Evolution of Bhakti Movement in Northern India During 15^^^ and 16^" Century

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Evolution of Bhakti Movement in Northern India During 15^^^ and 16^ EVOLUTION OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT IN NORTHERN INDIA DURING 15^^^ AND 16^" CENTURY ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE C^ BQCtor of $1^ toopfip IN HISTORY By PRIYANKA SRIVASTAVA Under the Supervision of Dr. (Mrs.) ROOHI ABIDA AHMAD CENTRE OF ADVANCE STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIIW UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2013 Abstract Bhakti implies the sense of a personal relation with God, there is a surge of love and intense devotionalism. It is reaction of heart versus rigid intellectualism of Vedas. It involved ethical and emotional content. Bhakti Movement of Medieval India was shaking the social structure and challenging the privileges and authority of the custodians of religion and was trying to establish direct relation between God and men. This movement was undoubtedly an expression of the emotional aspect of Hinduism. It took inspiration from the ancieiil* scriptures of the Hindus, but V • 'V.H. - '\' ';•' after its contact with Islam, particularIyin*'^orthern India, its character changed considerably. In the religious terminology Bhakti means the worship of a personal God and is a spirit of love and the attainment of liberation The earliest saints of Bhakti school belong to Tamil land, they were the follower of either Vishnu or Shiva and known as Alvara and Nannyars. These saints composed their devotional songs in vernacular. They address the people without any discrimination of castes. They made an appeal to the hearts of the masses and became very popular. Chapter one depicts the socio-political condition of Northern India during 15^'' and 16^'^ centuries. Before the Turkish conquest of India politics and society of India was dominated by the Rajput and Brahmins, Turkish conquests brought their supremacy to an end. The Turkish deprived the Brahmins of their temple wealth and state patronage, so the Brahmins suffered both materially and ideologically. Chapter two is devoted to the evolution and thought of Bhakti through the Religious Scriptures like The Bhagvada Gita, The Bhagavata Purana, The Bhakti Sutra ofNarada and Shandilya, Saints of Vaishnava and Shaiva school of Bhakti and thoughts of Vaishnava acharyas. The evolution and early development of Bhakti thought and ideology, both Vaishnava and Shaiva, took place in South India and it was brought to Northern India in the medieval period. Chapter three follows the transformation of Bhakti movement in Northern India. Here it spread out under the leadership of Ramananda, a Vaishnava saint and the reviver of Ramanandi sect, lays stress on the concept of equality. He removed the distinction of caste and accepted his disciples from the different strata of society. Chapter four deals with the attitude of Bhakti saints towards the Bhakti theory. Several eminent saints from various parts laid emphasis on the unity of God and surrender to His will in order to attain salvation which is goal of human life. These saints provoked people to bring changes in their life and thoughts. These saints have two different aspects of Bhakti i.e. Nirguna Bhakti and Saguna Bhakti Both Nirguna and Saguna Bhakti saints believed in the unity of God, importance of a Satguru in the life of human beings and unreality of maya (illusion). Chapter five focused on the short biography of the prominent Bhakti saints and Sufi saints of India who spread their valuable preaching in India and tried to remove the discrimination in society. Chapter six and the last chapter of the thesis deals with the interaction of thought, personal contact and common teachings of the Bhakti and Sufi saints of Northern India during 15'^ and 16'^ centuries. Both gave importance to the vernacular language and used as the medium of their preaching. Both Bhakti and Sufi saints were against the caste system and orthodoxy in society. Bhakti saints preached universal toleration and brought about a revolution in the structure of Indian society. The main purpose of the Bhakti Movement was to unite Hindus and Muslims as there was a wide distance between them. So the result of Bhakti Movement was that the two great cultures came into close contact with each other and a healthy synthesis came about. EVOLUTION OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT IN NORTHERN INDIA DURING 15^" AND 16^" CENTURY THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of ^iitloisiopl^;' IN HISTORY By PRIYANKA SRIVASTAVA Under the Supervision of Dr. (Mrs.) ROOHI ABIDA AHMAD CENTRE OF ADVANCE STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2013 7 .,A T8832 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY Department of History Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202 002 Dated KOOIII ABIDA