Status Av Hadith I Islam

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Status Av Hadith I Islam Status av hadith i Islam Hvordan ble hadith-fortellinger samlet? Hvordan nådde hadith-fortellinger frem til oss? Hva er hadith-fortellingers status i Islam? Hva er sammenhengen mellom Koranen og hadith? ii ُ ْ ﱡ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ْ ُ َﻭﻗ ِﻝ ﺍﻟ َﺣﻕ ِﻣﻥ ﱠﺭﺑﱢﻛ ْﻡ ﻓ َﻣﻥ ﺷﺎء ﻓﻠ ْﻳُﺅ ِﻣﻥ َﻭ َﻣﻥ ﺷﺎء ﻓﻠ َﻳﻛﻔ ْﺭ Erklær at dette er sannheten fra Allah. Dermed la den som vil tro, tro på den, og la den som vil avstå, avstå fra den (18:29). Tittel: Status av hadith i Islam Isbn: 978-1519108388 Copyrigh: Quranic Education Society – Norway ® 2015 I samarbeid med Tolu-e-Islam Trust Forfatter: Ghulam Ahmad Parwez (1903 - 1985) Norks oversettelse: Sheraz Akhtar [email protected] www.qes.no iii iv Forord Enkelte beretninger blir så kjente at folk begynner å se på dem som etablerte sannheter, og føler ikke noe behov for å undersøke eller granske dem for å finne sannheten. En slik tilnærming bør ikke foretrekkes, og i aller fall ikke i forbindelse med saker tilknyttet Islam. Dette fordi når vi håndterer Islam, må vi være helt sikre. Om vi spør en muslim, vil han svare at Islam består av Koranen og sunnah. Det er ingen tvil i at Koranen er kilden til Islam, fordi Allah har kalt Koranen for "Koden av Islam". I midlertid oppstår det et spørsmål om også hadith-fortellinger er en integrert del av Islam eller ikke. Dette er et spørsmål som er belyst og besvart i denne boken. Forskning gjort på dette emnet sier at om hadith-fortellinger hadde vært en del av Islam, så hadde Budbringerens videreformidlet dem til folket i likhet med Koranen. Da hadde Budbringeren sertifisert alle relevante hadith-fortellinger og forsikret deres bevaring. Dette er noe Budbringeren ikke valgte å gjøre. Hvorfor han ikke valgte å gjøre dette, er et spørsmål som utelukkende omhandler kunnskap, og bør dermed diskuteres tilsvarende. Det er beklagelig at den ortodokse religiøse delen av vårt samfunn ikke har toleranse nok for å diskutere slike religiøse problemstillinger uten å la sine følelser ta overhånd. Dette er grunnen til at de begynner å kritisere dem som stiller sånne spørsmål, og anklager dem til å være ikke-troende eller hadith-benektere, i stedet for å gi rasjonelle svar. Tolueislam er en slik organisasjon som har blitt anklaget med slikt. Foreningen har siden 1938 forklart seg flere ganger, men deres argumenter har aldri blitt vurdert seriøst. I denne forbindelse ble det nødvendig å samle sammen all utgitt informasjon på emnet, og utgi den i form av en bok. Det eneste som er ønskelig er at folk skal lese denne boken med ett åpent og kjølig sinn, uten noen fordommer og reservasjoner. Deretter bør enhver leser selv bestemme om alle argumenter presentert i denne boka holder mål eller ikke. La oss ikke miste fokus fra det faktum at Islam ikke er en personlig affære, men heller noe som angår alle mennesker på jorda. Vi håper at sannheten vil åpenbare seg. La det bli forstått at organisasjoner som Tolueislam eller Quranic Education Society ikke er ute etter å presentere seg selv som en sekt, eller (Gud forby) innføre en ny religion. Vi er ute etter å presentere Islam slik den opprinnelig var, uten alle tilføringer som den senere har blitt utsatt for. v Oversetterens anmerkninger: Denne boken drøfter et svært viktig forhold av hadith-fortellinger (historiske beretninger og fortellinger tilknyttet den siste Budbringeren) og deres relevans til rollen av å gi veiledning, i tillegg til veiledning av Koranen. Muslimer rund på kloden tror og aksepterer at Koranen er åpenbaringen fra Allah, og dets arabiske tekst er nøyaktig den samme som ble åpenbart til den siste Budbringeren av Allah. De er overbeviste om at Budbringeren videreformidlet Koranen til folk i samme form som han mottok den. De mener også at den kommer til å forbli uendret så lenge det er liv på jorden. Derimot kan vi ikke påstå det samme om hadith-fortellinger. Dette er drøftet i denne boka som dekker bakgrunnen og siteringer fra alle tilgjengelige referanser i fra tidsperioden av den siste Budbringeren og hans følgesvenner, til dagens dato. Boken er en oversettelse av urdu versjon med tittel "Muqam-e-hadith", som ble utgitt av Tolu-e-Islam Trust. Quranic Education Society i Norge så for seg behovet for å oversette boken til Norsk slik at norsktalende lesere som interesserer seg for emnet kunne ha nytte av det. Oversetteren har prøvd etter beste evne å holde seg så nær den opprinnelige teksten som mulig, men noen mindre avvik har likevel vært nødvendige for å få frem budskapet uten å påvirke betydningene av den opprinnelige skriften. Fotnoter har blitt lagt til for å forklare noen av begrepene som brukes, og også for å referanse til eksterne