ISSN 1728-7715

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

VOLUME FOURTEEN 2013 (First Issue) ISSN 1728-7715

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

VOLUME FOURTEEN 2013 (First Issue) JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Editorial Board S.F.A. Rafeeqi Noman Ahmed Anila Naeem Asiya Sadiq Polack Fariha Amjad Ubaid M. Fazal Noor Shabnam Nigar Mumtaz

Editorial Associates Farida Abdul Ghaffar Fariha Tahseen

Layout and Composition Mirza Kamran Baig

Panel of Referees Muzzaffar Mahmood (Ph.D., Professor, NED University, Karachi) Andre Loeckxe (Ph.D., Professor, K.U. Leuven, Belgium) Arif Hasan (Architect and Planner, Hilal-e-Imtiaz) Bruno De Meulder (Ph.D., Professor, K.U. Leuven, Belgium) Christophe Polak (Architect, Urban Planner & Designer) Kamil Khan Mumtaz (ARIBA, Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) Michiel Dehaene (Ph.D., Professor, TUe Eindhoven, Netherlands) Mohammed Mahbubur Rahman (Ph.D., Professor, University of Calagary) Mukhtar Husain (B.Arch., M.Arch., Turkey) Shahid Anwar Khan (Ph.D., AIT, Bangkok Professor, Curtin University, Australia)

Department of Architecture and Planning, Published by NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

Printed by Khwaja Printers, Karachi.

© Copyrights with the Editorial Board of the Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning CONTENTS

Editor’s Note vii

Jinia Sharmeen A Study of Increasing Noise Pollution in a Specific City Node of Dhaka 01 City, Bangladesh

Neelum Naz and Historical Perspective of Urban Development of Gujranwala 21 Shabih-ul-Hasan Zaidi

Nomana Anjum, Workspace Environment and Employee Satisfcation: A Comparative Study 39 Arooj Hameed and of Telecommunication Offices in Islamabad and Abu Dhabi Shakeel Qureshi

Fariha Saeed, Simulation of Electricity Consumption for Newly Built Residential Buildings 55 Syed Tauseef Ahmed, in Lahore and Arif Qayyum Butt

Ghaffer Shahzad Shrines Shaping the Cities: Lahore A Case Study 61

Book Review

Fauzia Hussain Qureshi Multan - A Spiritual Legacy 69 A Review by Suneela Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecure and Planning, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning v EDITORS’ NOTE

In this issue of Journal of Architecture and Planning, several important dimensions in built environment and corresponding research questions have been addressed by the paper authors. The geographical spread of case studies encompass South Asia and the Middle East in an interesting sense. The journal opens up with an investigative study into the noise levels of Dhaka. Being the primate city of Bangladesh and home to a mounting middle class, the increase in noise pollution is understandable. The author has used worthwhile references from the literature to structure the premise of this increase and its impacts on various attributes of human performance. The article on the historical perspective of Gujranwala in Punjab informs us about the layers of urban development that the city experienced during its pre-colonial and later era metamorphosis. The trans regional corridor of Grand Trunk Road, on which Gujranwala exists is an expanse of emerging urbanization in the contemporary times. The authors have analysed the process and have drawn interesting points that can help streamline the process of urbanization in a rational manner. Concept and application of work space evaluation is done by the authors of the next paper. By citing exploration of case examples from Islamabad and Abu Dhabi, the authors have drawn feedback from the user groups to determine the performance and user satisfaction levels. A paper on the electricity consumption pattern for newly built residential buildings is done to inform about the scientific reasons behind this state of affairs. The simulation exercise relates to interesting findings connected with the conclusions and recommendations made by the authors. Passive strategies, proper use of insulation, shading devise and energy efficient devices formulate the answers to the energy crises faced by the city. The paper on Lahore’s shrines places the city and its spiritual flavor into the perspective of built environment. Dwelling upon the commonly found factors that shaped historical Lahore, the paper touches upon the built environment details associated with the prominent shrine complexes in the metropolis.

This issue of the journal also has book review.

Editorial Board

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning vii A STUDY OF INCREASING NOISE POLLUTION IN A SPECIFIC CITY NODE OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH

Jinia Sharmeen*

ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION

Noise pollution in expanding city of Dhaka is also increasing Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is one of the noisiest with growing number of vehicles and people which has cities in the world. Despite low level of industrialization become an irritating and harmful feature of the city life. and motorization, the average level of noise remains far According to a WHO study, noise level is exceeding the above the acceptable limits for most of the time. With standard limits in Dhaka city, threatening human health, economic development, the situation is expected to worsen especially that of elderly people and children. The situation further. Motor vehicle is the principal source of noise is critical at major nodes of the city because of accumulation pollution in the city (Ahmed et.al., 2000). of large number of vehicles and human activities. The study aims at generating an investigation methodology to analyze According to a report, “Dhaka City State of Environment: the relation between noise factors and human responses; 2005”, noise level in Dhaka city is now a major concern for also to give some recommendation to prevent the noise or general people because it has exceeded the tolerance level. unwanted sounds producing at the nodes. It is necessary to According to a recent study conducted by WHO at 45 recommend guidelines for architects to help in reducing locations of Dhaka city, most of the traffic points and many noise effect for people living at such nodes of the city. of the industrial, residential, commercial, silent and mixed areas are suffering with noise level exceeding the standard Keywords: Noise, Noise Pollution, Noise Source, Noise limits. Details of noise level at different zones of Dhaka city Control, City Node. are shown in Figure-1 indicating the exceeding limits of sound.

Figure-1: Increased noise level in different areas of Dhaka city (Source: WHO, 2002)

* Jinia Sharmeen, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 1 This research study dealts with the noise pollution of “Shapla Bangladeshis’ love for this flower is expressed beautifully Chattar” which is one of the major nodes of the city situated by erecting a monumental flower of Shapla called ‘Shapla at the Central Business District (CBD) area of Dhaka Chattar’ at Motijheel in Dhaka (Fig-2a,b and 3). Motijheel (Motijheel commercial area). The sound level data was is situated at the heart of the Dhaka city. Motijheel is major collected at four specific times of a day (at 9:30am, 12:30am business and commercial hub of the Dhaka city and has and 4:00pm and 6:00pm) and at four different location points more offices and business institutions than any other part of the same area. This study provides a new possibility to of the city. view the actual scenario of noise pollution at a city node.

2. OBJECTIVES

Primary objective of the study is to create and enhance awareness about the ways in which people respond to the city nodes and their immediate surroundings on basis of sound level. It further aims:

· To determine the sound pressure level (dB) of noise, by a device Sound Level Meter (SLM), at a selected node of the Dhaka city. · To recommend guidelines for the architects to adopt measures to mitigate the situation.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE NODE

3.1. Location of Node

The national flower of Bangladesh is Shapla (Water Lily).

Figure-3: Shapla Chattar, situated in a crossing of Dhaka's commercial area

Figure-2a: Location of Motijheel in Dhaka city map Figure-2b: Location of Shapla Chattar at Motijheel (Right)

2 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-5: Road network system of Shapla Chattar.

Figure-4: Frequent Use of glass as building material near Shapla Chattar.

3.2. Analysis of the Present Building Fabric

Effect of noise can be reduced on buildings through fabric of the building itself (roof, walls, floor, windows and doors). It can also be reduced by careful selection of construction materials in buildings. For example brick as construction material is more preferable than glass. But most of the buildings have been erected circling the Shapla Chattar without considering this fact (Figure-4).

3.3. Analysis of the Road Network System Figure-6: Presence of light & heavy vehicles around node like rickshaws, van private cars, buses etc. This node is extremely noisy because of the busy roads. There are four main roads towards North-South, North-East 3.4. Analysis of the Surface Pattern and Vegetation and North-West where movement of the vehicles is very frequent. A network of subsequent secondary roads carries In Motijheel at Shapla Chattar the presence of green area relatively less traffic load of vehicles like private cars and is almost negligible. For this reason the area remains dry rickshaws (Figure-5). Noise level is higher near the primary and dusty all the time. There are many open spaces which roads as both light and heavy vehicles like rickshaws, private are not green but covered with pitched and paved area for cars, buses etc. move there (Figure-6). The site is not free human and vehicular access (Figure-7a,b). from unnecessary disturb of hydraulic horns. The hydraulic horns used by buses, trucks and scooters in the crowdy city streets are dangerous for human being. The horns cause serious harm, especially to the children.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 3 Figure-7a: Surface pattern of Shapla Chattar. Figure-7b: Surface Area Ratio of Shapla Chattar.

3.5. Analysis of Noise Sources at Node 4. METHODOLOGY

Sounds are produced around the node usually due to following Analytical process was conducted in following steps: reasons which are considered as noise sources: · Site analysis is done on the basis of road network, · Movement of vehicles – cars, heavy vehicles, etc. surface pattern and vegetation etc. · Use of loud horn and hydraulic horns. · Uncontrolled use of music loudspeakers. · Observation of various sound levels was done at various · Construction noise. times of a day according to the changing activities · Intermittent aircraft noise. of people. · Noise from generators. · Human activities (Noise due to people crowd including · Sounds were measured with Sound Level Meter (Model vendor, visitors etc.). Vendors can be seen almost No: NL-21). everywhere in the Motijheel area .The pedestrian footpath is almost occupied by vendors. Vendors can also be · Problems and effects of sound were discussed with found in the streets. general people and the users.

3.6. Analysis of the Relation between Noise Factors and · The entire findings were analyzed on basis of the Human Responses city noise.

· A common complaint by the regular office going 4.1. Preparation of Questionnaire people of the Motijheel area near Shapla Chattar is the excessive noise. This noise creates great annoyance to Questionnaire survey on hearing status assessment of the them during early working hours which ultimately people at Motijheel Area near Shapla Chattar was prepared. increases their palpitation and consequently lowering their daily work performance. Individual’s Name: ______

· Traffic police working at Shapla Chattar are suffering Age: ______a continuous disturbance during their duty hours. Profession: ______· The most notable physical effect of long term noise exposure is loss of hearing power which is a common complain of that users of the particular node.

4 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 4.2. Preparation of Instruments

Sounds were measured with an instrument known as “SOUND LEVEL METER”. In this case NL-21(sound level meter) is used for study purpose. There are two types of calibration: electrical calibration and acoustic calibration using a Pistonphone. Calibration cannot be performed if the unit is in measurement mode other than sound level measurement. Calibration is performed after the measurement has been completed. Here acoustic calibration has been done with the sound calibrator NC-74.for acoustic calibration, the Rion sound calibrator NC-74 is mounted on the microphone of the sound level meter and adjustment is performed so that reading of meter is equal to the sound level inside the coupler (Figure-8).

4.3. Sample Design

A large number of hawkers, traffic police, regular office going people, shop keepers (Figure-9) were in the prime consideration as a sampling group because they remain beside the road and they are directly exposed to the traffic noise. Samples were considered on basis of the following criteria: Figure-8: Sound level meter, Sound Calibrator NC-74 and Pistonphone

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 5 · Ear condition: people are chosen as samples who have not been affected by any kind of ear related disease since childhood (Figure-9).

· Age: people of age group between 20 to 50 years.

· Working period: people who had been working more than 5 years in this place.

· Daily working period: people who work here for more than 9 hours daily.

Figure-9: Hawkers, traffic police, people who are directly exposed to the traffic noise.

4.4. Selection of Study Area Zone B: At Northern part of the Shapla Chattar (just beside the Shapla) For Study purpose the area has been divided into four zones and named as zone A, zone B, zone C and zone D Zone C: North-East corner of the Shapla Chattar adjacent (Figure-10 & 11). to the pavement.

Zone A: Divider situated on West-side of the Shapla Chattar. Zone D: Bangladesh Bank compound, near the gate.

6 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-10: Four venues are shown in the satellite image of the site

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 7 11(a) 11(b)

11(c) Figure-11(a,b,c): Various views of the site.

5. FINDINGS at different times and different points A, B, C and D was done by using following format: Two kinds of data was collected.

I. Continuous sound pressure level was measured in which people are exposed in the study area.

II. Questionnaire survey has been carried out for hearing status assessment.

5.1. Continuous Data Analysis

Data was collected 1.5 meter above the ground and by standing on the roadside. Any kind of noise barrier was avoided for measuring the actual sound level produced by the vehicles. Noise was measured at various times (at 9:30am, 12:30am, 4:00pm and 6:00pm) of the day to observe people response with changing sound levels. Analysis of the findings

8 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Sound variations of first 5 minutes at 9.30 o’clock started from point “A” and gradually other points

Chart- 1.1: Sound level with respect time (9.30 am, at point ‘A’).

Chart- 1.2: Sound level with respect time (9.45 am, at point ‘B’).

Chart- 1.3: Sound level with respect time (9.55 am, at point ‘C’).

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 9 Chart- 1.4: Sound level with respect time (10.10 am, at point ‘D’).

Sound variations of first 5 minutes at 12.30 o’clock started from point “A” and gradually to other points

Chart- 1.5: Sound level with respect time (12.30 pm, at point ‘A’).

Chart- 1.6: Sound level with respect time (12.40 pm, at point ‘B’).

10 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Chart- 1.7: Sound level with respect time (12.50 pm, at point ‘C’).

Chart- 1.8: Sound level with respect time (1.00 pm, at point ‘D’).

Sound variations of first 5 minutes at 4.00 o’clock started from point “A” and gradually to other points

Chart- 1.9: Sound level with respect time (4.00 pm, at point ‘A’).

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 11 Chart- 1.10: Sound level with respect time (4.15 pm, at point ‘B’).

Chart- 1.11: Sound level with respect time (4.25 pm, at point ‘C’).

Chart- 1.12: Sound level with respect time (4.45 pm, at point ‘D’).

12 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Sound variations of first 5 minutes at 6.25 o’clock started from point “A” and gradually to other points

Chart- 1.13: Sound level with respect time (6.25 pm, at point ‘A’).

Chart- 1.14: Sound level with respect time (6.35 pm, at point ‘B’).

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 13 Chart- 1.15: Sound level with respect time (6.45 pm, at point ‘C’).

Chart- 1.16: Sound level with respect time (7.00 pm, at point ‘D’).

Data has been collected repeatedly at various times (at most of the time. Compared with other points, point D 9:30am, 12:30am, 4:00pm and 6:00pm) of the day. Data has showed lowest noise level in the beginning and by end of been plotted on graph (Chart: 1.1 to Chart: 1.16). It is the day; however some fluctuations were observed at mid evident through these graphs that the sound level of the node of the day. remained 87.6 (Avg) dB throughout the time. These graphs also show the changing patterns of noise at different points 5.2. Questionnaire Analysis on different times of the day. Point A shows significant rise at mid of the day. At onset, the noise level at point B is The findings of the study through questionnaire survey are higher than other points but between 12:30 to 4:30pm it presented in following table. It shows that out of 40 persons, falls gradually and then again it shows an increase by end 28 persons have hearing problem and others are normal. of the day. Point C almost maintained the same level for

14 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Zone C: This zone is crowded by the vendors. Sound level varies between 75 dB to 100 dB. This noise is usually caused Zone A: As seen in the graph lines, this point is highly by the vendors and buyers. So general people are mostly sound polluted.It boomed at 107.8 dB which is the highest responsible for this noise. sound level in this node. This unwanted sound is usually produced by the horns of heavy vehicles. Zone D: The graph line articulates the fact that this zone is comparatively better than other three zones. Noise level Zone B: As per graphical analysis, it is observed that Zone remains between 65-95 dB.This sound level declines as the B is the second highly polluted zone with maximum 105 time increases. dB and minimum 75 dB of sound intensity.

Table-1: Noise quality standards, by zone and time of day

Source: Unnayan Shamannay, peoples report on Bangladesh environment 2001, volume 2, database (The University press limited, Dhaka, 2001).