AllMEO /1 .s V. () (• i;i I e Pro Ic s s o r CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis, "Evolution of Bhakti Movement in Northern India during 15^^ and 16^'^ Century", by Ms. Priyanka Srivastava is her own original work. I consider it is suitable for submission to the examiners and for the award of the Ph.D. Degree. (Dr. Roohi Abida Ahmed) Supervisor dedicated UitAe£etud feet of Jaja^d-^in CUdi^ and fBeieued fPcmettb A 3)1 =^ CONTENTS Acknowledgement i-H Abbreviations iii-vii Introduction viii-xv Maps Chapter -1 1-28 Socio-Political Condition of India during 15"' and 16^*' Centuries Chapter - 2 29-52 Concept of fi/m/r// Chapter - 3 53-71 The Significance of Raniananda in the Evolution of Bhakti Movement Chapter-4 72-115 Theory of Bhakti by Prominent Saints of Northern India a. Nirguna Bakhti Saints: Kabir Nanak, Dadu, Dhanna, Pipa, Saina, Raidas, Rajah Das, Jambhoji b. Saguna Bhakti Saints: Vallabhacharya, Chaitanya, Surdas, Mirabai, Tulasidas. Chapter-5 116 143 A Brief Biography of Bhakti and Sufi Saints of Northern India during 15t h an 16"' Centuries Chapter-6 144-161 Interaction between Bhakti and Sufi Saints Conclusion 162-166 Bibliography 167-184 Glossary 185-191 Acknowledgement Due to the blessing of Almighty today I am going to submit my work. So first and foremost I want to offer my everlasting gratitude to Him. It is also my duty to say thank to all those who helped and cooperated with me in the completion of this research work as it would not have been possible without their help and guidance and support. I am veiy grateful to my supenusor Dr. (Mrs) Roohi Abida Ahmad,/or the keen interest she showed in my M'ork and for her constant guidance and co-operation. I am also grateful to Prof. Tariq Ahmad, chairman of the Department of Histoiy, CAS, for his valuable suggestion. I am also indebted to Mr. M.P. Singh, retired Professor of this department, who helped me a lot and showed me the right way for collecting material for my research work. 1 express my grateful thanks to Dr. Sumbul Haleem Khan for her kind and helpful support. 1 am also to thankful to Dr.Shivaji Pande for his helping nature.I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Late Dr. Iqbal Sabir, of Histoiy Department, who M'as always gave me his suggestion and guidance. I shall always remain greatly indebted to Fail Sir who has readily available at veiy short notice and developed the maps for my research work. I am also thankful to Late. Mr. S. Mazahar Husain and the whole staff of the Seminar Library of History Department like Mr Moin Akhtar Zaidi, Mr. Athar Rais, Mr, Salman Ahmad, Mr. Banshidhar Sharma, Mr Arshad AliChauhan, Mr. Nisar Ahmad, Mr, Zubair, and Mr. Babu Khan, Mukesh Raj, and Shabab Ahmad Bag for their extended co-operation to me during the collection of material and drafting of the text, I woidd also like to acknowledge help and support of the staff of Maul ana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, specially Mr. Nadeem of Hindi Stack, Mr. Pir Muhammad of Hindi Sanskrit Stack. Mr. Akaram Pervez of thesis Stack and others. 1 am also thankful to the Staff of B.H.U Central Library, Varanasi, Staff of Nagari Pracharni Sabha, Varanasi, library libraiy staff of Teen Murti Bhawan, New Delhi, and the library staffofMalviya Pustkalaya Aligarh. I am also thankful to Mr. Anil Singh, the co~ordinator of Vedic Coaching Centre, Aligarh for his co-operation. I am, also thankful to UGC Non NET/JRF fellowship which enabled me to collect additional material and complete this M'ork. I would also like to thank Mr. Afzal Nabi Khan, accountant of History Department A.M. U. My special obligation is due to my beloved parents for their blessings, moral .support and encouragement. 1 am also thankful to my elder brother Mr. Gyan Prakash for his constant inspiration, support and blessings. My special regards to my Bhabi Mrs. Neelam Srivastava for her helping nature. They were the main source of my happiness and progress. I am also indebted to my friend Monika Sharma, who always remained ready to help to me. I am also thankful to my friends Reena Verma, Ruchi Verma, Puja Verma, Nuzhat Yaqoob, Rupali Yadav, Ambika Singh, Kanchan Lawania, Tahira Bi, Farhat jahan, Shahna Shaikh, Saba Samreen, Samreen Soheb, Seema Khan and Neema Ahmad, for their constant support and encouragement and all possible support. .V {VRlYmKX SRIVASTAVA) Abbreviations A. Adhyay A.G. Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahib A.R.P.I Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during Thirteenth Century by K.A. Nizami Abdullaha Srhindi Yahiya Bin Ahmad Abdullah Sirhindi Akbar the Great Akbar the Great by A.L. Srivastava, Vol. Ill Akbarnama Akbarnama, Abul Fazl B.S Brahama Sutra Badathwal P.D. Badathwal Bh.G. Bhagavd Gita Bh.P. Bhagavat Purana Bhagavata Bhakti Cult The Bhagavata Bhakti Cult and Three Acharya by R.N Vyasa Bijak Bijak ofKabir Bishnoi Kishan Lai Bishnoi Bishoni Bishnoi Kishan Lai Carpenter J.E.
