بالقسم بعد تأسيسه عام 1965 بست سنوات بعد مرحلة التأسيس وتكوين الكوادر التعليمية والبحثية وذلك عام 1972. تواصل نشر البحاث حتى بلغت مايزيد على 70 بحثا خلل العام 2013. بلغ إجمالي .البحاث المنشورة للقسم منذ تأسيسه 549 بحثا 2013 1. Abdel-Dayem M.S. and Kippenhan M.G. (2013). A New Record of Cylindera (ifasina) rectangularis (Klug) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(1):19-21. 2. Abdel-Halim M. Ismail , Ayman A. Owayss , Karem M. Mohanny and Rasha A. Salem (2013). Evaluation of pollen collected by honey bee, Apis mellifera L. colonies at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Part 1: Botanical origin. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 129-135. 3. Abera Belay, W.K. Solomon, Geremew Bultossa, Nuru Adgaba, Samuel Melaku (2013) Physicochemical properties of the Harenna forest honey, Bale, Ethiopia. Food Chemistry. 141 3386–3392 4. Abou-Shaara H., Al-Ghamdi A. and Mohamed A. (2013). A Suitability Map for Keeping Honey Bees under Harsh Environmental Conditions Using Geographical Information System. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(8): 1099-1105. 5. Abou-Shaara H., Al-Ghamdi A. and Mohamed, (2013). Elemental analysis of eggs for two honey bee races. Iranian Journal of Entomology, 3: 14-17. 6. Al Dhafer, H. Y. Aldryhim, And A.
  • Insect Pests, Part B

    Insect Pests, Part B

    9.2.4 Thrips Vietnamese name: Bä c¸nh t¬ Scientific names: Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Mycterothrips setiventris, Scirtothrips bispinosus, or Scirtothrips dorsalis (Order Thysanoptera, Family Thripidae). Several of these species may be present at the same time. Other species of thrips sometimes are found on tea. During the recent five years, thrips has become a very big problem for the tea growing locations in Bac Can and Thai Nguyen. Even a few thrips feeding on a bud can lower the quality of the bud, making the dried buds brittle (easy to break) and making the processed tea bitter with a yellow liquor (tea water). Description and Behavior Thrips hide from light, and are concentrated inside folded buds, inside flowers, or on the undersides of the youngest leaves. They are very small, narrow insects shaped like tiny grains of rice (see drawing and picture). Because they are so small, you may see only the damage they cause (see “Plant damage and plant tolerance”, below). The adult thrips is about 0.5 - 1.2 mm long, and is just barely visible with the unaided eye. They range in colour from pale brownish-red to flesh-colour to pale green-yellow. Many do not have wings. When present, the wings are very small and transparent, and are composed of many small light hairs. Nymphs look like small adults with no wings. Eggs are so small that you probably will not be able to see them. Thrips walk very slowly, although they can fly from plant to plant fairly quickly. Life cycle The eggs are inserted singly into the leaf tissue, usually next to a vein.
  • Moth Diversity at Sebangau Peat Swamp and Busang River Secondary Rain Forest, Central Kalimantan

    Moth Diversity at Sebangau Peat Swamp and Busang River Secondary Rain Forest, Central Kalimantan

    Hayati, September 2005, hlm. 121-126 Vol. 12, No. 3 ISSN 0854-8587 CATATAN PENELITIAN Moth Diversity at Sebangau Peat Swamp and Busang River Secondary Rain Forest, Central Kalimantan HARI SUTRISNO Entomological Laboratory, Zoological Division, Research Center for Biology, Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911 Tel. + 62-21-8765056, Fax. + 62-21-876568, Email: [email protected] Diterima 12 April 2005/Disetujui 7 Juli 2005 A study on the diversity of moths was conducted from July to Augustus 2004 at the peat swamp forest Setya Alam research station, Sebangau, Central Kalimantan. The result showed that diversity of moths at this area was lower (100 species of 12 families; H’ = 6.643, E = 0.794) than that in secondary rain forest Busang River (278 species of 19 families; H’ = 8.139, E = 0.831). The result also showed that the similarity index (Cj) of the two areas was very low (0.05). Geometridae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae were dominant in both areas. There might be more species that have not been found during eight night sampling as indicated by the species numbers in both areas has not reach a plateau. ___________________________________________________________________________ It is well known that Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, is Sumatra and published in a series book of Heterocera the most divers group among insect groups after beetles and Sumatrana. Holloway (1987) conducted studies in Sulawesi Hymenoptera (Gullan & Cranston 1995; Kristensen 1999). It and Seram Islands with focused on macrolepidoptera. has been estimated that the world fauna of Lepidoptera Therefore, all these efforts are still needed to be continued to numbers more than 160,000 species and more than 90% of cover all diversity of Indonesian moths.
  • Aesa Based Package

    Aesa Based Package

    AESA BASED PACKAGE TEA Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine National Institute of Plant Health and Storage Management N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telaangana DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA The AESA based IPM - Tea, was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the Chairmanship of Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, DG, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri. Utpal Kumar Singh JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization. NIPHM Working Group: Chairman : Dr. Satyagopal Korlapati, IAS, Director General Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor : Dr. P. Jeyakumar, Director (PHM) Core Members : 1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise. 2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise. 3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise. 4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. 5. Sri. D. Chatopadhyaya, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise. Other Members : 1. Dr. B. S. Sunanda, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Nematology Expertise. Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts: 1. Shri. Ram Asre, Additional Plant Protection Advisor (IPM), 2. Dr. K. S. Kapoor, Deputy Director (Entomology), 3. Dr. Sanjay Arya, Deputy Director (Plant Pathology), 4. Dr. Subhash Kumar, Deputy Director (Weed Science) 5. Dr. C. S. Patni, Plant Protection Officer (Plant Pathology) Contributions by External Experts: 1. Dr. Somanth Roy, Scientist C, Department of Entomology, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat – 785008, Assam, India 2. Dr. Hitendra Kumar Rai, Senior Scientist, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur 3.
  • Issue Information

    Issue Information

    Systematic Entomology (2017), 42, 60–81 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12210 A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution AKITO Y. KAWAHARA1, DAVID PLOTKIN1,2, ISSEI OHSHIMA3, CARLOS LOPEZ-VAAMONDE4,5, PETER R. HOULIHAN1,6, JESSE W. BREINHOLT1, ATSUSHI KAWAKITA7, LEI XIAO1,JEROMEC. REGIER8,9, DONALD R. DAVIS10, TOSIO KUMATA11, JAE-CHEON SOHN9,10,12, JURATE DE PRINS13 andCHARLES MITTER9 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A., 2Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A., 3Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan, 4INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France, 5IRBI, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France, 6Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A., 7Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 8Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 9Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 10Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, U.S.A., 11Hokkaido University Museum, Sapporo, Japan, 12Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, South Korea and 13Department of Entomology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Abstract. Gracillariidae are one of the most diverse families of internally feeding insects, and many species are economically important. Study of this family has been hampered by lack of a robust and comprehensive phylogeny. In the present paper, we sequenced up to 22 genes in 96 gracillariid species, representing all previously rec- ognized subfamilies and genus groups, plus 20 outgroups representing other families and superfamilies.