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Helgoland Und Die Erforschung Der Marinen Benthosalgen* D

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Helgoland Und Die Erforschung Der Marinen Benthosalgen* D HELGOL,~NDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgolander Meeresunters. 42, 385-425 (1988) Helgoland und die Erforschung der marinen Benthosalgen* D. Mollenhauer t & K. Lfining 2 1 Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (Frankfurt am Main), Auflenstefle Lochmfihle; D - 64 65 Bie b ergem fin d 2 Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Zentrale Hamburg; Notkestrafle 31, D-2000 Hamburg 52 ABSTRACT: Helgoland and the history of research on marine benthic algae. Early phycological research on the island of Helgoland was performed by amateur phycologists from the adjacent coastal regions of Germany (Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein). These pioneers were followed by professionals, and by collectors from the mainland universities, particu- larly from Berlin. This second phase group includes the naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, the zoologists Johannes Mfiller, Ernst Haeckel and Anton Dohrn, and the botanists Alexander Braun, Nathanael Pringsheim, and Ferdinand Cohn. The leading marine phycologist in Germany, towards the end of the 19th century, was Johannes Reinke, who finally worked at the University of Kiel. Paul Kuckuck's doctoral thesis had been supervised by Reinke who recommended him for the post of the first curator of botany at the Biological Station of Helgoland, which was founded in 1892. Kuckuck worked on the island from 1892 to 1914. After World War I, and after Kuckuck's untimely death, Wilhelm Nienburg became the second curator of botany on Helgo~and, from 1921 to 1923. The next permanent phycologist on the island, from 1925 to 1936, was Ernst Schreiber. He was followed in 1936 by Peter Kornmann, who retired in 1972 but still continues as a research worker, together with Paul-Heinz Sahling, who started to work as a technical assistant under the guidance of Ernst Schreiber in 1927. EINLEITUNG Europ~ische Politik im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, Aufblfihen der Nordseeb~der sowie Industrialisierung der feinmechanischen und optischen Fertigung, sie alle haben sich auch auf die Erforschungsgeschichte der Helgol~nder Meeresalgen ausgewirkt. Die Kontinentalsperre Napoleons zwischen 1806 und 1813 brachte ffir Helgoland einen ungeahnten wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung. Die in der Deutschen Bucht vor dem Festland gelegene Insel war britische Kronkolonie und wurde zum Stapel- und Umschlagplatz ffir Schmuggelgut aller Art (Mohrhenn, 1928). Nach den Befreiungskriegen verdorrte die Scheinblfite, und auf der Insel herrschte bittere Not (Samhaber, 1951; Packrol~, 1952), Im Jahr 1826 grfindete der unternehmungs- tfichtige Helgol~nder Jacob Andresen S i e m e n s eine Seebadeanstalt und ffihrte den aufkeimenden Badebetrieb durch seine Beharrhchkeit zum Erfolg. Es kam dem Helgo- l~inder Seebad wie auch den verschiedenen Vorl~iufern an Ost- und Nordsee zugute, dal~ Reisen des gehobenen Bfirgertums zum Meet Mode geworden waren. Man sammelte * Herrn Dr. Dr. h. c. Peter Kornmann zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg 386 D. Mollenhauer & K. Lfining Naturobjekte, man malte und badete. Siemens' Vorhaben profitierte auch davon, dab die kleine Insel im deutschen Schrifttum reges Interesse gefunden hatte. Sie wird in Heinrich v o n K 1 e i s t s journalistischen Beitragen e rwahnt, ebenso im Hause yon G o e t h e in Weimar (Tischreden, 19. Februar 1891, nach Eckermann) und in Heinrich Heine s Schilderungen seiner Nordseefahrten. So konnte Helgoland sich schlieBlich als Nordsee- bad neben seinen alteren Konkurrenten behaupten (Heiligendamm-Doberan 1793/94, Norderney 1797, Travemfinde 1802, Cuxhaven 1816). Helgolandfahrten als besondere Attraktionen gab es seit 1822 von Cuxhaven, seit 1819 von Wyk auf F6hr und seit 1822 von Kiel. DIE ANFANGE DER ALGENFORSCHUNG: HELGOLANDFAHRTEN UND EXSIKKATENSAMMLER Wer als Naturfreund den Meeresstrand kennenlernt, ist vonder Vielfalt und Sch6n- heit der Flora und Fauna fiberrascht. Den Wunsch des interessierten Badegastes, sich eingehender darfiber unterrichten zu k6nnen, erffillte schon bald eine entsprechende populare Literatur. In anspruchsvolleren Werken sind auch Beschreibungen und Listen der Fauna und Flora Helgolands enthalten. Zu diesen Bfichern geh6ren die von Ernst H a 11 i e r verfaBten ,,Nordseestudien" (1863a). Hallier (1831-1904) war Professor der Botanik in Jena und stand im EinfluBbereich von Ernst Haeckel. Von Hallier stammt ferner ,,Die Vegetation auf Helgoland" (1863b) mit wertvollen Einzelbeobachtungen, etwa fiber Chorda ilium mit dem bevorzugten Standort auf den Dfinenklippen: ..... Noch mfissen wir des Seebindfadens, Scytosiphon Filum Ag., Erwahnung thun, den man sehr haufig an der Ostseite der Dfine sieht und zu dessen Beschreibung man eigentlich