Table 01 revealed that noise quality standard of commercial Noise inducing hearing loss has not been observed in those zone was 70 dB in 2001. But according to the survey, noise people who have been working here for 10-15 years of an level of Motijheel area at Shapla Chattar is higher than this age group of 25 to 35 years. People of more than 35 years level. The average noise level is about 91.6 dB at point A, of age and working here for more than 15 years are more 89 dB at point B, 83.86 at point C and 79.3 at point D. vulnerable for noise inducing hearing loss. From the survey According to the survey report of SAHIC (Society for result it is clear that hawkers and traffic police are more Assistance to Hearing Impaired Children) the noise level of vulnerable than shopkeepers and regular office going people. Shapla Chattar, Motijheel is 89 dB .It is quite similar to the Main cause for this situation is that hawkers spend their survey result of this research study which is calculated to time on footpath without using any precautionary barriers be 87.6 dB. According to the statistics of World Health to reduce the impacts of noise intensity whereas the Organization (WHO), generally 60 dB sound can make a shopkeepers and officers work in indoor environment with man deaf temporarily and 100 dB sound can cause complete partition walls and do not face such intensive noise directly. deafness. When the sound exceeds this limit, there is noise pollution. So this node can be considered as highly polluted noise zone.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 15 7. RECOMMENDATION

For node design following things should be considered:

· Air, human being, vegetation and solid building surfaces are considered as sound absorbing elements. Solid building surface is incorrigible for buildings which are near to the city node to reduce the noise level to come inside the building. When a “weaker” element, such as a window or door, is used in a construction, the composite TL for the combination is usually closer to TL of “weaker"(Egan, M. David, 1972, page:63) as shown in Figure-12.

Figure-12: Careful use of building materials can reduce noise

16 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-13: Use of natural barrier

· Barriers can be effectively used to reduce outdoor noise, · Trees and vegetation are not much effective as sound particularly high frequency sound such as vehicle tire whine barriers. For example, dense plantation of minimum 100 (Egan, page 90). Noise barriers can be designed near the feet depth will provide only 7 to 11 dBs of sound attenuation. nodes as shown in Figure-13. But many rows of trees have certain value as an acoustical barrier (Egan, page 94) as shown in Figure-14.

Figure-14: Best use of natural barrier

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 17 · Sound absorption by porous sound absorbers (called orientation. “FUZZ” (1”to 2” thick glass-fiber blanket) can “FUZZ”) is predominantly indirect conversion of sound also be used as wall treatment as shown in Figure-15. Porous energy into thermal energy. The amount of absorption is material with open facing can be used for sound absorption determined by porous absorber’s actual physical properties as shown in Figure-16 (Egan, M. David, 1972, page: 29, of (1) thickness, (2) density, (3) porosity, and (4) fiber 45).

Figure-15: Use of “FUZZ” (1”to 2” thick glass-fiber blanket) Ref:R.B.Newman,and W.J.Cavanaugh,Acoustics in J.H.Callender(ed.)Time-saver Standards,4th ed.Mc Graw-Hill,NewYork,1966.

18 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning · Surface area of facing should be at least 20% open for satisfy these requirements that wall treatment is often limited reverberation or room noise control, where high frequency only by the designer’s imagination. (Egan, M. David, 1972, absorption may not be critical. So many possibilities will page:45)

Figure-16: Use of Porous material with open facing in surface treatment

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 19 Based on the study carried out to examine noise pollution · Noise level of this area remains 87.6 dB (Avg) and sources (Roy, R., Rahman, M.A., and Uddin, M.J., 2006) throughout the day. following recommendations are mentioned here with a view to keep the noise pollution of Shapla Chattar area bellow · 28 out of 40 samples reported hearing impairment. an acceptable limit. · People above 35 years age and working here for more · Awareness should be raised among vehicle owners. than 15 years are more vulnerable for noise inducing hearing loss. · Use of hydraulic horn should be banned immediately. · It has also been observed that hawkers and traffic police · Law enforcing authorities should prohibit unnecessary are more vulnerable than shop keepers and regular use of sound producing objects. office going people. · Efficient traffic management technique should ensure discipline in vehicular movement. Noise control is a major factor in planning, designing and construction of the city nodes. Architects, acoustical engineers · The problem can also be reduced by relocating the and transport planners are searching for creative ways to hawkers. eliminate or greatly reduce noise levels. The challenge lies in attaining desired sound levels while simultaneously 8. CONCLUSION maintaining or enhancing the visual environment. After analyzing the collected sound level data, it has been found that,

REFERENCES Dhaka City State of Environment (2005).Report Prepared on the basis on a study undertaken by: Department of environment ministry of environment and forest government of the people’s republic of Bangladesh in collaboration with united nations environment programme regional resource centre for Asia and the pacific (UNEP RRC.AP) and Bangladesh centre for advanced studies (BCAS). Egan,M.David (1972). Concepts in Architectural Acoustics. McGraw-Hill, 45-94 pages

M.J.B. Alam, M.M. Hoque and M.F. Ahmed; p.77-83, Bangladesh Environment 2000, A compilation of Papers of the International Conference on Bangladesh Environment –2000 (ICBEN-2000), BAPA.

Roy, R., Rahman, M.A., and Uddin, M.J., “Noise Induced hearing loss assessment of the road-noise affected people of Dhaka city”, (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis), Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 2006.) Shamannay, U., (2001), Peoples report on Bangladesh environment 2001, Vol. 2, database, University Press Limited, Dhaka. WHO (2002). Indoor Air Pollution Status in Bangladesh. Environmental Health Unit, Dhaka www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Shapla.shtm. Accessed on October, 2012.

20 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF GUJRANWALA

Neelum Naz* Shabih-ul-Hassan Zaidi**

ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION

Since the dawn of civilization, cities have gone through a Cities, like any other man made creature, change and develop process of physical change: they expand, shrink, decay, or as time passes. This transformation is a continuous and regenerate. The transformation has been not only in physical dynamic process during which the physical environment and spatial terms but in political, social, economic and and spaces increase in number and change in quality. cultural arenas as well. Major cities of the developing world Population growth is one of the main contributor to the are changing drastically and Pakistan is no exception. changes and expansion of cities in developing countries like Nevertheless, what makes the change of 21st century different Pakistan. According to City Mayors Statistics: The world's from historical precedence is the pace. Gujranwala, the 7th fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020, largest city of Pakistan is undergoing through rapid changes Gujranwala ranks 27th in the world (City Mayors Statistics, in terms of its spatial and traditional social fabric. The city 2006-2020). The city represents a unique flavor of Punjabi is known for being the birth place of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. traditions and is commonly known for being the birth place It is playing a major role in the country’s economy as an of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and city of wrestlers or agricultural marketing center and a commercial and industrial “Pehlwanaan da Shaher”, as called in the local language. center. Being a stronghold of Sikh rulers (1762- 1849) and The city is famous for dairy products and arguably has some British administrative centre, it is embellished with many of the best barbecue food in Punjab including such specialties historical landmarks. Due to its proximity to Lahore, it has as kebabs, chicken tikka, chiray and lamb chops. been benefiting from the spillovers of the capital of Punjab. However, it has not received its due share in terms of Gujranwala located in the North East of Punjab is the seventh development, infrastructure provision and social uplift as largest city of Pakistan. It is situated on both sides of the against other large cities of Punjab. Since the last few Grand Trunk (G.T.) Road from Rawalpindi to Lahore. To decades, the city is being seriously threatened by unplanned its South lies the provincial capital, Lahore, to its North lie growth of housing colonies, traffic congestion, land mafia, Sialkot and Gujrat and to its South West lies Faisalabad. industrial waste etc. Nothing can be more valuable than the Being a commercial and industrial nerve center of Pakistan, compilation of a sincere historical account for future reference. the city is playing a major role in supporting Pakistan’s Hence, major objective of the research paper is two fold. economy. It ranks as the third largest industrial centre in the First, to unravel historical layers of different phases that country, after Karachi and Faisalabad. It occupies this position have transformed Gujranwala from a small town to a mainly due to the availability of raw material and skilled divisional headquarter city. Secondly, to analyze different labour here. Gujranwala, Gujrat and Sialkot makes the facets of the development planning which have changed the "golden triangle" of the division, playing important role in traditional pattern of life within the city. Due to death of national economy, which has been acknowledged by foreign written literature on Gujranwala, existing information trade delegations during their visits to the city available with the development authorities, website of the (see Figure-1). District Officer, Spatial Planning, informal interviews with prominent personalities, oral history, personal observation, Due to its proximity to Lahore; like a number of secondary and photography make the major bulk of information. cities, it has been benefiting from the spillovers of the capital of Punjab. In spite of being an industrial region and potential Keywords: Gujranwala, British rule, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, agricultural trade base of Pakistan, the city has not received Outline Development Plan, Sikh rule in Punjab. its share in terms of development. Gujranwala is an extremely

* Dr. Neelum Naz, Professor, Dept. of Architecture, UET, Lahore ** Dr. Shabih-ul-Hassan Zaidi, Professor, Dept. of Architecture, UET, Lahore

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 21 Figure-1: Map highlighting the Golden Triangle of the Division Source: http://www.itdunya.com/t350926/

accessible city. The excellent road and rail links, built during the British rule have allowed the city to grow and prosper. Thus its population has been increasing steadily during early decades of the twentieth century. However, its growth got impetus during 1971 and 1998 when its population grew from 323,880 to 1,132,509. This is the period when a large number of manufacturing industries were installed in this city. The table and chart below show the population growth over a span of hundred years (1911-2011) indicating approximately fifty times increase during a period of 100 years (GoP, 1986).

It may be noted that there has been a sharp increase in the rate of growth of population during 1971 and 2011. This trend is likely to continue for many decades in future also.

22 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 2. HISTORY OF GUJRANWALA powerful of all the Sikh rulers. The Gujranwala Khalsa Council established in 1889 C.E. was the community’s main The origin of Gujranwala is shrouded in mystery. According social organization. The Council established Khalsa High to the Imperial Gazetteer of India, the town was originally School in a modest building outside the walled area which founded by Gujjars, and renamed Khanpur by some Sansi was upgraded to Khalsa College in 1917. The city was the Jats of Amritsar who founded 11 villages in the nearby area. first place in the region where Sikh domination was Charrat Singh, a Sansi Jat took possession of this collection established; so it witnesses many associations with Sikh of Gujjar Villages, raised a fortification around it in 1756 community (Chattha, 2011). and called it Gujraoli (Rashid, 1992). According to a narrative the town was named after “Chaudhry Gujjar”, owner of the Gujranwala was annexed by the British in 1849 and became Persian wheel in the town supplying water to the whole one of the original districts in the British-administered Punjab region (GoP, 1986). Dr. Waheed Quereshi in his essay, until the Independence in 1947. The municipality of "Gujranwala; past and present" names four villages: Sirai Gujranwala and the Gujranwala District Board were created Gujran, Sirai Kachi, Sirai Kambohaan and Thatta in the in 1867 and 1892 respectively. With the arrival of the vicinity at the time of Abdalies’ invasion in the late18th Christian missionaries, educational institutions, medical century. Sirai Gujran village existed in the area inside the missions and churches were built along with a number of current Khiyaaly Gate in the city. Hafiz Abdul Haq in his new public buildings such as district court, treasury, jail and " Tareekh-e-Gujranwala" and " Molvi Adbul Malik in his " police lines. Construction of the railway line in 1881 added Shahan-e-Gujran" also mentioned Sirai Gujran. immensely to the city’s commercial importance as it linked principal market-towns of Wazirabad, Nizamabad, Hafizabad, Gujranwala gained prominence under the Sikhs in the later Kaleke, Sukheki, Kamoke and Eminabad with Gujranwla. th part of the 18 Century, including a brief spell as their The Colonial period was especially important in increasing capital. Charat Singh, grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the mobility, technical skills and capital of the local artisan established his stronghold in Gujranwala in 1763. Maharaja communities (Chattha, 2011). Ranjit Singh who himself was born here became the most

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 23 Gujranwala lost all its record in 1919 when on 4th April refugees from the state of Jammu and Kashmir also arrived people of the town revolted against the tyranny of the in Gujranwala because of their pre-existing connections. Britishers at Jaliyanwala Bagh resulting in a huge human This mass migration on both sides resulted in sudden and property loss (GoP, 1986). The demonstrations were demographic changes and challenges. The city was staged in almost every area of the Indian subcontinent with transformed and balance of power switched from one the most violence in Gujranwala (Saleem, 2006). dominant community to other in terms of linguistic and racial proportions. “ the crowd set the railway station on fire, damaging a train. The crowd got divided into different groups and rushed After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the population of to different areas of the city to set government buildings on Gujranwala grew rapidly and it is now one of the large cities fire. They burnt Tehsil Office, Clock Tower, Dak Bangla, of Pakistan. Gujranwala was given the status of a district in kutcheri, and the houses of British officials The people 1951, which paved way for its progress and gave rise to stayed home and the city wore a deserted look. On the same new industries in the city. As a district it was run by a Deputy day, a procession from Dhullay was coming to help Commissioner until it became a Division. Many prominent Gujranwala people against the British government when civil servants worked as its Deputy Commissioners, renowned the military aircrafts bombed the procession, killing scores among them are Mr. Mansur Zaimur Rehman and Khushnood of people On April 15, the British army arrested many Akhtar Lashari who initiated many development projects. famous leaders of Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities. Gujranwala Development Authority (G.D.A.) was created On April 16, emergency was imposed in Gujranwala and in 1989 under the Punjab Development of Cities Act, 1976 the army took over”. to establish a comprehensive system of Planning and Development in order to improve the quality of life in Though the Muslims of Gujranwala formed more than 70 Gujranwala, since the introduction of the local government percent of the city’s population but lagged behind the non- system in 2001 the city has been governed by a Nazim. In Muslims not only in terms of education but also in trade 2007, Gujranwala was reorganised as a City District and finance (Chattha, 2011). Both Hindus and Sikhs owned administered by City District Government Gujranwala more than two-third of the city’s properties and business (CDGG) which is composed of seven autonomous towns activity. Sikhs were concentrated largely in Guru Nanak as given below: Pura, Guru Gobind Garh, Dhullay Mohallah. Important Muslim concentrations were in the old city’s Rasul Pura, 1. Aroop Town Islam Pura and Rehamn Pura suburbs. Gujranwala was badly hit by violence in 1947 and bombs were manufactured in 2. Kamonke Town the inner city and a number of episodes of injuries took place while making bombs (Chattha, 2011). The properties 3. Khiali Shahpur Town in the Hindu and Sikh localities of Guru Nanak Pura, Guru Gobind Garh, Hakim Rai, Sheikhupura Gate area, Hari 4. Nandi Pur Town Singh Nalwa Bazaar etc were looted and destroyed. The city earned notoriety for the systematic attacks on some of 5. Nowshera Virkan Town the “refugee special” trains and convoys. The most chilling killings of Hindus and Sikhs were perpetrated by the members 6. Qila Didar Singh Town of Lohar (blacksmith) community. One of the worst train massacres occured at the Kamoke railway station, a satellite 7. Wazirabad Town town of Gujranwala on September 24, 1947 carrying 3000 non-Muslim refugees towards East Punjab (Chattha, 2011). Gujranwala, like other large cities in Pakistan has a number The motivation for cold blooded attacks on the minorities of bodies and institutions that are concerned directly and was in revenge of attacks on Muslims in East Punjab. After indirectly with controlling, managing and promoting the division of Indian subcontinent, all the Sikhs and the development in the city such as City District Government Hindus migrated to India while many of the Muslim refugees Gujranwala (CDGG), Muincipal Corporation Gujranwala from the Eastern Indian-Punjab moved to Gujranwala. The Gujranwala Development Authority (G.D.A.),Water and refugee influx mainly from Amritsar, Ludhiana, Patiala Sanitation Agency (WASA) etc. belonged to the middle ranking families consisting of Arains, Ansaris, Sheikhs, jewelers and Pathans. A large number of

