DOCSLIB.ORG

Tibet Has Been Part of China Since the Yuan Dynasty

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tibet Has Been Part of China Since the Yuan Dynasty Regarding the claim that "Tibet has been part of China since the Yuan dynasty", the following are some relevant extracts from "Imperial China 900-1800" (Harvard, 1999), by the late Emeritus Professor Frederick W. Mote of Princeton. Chapter 20: China under Mongol Rule Section I: Yuan Government Tibet: (pp. 483-485) The most important of the unprecedented special agencies was the Commission for Tibetan and Buddhist Affairs, the Xuanzhengyuan, rank I.B. It managed the entire Buddhist clergy throughout the realm, and supervised all temples, monasteries, and other Buddhist properties, at least in name. It was also responsible in a curious way for administering Tibet. That is, this office was given responsibility for administering the Buddhist establishment in Tibet, which was tantamount to giving the persons in charge of that office the dominant role in local governing. During his reign Khubilai’s interest shifted away from Chan Buddhism, then the dominant trend in Chinese Buddhist teachings (but not a separate sect, as was Chan, or Zen, in Japan). Lamaist Buddhism from Tibet came to supersede Chan in his religious life. The Tibetan monk Phagspa (P’ags-pa, 1235-1280) was named the National Preceptor, subsequently elevated to the title of Imperial Preceptor by Khubilai in the 1260s. He was concurrently named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. Phagspa is one of the more remarkable figures in Yuan history; he was an intellectual figure of undoubted genius, and administrator, and a spiritual leader and writer of great influence. After his death he became something of a Buddhist patron saint of the Yuan government. He used his very close relationship with the emperor not only to promote Tibetan Buddhism in China but also to advance the interests of his sect of Lamaism in Tibet. His close relatives and other leaders of the Sa-skya sect were appointed, on his advice, either to act as the khan’s viceroy or to staff the crucial Pacification Commission for Tibet. In this way the Yuan court found eager surrogates to govern Tibet for them. Those measures, however, clearly did not bring Tibet under Beijing’s rule. The Mongol army did not invade and conquer that country, not did it maintain any regular military presence there, although on a few occasions it did attempt to coerce dissidents and rebels by limited military actions or by stationing intimidating forces on the borders. Chapter 27: Ming China’s Borders Section III. Tibet and the Western Borders (pp. 698-700; see map p. 699) 1 China’s western frontier in Ming times extended from the arid loess region of Gansu in the northwest, southward along the edges of the Himalayan upland, then into the subtropical jungles of western Yunnan and Burma. The northwest was administered under a sprawling Shaanxi Province that included much of later Gansu and supervised the military government of the Gansu Corridor that then lay beyond the provincial boundaries. That northwest extension of Ming local administration was surrounded by autonomous Mongol tribal federations whose leaders had been given the honorific Ming titles of Pacification Commissioners. Important among them were groups called Dada (Tatar), and some known as constituents of the Oyirat Mongol federation (i.e., the Khoshut tribe), along with other tribal groups. During Ming times the northwest thus contained a broad array of Chinese, Mongol, and Turkic peoples that included some Uighur and other Islamic communities. And there were Tibetans. Most of the western border zone, from the northwest corner of China southward, was dominated by a range of peoples usually identified as Tibetans. They were the most numerous and historically the most important of China’s western neighbors. In Ming times we can think of them as the Tibetans of central Tibet, or Tibet Proper (Xikang), with its capital at Lhasa, and the Tibetans of the eastern extension of the Himalayan upland along the western border of China (Amdo and the Kham region adjacent to western Sichuan) (Map 18). These northern and eastern Tibetans were often called the Qiang people in history. Tibet developed a literate high culture in the sixth and seventh centuries C.E. (about the same time as Japan and Korea). That also is when it accepted both Buddhism and literacy through its southwestern borders with Indian civilizations. The still earlier culture is now thought to have arisen in far western Tibet, in Central Asia. The first well-organized state in Tibet Proper, however, controlling central Tibet where present-day Lhasa is located, took form in the seventh century. That was a vigorously expansive period; Tibetan armies pushed out to conquer widely in all directions. On their east and northeast they made serious incursions into Tang China’s western boundaries. We know a great deal about this formative period in Tibet’s history because Chinese historical records clearly document the Tang involvement with the Tibetan kingdom of that time. Cultural relations with Tang China began to develop, and in 641 the Tang emperor acceded to the demand of the Tibetan king to forumulize their relationship by sending him an imperial princess to wed. The power of that secular kingdom subsequently disintegrated; after the ninth century, Tibet gradually came to be ruled by local leaders of its Buddhist church. Cultural links with China were greatly diminished thereafter while Tibet turned its attention to its southern and eastern borders. Profound involvement with Indian culture through several centuries produced the great age of Tibetan religious and philosophical writing and of religious poetry. 