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Across the Oceans. Development of Overseas Business Information Transmissions, 1815-1875

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Seija-Riitta Laakso Across the Oceans Development of Overseas Business Information Transmission, 1815-1875 Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in the auditorium of Arppeanum, Snellmaninkatu 3, on the 9th of December, 2006, at 10 a.m. Helsinki 2006 Seija-Riitta Laakso Across the Oceans Development of Overseas Business Information Transmission, 1815-1875 Helsinki 2006 Cover picture: The Ocean Penny Postage propaganda cover, designed by James Valentine, was sent from Airdrie, Scotland, to Belleville, Canada, in October 1853 and carried from Liverpool to New York by the Cunard Line's steamer Asia. The propaganda covers were published to promote the idea of expanding the domestic uniform one penny postage rate to overseas mail. The dream of the Ocean Penny Postage became true in the late 19th century. (From the writer's collection.) ISBN 952-92-1343-3 (paperback) ISBN 952-10-3559-5 (PDF) Copyright © 2006, Seija-Riitta Laakso Helsinki University Printing House, Helsinki 2006 CONTENTS DIAGRAMS, FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES PREFACE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES IN THE HISTORY OF COMMUNICATIONS 9 III. MEASUREMENT OF THE SPEED OF COMMUNICATIONS – METHODS AND SOURCES 16 IV. OVERSEAS MAIL AND SPEED OF COMMUNICATIONS BEFORE 1815 25 V. NORTH ATLANTIC V. 1. The great innovation of sailing on schedule 31 V. 2. Wind vs. steam – a decade of struggle 52 V. 3. Benefits of competition 86 V. 4. Business information and the telegraph 146 VI. THE WEST INDIES AND SOUTH AMERICA VI.1. Wind vs. wind 160 VI.2. Overnight change from sail to steam 190 VI.3. International competition and the influence of the telegraph 218 VII. EAST INDIA AND AUSTRALASIA VII.1. Breaking a monopoly 252 VII.2. Building a monopoly 282 VII.3. Further development 317 VIII. CONCLUSION 329 IX. EPILOGUE 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY 344 APPENDIX – Tables 355 DIAGRAMS, FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES Diagrams 1. Mail-carrying American sailing packets, duration of westbound trips, Liverpool- New York, 1834 51 2. Great Western, comparison of east- and westbound trips, Bristol /Liverpool- New York, 1838-1846 58 3. Cunard Line, duration of westbound trips Liverpool-Halifax-Boston, July 1840 - June 1841 65 4. Cunard Line, duration of eastbound trips Liverpool-Halifax-Boston, July 1840 - June 1841 66 5. Great Western vs. Britannia, duration of westbound trips, July 1840 - December 1846 69 6. American sailing packets, duration of westbound trips (% of all), Liverpool-New York, 1825, 1835, 1845 75 7. Duration of westbound trips, the American sailing packets and the mail carrying steamers, Liverpool-New York /Boston, 1845 83 8. Steamship companies with mail contracts on the North Atlantic route, size by tonnage, 1850 88 9. Cunard vs. Collins, duration of westbound trips Liverpool-New York, May 1850 - Dec.1851 90 10. Cunard vs. Collins, duration of eastbound trips Liverpool-New York, May 1850 - Dec. 1851 91 11. Comparison of the Collins Line's westbound trips Liverpool-New York, 1853-1854 vs. 1856-1857 95 12. Duration of the Collins Line's westbound trips Liverpool-New York, July 1856 - Jan. 1858 96 13. Collins Line's Atlantic, duration of westbound trips, Liverpool-New York, 1850-1857 97 14. Collins Line's Atlantic, duration of eastbound trips, Liverpool-New York, 1850-1857 97 15. Cunard Line's Asia, duration of westbound trips, Liverpool-New York /Boston, 1850-1857 98 16. Cunard Line's Asia, duration of eastbound trips, Liverpool-New York /Boston, 1850- 1857 99 17. Cunard vs. Collins, comparison of all westbound trips, Liverpool-New York, 1850- 1857 (%) 102 18. Cunard vs. Collins, comparison of all eastbound trips, Liverpool-New York, 1850- 1857 (%) 103 19. Ocean Line, duration of westbound trips, Southampton-New York, 1847-1857 106 20. Westbound trips of the Havre Line and the Ocean Line, Southampton-New York, 1847-1867 107 21. Vanderbilt vs. Persia, duration of westbound trips, English ports - New York, May 1857 - Dec. 1859 112 22. Vanderbilt vs. Persia, duration of eastbound trips, English ports - New York, May 1857 - Dec. 1859 113 23. Vanderbilt Line, duration of westbound trips, Southampton-New York, 1855-1860 114 24. Westbound trips to New York by HAPAG and NDL, 1860-1875 119 25. Arrivals in New York by the four major mail carrying shipping lines, 1860-1875 120 26. Inman Line and Cunard Line, arrivals in New York, 1860-1875 127 27. Cunard vs. Inman, westbound trips Queenstown-New York, 1870 128 28. Cunard vs. Inman, eastbound trips Queenstown-New York, 1870 128 29. Development of size and speed of the fastest mail carrying steamer on the North Atlantic route, 1840-1880 133 30. Average size of vessels per shipping line 1850, compared with the fastest ship in traffic 134 31. Average size of vessels per