Recommended publications
  • Understanding the Super Excellence of Gaudiya Vaishnavism
    Understanding the Super Excellence of Gaudiya Vaishnavism Understanding the Super Excellence of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. So that is the theme, understanding the super excellence of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Srila Prabhupada ki jay! He was and he is Gaudiya Vaishnava, coming in the line of disciplic succession and we are getting connected. So we are making this presentation, I won’t say this is complete presentation but some introductory presentation to make the point that Gaudiya Vaishnavism is super excellent like, mattah parataram nanyat kincid asti dhananjaya mayi sarvam idam protam sutre mani-gana iva [Bg 7.7] Translation: O conqueror of wealth [Arjuna], there is no Truth superior to Me. Everything rests upon Me, as pearls are strung on a thread. Krishna said no one is equal to me and no one is superior to me. So Krishna is super excellent personality of godhead. So like that there are different features of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, so we have picked up a few items which are listed here. Achintya-Bheda-Abheda tattva or philosophy or the commentary on vedanta sutra is of Gaudiya Vaishnavas is super excellent, so that one. And Gaudiya sampradaya is super excellent and raganuga sadhana bhakti. And Goloka dhama, amongst all the dhamas and there are many of them, is the topmost realm, super excellent and that is Gaudiya Vaishnavas preference, they don’t settle on any other level they go all the way to the top, topmost abode, super excellent abode Goloka. Mellows of bhakti, Gaudiya Vaishnavas only settle for the topmost rasa, madhurya rasa. That is what Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mahaprabhu relished and shared.
    [Show full text]
  • Narada - Wikipedia
    10. 10. 2019 Narada - Wikipedia Narada Narada (Sanskrit: , Nārada) is a Vedic sage, famous in Hindu नारद Narada traditions as a traveling musician and storyteller, who carries news and enlightening wisdom.[1][2] He appears in a number of Hindu texts, notably Devarshi the Mahabharata telling yudhishtra the prahlada story the Ramayana as Messenger of Gods warning Ravan. as well as in the Puranas.[2] Once God decided that it was time for Him to descend to earth to set matters right, most lesser Gods came down too as someone or the other to aid and enjoy a ringside view of epochal events. He is also referred to as the king of all sages or rishis, meaning Rishiraj. He was gifted with the boon of knowledge, past, present and future. Once his knowledge became a hindrance in God's designs. He was therefore cursed that although he would tell the truth and warn people, they would never believe him. In Indian texts, Narada travels to distant worlds and realms (Sanskrit: lokas). He is depicted carrying a khartal (musical instrument) and tambura with the name Mahathi and is generally regarded as one of the great masters of the ancient musical instrument. This instrument is known by the name "mahathi"[3][4] which he uses to accompany his singing of hymns, prayers and mantras. In the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism, he is presented as a sage with devotion to Lord Vishnu. Narada is described as both wise and mischievous in some Sage Narada humorous tales. Vaishnav enthusiasts depict him as a pure, elevated soul Affiliation Devotee of Vishnu, who glorifies Vishnu through his devotional songs, singing the names Hari Deva and Narayana, and therein demonstrating bhakti yoga.