kilder. Noen av urdu og arabiske begreper har blitt sitert med sine engelske ekvivalenter som er allment forstått av muslimer, slik at de kan forstå sammenhengen og bakgrunnen. Vers sitert fra Koranen er skrevet i formatet (2:177) hvor 2 refererer til kapittelet og 177 til verset. Navn på de som diverse fortellinger er attribuert til, er ofte vist i teksten. Koranen omhandler aspektet av menneskelig ansvarlighet i detalj. Koranens budskap er meget annerledes enn menneskelige tanker, og dette er grunnen til at intet menneske kan produsere en skrift som Koranen. Når folk prøver å tilknytte noe menneskeprodusert med Koranen, så forstår de faktisk ikke betydningen av Koranens veiledning. Siden Koranen omhandler menneskelig tenkning og meta-kognitive prosess, blir vi ofte oppfordret til å reflektere, tenke over og resonnere innholdet av Koranen på en kontinuerlig basis for å løse problemene i livet på en individuell samt globalt nivå. Koranens veiledning er ment for menneskesinnet. vi Koranen er en komplett bok og krever ingen ekstern kilde for å bli forstått. Dette er et svært viktig poeng som må bli anerkjent etter å ha studert Koranen, da dette er grunnen til at folk gjennom århundrene har tydd til samlinger av hadith-fortellinger under påskudd for å prøve å hjelpe seg selv til å forstå Koranen. Vi kan ikke se bort i fra sannsynligheten for at motstandere av Islam har diktet opp flere hadith-fortellinger og fått dem infiltrer i Islam, etter å ha sett den dynamiske påvirkning av Koranen på muslimer. Motivet bak dette kan ha vært å forsøke å sverte Budbringerens karakter, eller svekke Islam ved å oppdikte fortellinger og knytte dem til Budbringeren. Uansett hva årsakene har vært, så er fakta at disse fortellinger har hatt en knusende effekt på psyken til muslimer over en periode på flere århundrer. Slik Koranen har sagt om eldre nasjoner, har også dagens muslimer blitt "døde" og mørket har senket seg over den muslimske verden. Koranen har erklært seg selv for å være Noor (Lys) som bidrar til å se Haqq (Sannhet) som fjerner alle typer Zulm (urett/mørke) (2: 257). Det kommer til å bli klarere gjennom lesningen av denne boken at de første hadith-fortellinger og attributter dukket opp nesten 200 år etter Budbringerens bortfall. Disse ble aldri skrevet ned i løpet av Budbringerens levetid, siden han aldri vurderte deres behov, fordi Koranen allerede var fullstendig. Koranen dekker alle emner som var nødvendige å lære for å kunne etablere et system som ga den slags frihet til Budbringerens og hans følgesvenner som de aldri hadde opplevd før åpenbaringen. Budbringerens og hans følgesvenner hadde en meget god forståelse for at deres etterfølgere ikke ville trenge noe annet enn Koranen. Denne boken er basert på en rekke artikler som forskjellige forfattere har skrevet på emnet. Dette er grunne til at leserne vil finne noen gjentagelser av argumenter. Dette arbeidet er en oversettelse, og om det forekommer noen avvik i fra urdu-versjonen, så skal oversetteren belastes for dette og ikke de opprinnelige forfattere. Verdt å merke seg at selv om "fred med ham" ikke har blitt brukt etter navnet til Budbringeren, eller andre benevninger av respekt til hans følgesvenner, så er dette implisitt. Budbringeren er det beste eksemplet som alle mennesker og krever all tenkelig respekt, og hans følgesvenner er de som Koranen har uttalt selve Allahs fornøyelse til. Bokas intensjon er ikke å benekte hadith og dermed krenke Budbringerens ære, men å ikke akseptere hadith som krenker hans være som hans egne uttalelser eller handlinger. ____________________ Sheraz Akhtar Quranic Education Society – Norway 2015 vii INNHOLDSREGISTER 1 DEN EGENTLIGE STILLINGEN AV HADITH-FORTELLINGER .... 1 1.1 Behov for granskning ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Islam ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Koranen .................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Hadith-fortellinger ................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Handlinger av Budbringerens følgesvenner ............................................................ 7 1.6 Foreløpig oppsummering ........................................................................................ 9 1.7 Større intensitet ....................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Hamam ibne manbah manuskript .......................................................................... 10 1.9 Imam zahri .............................................................................................................. 11 1.10 Sahah-e-sitta forfattere ............................................................................................ 12 1.11 Noen fakta om
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