2 When the Muslim conquest of northeastern India took place about the year 1200, Tibet’s relations with India were reduced, but by that time Indian learning was well established in Tibet’s many monasteries; a Tibeto-Indian intellectual tradition continued to grow. During the Mongols' Yuan dynasty (1272-1368), Tibet came back into significant relationship with China; the Mongol emperors intended to control Tibet, but without conquering it. Khubilai Khan had marched southward along the eastern edges of the Amdo Tibetan border region on his way to invade Yunnan in 1253. In 1290 the Yuan government sent forces into the country to attack and suppress a sect threatening the hegemony of the Saskya-pa, whom the Mongols favored as their surrogates in Tibet. Otherwise, the Mongols seldom intervened militarily. Through Yuan times, the Mongol government in Beijing was content to exercise a loose authority through Saskya-pa lamas [such as the Buddhist teacher Phagspa, who was Khubilai Khan's preceptor]. It threatened to use military force while giving official titles such as viceroy to Tibetan spiritual heads, confirming them in both spiritual and temporal powers. In fact, the Mongols of the Yuan period maintained no presence in Tibet and allowed their surrogates, principally the lamas who headed the Red Hat (Saskya-pa) sect of Tibetan Buddhism, to rule as they pleased. In the early Ming the Chinese displayed still less concern about the country itself, content to keep the western frontier secure by diplomatic means such as extending courtesies to leading figures of the Lamaist church. The Yongle emperor (1402-1424), always seeking ways to legitimize his usurpation, was eager for heads of border states to acknowledge him. In the case of Tibet, he bestowed lavish gifts on Tibetan church leaders. In 1407-1408 the fifth reincarnation of the founder of the Black Hat Karma-pa sect, known in Chinese records as Halima, made the journey to Nanjing, where the Yongle emperor asked him to perform memorial services for his parents. At the same time performed many magical acts, earning the awe of the the Chinese capital. He was invited, however, as a miracle worker; political and other considerations were secondary. The Yongle emperor also heard about Halima's famous contemporary Tsong- kha-pa (1357-1419), the founder of the Yellow Hat or Gelug-pa sect, whose heads later became known as the Dalai Lamas. He entreated Tsung-kha-pa to visit the Ming capital, but was spurned. When later Ming emperors invited such dignitaries to visit the Ming capital at Nanjing or at Beijing, they declined, always sending lower-ranking monks as their envoys. Tibetan lamas (monks), often regarded as persons of extraordinary spiritual powers, were patronized by several of the Ming emperors and members of the imperial household, as well as by prominent members of the official elite, and were frequently in residence at Buddhist temples in the capital and elsewhere throughout the country. A 3 vivid image of the “western regions monk” appears in the mentality of Ming China, as also in present-day entertainment literature and cinema. Trade moved in considerable quantity in and out of Tibet through Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, and religious interaction in those border provinces was also lively. Historians of art see significant Chinese impact on Tibetan painting and woodcarving in Ming times. Although rare earlier examples exist, by the fifteenth century the Chinese technology for woodblock printing began to be widely used for reproducing Tibetan religious texts. Tibetan learning in fields such as medicine was admired in China. Chinese institutions, ethics, and sciences, however successfully exported on other frontiers, made little impact in Tibet. Politically, Ming China's relations with Tibet were distant and cool. Tibet's relations with Mongolia during Ming times were, by contrast, very close. Tsong-kha-pa’s third successor was identified as his reincarnation, and thereafter the leaders of the Yellow Hat sect all came to their position in that way. The Yellow Hat sect (Gelug-pa) achieved great stature in Tibet in the fifteenth century for the rigor of its monastic discipline and its systematic teachings. At a time when Tibet’s internal wars and conflicts among the older so-called Red Hat and Black Hat sects were often decided by Mongol intervention, the Yellow Hat sect had remained apart from politics.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7Th to 13Th Centuries)
    Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries) Edited by Carmen Meinert LEIDEN | BOSTON For use by the Author only | © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations, Maps and Tables viii General Abbreviations xi Bibliographical Abbreviations xii Notes on Contributors xiv Introduction—Dynamics of Buddhist Transfer in Central Asia 1 Carmen Meinert Changing Political and Religious Contexts in Central Asia on a Micro-Historical Level 1 Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: A Case Study according to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries 19 Gertraud Taenzer Textual Transfer 2 Tibetan Buddhism in Central Asia: Geopolitics and Group Dynamics 57 Sam van Schaik 3 The Transmission of Sanskrit Manuscripts from India to Tibet: The Case of a Manuscript Collection in the Possession of Atiśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna (980–1054) 82 Kazuo Kano Visual Transfer 4 The Tibetan Himalayan Style: Considering the Central Asian Connection 121 Linda Lojda, Deborah Klimburg-Salter and Monica Strinu For use by the Author only | © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV vi contents 5 Origins of the Kashmiri Style in the Western Himalayas: Sculpture of the 7th–11th Centuries 147 Rob Linrothe Transfer Agents 6 Buddhism in the West Uyghur Kingdom and Beyond 191 Jens Wilkens 7 Esoteric Buddhism at the Crossroads: Religious Dynamics at Dunhuang, 9th–10th Centuries 250 Henrik H. Sørensen Bibliography 285 Index 320 For use by the Author only | © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV Chapter 2 Tibetan Buddhism in Central Asia: Geopolitics and Group Dynamics Sam van Schaik 1 Introduction1 Tibetan Buddhism has played an important role in Asian politics from the 8th century to the present day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jesuit Role As “Experts” in High Qing Cartography and Technology∗
    臺大歷史學報第31期 BIBLID1012-8514(2003)31p.223-250 2003年6月，頁223~250 2003.1.7收稿，2003.5.29通過刊登 The Jesuit Role as “Experts” in High Qing Cartography and Technology∗ Benjamin A. Elman∗∗ Abstract Earlier accounts have generally overvalued or undervalued the role of the Jesu- its in Ming-Qing intellectual life. In many cases the Jesuits were less relevant in the ongoing changes occurring in literati learning. In the medical field, for example, before the nineteenth century few Qing physicians (ruyi 儒醫) took early modern European “Galenic” medicine seriously as a threat to native remedies. On the other hand, the Kangxi revival of interest in mathematics was closely tied to the introduc- tion of Jesuit algebra (jiegen fang 借根方), trigonometry (sanjiao xue 三角學), and logarithyms (duishu 對數). In the midst of the relatively “closed door” policies of the Yongzheng emperor and his successors, a large-scale effort to recover and col- late the treasures of ancient Chinese mathematics were prioritized in the late eight- eenth and early nineteenth century. Despite setbacks during the early eighteenth century Rites Controversy, the Jesuits in China remained important “experts” (專家) in the Astro-Calendric Bureau (欽天監) and supervisors in the Qing dynasty’s imperial workshops. Earlier Adam Schall (1592-1666) and Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) had not only championed the role of mathematics in Christianizing literati elites, but they also produced in- struments and weapons at the behest of both the Ming and Qing dynasties. The tech- nical expertise of the Jesuits in the China mission during the eighteenth century also ranged from translating Western texts and maps, introducing surveying methods to producing cannon, pulley systems, sundials, telescopes, water-pumps, musical in- struments, clocks, and other mechanical devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhist Philosophy in Depth, Part 3
    WISDOM ACADEMY Buddhist Philosophy in Depth, Part 3 JAY GARFIELD Lessons 6: The Transmission of Buddhism from India to Tibet, and the Shentong-Rangtong Debate Reading: The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems "Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism," pages 71-75 "The Nyingma Tradition," pages 77-84 "The Kagyu Tradition," pages 117-124 "The Sakya Tradition," pages 169-175 "The Geluk Tradition," pages 215-225 CrystalMirror_Cover 2 4/7/17 10:28 AM Page 1 buddhism / tibetan THE LIBRARY OF $59.95US TIBETAN CLASSICS t h e l i b r a r y o f t i b e t a n c l a s s i c s T C! N (1737–1802) was L T C is a among the most cosmopolitan and prolific Tspecial series being developed by e Insti- Tibetan Buddhist masters of the late eighteenth C M P S, by Thuken Losang the crystal tute of Tibetan Classics to make key classical century. Hailing from the “melting pot” Tibetan Chökyi Nyima (1737–1802), is arguably the widest-ranging account of religious Tibetan texts part of the global literary and intel- T mirror of region of Amdo, he was Mongol by heritage and philosophies ever written in pre-modern Tibet. Like most texts on philosophical systems, lectual heritage. Eventually comprising thirty-two educated in Geluk monasteries. roughout his this work covers the major schools of India, both non-Buddhist and Buddhist, but then philosophical large volumes, the collection will contain over two life, he traveled widely in east and inner Asia, goes on to discuss in detail the entire range of Tibetan traditions as well, with separate hundred distinct texts by more than a hundred of spending significant time in Central Tibet, chapters on the Nyingma, Kadam, Kagyü, Shijé, Sakya, Jonang, Geluk, and Bön schools.