    [Show full text]
  • Narada Bhakti Sutra
    Narada Bhakti Sutra Narada Bhakti Sutra v. 99.17, www.philaletheians.co.uk, 28 October 2017 Page 1 of 14 HIGHER ETHICS AND DEVOTION SERIES NARADA BHAKTI SUTRA Train of thoughts Editor’s note 3 Narada Bhakti Sutra 1. O Lanoo, listen to the Voice of the Heart Doctrine. 4 2. Give it all away or you will lose it. 4 3. Let your life become an example to unbelievers. 5 4. True life can only be found through Devotion to All. 6 5. With subdued heart place all thy works on Me. 7 6. Rise above the trappings of personal life. 8 7. Feel the Great Heart within. 9 8. With unfettered mind throw every deed on Me. 10 9. Intoxicate yourself with the right attitude and ethic. 11 Narada Bhakti Sutra on two pages 13 Narada Bhakti Sutra v. 99.17, www.philaletheians.co.uk, 28 October 2017 Page 2 of 14 HIGHER ETHICS AND DEVOTION SERIES NARADA BHAKTI SUTRA Editor’s note This is a recension of the Doctrine of Devotion or Bhakti in the light of Theosophy excerpted from CA Bartzokas (Comp. & Ed.). Compassion: the Spirit of Truth (2009), where, The esoteric character of Nārada is sketched out (pp. 155-59); The triune hypostasis of Bhakti is unravelled as Divine, Worldly, and Devotion- al Love (pp. 160-62); Nārada’s aphorisms on Bhakti are set side by side with Krishna’s precepts to Arjuna (pp. 163-84). In this edition, the numbers correspond to Nārada’s first 81 aphorisms.1 Text in square brackets and footnotes are ours.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Saints of South Asia
    MUSLIM SAINTS OF SOUTH ASIA This book studies the veneration practices and rituals of the Muslim saints. It outlines the principle trends of the main Sufi orders in India, the profiles and teachings of the famous and less well-known saints, and the development of pilgrimage to their tombs in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. A detailed discussion of the interaction of the Hindu mystic tradition and Sufism shows the polarity between the rigidity of the orthodox and the flexibility of the popular Islam in South Asia. Treating the cult of saints as a universal and all pervading phenomenon embracing the life of the region in all its aspects, the analysis includes politics, social and family life, interpersonal relations, gender problems and national psyche. The author uses a multidimen- sional approach to the subject: a historical, religious and literary analysis of sources is combined with an anthropological study of the rites and rituals of the veneration of the shrines and the description of the architecture of the tombs. Anna Suvorova is Head of Department of Asian Literatures at the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. A recognized scholar in the field of Indo-Islamic culture and liter- ature, she frequently lectures at universities all over the world. She is the author of several books in Russian and English including The Poetics of Urdu Dastaan; The Sources of the New Indian Drama; The Quest for Theatre: the twentieth century drama in India and Pakistan; Nostalgia for Lucknow and Masnawi: a study of Urdu romance. She has also translated several books on pre-modern Urdu prose into Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
    Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Substantial and Substantive Corporeality in the Body Discourses of Bhakti Poets
    Perichoresis Volume 18.2 (2020): 73–94 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2020-0012 SUBSTANTIAL AND SUBSTANTIVE CORPOREALITY IN THE BODY DISCOURSES OF BHAKTI POETS YADAV SUMATI* PG Govt. College for Girls, Chandigarh, India ABSTRACT. This paper studies the representation of human corporeal reality in the discours- es of selected Bhakti poets of the late medieval period in India. Considering the historical background of the Bhakti movement and contemporary cultural milieu in which these mystic poets lived, their unique appropriation of the ancient concept of body is reviewed as revolu- tionary. The focus of the study is the Kabir Bijak, Surdas’s Vinay-Patrika, and Tulsidas’s Vinay- Patrika, wherein they look at and beyond the organic corporeality and encounter human body not as a socially, religiously, economically stamped noble body or lowly body; male body or female body, but a human body. This paper explores how, like existential phenomenologists, these poet/singers decode the material reality of human beings and link it to the highest goal of achieving Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth-death) by making body a vulnerable but essential instrument towards spiritual awakening. The paper also reflects upon how these poets have suggested a middle path of absolute devotion to God while performing all earthly duties, seek spiritual enlightenment and avoid the extremities of asceticism and hedonism. KEYWORDS: corporeality, body, liberation, salvation, bhakti In this Kali Yug the body is full of woe, care, wickedness and diverse pains. Where there is steadfastness, peace and all purity, rise, Kabir, and meet it there. (Kabir) Those powerful rulers who had conquered the whole world, even made Yamraj (the God of death) their captive and tied him up—even they became the food of Kaal (Time), what do you count then? Contemplate and think about the whole matter seriously yourself—what is the truth, what is the reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]