shipping line 1860, compared with the fastest ship in traffic 134 32. Average size of vessels per shipping line 1870, compared with the fastest ship in traffic 135 33. Cunard Line's westbound service Queenstown-New York, 1875 136 34. Inman Line's westbound service Queenstown-New York, 1875 137 35. White Star Line's westbound service Queenstown-New York, 1875 138 36. Westbound trips by Collins Line 1850-1857 vs. all mail lines 1875, Liverpool- New York 141 37. Duration of merchant ship sailings between Britain and Guiana, 1840 173 38. Falmouth packet sailings on different routes, 1840 189 39. From sail to steam on the different mail routes, 1815-1875 330 40. Liverpool-New York, development of the number of consecutive information circles per year, 1815-1875 331 41. England-Demerara, development of the number of consecutive information circles per year, 1815-1875 332 42. England-Rio de Janeiro /Buenos Aires, development of the number of consecutive information circles per year, 1815-1875 333 43. New York-San Francisco, development of the number of consecutive information circles, 1815-1875 334 44. London-Bombay, development of the number of consecutive information circles, 1815-1875 335 45. London-Hong Kong, development of the number of consecutive information circles, 1815-1875 336 46. London-Sydney, development of the number of consecutive information circles, 1815-1875 337 47. Development of the size and speed of the fastest vessel, North Atlantic, 1850-1900 341 48. Development of the size and speed of the fastest vessel, North Atlantic, 1850-1940 341 Figures 1. Royal Mail Line's steamers at St. Thomas 23.11.1842 195 2. The P&O Australasian mail service network, 1861 313 Maps 1. Major Atlantic currents 28 2. North Atlantic mail steamship routes in the mid-19th century 64 3. Falmouth packet routes during the first half of the 19-th century 178 4. Royal Mail Line routes to the West Indies, January 1842 196 5. Royal Mail Line routes to the West Indies, June 1852 200 6. Royal Mail Line routes to the West Indies, March 1860 204 7. Development of mail routes from New York to San Francisco in the mid-19th century 238 8. Mail routes to Australasia in the mid-19th century 262 Tables 1. Value of merchandise exports at constant prices 1820-1870 (million 1990 USD) 4 2. Different forms of information transmission (before telegraph) 15 3. Methods for measuring the speed of information transmission 24 4. Falmouth packet round trips and the consecutive information circles, Falmouth- New York, 1817 32 5. Mail carrying American sailing packets, dates of departure from New York, 1824-1825 43 6. Delays of the American sailing packets at the port of Liverpool, 1825 44 7. Consecutive information circles enabled by the American sailing packets between Liverpool and New York, 1825 45 8. Consecutive information circles enabled by the Falmouth packet service in 1825, an example 46 9. Number of mail-carrying American packets from New York, 1820-1855 47 10. Consecutive information circles enabled by the American sailing packets between Liverpool and New York, 1838 49 11. Consecutive information circles enabled by the pioneering steamers in 1839 59 12. Consecutive information circles enabled by the transatlantic mail steamers in 1845 72 13. Average size of the mail-carrying American sailing packets, in tons 75 14. Reliability of the American sailing packet service: regularity of sailings from Liverpool and reported disasters, 1844-1845 356 15. From sail to steam. A sample of Frederick Huth's correspondence, 1836-1850 79 16. Mail sailings on the Liverpool-New York /Boston route, winter 1844-1845 85 17. Consecutive information circulation enabled by transatlantic mail steamers in 1851 92 18. Postal income from letters carried by the Cunard Line and the Collins Line 1851- 1854 101 19. Duration of all transatlantic voyages of the Cunard Line and the Collins Line, Liverpool-New York / New York-Liverpool, 1850-1857 (%) 104 20. Postal income from letters carried by the Havre Line, 1851-1854 108 21. Frequency of mail steamship sailings from New York and Boston to Europe, April - May, 1853 109 22. Examples of differences in total delivery time depending on the sender, letters from New York to Liverpool, 1853 110 23. Comparison of technical development, Britannia and Persia of the Cunard Line 115 24-25. Emigration to the United States from different areas, thousands of people, 1846-1875 (-1925) 117 26. Consecutive information circulation enabled by transatlantic mail steamers in 1875, an example 142 27 a-c. Duration of some Saturday mail sailings from New York, 1875 144 28. Business information transmission by sail and steam on the North Atlantic route, 1815-1875 145 29. Number of electric telegraph messages sent, 1851-1866 149 30. Development of business information transmission by telegraph 159 31. Departure dates of the Ranger and Penguin packets of Falmouth from the West Indian islands and arrival in England, February-May 1840 163 32.
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