    [Show full text]
  • Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China
    Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Ruizhong Ding aus Qishan, VR. China Bonn, 2019 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubin, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Ralph Kauz, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Veronika Veit, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung：22.07.2019 Acknowledgements Currently, when this dissertation is finished, I look out of the window with joyfulness and I would like to express many words to all of you who helped me. Prof. Wolfgang Kubin accepted me as his Ph.D student and in these years he warmly helped me a lot, not only with my research but also with my life. In every meeting, I am impressed by his personality and erudition deeply. I remember one time in his seminar he pointed out my minor errors in the speech paper frankly and patiently. I am indulged in his beautiful German and brilliant poetry. His translations are full of insightful wisdom. Every time when I meet him, I hope it is a long time. I am so grateful that Prof. Ralph Kauz in the past years gave me unlimited help. In his seminars, his academic methods and sights opened my horizons. Usually, he supported and encouraged me to study more fields of research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613-1795
    Copyright © 2002 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 57.2 (2002) 177-197 [Access article in PDF] Disease And its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795) Chia-Feng Chang One of the most dramatic events in Chinese history was the rise of the Qing dynasty in 1644. Scholars have suggested various reasons why the Manchus successfully conquered Ming China, but one important reason has long been neglected. An infectious disease, smallpox, played a key role in the story. Smallpox might have served as a barrier, preventing the success of the susceptible Manchus, both during the time of military conquest and in the years that followed. In this essay I explore how the Manchus responded to the danger of smallpox and how smallpox shaped the Manchu military, political, and diplomatic structures during the conquest and the first half of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644) smallpox was rare among the peoples who lived beyond the northern borders of China, including the Manchus. For example, Zhang Jiebin (1563–1640), an eminent physician, stated that the northern peoples did not develop the disease. 1 A government official of the time, Xie Zhaozhe, also remarked that the Tartars did not suffer from smallpox. 2 As late as the Qing [End Page 177] dynasty, Zhu Chungu (1634–1718?), who was appointed to practice variolation amongst the Mongols during the Kangxi period (1662–1722), asserted that it was their nomadic lifestyle which protected them.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: the Politics of Dramatizing
    , - 'I ., . UN1VERSIlY OF HAWAII UBRARY 3~31 INTERPRETING ZHENG CHENGGONG: THE POLITICS OF DRAMATIZING A HISTORICAL FIGURE IN JAPAN, CHINA, AND TAIWAN (1700-1963) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAW AI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THEATRE AUGUST 2007 By Chong Wang Thesis Committee: Julie A. Iezzi, Chairperson Lurana D. O'Malley Elizabeth Wichmann-Walczak · - ii .' --, L-' ~ J HAWN CB5 \ .H3 \ no. YI,\ © Copyright 2007 By Chong Wang We certity that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Theatre. TIIESIS COMMITTEE Chairperson iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to give my wannest thanks to my family for their strong support. I also want to give my since're thanks to Dr. Julie Iezzi for her careful guidance and tremendous patience during each stage of the writing process. Finally, I want to thank my proofreaders, Takenouchi Kaori and Vance McCoy, without whom this thesis could not have been completed. - . iv ABSTRACT Zheng Chenggong (1624 - 1662) was sired by Chinese merchant-pirate in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. A general at the end of the Chinese Ming Dynasty, he was a prominent leader of the movement opposing the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and in recovering Taiwan from Dutch colonial occupation in 1661. Honored as a hero in Japan, China, and Taiwan, he has been dramatized in many plays in various theatre forms in Japan (since about 1700), China (since 1906), and Taiwan (since the 1920s).
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Riverside
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Uncertain Satire in Modern Chinese Fiction and Drama: 1930-1949 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Xi Tian August 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Perry Link, Chairperson Dr. Paul Pickowicz Dr. Yenna Wu Copyright by Xi Tian 2014 The Dissertation of Xi Tian is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Uncertain Satire in Modern Chinese Fiction and Drama: 1930-1949 by Xi Tian Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, August 2014 Dr. Perry Link, Chairperson My dissertation rethinks satire and redefines our understanding of it through the examination of works from the 1930s and 1940s. I argue that the fluidity of satiric writing in the 1930s and 1940s undermines the certainties of the “satiric triangle” and gives rise to what I call, variously, self-satire, self-counteractive satire, empathetic satire and ambiguous satire. It has been standard in the study of satire to assume fixed and fairly stable relations among satirist, reader, and satirized object. This “satiric triangle” highlights the opposition of satirist and satirized object and has generally assumed an alignment by the reader with the satirist and the satirist’s judgments of the satirized object. Literary critics and theorists have usually shared these assumptions about the basis of satire. I argue, however, that beginning with late-Qing exposé fiction, satire in modern Chinese literature has shown an unprecedented uncertainty and fluidity in the relations among satirist, reader and satirized object.