24 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 3. URBAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 3.1. Sikh Period PLANNING OF GUJRANWALA Gujranwala was founded by Charat Singh and Mahan Singh, The significance and appearance of the town has altered heads of a Sikh clan. Mahan Singh constructed four towers during the course of history and left its marks in the shape which fixed the boundaries of the town. He also laid a of important archaeological and historical sites which are foundation of “Sheranwala Bagh” adorned with statues of spread all over the district. The city is endowed with a rich lions which still exist today. Mahan Singh on his death in cultural heritage, particularly from Sikh and British rule. 1792 was succeeded by his son Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The The shadow-ground maps below show the spatial growth growth took place particularly during the reign of Maharaja of the city since 1914 (see Figure-2). During 1947-65 the Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) and extended by his military growth was to the North West and South Easterly directions commander, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa (1791-1837). Sardar but during 1965-1985, the growth directions were almost Hari Singh built a high mud wall around the town for its reversed and the North Eastern and South Western directions protection and a fort to the North of the city (Ali, 1847). dominated. During the 1985-2009 period, the city has grown The grid pattern of roads suggested that the town had a almost equally towards the West, North and East (UNICON, planned layout to facilitate better civic amenities. This new 2009). In general, three periods seem to be significant for town enclosed within the circular road is polygonal in shape its development: Sikh Period (1762-1849), British period and divided into several square and rectangular blocks. The (1849-1947) and Post-Independence (1947 onwards). primary streets or Bazaars intersect each other at right-

Figure-2: Shadow-ground Maps of Gjranwala from1914 to 2009 Source: UNICON (2009) Developing a Comprehensive “City Boundary” for the City of Gujranwala, Final Report

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 25 angle. The secondary streets, which provide access to the where every thing could be found (Nalwa, 2009). David residential areas, are also rectilinear (Nalwa, 2009). The Ross (1883) narrates that “ There are several large houses existing settlement was well incorporated in the new design of Sikh architecture, but most of the streets end in a cul-de- (see Figure-3). sac. The town stands on a level plain and possesses a mausoleum of Mahn Singh, the father of Ranjit Sing” (Ross, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa being a great admirer of nature 1883). Mufti Ghumal Sarwar Lahori (1870) states that there laid a large and beautiful garden in Gujranwala. According were thirty mosques and numerous mandirs. By the end of to the Gazatte of 1935 the garden became famous through Sikh period Gujranwala was surrounded by a number of Punjab for its variety of rare trees and plants, and the first fine gardens (Rahman, 1997). Malta oranges were planted here. Baron Carl von Hugel, an Australian traveller visited Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa in 3.2. British Period 1836, described it the most beautiful and best kept in India (Rashid, 1992). The area came under the direct rule of the British in 1847. During 1857-1918 the town made a rapid development and In 1839, Shahamat Ali visited Gujranwala and explained emerged as a progressing commercial center. The British the place as very populous with a good bazaar of 500 shops soon after their occupation set about rebuilding Gujranwala

Figure-3: Plan of Walled city Gujranwala enclosed within Circular Road and Gates adapted from Rehman, A. (1997) Historic Towns of Punjab: Ancient & Medieval Period, Lahore: Ferozesons (PVT.) Ltd.

26 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning according to their own standards. The town started sprawling out of the confines of walled city and new bazaars were laid out (Rashid, 1992). Colonel Clark, a Deputy Commissioner, after demolishing the Haveli of Sardar Mahan Singh constructed the square bazaar named Ranjit Ganj (GoP, 1986). Mr. Arthur Brandreth, another Deputy Commissioner, gave a new impulse to the town by adding new structures on the remains of old buildings. He constructed Sialkoti Darwaza (also known as Brandreth Gate, 1869), Lahori Darwaza and Khiyali Darwaza. E.A. Estcourt, Deputy Commissioner Gujranwala constructed a red brick clock tower (locally called Ghanta Ghar) to mark the center of the new city [Plate 1]. During 1914 to 1947, the city grew steadily trebling in size and in population, with most of the city keeping to the West of the railway line except for the North-eastern sector between the railway line and Sialkot Road (UNICON, 2009).

Civil Lines, was established for the Europeans on the northern side of town at a distance of one mile separated from the old city by the railway line (see Figure-4). Spacious bungalows, railway station, district courts and offices were constructed in Victorian style. The First Presbyterian church was constructed in 1875 [Plate 2]. Theological Seminary, Gujranwala was first founded by United Presbyterian missionaries from North America in 1877. The seminary is situated on a spacious campus in the Civil Lines, providing a peaceful environment for worship, study, reflection and recreation. The Christain Technical Training Center (CTTC) established in 1900 is one of the premier institutions in the Plate-1: A view of Ghanta Ghar field of technical education in the country (Prospectus Christian Technical Training Center, 2011-12). The establishment of these institutions increased heightened awareness of communal identity and led to the establishments of Arya Samaj, Singh Sabha and Ahmadia organizations. They competed not only with Christain missionaries, but with each other in the race to popularize their views.

With the settlement of small European population, the urban population experienced enormous social and urban change. The upper classes, of Hindus and Sikhs became the beneficiaries of the new amenities. Charan Singh and Banarsi Shah were among the first who exchanged their inner-city dwellings for spacious residences in the civil lines (Chattha, 2011). Mr Charan Singh house was used as the local passport office but is now lying vacant [Plate 3]. The factory adjacent to the house which was about two acres in size has been pulled down. The house of Banarsi Shah is still in good shape and is occupied by Kazim Ali Shah [Plate 4]. These splendid mansions still speak the glory of that period. Ram Gopal Arora established a well known form called Prabhat Plate-2: Church in Gujranwala (1865)

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 27 Figure-4: Map of Gujranwala during1947 Source: UNICON (2009) Developing a Comprehensive “City Boundary” for the City of Gujranwala, Final Report

Plate-3: Villa of Charan Singh in Civil Lines Plate-4: Villa of Banarasi Shah, Gujranwala

28 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Engineering Limited in the early 1940s. Ram Gopal Arora sold off his iron workshop and other businesses to local Muslim foremen and shifted his assets to India. Govt. Islamia College (1917), and Iqbal High School (1921) on G.T. Road were important in determining future growth of the city. Khurshid Manzil commonly known as “Darzian di Haveli” constructed in 1929 on College Road is a master piece of architecture [Plate 5].

3.3. Post Independence

Gujranwala’s strategic road and railway connections made it a logical destination for many refugees. The influx of refugees led the state to build new settlements which brought a considerable change in the urban landscape, subsequently. The urban fabric of Gujranwala has been profoundly Plate-5: Darzian di Haveli influenced by the major radial routes converging to the G.T. Road in radial manner (see Figure-5).

Figure-5: Figure 5: Plan showing different radial routes, By-pass & Upper Chanab Canal adapted from Gujranwala Guide Map, Survey of Pakistan (1990)

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 29 The Satellite Town stretched over an area of 247 acres have been incorporated and reinforced in the recently prepared started in 1950 in the South-West side at Daska Road Gujranwala Strategic Plan 2007-2010 (see Figure-6). comprised hundreds of plots ranging form five to twenty marla in size. As an extension of Satellite town a D- type In fact, there is no comprehensive Town Planning Law in colony was started in 1956 exclusively for the settlement of Pakistan at federal or provincial level. Therefore, no proper Kashmiri refugees. In addition to immigrants, there has been guidelines are available at local level for the preparation of a continuous influx of workers seeking job opportunities in Master Plan. Thus various terminologies such as Outline its manufacturing and commercial centers. Model Town, Development Plan, Master Plan, Structure Plan, Strategic another planned housing scheme was developed after 1960s Plan have been used for the preparation of comprehensive which propelled growth in this direction. St. Mary’s School development plans for Gujranwala, as for other cities of which was constructed especially for Christian Students at Pakistan. This lack of legal backing is one of the main Khokharki was renamed to St. Joseph’s School in 1958. The reasons for non implementation of the development plans. Quaid-e-Azam Divisional Public School & College, The other reasons for the failure of the development plans Gujranwala established in 1987, comprising 65 acres donated include lack of institutional framework or capacity of the by the Punjab Government on the G.T. Road is a significant existing planning and development agencies, lack of financial contribution to the city as a purpose built educational campus. resources, lack of coordination among various development The Upper Chenab Canal formed an effective barrier to the related departments, non involvement of target group city’s Eastwards expansion, and the Rawalpindi and Sialkot population and other stakeholders, lack of proper building bye-pass roads established the de facto limits of the city, and development control activity, multiple planning and with more of the expansion being to the North of the development agencies working under their own regulatory Hafizabad and Pasrur roads. But the expansion of the city framework and lack of monitoring and evaluation of plans has continued a pace, virtually developing the whole of the to ensure continuity in the planning process. As a consequence area bounded by the Bye-pass Roads (see Figure-7). to this situation, more than 80 percent of the Gujranwala city has developed without planning, which comprises of “An Outline Development Plan (ODP) for Gujranwala was slums and squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis). prepared in 1971 to guide and monitor its future growth which was updated in 1985. Most of the proposals were not 3.3.1 Residential Area Development implemented due to institutional and financial limitations. Two major proposals of 1971 ODP i.e. Bypass Road and Most of the residential area in Gujranwala has grown three Overhead Bridges over Peshawar-Lahore-Karachi without proper planning resulting in the mushroom growth main railway track were completed as per recommendations of slums and ‘Katchi Abadies’ spread all over the city. More of the Plan. During 1993-96, Government of the Punjab recently, developments have been undertaken beyond the managed World Bank funded Feasibility Studies and Urban Bye-pass, both Southwards along the GT Road and the Master Planning of ten cities of Punjab project. The project Canal, and Northwards, again along the GT Road and Sialkot was undertaken by the project management unit of the Road and the Canal. The Northwards expansion has been Housing, Physical Planning and Public Health Engineering given an additional impetus by the development of the Department (HPP & PHED) of Punjab. The report of the Cantonment some 15-20 kilometres away. In the recent proposed development plan highlighted various planning past, the role of town planners has increased in the and infrastructural issues and proposed a number of projects development of Gujranwala. As a result, most of the new but those were also not implemented” (District Office (SP&G) developments taking place during the last 15 years have Gujranwala, 2011). been in the form of public and privately developed housing such as WAPDA Town (1999), Judicial Colony, Asad Estate, No tangible developments have taken place for the Jalil Town, New City and Canal View, Magnolia Park (2006) implementation of these proposals despite the lapse of developed in the South, and Gulshan Iqbal Town, Johar considerable time. The apparent reasons for this failure are Town, Prime City, Gulberg City, Johar City, Shalimar City, mainly financial limitations, institutional infancy and absence Gulshan Rehman Town, Multi Town, Professors’ Town and of comprehensive Master / Spatial Plan for integrated Garden Town developed in the North, with DC Colony infrastructure development. Although an ODP for Gujranwala developed adjacent to the Cantonment. The Cantonment was available but it was not properly enforced which resulted Board has been developing housing schemes for (former) in unplanned growth of the city. Most of the non-implemented defence personnel in its area of jurisdiction. proposals of ODP and Ten Cities Project still hold good and

30 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-6:Strategic Plan for Gujranwala 2007 retrieved from http://ctpgujranwala.gop.pk/images/

Figure-7: Growth Trends beyond Bye-pass Road Source: UNICON (2009) Developing a Comprehensive “City Boundary” for the City of Gujranwala, Final Report

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 31 equipment, leather products, metal utensils, automotive machinery parts, and machinery for military uses, transformers, electric fans, hosiery, washing machines, rice husking plants, agricultural implements, motorcycles, food products, domestic & industrial motors. Most of these items are displayed in Made-in-Gujranwala exhibitions every year. However, most of the industries have come up without any planning. This industrialization has attracted rapid urbanization for which the city was not prepared, neither in terms of infrastructure nor basic municipal services. No specific industrial zone has been set up in the city. The dispersed location of the industries along the main arterial Plate-6: CITI Housing Scheme network of the city radiating from the city centre and has disturbed the peaceful living environment of the city. The mushroom growth of manufacturing industries in Gujranwala Recently, a number of private housing schemes have been has resulted in the increased air, noise and solid waste launched in the vicinity but have yet to be developed. Most pollution. Ultimately, this may cause the spread of diseases of them are facing the problem of non-availability of approach and epidemics. road or a proper passage leading to these schemes. Two large housing schemes have been developed within the 3.3.3 Commercial Development jurisdiction of Gujranwala Cantonment due to which massive construction activities have been seen there. Some of the The main commercial development in Gujranwala is in the recent residential developments have taken place in the form of traditional bazaars found in the center of the city. North East of the city along Sialkot Road and on GT Road. These are very congested commercial areas which provide Most recently CITI Housing has been launched at the Bank space neither for circulation of customers nor for parking of Upper Chanab Canal over a vast expanse of land, which place. The street width is further reduced by temporary and is an extraordinary real estate development and is a complete permanent encroachments along the bazaars. The lack of town in itself [Plate 6]. The scheme has revolutionized the any open space in the commercial areas causes a rise in the previous planning trends by providing astounding facilities air pollution level in these areas. Recently, a trend of building to its residents through a fusion of parks, mosques, school, multistory shopping plazas has come up, particularly along hospital and a high class community center. There are G.T. Road [Plate 7, 8, 9, 10]. However, even these plazas occasional protests by the farmers against the Gujranwala do not fulfill the requirement of open space and parking Development Authorities (GDA) for ruthless conversion of areas as per standards. farmland into real estate but unheard. These new developments have been mainly related to middle and upper- 3.3.4 Roads, Railways, Traffic and Parking income housing at much lower densities than the previous housing schemes and older parts of the city. As a result, the Gujranwala is very well linked with other cities such as footprint of the city now covers a much wider area. The Lahore, Gujrat, Sialkot and Hafizabad through roads and opening of the areas to the East of the canal through the railways. The proximity to Lahore Metropolis and its link development of a bridge in the South of the city is likely to through the Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) and Peshawar- be the most dominant new driver of development. Karachi main railway line is a great advantage for the citizens of Gujranwala [Plate 11]. With the increase in population, 3.3.2 Industrial Development the G.T. Road had become too congested and traffic jams were observed frequently near the city center of Gujranwala. Gujranwala has witnessed rapid industrial growth, especially Taking this into consideration, the first Outline Development during 1970s and 1980s. It is a large industrial city with Plan prepared by Housing and Physical Planning Department numerous textile mills, cutlery industry and large agricultural had proposed two bypass roads on the Northern and Southern processing plants. The manufacturing industries include sides of the city. These bypasses were developed and provided rice, sanitary fittings, textiles, plastic furniture, pots, room a great assistance in managing traffic on G.T. Road. In coolers and heaters, gas stoves, agricultural tools and addition, Gondlawala overhead bridge was constructed in equipment, electrical equipment, carpets, glass goods, surgical 1978 near railway station connecting G.T. Road and

32 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Plate-7: New Shopping Plaza Plate-8: Pace Centre

Plate-9: CITI Centre Plate-10: Aleena Shoppnig Mall (2012)

Ketchehry Road. However, since these bypasses were not developed as free-ways, encroachments took place along these bypasses and reduced their right of way at many points. Today, these bypasses take even more time than G.T. Road passing through the center of the city. The haphazard street pattern in the slums, Katchi Abadis and the old city area presents a miserable situation. Most of these roads are broken and the mixed traffic hinders the smooth running of traffic on these roads. The air pollution level on the roads of the city has dangerously increased beyond the National Environmental Quality Standards. The car ownership rate has risen during the last two decades which has tremendously increased the demand for parking. Even the new multistory commercial developments have failed to provide sufficient Plate-11: Railway Station parking space in the vicinity of these buildings. The traffic

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 33 on G.T. Road is mixed and haphazard resulting in traffic 3.3.5 Public Facilities jams especially near the old railway station. The City District Government has installed few overhead bridges at different The public facilities such as schools, colleges, universities, crossings designed and manufactured by HMC, Taxila to dispensaries, hospitals, community centers etc. have not regulate traffic but no visible improment has taken place been adequately provided in the city of Gujranwala. Although [Plate 12]. In order to resolve the problem on permanent some new facilities such as Punjab University, Gujranwala basis, the district administration took a very bold step of Campus [Plate 15], have come up during the last decade demolition of Gondlawala overhead bridge in 2012 and but they have not kept pace with the rapid growth of constructed a new 5774 feet long flyover at a cost of Rs. 3, population. Since the provision of the public facilities has 616 Million [Plate 13 &14]. The construction of this flyover been made without any conformity to the Outline has drastically changed the urban fabric and skyline of the Development Plan or any other comprehensive development city. plan, the location of these facilities does not fulfill the town

Plate-12: Overhead Bridge by HMC, Taxila Plate-13: Construction work of Fly-over in 2012

Plate-14: View of Fly-over Plate-15: University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus

34 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning planning criteria of serving the entire community. Resultantly, direction of the political leaders and mostly do not follow some areas have a large number of schools and health the proposals contained in the Master Plan. For example, facilities while others have an inadequate number of schools there is no mention of the recently constructed flyover on and health facilities. A large number of primary and high the G.T. Road in the central area of the city in the Outline school children are forced to travel a long distance on Development Plan of Gujranwala. There is no system of automobiles to reach their schools. Thus they suffer from involving local people in the decision making process of fatigue, air pollution and noise during their travel to and planning and development. Thus in the absence of people’s from schools. This situation may have arisen due to multiple participation, the entire financial load of development works systems of education prevalent in Pakistan. Similarly, the and their maintenance is born by the government and people health facilities are extremely deficient, particularly in the do not own these development projects. inner city dense areas of Gujranwala city. The other public facilities are also either deficient or improperly located in In the past, there has been a complete neglect and rather the city. absence of development control system in Gujranwala. This had resulted in the unplanned growth of the city. However, 3.3.6 Utility Services during the last decade, the Gujranwala Development Authority and the Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) The utility services such as water supply, sewerage, drainage, have ensured that the private housing schemes are developed electricity, and gas have always been a cause of concern for after getting their plans approved by the concerned local the city dwellers in Gujranwala. The inner city, unplanned planning authority. This has resulted in the development of and congested areas suffer from the lack of sewerage system. some decent housing schemes in the city; although these Thus open drains passing through the center of the city schemes serve the high and upper middle income groups present a very unhygienic condition in these areas. The solid only. waste management system is also very deficient in the city. The power shortages, as in other cities of Pakistan, have The development process in Gujranwala also suffers from badly affected the commercial and industrial sectors of the a lack of coordination among the line departments such as city. The situation is leading to increased unemployment, WASA, Gujranwala Electricity Supply Company (GESCO), poverty and crime in the city. Sui Northern Gas Corporation, Telephone Department etc. These agencies and departments have their own plans for 3.3.7 Parks and Open Spaces development which considerably vary and contrast with each other in time and geographical jurisdiction. Thus it The unplanned growth of Gujranwala has lead to the shortage frequently happens that a development carried out by one (and absence) of open spaces and parks in the residential department is damaged by another department, resulting in areas of the city. However, the development of Gulshan-e- the waste of time and public money. There is a need to Iqbal park and a few open spaces near the municipal buildings follow the phasing and programming of developments provide some relief in the situation. The old slum areas and proposed in an approved Master Plan. Katchi Abadies have not reserved any green space, since no planning control was applied at the time of their development. 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS However, due to the promulgation of Punjab Development of Housing Schemes Regulations, it is expected that the new Gujranwala has grown from a small rural settlement to a private housing schemes will provide at least 7 percent area large city. The city presents a typical example of unplanned as open space and parks. On the other hand, it may be noted development along its approaching roads in all directions that the purchase of plots in these private housing schemes in contrast to the prediction in Outline Development Plan is out of the reach of the majority of common people who that it will grow in all directions except towards Upper are from low or middle income category. Chanab Canal. The lack of proper planning of the city has lead to the mushroom growth of slums and Katchi Abadis 4. ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS which present an awful level of poor living conditions. The IN GUJRANWALA inner city is congested and there is little room for expansion of roads and streets there. This area has a number of buildings The development process in Gujranwala is marred with of archeological value, mostly developed during Sikh period. politically motivated adhocism. Thus developments are These historical buildings are not being preserved and are carried out in a piecemeal and fragmented fashion under the suffering from decay and deterioration, which might deprive

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 35 the city from its cultural heritage. There is a need to develop on GT Road has been completed recently and is expected a Conservation Cell in the Gujranwala Development to reduce conjestion in the central areas of the city. The Authority to preserve these buildings and make them conjestion on bypass roads can be overcome by converting accessible to the tourists. More over, an integrated spatial the bypass roads into signal free express-ways so that the information system with the relevant historical monuments inter city traffic can be passed through them at an appropriate and cultural sites database must be developed to help in the speed. This will also help the citizens of Gujranwala to preservation efforts. commute to Lahore and Gujrat or Rawalpindi in a short travel time. The encroachments along roads and streets must Since there is no comprehensive planning law at federal or be removed and proper parking lots or parking buildings provincial level, there is no legal backing available for the should be provided in the central area of the city. This job proposals of the local plans such as Outline Development should be done by the Gujranwala Development Authority Plan or Strategic Development Plan. Thus the development by enforcing its building control regulations. All commercial works are carried out at the mercy of bureaucrats or political plaza owners should be forced to pay for the additional leaders. In the absence of a statutory master plan, there is parking arrangements since they themselves have failed to no vision for the future development of Gujranwala. provide adequate parking space as per existing standards in Therefore, it is strongly recommended that a comprehensive their buildings. planning law should be enacted at provincial or federal level which should provide adequate guidelines for the preparation The utility services such as water supply, sewerage and and implementation of a statutary Master Plan for Gujranwala. drainage system, solid waste management etc. also need to At present, there is no system of involving people at the be improved particularly, in the older parts of the city area. stage of development planning, implementation of The WASA and Gujranwala Municipal Corporation must development works and their maintenance. It is, therefore, prepare an adequate program under the guidelines of the necessary to develop a system of public participation and Gujranwala Strategic Plan 2007 to improve these utility self-help housing, so that the low income people may also services on an urgent basis. The local population may be be accommodated in planned residential colonies at affordable involved in these programmes and projects on the pattern cost. Here, Khuda Ki Basti project (of Hyderabad of OPP. The environmental pollution caused by the mixed Development Authority) can be mentioned as a best practice industrial and residential land uses needs to be checked by of self-help housing, which may be institutionalized and gradually shifting industry from the inner residential areas Gujranwala Development Authority must be directed to to a planned industrial estate. The environmental degradation develop a number of such housing schemes for the low of the city can also be checked by the provision of planned income people in Gujranwala. Similarly, the old slums and parks and open spaces at sites created by shifting of the Katchi Abadis in Gujranwala may be improved on the pattern industries from the inner city areas. However, this job must of Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) in Karachi. The planned be done in a planned manner under the directions of the housing schemes’ developers in the private sector, may also Strategic Development Plan. be directed to ensure the provision of sufficient small plots for low income people in their schemes at affordable costs Last but not least, there is a need for a rigorous campaign through cross subsidy. and collaborative action by policy makers, government officials, academics, journalists and above all the community The traffic congestion on GT Road and the two bypass roads to make Gujranwala a liveable city for future generations. cause delays and traffic jams frequently. The large flyover

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, my sincere acknowledgement is due to Prof. Pervaiz Vandal & Prof. Sajida Hiader Vandal, Trustees, Trust for History of Art and Architecture, Pakistan (THAAP) for inspiring and motivating me to conduct this valuable research. In particular, I am highly indebted to Syeda Sani-e-Zahra Naqvi, Sr. Urban Planner, Architect, Urban Sector Planning & Management Services Unit, The Urban Unit, Lahore for providing valuable data on Gujranwala. My special thanks are also due to Architect Fatima Javed, Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Univ. of Engineering & Technology for her gracious assistance in generating graphical data.

36 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning REFERENCES Ali, S. (1847), The Sikhs And Afghans, In Connexion With India And Persia, Immediately Before And After The Death Of Ranjeet Singh, retrieved from: http://archive.org/stream/sikhsafghansinco00shahrich/sikhsafghansinco00shahrich_djvu.txt, Joh Murray, Albert Street, London, UK. Chattha, Ilyas (2011) Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration, and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot, 1947–1961, Karachi: Oxford University Press,p.43 Chattha, Ilyas (2011), op.cit., pp. 44-45 Chattha, Ilyas (2011), op.cit. Chattha, Ilyas (2011), op.cit. Chattha, Ilyas (2011), op.cit., p.35 City Mayors Statistics, 2006-2020, http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html retrieved 11 September 2012. District Office (SP& C), Gujranwala, 2011.Review of Previous Studies retrieved from http://www.dospgujranwala.com/studies.php

Government of Punjab (1986) Gujranwala Outline Development Plan (1986-2006), Office of the Deputy Director Regional Physical Planning, Housing & Physical Planning Department, Lahore.

Government of Punjab (1986), op.cit.

Government of Punjab (1986), op.cit.

Government of Punjab (1986), op.cit.

Gujranwala Town, Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 363

History of Gujranwala retrieved from http://www.pakwatan.com/travel_detail.php?id=25

Ibid., p.30

Lahori as quoted by Rehman, A. (1997) Historic Towns of Punjab: Ancient & Medieval Period, Lahore: Ferozesons (PVT.) Ltd.

Prospectus 2011-2012, Christian Technical Trianing Center

Rashid, S. (1992) Gujranwala: The Glory That was. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, p. 15

Rashid, S. (1992), op.cit., p. 22

Rashid, S. (1992), op.cit., p. 24

Ross, D. (1883) The Land of Five Rivers and Sindh, London: Chopman and Hall, p.140

Saleem, I. “When the Brits Bombed Gujranwala” Daily Times, May 03, 2006 retrived from www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page...3-5-2006_pg7_32 UNICON (2009) Developing a Comprehensive “City Boundary” for the City of Gujranwala, Final Report, p.12 UNICON (2009), op.cit., p.9 Vanit Nalwa, (2009) Hari Singh Nalwa: "Champion of the khalsaji" (1791-1837) New Delhi : Manohar, p.240 Vanit Nalwa, (2009) op.cit.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala retrieved 13 September 2012 Interviews: Mian M.I. Shamim, Ex. Secretary, Majlis Karkonane, Tehreek Pakistan

Ch. Naeem Tariq, Director, Star Food Industries, Gujranwala

Photogrpahy: Courtesy of Khawaja Ihsan-ul-Haq and the websites quoted as under: https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=odp+plans+of+gujranwala&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.52434380,d.bGE,pv.xjs.s. en_US.RJfod4swqLE.O&biw=1280&bih=885&dpr=1&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=NHo9Uv- zD4rL4ATJ2oH4DQ#hl=en&q=old+maps+of+gujranwala&tbm=isch&um=1 http://www.urbanpk.com/forums/index.php/topic/29184-gujranwala-gujranwala-flyover/

38 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning WORKSPACE ENVIRONMENT AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TELECOMMUNICATION OFFICES IN ISLAMABAD AND ABU DHABI

Nomana Anjum* Arooj Hameed** Shakeel Qureshi***

ABSTRACT buildings without necessarily increasing cost. The formation of Workspace Impact Assessment Sheet (WIAS) is one of Technological advancements have revolutionized the the outcomes of the study which is successfully used in the workspace design during last two to three decades. Architects, current research as a tool to evaluate the impacts of the space designers and engineers are challenged to accommodate workspace upon user’s satisfaction within the selected this rapid change whereas management and employees are offices. compelled to adapt the new ways of working. The current research is carried out to evaluate the relationship between Keywords: Workspace design, user friendly design, the built environment (workspace) and human behaviour environment behaviour relationship, employee satisfaction, (employee’s satisfaction). The focus of the study is to evaluate functional comfort, privacy, telecommunication offices. the differences of satisfaction level within the work environment among employees of Telecommunication 1. INTRODUCTION / THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Offices of the two capital cities (Islamabad and Abu Dhabi). It is the global issue that worker psychology, comfort and According to Wagner (1999), “Satisfaction with the work satisfaction is being neglected and more priority is given to space and its ability to attract and retain employees is not economical benefits within the workspaces. Due to this a well documented”. But still there is a great deal of subjective large percentage of office employees are dissatisfied with and anecdotal evidence to suggest that the the environmental conditions in which they must function. workspace/workplace greatly affects the worker’s satisfaction. Recently, for this reason the terms ‘user friendly environment’ As documented by the users’ satisfaction with their space and ‘user participatory designs’ are being given due is an important aspect of environmental evaluation since its consideration. Dissatisfaction with facilities by occupants earliest efforts, such as studies by Craik, 1966; Friedman, is consistently revealed in studies of various types of buildings Zimring & Zube, 1978; Little, 1968. It refers to the processes throughout the world. Most of the previous researches on through which users can evaluate their physical environment. employee satisfaction have explored workers’ relationships The basics reflect that the observable physical features and to their work tasks and their organization. However limited peoples attitude towards a specific space is linked to the studies focused the relationship between workspace design processes of evaluation and assessments of the environment. and workers’ satisfaction, and out of which very few Since the 1980s, the post occupancy evaluation aimed to researches addressed the developing countries. Therefore, evaluate the impacts of environmental factors on user’s the current study is based on the comparison of workspace satisfaction and dissatisfaction within the office environments. impact on user satisfaction in two developing countries. In (Marans & Spreckelmeyer, 1981; Ornstein, 1999; Stokols, order to evaluate the worker satisfaction to his work space, 1978; Wineman, 1986 have researches in these areas). three variables were selected i.e. comfort, privacy and Extensive survey and detailed questionnaires addressing the efficient work environment on the basis of their significance building occupants to measure their preferences were used revealed through earlier studies. in earliest post occupancy evaluation, assuming that the effects of the built environment on users can be understood This research has suggested some solutions to demonstrate better through measuring users’ self-rated satisfaction with a better work space that can be achieved in modern office individual features. Occupant satisfaction studies have

* Dr. Nomana Anjum, Associate Professor and Chairperson Environmental Design Programme, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. ** Ms. Arooj Hameed, Free Lance Interior / Environmental Designer, Abu Dhabi. *** Dr. Shakeel Qureshi, Dean School of Architecture, Art & Design, SAAD, Imperial University, Lahore.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 39 revealed that in reality this concept is a measure of building Different researches reveal that new workplace strategies quality, if users are satisfied it indicates that building is and technological advancements are affecting the demand performing well to a large extent and if by and large they for specialized workspace. The prime factor is that companies are dissatisfied the building has failed to perform. are reducing the number of office employees and simultaneously reducing the amount of space assigned to Most post occupancy evaluation studies question the the remaining employees. It also affects the type and occupants about their perceptions and judgments of distribution of workspaces e.g., fewer individual offices/ workspaces in terms of the perceived qualities of the place. workstations, more meeting rooms and project team rooms These types of evaluation involve two main aspects, one (William, Becker, and Quinn 1998). Subsequently, due to the functional characteristics of the space that lend themselves an increase in the work load, in most cases in today’s world, to measurement and are considered factors influencing the the workspace becomes living space for much of the day. performance of workers; and the qualities of a place that It is need of the time to make it liveable and not just workable. cause users to consider it satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Thus, The current study analyzes the workspace impacts on worker surveys of occupant satisfaction in specific buildings indicate satisfaction focusing on: which features are preferred and which are disliked by occupants, such as surveys by Walden, 2005 and Windsor, 1) What is the difference between the workspaces and 2005. satisfaction level of people in two different cities? 2) Do the workspaces value the psychological requirements The user satisfaction in relation to specific workspace features of workers? is tested by many studies of work environment. (Becker, 3) Are people aware about the link between workspace 1981; Brennan, Chugh & Kline, 2002; Hedge, 1991; Veitch, and user satisfaction? Charles, Newsham, Marquardt & Geerts, 2004, Kim et al. 4) What do people value more comfort or financial aspects 2008). These studies revealed people’s preferences are for a workspace? affected by, among other things, indirect lighting, mechanical 5) How the workspaces can be improved in order to satisfy ventilation rates, access to natural light, new furniture, and its workers? aspects of the acoustic environment, as well as some degree of participation in decision-making. According to this For the current research the delimited variables of satisfaction approach, environmental satisfaction is implicitly a measure were comfort, privacy and efficient work environment. not only of workspace effectiveness or success, but also of job satisfaction, in spite of the lack of proven connections 2. METHODOLOGY between them. As a result, occupant satisfaction has become the main “yardstick” by which workspace features are 2.1 Research Design evaluated. This research has a comparative; cross sectional study design. In contrast, there are other researches which show that if The user satisfaction is measured in terms of functional the workers are dissatisfied with their work space, it may comfort, privacy, and efficient office environment. These result into inefficiency, non productivity, fatigue and stress. variables are measured through different indicators and sub Research focusing on the biopsychosocial impacts of work indicators. satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the modern worker (Sweeney & Witmer, 1991) suggests that one’s level of 2.1.1 Population satisfaction with one’s work impacts upon one’s mental and physical health and overall satisfaction with life. These The broad population for the study was offices in Islamabad findings assist the link between workspace and user and Abu Dhabi, out of which telecom offices were delimited, satisfaction, the resulting concept is that workspace does and in the next step four telecom offices were selected as have positive effects on the workers if carefully planned the sample, two from each city i.e Islamabad and Abu Dhabi. otherwise negatively affects the satisfaction level and thus, Four similar telecom offices were selected, in which the decreases productivity (Seim and Broberg, 2010). Besides, workers have similar work requirements in order to have a in today’s world the importance of workspace can be comparable representative sample (see Figure-1a, 1b, 1c,1d). evaluated as half the working populations in advanced Almost all the selected offices have been designed as open economies now work in offices. During last two decades, plans offices, but partial partitions have been made to create the workplace is going through a period of dramatic changes. worker’s cabins. These four offices were:

40 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-1: Telecommunication Offices in Islamabad and Abu Dhabi (a) PTA; (b) FAB; (c) Thuraya; (d) TRA

1. Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA) those that affect worker’s satisfaction. It is aimed to collect Islamabad information related to the indicators of the variables (comfort, 2. Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) Islamabad privacy, and work efficiency). The WIAS can be used by 3. Thuraya Telecommunications Company Abu Dhabi any observer whether its user, designer, planner or researcher. 4. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) Abu The assessment is based on standardized values in the light Dhabi of standards and norms of workspace identified through literature review. 2.1.2 Sampling 2.2.1 How does WIAS work The sample was100 workers, 25 from each selected office, drawn by simple random sampling. These included the To observe the satisfaction level with reference to user’s engineers (senior and junior), assistant engineers, directors, needs, three WIAS score sheets were created. To observe deputy directors, IT officers etc. The designation of these comfort sheet A, to observe privacy arrangements sheet B, selected workers may be different but their work requirements and sheet C to observe the efficiency of the work environment are same in regard to their job demands. within the selected offices. This WIAS contained twenty different variables of comfort, privacy and efficient work 2.2 WIAS an Observational Measuring Tool environment and their indicators. Each has normative scores ranging from 1 to 5. To assist with the data entry a five- The researcher formed Workspace Impact Assessment _Sheet point scale was used. The options were poor, bad, normal, WIAS. This is a measuring tool to evaluate the workspace good and excellent, in comparison to the standards and satisfaction from the point of view of the people using it norms. Each option was allocated a score: 1=poor, 2=bad, through personal observation. WIAS produces data in a 3=normal, 4=good, 5=excellent. Using the score values, form that can easily be used by decision makers to make average values can be established for each variable or changes to the workspace in order to improve user satisfaction. statement. Average values above 3 indicate that the workspace is having a positive effect on worker’s satisfaction and average values below 3 suggest that the workspace is having The WIAS is inspired and developed in line with “Building_ a negative effect on worker’s satisfaction. In _Use” BIU Assessment sheet that was formed by Vischer (1993). However, WIAS has a different approach as it is a The variables and their indicators have been created on the measuring tool for observation purposes, filled by the observer basis of office space standards, norms and guidelines given not by the user, but on the basis of users’ requirements to by different authors and then these variables were observed keep in mind their satisfaction. This is an approach to evaluate and noted in the numeric scores by personal observation the requirements and needs of building occupants that help and measurements by the researchers. Through computerized the workers and planners to develop strategies for maximizing calculations, these 20 ratings were transformed into three user workspace satisfaction. The WIAS system functions WIS Profiles (bar charts). Each WIAS Profile contains an diagnostically to indicate priorities for intervention and average score bar for every variable, which is based on the improvement. normal scores of each variable in WIAS score sheet. These average or standard bars were named WIAS Norms. The The WIAS system is based on the following key premises: WIAS Norms represent the average quality office work environment which enhances the worker’s satisfaction that The critical dimensions of the workspace to be assessed are is based on the normal scores of each variable in WIAS

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 41 score sheet. The WIAS scores for a particular office are maintenance of telecommunication systems and provision compared with these WIAS Norms, such as the space of telecommunication services in Pakistan. The PTA building organization of building A will be compared with the WIAS is a 5 storey building situated in Sector F-5 Islamabad. This Normative score which is 3 and means normal or average, is a new building constructed about 4 year’s back. The the space organization in any office if better than this will building is well maintained. This is a Semi-Government be placed in 4th or 5th scoring bar, which shows its quality department working under the Cabinet Division (Information as above average and if less than 3 then it is below average. by respondents).

2.2.2 Procedure c. Thuraya Telecommunications Company Abu Dhabi:

The selected offices were surveyed and a list of the employees Thuraya is a world leading mobile satellite operator providing was made including their email addresses. At the data voice, data, maritime, rural telephony, fleet management collection stage the designed questionnaire was emailed to and other telecom solutions in remote and sea areas. With 100 representative samples. Two reminders with an interval a satellite system covering more than 140 countries, Thuraya of ten days were sent to the non respondents. In all 80 filled provides an uninterrupted telecom service all the way from questionnaires were received back. The researcher personally Iceland in the Atlantic Ocean to Australia. Thuraya Head visited these selected offices and evaluation was done through office is situated in Abu Dhabi, UAE and an operational the assessment tool (WIAS), and the photographs were also centre is situated in Sharjah, UAE. The Head office building taken to assist the data obtained from the questionnaires. is a multi storey building. This is a relatively new building constructed about 8 year’s back and well maintained. This The data obtained from filled questionnaires and WIAS was is a semi Government department and sister organization of statistically analyzed and the information was presented in Etisalat Telecommunications Company in UAE (Information tabular format along with graphs. The research questions by respondents). were analysed with statistical analysis and photographic survey. d. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) Abu Dhabi: 2.3 The Selected offices The organizational objectives of the Telecommunications On the basis of type and nature of business, four similar Regulatory Authority (TRA) is to ensure adequacy of telecom offices in Islamabad and Abu Dhabi were selected. telecommunications services throughout the UAE, These offices have open plan layouts and further partitions encouraging telecommunications and IT services within the have been made to accommodate users in order to allocate UAE and promoting and enhancing the telecommunications them a separate cabin space. sector within the UAE. The Head office of TRA is situated in Abu Dhabi UAE, with branch office is all major cities of a. Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) Islamabad: the UAE. The Head office building is a multi-storey building. This is a newly constructed building about 5 years back and Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) assigns the radio well maintained. This is a Government Department working frequencies with associated technical parameters for all under the Supreme Council of the UAE Government wireless communication networks of Pakistan after technical (Information by respondents). evaluation. The FAB building is a single storey building situated in Sector H-10/4 Islamabad. This is an old building 3. RESEARCH VARIABLES constructed about 15 year back and not very well maintained. This is a Government department working under the Cabinet The status of comfort, privacy and efficiency of work Division and Ministry of Information Technology environment in the selected offices had been evaluated by (Information by respondents). considering the findings of WIS scoring sheets and the results from the questionnaire. In addition to this it is analyzed b. Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA) to what degree the psychological requirements of the workers Islamabad: in these places have been met and where there is a shortfall. The importance of good workspace and its impacts on the The main task of the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority user satisfaction level has also been ascertained to understand (PTA) is to regulate the establishment, operation and the awareness level.

42 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 3.1 Comfort Considering these aspects, the researcher selected the possible indicators which markedly influence the level of user’s Office is the space where an employee spends almost as functional, physical and psychological comfort and increases much time as in his home; therefore comfort is essential not his satisfaction. The questionnaire and WIAS for comfort only for putting in a lot of hours but also to work effectively. evaluation designed to find out the degree of these eight To evaluate the comfort to its fullest within the workspace selected indicators, i.e., the design of the work area, space three dominant aspects of comfort were evaluated i.e., organization, ergonomics, thermal comfort, lighting, functional, physical and psychological. These terms can be ventilation, personalization and aesthetical qualities of the better understood in the light of these definitions: workspace. From the findings through the questionnaire survey, it is revealed that in all offices there is no significant Vischer described the Functional Comfort as “A functionally difference of the sizes within the work areas, except in TRA comfortable work environment functions to get work done where the cabin size is smaller not only in comparison with by users as efficiently and effectively as possible” (Vischer, the work areas in other offices but also in relation to the 1996). Uncomfortable conditions in the workplace too hot, office space standards (see Figure-2a,b,c,d). Generally, in too cold, too noisy, too dark, too light, too much glare restrict both the countries the workers have less available work the ability of workers to function to full capacity and can area in relation to their requirements, which represents their lead to lowered job satisfaction and increases illness dissatisfaction (Table-1). symptoms” (Conway, 2009).

Figure-2: Restricted available workspace with reference to employee requirements (a) PTA; (b) FAB; (c) Thuraya; (d) TRA

Table-1: Size of the Work Area

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 43 The Space Organization was observed through the work case of offices in Abu Dhabi, almost half of the people don’t area layout, which is poorly designed and unorganized in have windows adjacent to their cabins, even the remaining Islamabad offices. Even then some workers are comfortable people who have adjacent windows they don’t open the with the layout and space availability for the things like windows to enjoy the fresh air. In Abu Dhabi, people are computer, documents, telephones and reference materials used to live in artificial envelops so they usually don’t enjoy but most are uncomfortable with inadequate space for storage the fresh air and surroundings, that’s why they are still and free desk area. Although the space of workstations in comfortable even without windows within their offices and Abu Dhabi is similar to what is available in Islamabad, but also due to hot climate, people believe that they can’t open its layout is properly organized and work stations are designed window for fresh air as all buildings are fully air-conditioned in such a way that all the necessary items required by the and temperature outside is very hot and humid. As for the users are easily accommodated and space is provided for outside view, another important window function a survey all these things to facilitate the work of the user, so generally at the Department of Energy, occupants near windows speaking people in Abu Dhabi are more comfortable with reported fewer health problems than those who were away the space available for all items as compared to people in from windows (Loftness et al. 1995b). In FAB and PTA Islamabad offices (Table-2). offices majority of the workers enjoy nice outside view. Thuraya office is located in a good area where there is a Further, findings revealed that considerations were given to nice sea view while TRA office is located in the city where the Ergonomics in the selected offices as the workers found there are surrounding buildings and they cannot enjoy a to be comfortable with the design and functionality of the good view, like most of the buildings face this problem in furniture items given to them. Except the office table which the capital, the buildings are tightly placed due to expensive was not according to the needs of the users in Islamabad land. offices, as in PTA the worktable top is made of glass, very uncomfortable in use on office tables and also caused glare. The findings through questionnaire revealed that majority The worktables in FAB are smaller and don’t have proper of the people working in offices in both Abu Dhabi and drawers and cabinets to meet the workers functional needs. Islamabad are contented with the available temperature and In case of offices in Abu Dhabi, the chair provided to some light arrangements in their offices. But when it comes to workers in Thuraya does not allow proper sitting posture, electricity failure problems, it can be seen that it is totally also workers complained about backache. From the findings contradictory in both cities as all the people in Islamabad good Ventilation was observed as majority of the people offices face this problem. This is mainly due to the scarcity working in Islamabad offices have windows adjacent to of power resources within Pakistan. Regarding the their cabins and enjoy fresh air and nice outside view. In Personalization aspect, people working in Abu Dhabi offices

Table-2: Space Organization

44 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-3: Personalization of workspace in Abu Dhabi officesPersonalization of workspace in Abu Dhabi offices are more familiar with the importance of personal and satisfaction. Out of all these four offices, Thuraya is observed decorative items in the workstations and how they positively to be the most comfortable building for its users (Table-4 impact the output of the worker by giving them an opportunity and Figure-4a, b). to relax themselves for some time while working (see Figure- 3). However, people working in Islamabad offices do not 3.2 Privacy seem to care much about the importance of these items in their offices and work areas and therefore their work areas As stated by Bellingar, “understanding what constitutes do not have significant personal items. privacy and how the various types of privacy relate to the work environment, as well as how to regulate the interaction The information through questionnaire was further compared between individuals and environmental stimuli, is critical with the results of WIAS scoring sheets for Comfort, which to design effective workplaces” (Bellingar and Kupritz, revealed the comparison of the findings during the observation 2009). This statement reflects the complexity and importance of the selected offices with the range of WIAS Comfort of privacy in the workspace because dissatisfaction occurs Norms. The results show that the total comfort of FAB office from being in situations that deviate from what a person is slightly below than the normal values. On the other hand considers optimal. To provide appropriate levels of privacy, the overall comfort of PTA, Thuraya and TRA according to the physical setting must be intelligently designed in order the WIAS scores are above average, and falls in good to meet the privacy requirements in terms of four overlapping categories. This depicts that the work environment has a components of privacy which are Acoustical, Visual, good quality, which clearly has a positive impact on user’s Territorial and Informational.

Table-4: WIAS Aggregated Results for Comfort

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 45 Figure-4a: WIS Profile showing the scores received about comfort of selected office buildings in Islamabad and compared to WIS Norms.

Figure-4b: WIS Profile showing the scores received about comfort of selected office buildings in Abu Dhabi and compared to WIS Norms.

The findings revealed that in both cities, not all the people cabin, as there is transparent partition (Table-5 and Figure- enjoy the privacy to perform different tasks in the office. 5a, b, c, d). Even though most of the people have privacy while carrying out the official tasks, there is significant number of dissatisfied Regarding the acoustical conditions, majority of people workers, who are not provided with private and secure cabins working in Islamabad offices have a normal work area which to have visual, acoustical and territorial privacy. Results is neither noisy and nor calm. However, still there is a second show that majority of the people working in FAB office highest category of workers who believe that it is noisy. have privacy within their cabins. On the other side, a large They believe that the noise is mainly coming from the number of workers are uncomfortable with the privacy employees around them, computers, and telephones ringing arrangements in PTA office. Although the cabin’s design around them which causes disturbance. However, some of and space organization provides user privacy for working the people who believe it is a bit calm also agree that even on computer or for conversation, but not to place documents a little sound is so obvious that people start looking at them on their tables or to meet the visitors, as the upper half of and also they feel this calm environment is somewhat boring the partition wall is transparent. The results of Abu Dhabi and this represents their dissatisfaction. In case of offices offices are similar, as majority of the people have privacy in Abu Dhabi, it can be seen from the interpretation that to carry out their tasks in TRA office, but still some people majority of people believe that the offices are calm and some in Thuraya office do not feel their work areas as private believe it is normal. But very few of them believe that it is

46 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Table-5: Description of Privacy

Figure-5a: PTA adequate visual privacy Figure-5b: FAB inadequate visual privacy

Figure-5c: Inadequate visual privacy Figure-5d: Adequate visual privacy

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 47 Table-6: Acoustical Conditions

a bit noisy. The people who think that it is calm environment has good quality of privacy to satisfy its users. The results believe similar as in Islamabad that a little sound is so of TRA in WIAS also showed that this office has a good obvious that people start looking at them, so they are a bit quality of privacy to satisfy its users. But in Thuraya privacy conscious and uncomfortable about this type of environment is below average, so the privacy arrangements in Thuraya (Table-6). work area are below average (see Figure-6a, b).

Regarding the WIAS scores of privacy, the observations of 3.3 Efficiency within the Work Environment the FAB building in relation to WIAS norms has scores more than good and fall in excellent category in WIAS Research completed by Balzer and his colleagues suggest scoring sheet. The privacy of PTA is also above average and that satisfaction with one’s work tasks is the greatest predictor

Figure-6a: WIAS Profile showing the comparison of each type of privacy with WIAS average Privacy Norms in every aspect within Islamabad offices.