nichts weiter braucht als den Namen, denn in der That ist der Thallus ein langer (oft 20 FuB und dariiber), dfinner, schleimiger Faden" (Hallier, 1863b: pp. 41-42). Die ,,Nordseestudien" (HalIier, 1863a) enthalten auf 44 Seiten eine kommentierte Auf- zahlung von Helgolander Meeresalgen, darunter auch der damals auf der Westseite haufigen und warmeliebenden Dictyota dichotoma, die seit den 1950er Jahren bei Helgoland immer seltener gefunden wurde. Auf Helgoland stieg die Zahl der Badegaste an, zum Beispiel im Jahr 1887 auf 11 600 Kurgaste (davon 2000 ,,Passanten", also Tagesgaste), wie der Badearzt Emil L in d e- m a n n (1857-1923) in seinem Buch ,,Die Nordseeinsel Helgoland" berichtet (Linde- mann, 1889: p. I15). Hierin finden sich neben topographischen und historischen Einzel- heiten auch Darstellungen der Messungen des Pulsschlages vor und nach dem Gang zum Meeresstrand, wobei die Erh6hung der Zirkulation durch die Seeluft deutlich wird. Das Meet schlechthin land auch groBen Anklang in der Literatur, wie etwa Jakob Matthias S c h 1 e i d e n s groBes populares Buch ,,Das Meer" (1867) zeigt. Justus L i e - b i g, so berichtet Rudolf Sachtleben (I967: p. 220), hat sich als Junge in Captain Cooks Weltumseglungsberichte vertieft und war yon den Riesentangen besonders angetan. Ein Titel wie Carl C hu n s ,,Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres" (1903) ware wohl schon damals zugkraftig gewesen. Die Ozeane steckten voller Geheimnisse, und die engli- schen Naturalisten hatten die SchSnheit und das Bizarre der Meerestiere und -pflanzen entdeckt. Bald zeigte man solche ,,Sensationen" im Binnenland in Aquarien (London 1853, Hamburg 1864, Berlin 1867). Es war wichtig, das Interesse der Menschen im Binnenland zu wecken; man brauchte sie als Ffirsprecher, urn spater die Meeresfor- Helgoland und die Erforschung der marinen Benthosalgen 387 schung politisch durchzusetzen und ihr Subventionen zu sichern. Besonders das alte Berliner Aquarium ,,Unter den Linden" gewann unter der Leitung des popul~ren Alfred B r e h m {1829-1884; ,,Brehms Tiefleben'} den Wundern des Meeres viele Freunde. Zu den Badegfisten gesellten sich bald die Sammler, denen die pr~chtigen Algenbe- st~nde Helgolands ein lockendes Ziel waren. Sie versorgten die zahlreich aufblfihenden Tauschvereine ffir herbarisierte Pflanzen mit Material yon dem Felswatt, dem einzigen Felsenstrand vor den deutschen Kfisten. Die Steilufer der Rfigener Kreidefelsen liegen im Brackwasser und werden nur von einem kleinen Anteil der typischen nordatlantischen Meeresalgenflora besiedelt. Was damals alles an Funden zusammengekommen ist, laBt sich heute kaum feststellen. Wahrscheinlich wurde nicht sehr konsequent gesammelt. Man produzierte der Nachfrage gem~B eine ,,Ware", Sammlerobjekte ffir das Her- barium. Dabei hat wohl vorwiegend die Vorliebe der Kaufer darfiber entschieden, was in den Exsikkatenwerken angeboten wurde. Aus der Biedermeierzeit (1815-1848) gibt es sichere Nachweise fiber die ersten Algensammler mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch, die Helgoland aufsuchten. Es war eine Epoche, in der bei allgemeiner nationaler Entt~iuschung nach den Befreiungskriegen in einer Art von Materialbesessenheit Natur und Geschichte erforscht wurden. Wiederum ist aber auch an den wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung zu erinnern, der vielen Naturliebha- bern erst in ausreichendem MaB Geld und Freizeit ffir ihre naturkundlichen IAebhabe- reien verschaffte. Nicht wenige der forschenden Dilettanten entwickelten sich zu weltbe- kannten Spezialisten. Der Advokat und Bfirgermeister von Jever, Georg Heinrich Bern- hard J fi r g e n s (1771-1846), war einer der ersten. Er war mehrfach auf Helgoland und sammelte dort die Algen ffir die Exsikkata in den ,,Decaden 4, 5, 12 und 16" (1817-1822) seiner bekannten ,Algae aquaticae quas et in littora marls Dynastiam Jeveranam et Frisiam orientalem alluentis rejectas et in harum terrarum aquis habitantes". Jfirgens begrfindete damit eine ostfriesische Naturkundlertradition, die lange angehalten hat. Ein spaterer Nachfahre der ostfriesischen Heimatforschergenerationen war Rudolf R a s s a u (1839-1930) aus Aurich, der noch 1904 seine Exsikkatensammlung ,,Die Algen der Deutschen Nordsee-Inseln" herausgebracht hat (vgl. Peter, i910: p. 3). Er gehSrte zum Kreis der Geobotaniker um Dr. h. c. Otto L e e g e {1862-1951}. Jfirgens korrespondierte auch mit Friedrich Traugott K fit z i n g in Nordhausen (1807-1893), der ihn 1839 besucht hat und bei dieser Gelegenheit auch von dem neuen Seebad Cuxhaven aus nach Helgoland gefahren ist, Auf der Insel hat Kfitzing den Hamburger Botaniker Johann Christian L e h m a n n (1792-1860) getroffen (vgl. Kies, 1987: p. 235), dem er die Bekanntschaft mit Senator Nikolaus B in d e r (1785-1865) verdankte. Dessen riesiges, allerdings zum grSBten Teil nicht selbst gesammeltes Algen- herbarium hat Kfitzing durchgesehen (Kies, 1987: p. 234 f.). Ober Helgoland berichtet
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