Insights Into the Red Algae and Eukaryotic Evolution From
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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. Doi 10.2323/Jgam.2020.02.003 ©2020 Applied Microbiology, Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Research Foundation
Advance Publication J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. doi 10.2323/jgam.2020.02.003 ©2020 Applied Microbiology, Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Research Foundation 1 Short Communication 2 Establishment of a firefly luciferase reporter assay system in the unicellular red alga 3 Cyanidioschyzon merolae 4 (Received January 25, 2020; Accepted February 11, 2020; J-STAGE Advance publication date: September 16, 2020) 5 Running Head: Luciferase reporter system in C. merolae 6 Baifeng Zhou1,2, Sota Takahashi1,3, Tokiaki Takemura1,2, Kan Tanaka1,*, Sousuke Imamura1,* 7 1Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute 8 of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan 9 2School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori- 10 ku, Yokohama, Japan 11 3Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of 12 Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan 13 14 Key Words: Cyanidioschyzon merolae; luciferase; nitrogen; reporter assay; transcription 15 factor 16 *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] (K. 17 Tanaka); [email protected] (S. Imamura) 18 The firefly luciferase (Luc) reporter assay is a powerful tool used to analyze promoter 19 activities in living cells. In this report, we established a firefly Luc reporter assay system in 20 the unicellular model red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. A nitrite reductase (NIR) promoter- 21 Luc fusion gene was integrated into the URA5.3 genomic region to construct the C. merolae 22 NIR-Luc strain. Luc activities in the NIR-Luc strain were increased, correlating with the 23 accumulation of endogenous NIR transcripts in response to nitrogen depletion. -
RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta Are Cosmopolitan, Found from the Artic to the Tropics
RED ALGAE · RHODOPHYTA Rhodophyta are cosmopolitan, found from the artic to the tropics. Although they grow in both marine and fresh water, 98% of the 6,500 species of red algae are marine. Most of these species occur in the tropics and sub-tropics, though the greatest number of species is temperate. Along the California coast, the species of red algae far outnumber the species of green and brown algae. In temperate regions such as California, red algae are common in the intertidal zone. In the tropics, however, they are mostly subtidal, growing as epiphytes on seagrasses, within the crevices of rock and coral reefs, or occasionally on dead coral or sand. In some tropical waters, red algae can be found as deep as 200 meters. Because of their unique accessory pigments (phycobiliproteins), the red algae are able to harvest the blue light that reaches deeper waters. Red algae are important economically in many parts of the world. For example, in Japan, the cultivation of Pyropia is a multibillion-dollar industry, used for nori and other algal products. Rhodophyta also provide valuable “gums” or colloidal agents for industrial and food applications. Two extremely important phycocolloids are agar (and the derivative agarose) and carrageenan. The Rhodophyta are the only algae which have “pit plugs” between cells in multicellular thalli. Though their true function is debated, pit plugs are thought to provide stability to the thallus. Also, the red algae are unique in that they have no flagellated stages, which enhance reproduction in other algae. Instead, red algae has a complex life cycle, with three distinct stages. -
METABOLIC EVOLUTION in GALDIERIA SULPHURARIA By
METABOLIC EVOLUTION IN GALDIERIA SULPHURARIA By CHAD M. TERNES Bachelor of Science in Botany Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2009 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2015 METABOLIC EVOLUTION IN GALDIERIA SUPHURARIA Dissertation Approved: Dr. Gerald Schoenknecht Dissertation Adviser Dr. David Meinke Dr. Andrew Doust Dr. Patricia Canaan ii Name: CHAD M. TERNES Date of Degree: MAY, 2015 Title of Study: METABOLIC EVOLUTION IN GALDIERIA SULPHURARIA Major Field: PLANT SCIENCE Abstract: The thermoacidophilic, unicellular, red alga Galdieria sulphuraria possesses characteristics, including salt and heavy metal tolerance, unsurpassed by any other alga. Like most plastid bearing eukaryotes, G. sulphuraria can grow photoautotrophically. Additionally, it can also grow solely as a heterotroph, which results in the cessation of photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis. The ability to grow heterotrophically is likely correlated with G. sulphuraria ’s broad capacity for carbon metabolism, which rivals that of fungi. Annotation of the metabolic pathways encoded by the genome of G. sulphuraria revealed several pathways that are uncharacteristic for plants and algae, even red algae. Phylogenetic analyses of the enzymes underlying the metabolic pathways suggest multiple instances of horizontal gene transfer, in addition to endosymbiotic gene transfer and conservation through ancestry. Although some metabolic pathways as a whole appear to be retained through ancestry, genes encoding individual enzymes within a pathway were substituted by genes that were acquired horizontally from other domains of life. Thus, metabolic pathways in G. sulphuraria appear to be composed of a ‘metabolic patchwork’, underscored by a mosaic of genes resulting from multiple evolutionary processes. -