    [Show full text]
  • Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham
    Victorianizing Guangxu: Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham Scott Relyea, Appalachian State University Abstract In the late Qing and early Republican eras, eastern Tibet (Kham) was a borderland on the cusp of political and economic change. Straddling Sichuan Province and central Tibet, it was coveted by both Chengdu and Lhasa. Informed by an absolutist conception of territorial sovereignty, Sichuan officials sought to exert exclusive authority in Kham by severing its inhabitants from regional and local influence. The resulting efforts to arrest the flow of rupees from British India and the flow of cultural identity entwined with Buddhism from Lhasa were grounded in two misperceptions: that Khampa opposition to Chinese rule was external, fostered solely by local monasteries as conduits of Lhasa’s spiritual authority, and that Sichuan could arrest such influence, the absence of which would legitimize both exclusive authority in Kham and regional assertions of sovereignty. The intersection of these misperceptions with the significance of Buddhism in Khampa identity determined the success of Sichuan’s policies and the focus of this article, the minting and circulation of the first and only Qing coin emblazoned with an image of the emperor. It was a flawed axiom of state and nation builders throughout the world that severing local cultural or spiritual influence was possible—or even necessary—to effect a borderland’s incorporation. Keywords: Sichuan, southwest China, Tibet, currency, Indian rupee, territorial sovereignty, Qing borderlands On December 24, 1904, after an arduous fourteen-week journey along the southern road linking Chengdu with Lhasa, recently appointed assistant amban (Imperial Resident) to Tibet Fengquan reached Batang, a lush green valley at the western edge of Sichuan on the province’s border with central Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Mobility and the Kangxi Emperor's Construction Of
    Investigating things under Heaven: imperial mobility and the Kangxi emperor’s construction of knowledge Catherine Jami To cite this version: Catherine Jami. Investigating things under Heaven: imperial mobility and the Kangxi emperor’s construction of knowledge. Individual itineraries and the Spatial Dynamics of Knowledge: Science, Technology and Medicine in China, 17th-20th centuries, Collège de France, pp.173-205, 2017, 978-2- 85757-077-6. halshs-02319149 HAL Id: halshs-02319149 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02319149 Submitted on 24 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L’INSTITUT DES HAUTES ÉTUDES CHINOISES VOLUME XXXIX INDIVIDUAL ITINERARIES AND THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN CHINA, 17TH-20TH CENTURIES EDITED BY Catherine JAMI PARIS — 2017 COLLÈGE DE FRANCE INSTITUT DES HAUTES ÉTUDES CHINOISES 5 INVESTIGATING THINGS UNDER HEAVEN: IMPERIAL MOBILITY AND THE KANGXI EMPEROR’S CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE Catherine JAMI During the late imperial period, emperors played a major role in the pro- duction and circulation of knowledge in China. From the early fifteenth century, they promoted the teachings of the Cheng-Zhu school of philoso- phy (named after the Song dynasty philosophers Cheng Yi 程頤 [1033- 1107] and Zhu Xi 朱熹 [1130-1200]) and its interpretation of the Confucian teachings to the status of state orthodoxy, a status retained for almost five centuries, until the end of the imperial examination system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between Ethnic Relations and State Power: a Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Georgia State University Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-27-2008 The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911 Wei Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Li, Wei, "The nI teraction between Ethnic Relations and State Power: A Structural Impediment to the Industrialization of China, 1850-1911." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2008. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/33 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHNIC RELATIONS AND STATE POWER: A STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA, 1850-1911 by WEI LI Under the Direction of Toshi Kii ABSTRACT The case of late Qing China is of great importance to theories of economic development. This study examines the question of why China’s industrialization was slow between 1865 and 1895 as compared to contemporary Japan’s. Industrialization is measured on four dimensions: sea transport, railway, communications, and the cotton textile industry. I trace the difference between China’s and Japan’s industrialization to government leadership, which includes three aspects: direct governmental investment, government policies at the macro-level, and specific measures and actions to assist selected companies and industries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
    [Show full text]