48 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-6b: WIAS Profile showing the scores received about each type of privacy in selected office buildings in Abu Dhabi and compared to WIAS Average Norms. of overall job satisfaction (Balzer, et al 1997). Therefore (printing, scanning etc.), they have to leave their cabins and efficiency in the work environment is foremost important this is waste of time. The layouts in Abu Dhabi offices to have a successful completion of work tasks if one wants provide efficient and easy access to the workers for frequently to gain satisfaction. As described by Wagner, “a workplace used items in contrast to the Islamabad offices where the is comfortable and satisfied, if it is efficient and workers either have to extend their arms, or move chair or technologically advanced and allows people to accomplish stand up to get access to frequently used items. However, their work in the most efficient way. Efficient work for all other infrequently used items these offices could be environment is most importantly designed for people with improved. different tools, working at different speeds, within constantly shifting organizational structures but also people with social, The circulation patterns are well considered in these offices, personal, and human needs” (Wagner, 1999). Keeping in as people are comfortable to move within their cabins, from mind these qualities of efficient work environment the one cabin to another, within the corridors and other office selected indicators for the current research are work area places, but very few feel slightly uncomfortable mainly in and equipment layout, available tools, accessibility, facilities TRA office. However, generally the results in both places and services, circulation patterns and clearances in order to show a good and user friendly design of the cabin and people achieve better efficiency. are comfortable in their work areas.

The findings revealed that most people are comfortable with The comparison of WIAS from the results of WIAS scoring provided facilities of washroom, prayer room and conference profiles of Efficient Work Environment, it is revealed that room in Abu Dhabi offices as compared to number of people the overall efficiency of FAB work environment is slightly working in Islamabad offices. For lunch room facility the below average. Whereas, the efficiency of PTA is good and people working in Abu Dhabi offices are not very comfortable above average also in comparison to each aspect of efficiency and the quality according to them is not very good. The with WIAS average norms, most of the dimensions are people working in Islamabad offices have the related tools above average, except the space for clearance, which is and facilities either available within their cabins or these are below average in this office as the furniture is too big in very near to them and they need to walk only few steps to relation to room size and poor furniture layout provides less get access to these items. This shows a good arrangement, empty space to move the things around (see Figure-7). The as people sometimes need to use these tools very frequently, availability of appropriate tools is average in relation to the so they need easy access. While looking at the results of the standards because in Pakistan most government office Abu Dhabi offices majority of people don’t have the tools employees are not provided with technologically advanced and facilities within their cabins, but still they have these tools (see Figure-8a). Similarly, TRA office is good, above near to their office and they can walk a few steps to get average on most dimensions, only the clearance and traffic access to these facilities. Although this is a good arrangement, pattern in TRA office is below average due to limited empty sometimes if people have to frequently use these facilities space within the work area cabin and the corridors are also

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 49 quite narrow, which will prohibit the efficiency in the work area. While the Thuraya office scored as excellent in WIAS for its efficiency (Table-8) and above average on all aspects, except lack of a proper lunch room or cafeteria for the workers. But otherwise overall it depicts that it is the best office to provide efficient work environment to the employees and satisfy them to its fullest (see Figure-8b).

3.4 Psychological Requirements

The researchers visited four offices personally and based on observations (WIAS) and responses of the workers (questionnaire), the researchers have analyzed to what degree the psychological requirements of the workers in these places Figure-7: Inadequate Workspace have been met and where there is a shortfall.

Figure-8a: WIAS Profile showing the scores received about every aspect of efficient work space of selected office buildings in Islamabad and compared to WIS average Norms.

Figure-8b: WIAS Profile showing the scores received about efficient workspace of selected office buildings in Abu Dhabi and compared to WIAS Norms.

50 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning In FAB office of Islamabad, the room size is adequate in Whereas in TRA office Abu Dhabi, the small sized but well relation to the other part of the office and for the person’s organized cabins even though accommodate the workers use but the furniture size is small especially the work table need to some extent, but there is a lack of free space. This in relation to the room size. This gives an impression of gives an impression of overcrowding and empowering while emptiness in the room and also represents a negative visual workers sit in it, a closed cabin restricts to move, to walk proportion. Haphazard wires, jumbled in each other give and to relax. The monotony in color and design, make the the impact of poor electric cable management. The principles space dull and aesthetically unappealing. The half of the of design are not carefully handled and visual variety makes work areas is devoid of windows, which limits users to have the space quite boring and unattractive. The space design is a visual contact with the outside world. This contact is not modern like the use of old fashioned floor treatment sometimes very useful as it is relaxing and soothing for the (chips stone), ordinary tube lights and fans. The work area worker in a stressed work environment. is also not very presentable and the workers do not feel proud about their workspace. Psychological privacy is good 3.5 Awareness about Workspace and User Satisfaction in these work areas, also the sense of personalization and territoriality is good as everyone has his own cabin. The The respondents are asked questions directly and indirectly selection of color is good as blue is a calm color to be used in order to evaluate their awareness about the link between in work places. impacts of work area on user’s satisfaction. It is concluded that majority of people working in Islamabad offices agree In Pakistan the size of the work areas in PTA is adequate to the importance of good workspace and its impacts on the but the size of window is very large for this cabin as it user satisfaction level. Replies of the people relate this to provides more natural light than required and causes too health, efficiency, overall output and productivity. Very few much light exposure. This also causes thermal discomfort. people consider this as being not a very important factor. In The glass table might be functional for some workers but case of Abu Dhabi offices, most of the people agree that psychologically it is quite uncomfortable, as the worker is workspace has a vital role in person’s satisfaction for his conscious because every time he is putting things on the work, this increases the efficiency of both worker and the table, it makes noise, leaves marks on its surface difficult organization and maintains good healthy environment. to maintain and also hazardous in case of breakage (being However, a considerable number of people do not think that low quality). The reflective material also causes more glare it is of much importance, and people should concentrate on and unnecessary shine. The transparency of glass table makes work in whatever environment they are working. One of the worker anxious of his sitting posture. The cabin partition the main reasons of this difference between the two cities allows every worker to personalize his work area, but the could be that in Abu Dhabi, people are coming from different upper portion made up of transparent glass do not provide nationalities/countries having different backgrounds and psychological and visual privacy, the person feel exposed levels of adjustment in the given environment so they have to workers in other cabins if someone stands. The interior a difference in their opinions, however in Islamabad, most is designed on modern lines which makes the employees of the people belong to the same nationality, so they have proud and psychologically satisfied about their work space similar level of expectations. design. 4. CONCLUSION/ FUTURE DIRECTIONS In Abu Dhabi the Thuraya office has good large sized work areas, but the lack of proper partition walls gives an impact The results of this comparative study didn’t come out with of huge common area rather than a personal work area. drastic differences between the selected offices in two cities. Personalization and territorial feeling is missing in these However, it is revealed that in Abu Dhabi the workspace is work spaces as the absence of a boundary creates a merger comparatively more functional and efficient as compared to another work area. People don’t have psychological to the workspace in Islamabad offices. On the whole the privacy, feel anxious and over exposed. Colour scheme is existing work areas in all offices are insufficient to meet monotonous at some places. There is a need of variety to user’s work requirements in order to achieve full satisfaction. make the space more motivated and inviting. Good space The workers face problems within their work areas in one organization helps to provide the efficiency and comfortable way or the other, due to drawbacks in workspace planning, environment which makes person relaxed both physically furniture designing, layout, aesthetical aspects, and and psychologically. availability of electrical power and advancement of technology in some cases. This has resulted in user’s

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 51 dissatisfaction in the areas of comfort, privacy and efficiency designed in every office for small conversations, or to attend of their work environment. personal calls. Proper organization of furniture, equipment and accessories in the work area should be given due As for comfort there is less satisfaction in Islamabad offices consideration in order to satisfy the workers and better work because of poor space organization, in efficient equipment performance. The quality and approach of the ancillary layout, inadequate furniture, poor light arrangements and spaces should also be properly addressed in the office design problems of glare and electricity failure. Some drawbacks to provide satisfactory environment. with reference to comfort in Abu Dhabi offices are also found such as poor ventilation, lack of windows, absence The results of this comparative study didn’t come out with of lunch room and provision of facilities close to work areas. drastic differences between the selected offices in two cities. For privacy arrangements respondents in Islamabad offices However, it is revealed that in Abu Dhabi the workspace is have shown more concern for aural and visual privacy as comparatively more functional and efficient as compared compared to Abu Dhabi offices. The response with reference to the workspace in Islamabad offices. On the whole the to efficiency in work environment reveals concern for existing work areas in all offices are insufficient to meet provision of lunch room and visitor’s room in Abhu Dhabi user’s work requirements in order to achieve full satisfaction. offices and dissatisfaction with quality of washrooms, absence The workers face problems within their work areas in one of lunch room and conference room in Islamabad offices. way or the other, due to drawbacks in workspace planning, The results indicate that in both cities the satisfaction level furniture designing, layout, aesthetical aspects, and of people is almost similar, which shows that in UAE the availability of electrical power and advancement of workers have higher satisfaction requirements even though technology in some cases. This has resulted in user’s they are provided with the better work areas, whereas in dissatisfaction in the areas of comfort, privacy and efficiency Pakistan the workers are more accommodating because they of their work environment. The results revealed that in both have to deal with other problems such as unemployment, cities the satisfaction level of people is almost similar, which lower capita income, limited country resources, and lower shows that in UAE the workers have higher satisfaction funds within the offices. However, those Pakistani workers requirements even though they are provided with the better who are working in UAE have developed higher work space work areas, whereas in Pakistan the workers are more demands, since they have adapted the UAE’s work accommodating because they have to deal with other environment. It is concluded that the buildings and work problems such as unemployment, lower capita income, areas are adequate in sizes but there is a need of proper limited country resources, and lower funds within the offices. designing and reorganization of space. The efficient use of However, those Pakistani workers who are working in UAE these available resources can enhance the work area’s ability have developed higher work space demands, since they have to meet work requirements and user satisfaction. Based on adapted the UAE’s work environment. It is concluded that the results of the study, if particular focus is given in neglected the buildings and work areas are adequate in sizes but there areas, this would result in better work space organization is a need of proper designing and reorganization of space. and thus a higher percentage of satisfied users. The findings The efficient use of these available resources can enhance revealed that there were no main differences in thinking, the work area’s ability to meet work requirements and user preferences, priorities, likeness of the workers, such as in satisfaction. Based on the results of the study, if particular both countries workers themselves are more concerned about focus is given in neglected areas, this would result in better their salary and they can compromise on their psychological work space organization and thus a higher percentage of and physical needs but they don’t want any resultant impact satisfied users. The findings revealed that there were no on their finances as it will make them more dissatisfied. main differences in thinking, preferences, priorities, likeness of the workers, such as in both countries workers themselves However, study indicates that worker performance is directly are more concerned about their salary and they can linked with work environment. For enhanced comfort, compromise on their psychological and physical needs but privacy and efficiency in the design of future work spaces they don’t want any resultant impact on their finances as it it is recommended to have user involvement mandatory at will make them more dissatisfied. an early stage of design. For every user, the work area should have provision for individual temperature control. The design However, study indicates that worker performance is directly of personal cubical structure should be encouraged in order linked with work environment. For enhanced comfort, to improve personalization and to resolve the privacy issues. privacy and efficiency in the design of future work spaces Informal common rooms or meeting rooms should be it is recommended to have user involvement mandatory at

52 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning an early stage of design. For every user, the work area should personal calls. Proper organization of furniture, equipment have provision for individual temperature control. The design and accessories in the work area should be given due of personal cubical structure should be encouraged in order consideration in order to satisfy the workers and better work to improve personalization and to resolve the privacy issues. performance. The quality and approach of the ancillary Informal common rooms or meeting rooms should be spaces should also be properly addressed in the office design designed in every office for small conversations, or to attend to provide satisfactory environment.

REFERENCES

Balzer, W., Kihm, J., Smith, P., Irwin, J., Bachiochi, P., Robie, C., Sinar, E., & Parra, (1997). Users’ manual for the job descriptive index (JDI; 1997 Revision) and the job in general (JIG) scales. Ohio: Bowling Green State University.

Becker, F.D. (1981). Workspace: Creating Environments in Organizations. New York: Praeger.

Bellingar, T. A., Kupritz, V. W., (2009). Privacy Matters. Privacy white paper employee engagement work styles. Haworth Publication England. Brennan, A., Chugh, J.S., Kline, T. (2002). Traditional versus open office design: A longitudinal study. Environment and Behavior, 34(3), 279-299. Conway,B.,(2009) Whole Building Design Guide, (www.wbdg.org/design/office.php). Craik, K.H. (1966). The Prospects for an Environmental Psychology Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Financial Times, 5/6 October 1996. (www.financialtimes.net). Retrieved 23.02.2012. Friedman, A., Zimring, C., & Zube, E. (1978). Environmental Design Evaluation. New York: Plenum Press. Guardian, 7 October 1996, (www.guardian.co.uk) Retrieved 25-07-06 Hedge, A. (1991). Design innovations in office environments. In W. Preiser, J. Vischer & E. White (Eds), Design Intervention: Toward A More Humane Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand

Kim, J. Kim, S., Yang, I. Kim K. (2008) A design support System for effective planning of the Integrated Workplace Performance, Building and Environment. 43, 1286-1300.

Loftness, V Hartkkopf, V., Mahdavi, A., Lee,S., Shankavaram, J., Tu, K-J. (1995).The relationship of Environmental Quality in Buildings to Productivity, presented at the International Facilities Management association (IFMA) World Workplace Conference, Miami Beach, FL. Little, B.R. (1968). Psychospecialization: Functions of differential interests in persons and things. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 21, 113. Marans, R., & Spreckelmeyer, K. (1981). Evaluating Built Environments: A Behavioral Approach. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research and Architectural Research Laboratory. Ornstein, S.W. (1999). A post-occupancy evaluation of workplaces in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Environment and Behavior, 31(4), 435-462 Seim. R., Broberg, O, (2010) Participatory workspace Design: A new approach for ergonomists, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 40 25-33. Stokols, D. (1978). Environmental psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 253-295. Sweeney, T. & Witmer, M. (1991). Beyond social interest: Striving towards optimum health and wellness. Individual Psychology, 47, 527-540.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 53 Veitch, J.A., Charles, K.E., Newsham, G.R., Marquardt, C.J.G., & Geerts, J. (2004). Workstation characteristics and environmental satisfaction in open-plan offices: COPE field findings (NRCC-47629). Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council. Vischer, J. C. (1996). Workspace Strategies: Environment as a Tool for Work. New York: Chapman and Hall, New York.

Vischer, J. C., (1993),Work Space Strategies,Chapman & Hall, New York.

Vischer,J.C. 2008.Towards an Environmental Psychology of Workspace: How People are affected by Environments for Work. Paper submitted for Research Group on Environments for Work, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Montreal, Received 31 March 2008.99,101. Wagner, G.M. (1999). The Integrated Workplace: A Comprehensive Approach to Developing Workspace Design by Smarteam Communications Inc., Washington D.C. Walden, R. (2005). Assessing the performance of offices of the future. In W.F.E. Preiser & J.C. Vischer (Eds.), Assessing Building Performance. Oxford, England: Elsevier. Windsor, A. (2005). User satisfaction surveys in Israel. In W.F.E. Preiser & J.C. Vischer (Eds.), Assessing Building Performance. Oxford, England: Elsevier. Wineman, J. (Ed.) (1986). Behavioral Issues in Office Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. William, S., Becker, F. and Quinn, K.(1998).Productive Workplaces How Design Increases, American Society of Interior Designers,608 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, D.C. 20002-6006.