Red Algae (Bangia Atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
Red Algae (Bangia atropurpurea) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, February 2014 Revised, March 2016, September 2017, October 2017 Web Version, 6/25/2018 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Bangia atropurpurea has a widespread amphi-Atlantic range, which includes the Atlantic coast of North America […]” Status in the United States From Mills et al. (1991): “This filamentous red alga native to the Atlantic Coast was observed in Lake Erie in 1964 (Lin and Blum 1977). After this sighting, records for Lake Ontario (Damann 1979), Lake Michigan (Weik 1977), Lake Simcoe (Jackson 1985) and Lake Huron (Sheath 1987) were reported. It has become a major species of the littoral flora of these lakes, generally occupying the littoral zone with Cladophora and Ulothrix (Blum 1982). Earliest records of this algae in the basin, however, go back to the 1940s when Smith and Moyle (1944) found the alga in Lake Superior tributaries. Matthews (1932) found the alga in Quaker Run in the Allegheny drainage basin. Smith and 1 Moyle’s records must have not resulted in spreading populations since the alga was not known in Lake Superior as of 1987. Kishler and Taft (1970) were the most recent workers to refer to the records of Smith and Moyle (1944) and Matthews (1932).” From NOAA and USGS (2016): “Established where recorded except in Lake Superior. The distribution in Lake Simcoe is limited (Jackson 1985).” From Kipp et al. (2017): “Bangia atropurpurea was first recorded from Lake Erie in 1964. During the 1960s–1980s, it was recorded from Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Simcoe (part of the Lake Ontario drainage). -
Seed Plant Models
Review Tansley insight Why we need more non-seed plant models Author for correspondence: Stefan A. Rensing1,2 Stefan A. Rensing 1 2 Tel: +49 6421 28 21940 Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Biological Signalling Studies, Email: stefan.rensing@biologie. University of Freiburg, Sch€anzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany uni-marburg.de Received: 30 October 2016 Accepted: 18 December 2016 Contents Summary 1 V. What do we need? 4 I. Introduction 1 VI. Conclusions 5 II. Evo-devo: inference of how plants evolved 2 Acknowledgements 5 III. We need more diversity 2 References 5 IV. Genomes are necessary, but not sufficient 3 Summary New Phytologist (2017) Out of a hundred sequenced and published land plant genomes, four are not of flowering plants. doi: 10.1111/nph.14464 This severely skewed taxonomic sampling hinders our comprehension of land plant evolution at large. Moreover, most genetically accessible model species are flowering plants as well. If we are Key words: Charophyta, evolution, fern, to gain a deeper understanding of how plants evolved and still evolve, and which of their hornwort, liverwort, moss, Streptophyta. developmental patterns are ancestral or derived, we need to study a more diverse set of plants. Here, I thus argue that we need to sequence genomes of so far neglected lineages, and that we need to develop more non-seed plant model species. revealed much, the exact branching order and evolution of the I. Introduction nonbilaterian lineages is still disputed (Lanna, 2015). Research on animals has for a long time relied on a number of The first (small) plant genome to be sequenced was of THE traditional model organisms, such as mouse, fruit fly, zebrafish or model plant, the weed Arabidopsis thaliana (c. -
Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet. -
THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A
s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost. -
Divergence Time Estimates and the Evolution of Major Lineages in The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Divergence time estimates and the evolution of major lineages in the florideophyte red algae Received: 31 March 2015 Eun Chan Yang1,2, Sung Min Boo3, Debashish Bhattacharya4, Gary W. Saunders5, Accepted: 19 January 2016 Andrew H. Knoll6, Suzanne Fredericq7, Louis Graf8 & Hwan Su Yoon8 Published: 19 February 2016 The Florideophyceae is the most abundant and taxonomically diverse class of red algae (Rhodophyta). However, many aspects of the systematics and divergence times of the group remain unresolved. Using a seven-gene concatenated dataset (nuclear EF2, LSU and SSU rRNAs, mitochondrial cox1, and plastid rbcL, psaA and psbA genes), we generated a robust phylogeny of red algae to provide an evolutionary timeline for florideophyte diversification. Our relaxed molecular clock analysis suggests that the Florideophyceae diverged approximately 943 (817–1,049) million years ago (Ma). The major divergences in this class involved the emergence of Hildenbrandiophycidae [ca. 781 (681–879) Ma], Nemaliophycidae [ca. 661 (597–736) Ma], Corallinophycidae [ca. 579 (543–617) Ma], and the split of Ahnfeltiophycidae and Rhodymeniophycidae [ca. 508 (442–580) Ma]. Within these clades, extant diversity reflects largely Phanerozoic diversification. Divergences within Florideophyceae were accompanied by evolutionary changes in the carposporophyte stage, leading to a successful strategy for maximizing spore production from each fertilization event. Our research provides robust estimates for the divergence times of major lineages within the Florideophyceae. This timeline was used to interpret the emergence of key morphological innovations that characterize these multicellular red algae. The Florideophyceae is the most taxon-rich red algal class, comprising 95% (6,752) of currently described species of Rhodophyta1 and possibly containing many more cryptic taxa2. -