  • Part• • ••• -• 1 • • • Ethics • • •
    Philosophers/Thinkers/ Social Reformers PART• • ••• -• 1 • • • ETHICS • • • ••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• D • CA SCS • • MP • • • • • • •• • MPPSCADDA Philosophers/Thinkers/ Social Workers/Reformers Mahavira Facts: Name: Vardhamana A Birth: 599 B.C. Birth Place: Kshatriyakund, Vaishali (in modern dayay Bihar) DA Parents: King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala Spouse: Yashoda DD Children: Priyadarshana (daughter) Titles: Mahavira, Trirthankar, Jina ADDAD CA Lord Mahavir was the twentyenty fourth SCASCand llast Tirthankara of the Jain religion of this era. According to Jain philosophy,ilosophy, alall Tirthankaras were human beings but they have attained a state of perfection or enlightenmentPSCADDAPS tthrough meditation and self-realization. Significant points of TeachingsPP of Lord Mahavir: Mahavirvir made religreligion simple and natural, free from elaborate ritual complexities. His teachings reflectedMMPPMP the internal beauty and harmony of the soul. Mahavir taught the idea of supremacy of human life and stressed the importance of the positive attitude of life. At the heart of right conduct for Jains lie the five great vows: Nonviolence (Ahimsa) not to cause harm to any living beings Truthfulness (Satya) to speak the harmless truth only Non-stealing (Asetya) not to take anything not properly given Chastity (Brahmacharya) not to indulge in sensual pleasure Contact us at: www.mppscadda.com Telegram :t.me/mppscadda WhatsApp : 7982862964 MPPSCADDA Non-possession/Non-attachment complete detachment from people, places, and (Aparigraha) material things Mahavir said that, "A living body is not merely an integration of limbs and flesh but it is the abode of the soul which potentially has perfect perception (Anant darshana), perfect knowledge (Anant jnana), perfect power (Anant virya), and perfect bliss (Anant sukha).
    [Show full text]
  • Inquiries Into the Absolute
    Inquiries into the Absolute (A collection of thought provoking & intriguing answers given by His Holiness Romapada Swami for questions raised by devotees on various spiritual topics) Shri Shri Radha Govinda, Brooklyn, NY We invite you to immerse yourself into the transcendental answers given by Srila Romapada Swami! These sublime instructions are certain to break our misconceptions into millions of pieces and to deepen our understanding of various topics in Krishna consciousness. Compilation of weekly digests 1 to 242 (Upto December 2007) His Holiness Srila Romapada Swami Maharaj! Everyone one likes to inquire. Srila Prabhupada writes, "The whole world is full of questions and answers. The birds, beasts and men are all busy in the matter of perpetual questions and answers... Although they go on making such questions and answers for their whole lives, they are not at all satisfied. Satisfaction of the soul can only be obtained by questions and answers on the subject of Krishna." -- Purport to Srimad Bhagavatam 1.2.5 "Inquiries into the Absolute" is a wonderful opportunity provided by Srila Romapada Swami to help us fruitfully engage our propensity to inquire and seek answers. Please take advantage! Guide to “Inquiries into the Absolute” om ajïäna-timirändhasya jïänäïjana-çaläkayä cakñur unmélitaà yena tasmai çré-gurave namaù I offer my respectful obeisances unto my spiritual master, who has opened my eyes, blinded by the darkness of ignorance, with the torchlight of knowledge. ‘Inquiries into the Absolute’, is a weekly email digest comprising of thought provoking and sublime answers given by His Holiness Romapada Swami Maharaj to the questions raised by devotees on myriad spiritual topics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Review of Saint Madhavadeva's Nam-Ghosa
    Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF SAINT MADHAVADEVA’S NAM-GHOSA Bhupen Gogoi Reseach Scholar, Dept. of M.I.L. & L.S., Gauhati University, Assam. India, 781014 Abstract : Nam-Ghosa is the best writing by Madhavadeva. It contains thousand (according to some books of collections thousand and one) verses. Nam-Ghosa has made a remarkable contribution in the context of propagation and spreading of the New Vaishnavism or Ek Sarana Nam Dharma. Nam-Ghosa can be divided into three parts as the gospel of Nam-Dharma or the New Vaishnavism, poetic expression of detached devotional feelings and the appreciation of the qualities of Lord Vishnu and his various names. Madhavadeva got true savour of devotion by the grace of his preceptor Sankardeva. Madhavadeva has offered his honour and devote to Sankardeva for several times in Nam-Ghosa. In this book Madhavadeva has suggested easy way to offer devotion to Lord Krishna or Vishnu. The main philosophy of Nam-Ghosa is based on Vedanta Philosophy. According to Nam-Ghosa people should be devoted to Lord Krishna only when he can be able to come out from selfishness and after that he can be able to reach Krishna Dham - the final destination of a soul. Key words : Madhavadeva, Nam-Ghosa, Devotion, Guru, God, Philosophy. INTRODUCTION : Madhavadeva was an ardent disciple of his preceptor Sankardeva. Sankardeva introduced the new vaishnavism in the 15th century in Assam. For spreading the religion Madhavadeva worked very hard to help his preceptor and he became as a shadow of Sankardeva.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Reading of Taylor and Gandhi on Holistic Identity
    The Metaphysics of Diversity and Authenticity: A Comparative Reading of Taylor and Gandhi on Holistic Identity Author: Joshy P. Varghese Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104265 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2013 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College Graduate School of Arts and Science Department of Philosophy THE METAPHYSICS OF DIVERSITY AND AUTHENTICITY: A COMPARATIVE READING OF TAYLOR AND GANDHI ON HOLISTIC IDENTITY a dissertation by JOSHY P. VARGHESE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April, 2013 ©Copy Right by JOSHY P. VARGHESE 2013 ABSTRACT THE METAPHYSICS OF DIVERSITY AND AUTHENTICITY: A COMPARATIVE READING OF TAYLOR AND GANDHI ON HOLISTIC IDENTITY By Joshy P. Varghese Director: Prof. Jeffrey Bloechl The human self and society in general have always been in transition and transformation. Our senses of ourselves and of our society are in dialectical relation with our sense of whether or to what degree we feel part of important dimensions such as religion and politics, which are both an expression of our identity and factors that may sometimes change our identity. In modern western society it seems that identity has shifted from what Charles Taylor calls “embeddedness” in religion to a mode of life where religion is, to a great extent, expected to be a personal matter and even a personal choice. This is not impossible to understand, and historical work shows us that there are important continuities between the modern reason that rejects religion and the religion that it rejects.
    [Show full text]
  • Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism
    Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Edited by Knut A. Jacobsen (Editor-in-Chief) Associate Editors Helene Basu Angelika Malinar Vasudha Narayanan BRILL LEIDEN . BOSTON 2009 Table of Contents, Volume I Prelims Preface vii List of Contributors ix Notes for Users xix Primary Sources xxi Primary Source Abbreviations xxv Journals and Series xxvii General Abbreviations xxxi Introduction xxxiii Regions and Regional Traditions (Hinduism in the Regions of India and South and Southeast Asia) Overview article 3 East Assam and the Eastern States 13 Bengal 25 Orissa 43 North Bihar 59 Himalaya Region 73 Jharkhand 87 Kashmir 99 Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh 127 Punjab 153 Uttar Pradesh 171 South Andhra Pradesh 187 Karnataka 201 Kerala 221 Tamil Nadu 233 West Goa 249 Gujarat 255 Maharashtra 271 Rajasthan 285 South Asia outside of India Bangladesh 301 Nepal 307 Pakistan 315 Sri Lanka 321 Historical Southeast Asia: Burma 337 Cambodia 345 Indonesia 353 Thailand 371 © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2009 BEH, vol I Also available online - www brill nl Vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Sacred Space and Time TIrtha and Tirthayatra: Salvific Space and Pilgrimage 381 Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography 411 Festivals 429 Processions 445 Gods, Goddesses, and Divine Powers Overview article 457 Asuras and Daityas 469 Ayyappan 479 Bhairava 485 Bhudevi 491 Brahma 499 Dattatreya 513 Draupadi and Sita 517 Durga 535 Ganapati/Ganesa 551 Gandharvas and Apsarases 565 Gariga 571 Hanuman 579 Kali 587 Krsna 605 Kuladevi 621 Mahadevi 627 Murukan 637 Navagrahas 647 Parvati 655 Radha 675 Rama 681 River Goddesses 695 Rsis 703 Sacred Animals 711 SantosiMa 719 Sarasvati 725 Sitaladevi 733 Siva 741 Sri Laksmi 755 Vedic Gods 765 Verikatesvara 781 Visnu 787 Yaksas and Yaksinis 801 Yama 807 Yamuna 817 Yoginis 823 Glossary 829 Sections for Future Volumes 832 Brills Encyclopedia of Hinduism Volume II: Sacred Texts and Languages Ritual Traditions Arts Concepts Edited by Knut A.
    [Show full text]