54 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning SIMULATION OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION FOR NEWLY BUILT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN LAHORE

Fariha Saeed* Syed Tauseef Ahmed** Arif Qayyum Butt***

ABSTRACT been given due consideration in their design as compared to other countries. In this paper it is suggested that energy This paper assesses the electricity consumption trends in efficient architecture is urgently needed in Pakistan. Architects newly built residential buildings in Lahore, Pakistan. The in Pakistan should adopt climate responsive design techniques aim is to establish guidelines for the construction of to minimize a building’s energy consumption. The current sustainable residential buildings in future. For this purpose status of the building sector in Pakistan is discussed in the thermal performance of a typical residential building in first section in terms of sustainability. Research methodology Lahore is evaluated with regard to electricity consumption adopted is discussed next. Detailed description of the while using a computer simulation programme. At next step residential building, selected as a base case is provided. a different set of specifications for the building envelop are Electricity consumption within the selected residence is then applied as a typical residence to manage electricity more investigated. A number of modifications in the material efficiently. Finally, a set of recommendations and guidelines specifications for the building envelop are then suggested are put forward to conserve electricity in residential buildings and potential savings in electricity consumption are predicted of Lahore. using computer modeling. In order to increase energy efficiency in residential buildings in Pakistan Keywords: Sustainable architecture, Residential buildings, recommendations are provided. Energy efficiency, Cooling Loads, Comfort Level 2. SUSTAINABILITY AND BUILDING SECTOR IN 1. INTRODUCTION PAKISTAN

It is now clearly evident from the research studies that Generally the concept of sustainability encompasses gradual rise in temperature and changes in climate in various environmental, economic and social responsibilities. In parts of the world are due to the green house gase emission recent years sustainability issue in architecture have been by the use of fossil fuels (Pachauri and Reisinger, 2007) for recognized as very important due to ecological and energy electricity generation. Therefore, it is necessary to device considerations. Emphasis on climate responsive architecture mitigation strategies in order to avoid dangerous consequences is hall mark of sustainable buildings. It means an for future generations. One of the major strategies adopted understanding of natural sources and systems and their all over the world is the design and construction of energy interaction with the building environment is important to efficient buildings, particularly residential buildings (B. achieve comfort conditions within the buildings. “For Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, example, the placement of a window in a sustainable building 2007). Due to the rapid growth of population in Pakistan, is of the greatest importance as it could provide effective housing sector is also expanding. In addition there is a severe natural light, comfort cooling and ventilation (Kamyar Tolou electricity crisis from the last decade due to gap between Behbood1, Mohammad Taleghani and Shahin Heidari, supply and demand (WAPDA, 2009). There is a need to 2010)”. It appears that such strategies are not adopted in adopt electricity conservation strategies in all sectors of residential buildings in Pakistan. As a result air conditioning economy other than increasing the supply. However, the is increasingly being used to achieve comfort conditions matter of energy efficiency in residential buildings has not within the buildings. Approximately 60% of the electricity

* Fariha Saeed, Assistant Professor, Department of Product Design, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore ** Dr. Syed Tauseef Ahmed, Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering & Design, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore *** Dr. Arif Qayyum Butt, Professor, Department of Product & Industrial Design, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 55 consumed in residential buildings is used for this purpose. Real hourly weather data for Lahore was used for the In Pakistan, the residential sector is expanding rapidly due simulation. A model for the base case was in the computer to population growth and increased urbanization. It also software. The electricity needed within the building for consumes more than 50 per cent of the country’s electricity maintaining comfortable indoor conditions was analyzed produced (Energy Consumption in Pakistan, 2009). The on yearly basis, based on heat gains through building fabric. present day residential buildings appear to be highly energy intensive as compared to vernacular buildings, which used 4. THE BASE CASE BUILDING local resources, and the use of passive strategies. The electricity generation in Pakistan is largely dependent on The residential building that is selected as base case is fossil fuels, (Energy Consumption by Source, 2006), located in Lahore City, which is the capital of Punjab province irrespective of the fact that abundant renewable energy and the second largest city in Pakistan (latitude 35_500N sources are available. However, the use of sustainable energy and longitude 74_300E. It has been built recently in a technologies is non-existent in Pakistan (GoP, 2006). Building relatively new residential district, Wapda Town. Conservation Codes to conserve energy in buildings are in The climate in Lahore is composite, with four seasons. use in countries such as USA, Britain, India, Brazil and Detailed information with regard to elements of climate in China. Though such codes have been proposed in Pakistan, Lahore throughout the year is shown in Figure-1. however, they have not yet been legislated. The base case residential building consists of two stories. 3. METHODOLOGY The total area of the plot is 2275 Sft. and it has covered area of 3040 Sft. Floor plans of the base case residential building An attempt is made in this paper to investigate the potential are shown in (see Figure-2). The details of materials used savings in electricity use in residential buildings in Lahore, in the building fabric are traditionally used in residential Pakistan. A semi detached single family house was selected buildings in Lahore, Pakistan. These materials and their as a base case for this research. The electricity needed to thermal properties are shown in Table-1. maintain indoor comfortable conditions within the selected residential building was analyzed using Ecotect Analysis 2010 programme. It is an ideal tool for comprehensive energy simulation of buildings at an early stage of design.

Figure-1: Diurnal averages of temperature and solar radiation levels in Lahore on monthly basis

56 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-2: Plans of the Case Study residential building

Figure-2a: Temperatures of the case study residential building

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 57 Table-1: Building Components, Construction Materials and Their Thermal Properties

5. ANALYZING THE BASE CASE BUILDING high when compared with standards as provided in the International Energy Conservation Codes for residential 5.1 Electricity Use Buildings. In order to authenticate these results electricity bills for the base case building were obtained to compare The electricity consumption in the base case building was the actual readings with simulation results. The simulation analyzed with the help of simulation software Ecotect result appears to be in agreement with actual readings Analysis 2010.The simulation results for the electricity use obtained from utility bills for the year 2011 which is 37114 on one of the typical summer days of the year in Lahore KWh (Table-2). (i.e. 15 June) are plotted in Figure-3. This graph shows temperatures (in _C°) at the left side, with solar radiation Table-2: Actual Readings of Electricity Consumption from electricity bills scale (in W/m²) at the right side. The temperatures shown are the outside temperature, solar radiation and their impact on indoor temperature of the spaces within the buildings. For instance, the graph shows the direct solar gains through the building envelop have highest impact on the interior spaces during the late afternoon due to time lag of the building components. Therefore, the inside temperature remains high even when outside temperature falls down. The electricity use within the building was also examined throughout longer timeframes, e.g. weeks, months and year. Next, the energy use within the building was simulated for a whole year, using actual climatic data.

The simulation results show that the annual electricity use for maintaining inside comfortable conditions within base case building is 39313 KWh per year, which appears to be

58 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-3: Heat Gains for the whole year in the case study building

It is clearly evident both from the simulation and actual with aluminum frame were replaced with double glazed readings that a large amount of electricity is being consumed windows. in summer in residential buildings to maintain comfortable indoor temperature. Major reason for this high consumption The building model of the base case residential building appears to be inadequate insulation for the building envelop. was again simulated with the changes mentioned above. In other words a substantial amount of electricity used to The indoor thermostat set points were the same as in the maintain comfortable indoor climatic conditions in residential first simulation. buildings can be saved by application of appropriate materials for the construction of building envelop.

6. IMPROVING THE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Table-3: Simulation Results of the case study with IN THE BASE CASE BUILDING Modifications

6.1 Electricity Use

During the early stage of design, a number of passive strategies need to be considered to conserve electricity in residential buildings. Such strategies include improving the thermal mass or insulation of the external walls and roof, use of double-glazed windows and shading devices.

With such improvements in material specifications for building fabric, the simulation results showed much improvement with regard to electricity efficiency, as described later. The 9” thick external Brick masonry walls were replaced with 11 ½” thick cavity walls with 2” air cavity, resulting in a decrease in the Thermal Transmittance (U-value) for the external walls from 1.840 to 1.380 W/m2. An addition of a layer of polyurethane insulation 2”thick to the top roof led to a reduction of thermal transmittance for the roof from 1.660 to 1.160 W/m2 K. In addition, single glazed windows

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 59 It is important to mention here that the reduction of the use · It is also essential to use sufficient insulation in the of electricity appears to be due to the changes made in buildings envelop. Building materials with good materials for the building envelop. These changes seem to thermal insulation properties should be selected for be resulted in reduced heat gains as compared to the original building envelop. base case building. The annual electricity use for the building was calculated to be around 21459 kWh. It means an · The appropriate external shading devices should be approximate 45% reduction in electricity annually as used to protect residential buildings from direct solar compared to the base case buildings. It is a substantial radiation. The proper design and location of shading improvement. devices is necessary to minimize the adverse impact of solar heat gains, and to utilize natural light for 7. Guidelines for Energy efficient Residential Buildings interiors. It will reduce the use of artificial lighting in Pakistan during the day time. Windows should be open able to facilitate ventilation during night in summer to create Based on the above analysis, with regard to electricity use comfortable indoor conditions and lessen the use of in residential buildings, the following guidelines will help air-conditioning. to achieve significant energy efficiency in residential buildings, particularly in areas with composite climate in · It is also suggested that energy-efficient appliances Pakistan: and lighting equipment should be used in new residential buildings in order to further reduce the · There is strong need to adopt passive strategies for electricity consumption. energy efficient design of new residential buildings.

REFERENCES B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds), Climate Change 2007; Mitigation of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Energy Consumption in Pakistan 2009, Energy Profile: Pakistan, Earth Trends: The Environmental Information Portal, World Resources Institute, 2006, available at (http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-140.html) [accessed 01-02-2012] Energy consumption by Source, Energy Profile: Pakistan, Earth Trends: The Environmental Information Portal, World Resources Institute, 2006, available at (http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-140.html) [accessed 01-02-2012]

Govt. of Pakistan, Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, 2006

Kamyar Tolou Behbood1, Mohammad Taleghani2 and Shahin Heidari, Energy Efficient Design Statrategies in Hot dry Area of Iran: Kashan, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 15 (2), 85-91 (2010) Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. pp 104 Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Power Wing, Projected Energy Demand vs Capability 2009-2030, Glossary of units 1. Watt (W) The SI derived unit of power. Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is expended. One watt is equal to one per .

2. Watt hour (Wh) A unit of work or energy, representing the energy delivered at a rate of one watt for a period of one hour.

3. Kilowatt hour (KWh) A unit of work or energy, representing the energy delivered at a rate of one thousand watt for a period of one hour.

60 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning SHRINES SHAPING THE CITIES LAHORE: A CASE STUDY

Ghafer Shahzad*

ABSTRACT suggest limits to the original walled city. During the Akbar residency (1585-1598) at Lahore, the periphery wall was Lahore, exhibiting the architectural remains of various ruling extended and area of Masjid Wazir Khan as called Rarra dynasties, is an old settlement with known history of more Maidaan (open field) was included inside walled city. than one thousand years. Historians have explored in political During 16th and 17th centuries, Lahore earned its reputation context its dynamism mostly keeping in view the impact of as a popular centre of Sufism. Among the mostly practiced, ruling authorities who contributed in its physical shaping four Sufi orders3 in Indian Subcontinent, the Qadiri order and reshaping by adding various buildings like Lahore Fort, was practiced largely in Lahore. Qadiri Sufis believed in Badshahi Mosque, Shalimar Garden, Mausoleums of Mughal the ideology of Wahdat al-Wajud.4 They influenced the Emperor Jahangir and Princess Noor Jahan etc. Contrary to populace of Lahore at socio-religious and cultural levels. these royal personalities and their constructed buildings, There are number of khanqahs of Qadiri Sufis in and around Sufis and their khanqahs have played vibrant role in expansion the old city of Lahore. This paper explores the role of of the old city from within walls to its immediate khanqahs of Sufis in shaping the city. These khanqahs can surroundings. This phenomenon has not been taken into be divided into two categories based on their location. Firstly, account by architectural historians and urban experts. No khanqahs that were established just outside of the city gates comprehensive studies in urban design, anthropology and and secondly that were located at a distance from the city, sociology have been yet carried out to trace the impact of mostly on the road sides linking the neighborhoods with the various Sufis and their khanqahs on the urban settlement city. These khanqahs were cultural hubs for local residents. and its expansion. Various commercial and residential activities took place that finally controlled and oriented the expansion of the city in Story begins with the arrival of Hadrat ‘Ali Hujwiri (d.1072 forth coming centuries. A.D.) at Lahore from Ghazani.1 Hujwiri settled outside Bhati Gate.2 Prior to the Mughal period, Lahore was probably Keywords: Shrine, Khanqah, Urban Design, Garden, Sufism, confined to the area West of Shah Aalmi bazaar, and North Colonial city of Bhati Gate in today’s old city. Tombs from the pre Mughal era (Glover, 2011), including those of Malik Ayyaz (1040 1. INTRODUCTION C,E.), Ali Hujveri (1072 C.E. outside Bhati Gate), Qutb-ud- Din Aibak (1210 C.E. outside Lohari Gate, in Anarkali Multan, a city of Pakistan is truly known as “City of the Bazaar), and Syed Muhammad Ishaq Gauzroni (1400 C.E. Saints” but Lahore has also preserved in its soil the Sufi in the courtyard of Masjid Wazir Khan, presently inside souls of hundreds who entered Subcontinent even before Delhi Gate), all lie outside the perimeter of this area and Hadrat Baha al-Haq Zakaria (d.1267 C.E.), Hadrat Shah since tombs were usually sited outside the city walls, they Shams Sabzwari (d. 1276 C.E.) and others who settled in

* Dr. Ghafer Shahzad, Chief Architect at Punjab Auqaf Department.

th 1 Ghazani was a small town located in today’s Afghanistan. Hujwiri came to Lahore during the mid years of 11 century A.D. 2 Walled city of Lahore has 12 entry gates. Outside Bhati Gate, Hazrat Ali Hujwiri settled and buried after death. These gates were reconstructed later on during the Mughal and British eras. 3 In India, after Hadrat Ali Hujwiri, four Sufi orders i.e. Suhrawardiyya, Chishtiyya, Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya were introduced and practiced. 4 The doctrine of Wahdat al-Wujud meaning “the unity of being or existence” asserts that everything that exists can only exist because it is a reflection of Divine Reality, hence an aspect of Divine Unity itself.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 61 Figure-1: The shrine Complex of Hadrat Ali Hujwiri outside Bhati Gate

Multan and in its environs in 13th century. Lahore has to life, scholarship, erudition, and political happenings in remained a gate-way to the Sûfîs and Sultâns coming from the cities of Central Asia.6 Central Asia to conquer or invade the people and territory of Indian Subcontinent. Hadrat ‘Alî Hujwîrî (see Figure-1) The tombs of Sufi preachers inside the Walled City of Lahore came to Lahore in compliance to the order of his murshid are not ubiquitous.7 Where as dozens of Sufis settled outside (master), in the mid years of eleventh century.5 It was the the walled city of Lahore in its immediate surrounding.8 age when Ghaznavîd’s dynasty was waning and Delhi Within the walls of the old city, there are few shrines. Outside Sultanate was more than a hundred years ahead (Nizami, the city walls, abandoned tombs, temples, and gardens 1987). Before coming to Lahore, Hujwîrî had a vast exposure coexisted with a number of populous enclaves that at one

5 The exact date of arrival of Hadrat ‘Alî Hujwîrî is unknown. Researchers are mostly agreed upon that he arrived somewhere in mid years of 11th century A.D. 6 Hujwîrî, before coming to Lahore visited Khurâsân, Maverânnahâhr, MerU, Adherbâijân etc. 7 These mainly include Hazrat Shah Raza Qadiri, Pir Sherazi, Syed Ish,aq Gazrooni, Saed Soaf, Syed Sar Buland, Pir Zaki, Saed Mithha, etc. 8 Hadrat Bibi Pak Damana, Hadrat Miran Hussain Zanjani, Hadrat Pir Aziz-ud Din Makki (d.1215) Syed Musâ Âhangar (d.1519) Syed Jhûlan Shâh Ghorey Shâh Bukhârî (d.1594) Hadrat Meerân Mauj Daryâ Bukhâr? (d.1604) Syed ‘Abd al-Razzâq Makkî Neelâ Gunbad (d.1638) Sayyid Shâh Jamâl (d.1639) Shaykh Jân Muhammad (d.1671) Shaykh Muhammad Isma’eel Miyân Waddâ (d.1674) Hadrat Shâh Abû al-Mu’âlî (d.1615) Shaykh Tâhir Bandagî (d.1630) ?a?rat Miyân Meer Qâdirî (d.1635) Syed Shah Muhammad Ghawth (d.1635) Hadrat Shâh Jamâl Qâdirî (d.1639), Khwâjah Khâwind Hadrat Eshân (d.1642), Hadrat Shah Kamal Qadiri, Khwâjah Behârî (d.1655) Syed ‘Abd al-Razzâq Shâh Chirâgh (d.1658) Hadrat Shâh ‘Inâyat Qâdirî (d.1728), Syed ‘Abd al-Qâdir Shâh Gadâ (d.1741), Hadrat Shah ‘Ali Rangrez, Hadrat Shah Gadâ, Hadrat Shah Hussain and many more.