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Millions of years ago, unlikely pioneers sparked a revolution. Cnidarians set animal life in motion. So much of what we take for granted today began with Cnidarians. FROM SHAPE OF LIFE The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Take a moment to follow these instructions: Raise your right hand in front of your eyes. Make a fist. Make the peace sign with your first and second fingers. Make a fist again. Open your hand. Read the next paragraph. What you just did was exhibit a trait we associate with all animals, a trait called, quite simply, movement. And not only did you just move your hand, but you moved it after passing the idea of movement through your brain and nerve cells to command the muscles in your hand to obey. To do this, your body needs muscles to move and nerves to transmit and coordinate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. The bit of business involved in making fists and peace signs is pretty complex behavior, but it pales by comparison with the suites of thought and movement associated with throwing a curve ball, walking, swimming, dancing, breathing, landing an airplane, running down prey, or fleeing a predator. But whether by thought or instinct, you and all animals except sponges have the ability to move and to carry out complex sequences of movement called behavior. In fact, movement is such a basic part of being an animal that we tend to define animalness as having the ability to move and behave. -
A Morphological and Phylogenetic Study of the Genus Chondria (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta)
Title A morphological and phylogenetic study of the genus Chondria (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) Author(s) Sutti, Suttikarn Citation 北海道大学. 博士(理学) 甲第13264号 Issue Date 2018-06-29 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k13264 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/71176 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Suttikarn_Sutti.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP A morphological and phylogenetic study of the genus Chondria (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) 【紅藻ヤナギノリ属(フジマツモ科)の形態学的および系統学的研究】 Suttikarn Sutti Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science Hokkaido University June 2018 1 CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….2 Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………….5 General Introduction………………………………………………………………………..7 Chapter 1. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of the genus Chondria based on Japanese specimens……………………………………………………………………….14 Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussions Chapter 2. Neochondria gen. nov., a segregate of Chondria including N. ammophila sp. nov. and N. nidifica comb. nov………………………………………………………...39 Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussions Conclusion Chapter 3. Yanagi nori—the Japanese Chondria dasyphylla including a new species and a probable new record of Chondria from Japan………………………………………51 Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussions Conclusion References………………………………………………………………………………...66 Tables and Figures 2 ABSTRACT The red algal tribe Chondrieae F. Schmitz & Falkenberg (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) currently -
Predatory Flagellates – the New Recently Discovered Deep Branches of the Eukaryotic Tree and Their Evolutionary and Ecological Significance
Protistology 14 (1), 15–22 (2020) Protistology Predatory flagellates – the new recently discovered deep branches of the eukaryotic tree and their evolutionary and ecological significance Denis V. Tikhonenkov Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, 152742, Russia | Submitted March 20, 2020 | Accepted April 6, 2020 | Summary Predatory protists are poorly studied, although they are often representing important deep-branching evolutionary lineages and new eukaryotic supergroups. This short review/opinion paper is inspired by the recent discoveries of various predatory flagellates, which form sister groups of the giant eukaryotic clusters on phylogenetic trees, and illustrate an ancestral state of one or another supergroup of eukaryotes. Here we discuss their evolutionary and ecological relevance and show that the study of such protists may be essential in addressing previously puzzling evolutionary problems, such as the origin of multicellular animals, the plastid spread trajectory, origins of photosynthesis and parasitism, evolution of mitochondrial genomes. Key words: evolution of eukaryotes, heterotrophic flagellates, mitochondrial genome, origin of animals, photosynthesis, predatory protists, tree of life Predatory flagellates and diversity of eu- of the hidden diversity of protists (Moon-van der karyotes Staay et al., 2000; López-García et al., 2001; Edg- comb et al., 2002; Massana et al., 2004; Richards The well-studied multicellular animals, plants and Bass, 2005; Tarbe et al., 2011; de Vargas et al., and fungi immediately come to mind when we hear 2015). In particular, several prevailing and very abun- the term “eukaryotes”. However, these groups of dant ribogroups such as MALV, MAST, MAOP, organisms represent a minority in the real diversity MAFO (marine alveolates, stramenopiles, opistho- of evolutionary lineages of eukaryotes.