62 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning time had been contiguous with these ruins but that now became public places. Various neighborhoods outside the formed more isolated settlements (Glover, 2011). Sufis walled city took their names from the holy personages buried preferred to live away from the populace and dense residential there like Mohalla Pir Aziz (later called Mozang), Basti areas and after death were buried in their hujrahs (small Mian Meer, Mohalla Pir Makki Sharif, Mohalla Daras Mian room). These shrines being located in the urban and suburban Wada, Shah Kamal Colony, etc (Glover 2011). The layout areas have become an essential part of today’s Lahore. of today’s road network mostly followed the paths linking the walled city to its surrounding areas where the Sufis lived. The Sufi abodes in the immediate surroundings of the walled city (of Lahore), mainly in the South-East and South- 2. SUFI SHRINES OUTSIDE THE CITY GATES West, are the settlements that provided the impetus and set the direction of city’s growth towards them. The Sufis To enter the walled city of Lahore, there are twelve gates preferred to live in areas around the city that had open (see Figure-). On Eastern side, Akbari, Delhi and Yakki agricultural lands and trees; they would be finally buried Gates are located. Towards Western side of the Walled city, where they lived and preached religion. Lands adjacent to Taxali Gate and towards Northern side Sheranwala, Kashmiri, the shrines were mostly converted to beautiful gardens that Masti and Roshnai Gate are located. Whereas, Bhati, Lohari,

Figure-2: Plan of Walled City of Lahore showing 12 gates (Source: PEPAC)

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 63 Shahalmi and Mochi Gates are located towards the Southern with the performance of rituals and ceremonies. Hadrat ‘Ala side of the old city. Outside or inside of these Gate areas, al Din Mauj Darya9 first time organized and patterned the Sufis are buried and their premises are used for various various ceremonies at the shrine of his grandfather i.e. Baba cultural and social activities. People used to sit and celebrate Farid (a Chishty Sufi buried in Pakpattan). This tradition the events at these shrines. On the premises of some shrines, attracted the devotees for participation. These rituals were wrestling arenas have been established where famous adopted by the mutawallis of other shrines and in this way, wrestlers of Lahore were used to do wrestling every evening. the ‘urs days of Sufi became more attractive and encouraged Annual events of national and international levels were held the devotees for regular visitation. in past years. On the eve of annual ‘urs, along with other socio-religious and cultural activities, wrestling competitions Like most towns and cities in North India, Mughal capitals were arranged. Outside Bhati Gate, shrine of Hazrat Ghulam were usually built on one side of a navigable river, and it Rasool is located who is popular as “Bilyuon Wali Sarkar”. was common to build houses, pavilions, and tombs, Inside Lohari Gate, there is shrine of Molvi Muhammad sometimes set within a formal garden, along the river bank Nawab known as Sufi Sahib. On the right side of Mochi (Glover, 2011). During the Mughal period (early 16th Gate, there is grave of Pir Muradiya. On left side of Yakki century), the practice of constructing tombs and shrines Gate, there is shrine of Pir Zaki. Outside Masti Gate, shrine within the premises of gardens was strong; otherwise gardens of Hussain Shah Qadiri is located. were developed surrounding these burial places (Naqoosh, 1962). Construction of shrine in the garden was considered 3. BEGINNING OF TRADITION indispensable during these years. These enormous gardens in immediate surrounding of the city attached to the shrines In other world of Islamic states like Central Anatolia, three remained intact till commencement of Sikh period in Lahore types of patronage of shrines can be observed (Wolper, (see Figure-3). During the Sikh period, a spacious garden 2003). First group was Seljuk administrators composed of named as Bagh-e Zanjaan (Naqoosh, 1962) was revived on amirs, wazirs. Second group of patronage was officials of the footprints of previous foundations around the shrine of Ilkhanid dynasty and third group was local aristocracy. As Hazrat Meeran Hussain Zanjânî.10 Illegally constructed these individuals gained more power and wealth, they residential units and community graveyard had engulfed endowed more buildings. For case of Lahore, These were this garden. The shrine was taken over by the Auqaf devotees either from officials of ruling class or local residents Department in 1960. Another spacious garden was attached who constructed these shrines for the Sufis as gesture of with the shrine of Hazrat Shah Isma’el located at Hall Road.11 their respect for the Sufi. In Central Anatolia, Dervish lodges During colonial period, buildings of the European Cathedral blurred the division between private religious space intended School and Roman Catholic Church (Naqoosh, 1962) were for specific religious and ethnic group and the public market constructed on the waqf land attached to the shrine. (Wolper 2003). In Lahore, the shrines were preliminary living spaces for the Sufis. Later on when they died, were The British rulers through “Bengal Code 1810” and then buried in their Hujras. These were loaded with commercial “Religious Endowment Act 1863” got full control over all activities during ‘urs days otherwise, the premises were the religious and waqf properties belonging to Hindu, Sikh used for leisurely sitting of people, doing wrestling or and Muslim faiths in Subcontinent. This gave powers to the involved in other activities of free time. colonial authorities firstly to collect the income from these shrines and secondly to place the waqf lands at their disposal. During the early Sultanate period (11th to 12th centuries), When British occupied Lahore in 1848 C.E., they need the khanqahs were simple burial places of the Sufis and no living spaces for their officers which would be essentially rituals like ‘urs were celebrated annually by the devotees. protected. The shrines were sacred spaces for Muslims and Multan was capital during the Sultanate period. With secondly were located outside of the city and were more introduction to the various Sufi orders in 14th and 15th protected. Hence early British Officers preferably lived in centuries, the construction of massive and grand shrine shrines or mosque buildings. Johan’s brother, Henry buildings for the Sufis of Suhrawardi order started along Lawrence moved into the tomb of Muhammad Qasim Khan,

9 Ala ud Din Mauj Darya was grandson of Baba Farid who was close to Muhammad Tughlaq. 10 Meeran Hussain Zanjani died and was replaced by Hazrat Ali Hujwiri who came Lahore in compliance to order of his murshad (master). 11 Today, Hall Road is the most populated Electronics market of Lahore.

64 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-3: Map showing location of gardens/shrines around Walled City (1867) which as we have seen, had been occupied earlier by an Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical College, Women officer in Ranjit Singh’s Court. The first English resident Hospital, Sarae Ratan Chand and many quarters (Naqoosh, to live in the tomb was Robert Macgregor, the province’s 1962) were constructed on the open land attached to the first district commissioner. Lawrence replaced Macgregor shrine of Syed Ya’qoob Shah. Remaining land was sold by as the tomb resident, Montgomery then replaced Lawrence the mutawallies. A land measuring 24 kanals, was endowed when he became Punjab’s Lieutenant Governor in 1859 and by Hadrat Abd al-Jalil Chuhar Shah Bandagi in his lifetime at that time the tomb was officially renamed Government to his devotee Shaikh Mûsâ Ahangar (Naqoosh,1962). It House, presently called Governor House (Glover, 2011). was encroached by the illegal occupants. Towards the South- With the introduction of a new government system, the West of the shrine of Hadrat Miyan Meer (see Figure-4), British required land for construction of buildings for there was a large size garden where shrine of Hadrat Mullah institutions like hospitals, colleges, universities, banks, court Shah Badakhshi12 was constructed. After the Mughal period, of justice, museum etc. It was the waqf land used for when there were often anarchies and/or weak rulers, there institutional buildings and was attached to the shrines, were plunderers/foreign invaders who would resort to reserved for performance of rituals and ceremonies. This anarchism, people would take shelter inside the walled construction activity was carried out at large scale and it re- premises of the shrine of Hadrat Mullah Shah Badakhshi shaped the immediate surrounding of the walled city of (Naqoosh,1962). This turned the garden into densely Lahore during 19th and 20th centuries. populated residential quarters.

12 Mullah Shah Badakhshi was murshad (master) of Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh who was killed by Alamgir in 1659 A.D. by taking verdict from ‘Ulama’ regarding the “Mujma ul-Bahrain” written by Dara Shikoh.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 65 Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan gifted one hundred thousand like schools, colleges and hospitals, government buildings, golden tankas to Hadrat Khwajah Khawind Mahmood and other public buildings. Thus the areas once used for Aeeshan who constructed a mosque, an amazing garden and various rituals and ceremonies related to the shrine were shrine in his life (Naqoosh1962). Ghulab Singh constructed subject to unplanned and unmanaged land use. cantonment in place of garden after dismantling the boundary wall during Sikh period. Local Brick-sellers removed the The buildings of Lahore High Court, Supreme Court Lahore bricks from courtyard of mosque and graves for selling Bench, Shah Chiragh Building, Aiwan-e Auqaf, and Auditor purpose and Ghulab Singh stored ammunition inside the General Office Building were constructed on the waqf land shrine’s room (Hindi, 1894). The mosque and shrine still attached to shrine of Hadrat Shah Chiragh Lahori (d.1658) exist but in poor condition. who settled in Mohalla Langar Makhdome in 17th century (see Figure-5). The Income Tax Complex and other related On the western side of shrine of Hadrat Syed Mahmood buildings are constructed on the premises of shrine of Hadrat (d.1640), there was a magnificent garden till the end decades Meeran Mauj Darya Bukhari (d.1604). Governor House has of Mughal era (Naqoosh, 1962). A grand mosque and garden enveloped the grave of Muhammad Qasim Khan that still was constructed attached to the shrine of Hadrat ‘Abd al- exists. King Edward Medical College University, Mayo Razzaq Makki (Naqoosh, 1962). Garden was occupied by Hospital, Anarkali Bazaar and Neela Gumbad Market are the Sikhs and shrine was turned into warehouse for dumping constructed on the premises of land attached to the shrines the ammunition. of Syed Ya’qoob Shah and Syed ‘Abd al-Razzaq Makki (d.1638). In the Lawrence Garden presently called as Bagh- Before the Colonial rule started, Sufi shrines were having e Jinnah has also shrine of Hadrat Turt Murad, while entering large open waqf land being used as garden to celebrate the from the Lawrence Road. There are two other shrines located rituals and ceremonies related to the ‘urs. During the Colonial inside the boundaries of Bagh-e Jinnah. Annual ‘urs Period (dates/century), the government took over some of ceremonies are celebrated on these shrines where devotees these open lands for the construction of public institutions participate.

th Figure-4: Enclosed Shrine Complex of Hazrat Miyan Meer (Mid 17 century)

66 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning Figure-5: The shrine of Hadrat Shah Chiragh Lahori on the premises of which Aiwan-e Auqaf (1974), Lahore High Court (1880), Supreme Court Lahore Bench, Shah Chiragh Annex (1988), Australasia Bank Building (1879) were constructed.

In general, historical studies reflect that gardens, water wells, of these shrines has also changed their outer visual impact. wrestling arena, Saraes, and older trees were essential In suburban areas of Lahore, these shrines and their components of the Sufi abodes or their shrines. The shrines surroundings have established as commercial hubs for local at Lahore still continue to perform their role in providing residents. Wqaf Department13 also explores its commercial space to the people for their socio-religious and cultural potential for more financial benefits. activities. After independence, changes have been made in buildings either by reconstructing or adding new structures CONCLUSION by the ruling authorities within the boundaries of the shrines. Data Darbar Complex has been expanded from 5 to 58 The Sufi is dead but khanqah is a living thread of urban kanals in area. Its old mosque has been replaced by new fabrics of a Muslim settlement in Indian subcontinent. It is large size modern mosque with more capacity of people. In not static but dynamic in nature. It is not like a civilization; its basements, car parking has been provided for visitors. dead and fossillized but is like culture; ever flourishing, Additions of mosques in Data Darbar Complex and Shrine changing, adapting the new versions of life and culture and of Shah Hussain has changed their socio-religious and built extending the traditions. Before the Mughals, the shrines environment. These spiritual ambiances have become more were constructed just outside the periphery wall of the city Islamic. Construction of commercial units on the periphery that reflects the outer limits of the town at that time. During

13 Punjab Government has established Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department headed by Secretary/Chief Administrator that take care and administer the waqf properties including shrines, agricultural land, commercial units under their management and control.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 67 the Mughal period, these khanqahs were constructed in Khanqah has successfully performed its role in expansion suburb areas, at distance from the wall. Such constructions of urban ambits of Muslim settlements in past years. Its were patroned by the ruling authorities and the devotees. internal spatial configuration is elastic and resilient. On the Existence of these shrines encouraged establishment of occasions, it provides space to perform purely religious small scale settlements which leaded to further expansion. ceremonies14 and simultaneously it offers its premises to Because of official patronage, informal gardens and open hold rituals, ceremonies, annual ‘urs celebrations, and sama’ spaces for the visitors were attached with these shrines and (Sufi song) etc which are more cultural and spiritual. People tombs. In these gardens, burial place of a Sufi was the achieve ecstasy through dhamal (Sufi dance) and qawwali central focused point. Sikhs used the rooms of these burial (Sufi song) on the rhythm of drum as well as also recite places of Sufis as ammunition stores and horse stables. holy Qur’an and perform their prayers being a compulsory During the British, the government officials occupied these act within the same premises but with different time frame. shrines for residence being outside the city and more It is a continuous source of income for waqf administration protected from the local inhabitants. During colonial period, with zero investment. It has also become a hub of commercial central focal position of shrines was displaced because of activity for businessmen because of regular and ever the construction of institutional buildings on their premises. increasing visitation of devotees. It has also been established In the post independence period (after 1947 A.D.), the rulers as a permanent security threat for the law and order agencies. brought changes in the left over premises of khanqahs by adding large scale mosques and other required building components to cater for the new life pattern of late 20th century.

REFERENCES

Glover, William J (2011) Oxford University Press Karachi. 7, 27, 9, 8, 20

Hindi, Kanhiyya Lal (1894) Majlis Taraqqi-e Adab Lahore. 244

Naqoosh Lahore Number (1962) Idara Farogh-e Urdu Lahore. 205, 145, 147, 165, 187, 328, 543,

Nizami, Khaliq A., (1987) Historical Role of Three Auliyâ of South Asia, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan. 4 Wolper, Ethal Sara (2003) Pennsylvania State University Press University Park Pennsylvania. 11-12, 59

14 Like Me?fil–e na’at, ‘?ed mîlâd al-nab?, m’irâj shar?f, Jumma prayers, Eid al-Fitar and Eid al-Adha prayers etc.

68 Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning BOOK REVIEW

MULTAN – A SPIRITUAL LEGACY

by Fauzia Hussain Qureshi

A Review by Suneela Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi.

The city of Multan, also known as the City of Sufis and Madinat-ul-Auliya is dotted by a large number of shrines. The city has a rich history which is evident from the fine grain of the Google earth image present in the book entitled ‘Multan: A Spiritual Legacy’ by Fauzia Hussain Qureshi. This image which marks the location of the various monuments and shrines documented in the book speaks volumes about the intricacy, complexity and historical value of the urban morphology of the city of Multan.

The monograph under review contains detailed drawings of these historical sites and their architectural elements, and carries a brief history of the monuments, along with the connotation of their patrons. The monograph captures the rich history of the city of Multan by complimenting the historical narratives with various images and scaled drawings. The focus of the book goes beyond the documentation of Sufi shrines and includes colonial buildings, Hindu temples and other monuments. The monograph is divided into seven sections entitled Multan fort, walled city monuments, Ali Akbar complex, east of walled city, west of walled city, south of walled city and epilogue. The well illustrated historical account of the city of Multan in the beginning of the book informs the reader about the political events that shaped the morphology of the city. This account helps the reader to form a connection between the individual buildings The epilogue, which doubles up as a conclusion for the and monuments documented in the monograph with the monograph, presents a cultural account of the association overall development of the historical city. of the devotees with the shrines. More activity profiles of the users of the different monuments and shrines could have The format of the monograph is easy to comprehend as it been added which would have made the monograph richer is free from theoretical jargons and is equally valuable for and made it interesting for a wider readership. Overall, the a student and a professional. The architectural drawings monograph is a significant addition to the dearth of literature have been made interesting with inserting colors from available on architecture and urban design in Pakistan and Multani craft into the drawings to give a flavor of the blue it documents the rich architectural history of a city which glazed tiles used for the ornamentation of these monuments. has fallen to dearth with time and is in need of attention.

* Fauzia Hussain Qureshi, Former Principal, National College of Arts, Lahore.

Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning: Vol. 14, 2013 (First Issue) - Architecture, Urban Design & Planning 69