The Cambridge Companion to the Circus Edited by Gillian Arrighi , Jim Davis Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48516-6 — The Cambridge Companion to the Circus Edited by Gillian Arrighi , Jim Davis Index More Information

Index

1843 Theatre Regulation Act, 178 Amaluna, 150 1WE, 218 Ameche, Don, 2 7 Doigts, 95 America, 8, 28, 35, 36, 39, 44, 96, 116, 118, 143, 144, 148, 163, 236 à califourchon, 116 American circus, 8, 28, 29, 37, 40, 44, 45, 53, 54, Aboriginal, 135, 139 59, 71, 82, 114, 116, 118, 124, 133, 142, 143, 252 Academy for Modern Circus, 86 American Exhibition, 132 acrobatic, 10, 19, 22, 25, 27, 42, 48, 57, 66, 79, 82, American Indian wars, 131 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 108, American Rough Riders, 132 109, 110, 124, 143, 144, 145, 146, 156, 162, 165, American Youth Circus Organisation, 207 175, 218, 250 amphitheatre, 26, 28, 52, 54, 58, 137 acrobats, 2, 3, 10, 32, 43, 51, 57, 70, 82, 85, 92, 93, amusement park, 83 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 116, 171, 173, androgynous, 151 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 190, 199, 209 androgyny, 163 actors, 50, 53, 56, 57, 66, 83, 86, 87, 190 animal breeding, 38, 83 acts of strength, 6, 95 animal dealers, 130 Adam Forepaugh Circus, 39 animal death, 127, 130, 136, 137, 138 Adam Smasher, 147 animal masquerade, 50, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 aerial, 6, 10, 11, 38, 42, 66, 78, 79, 86, 93, 98, 99, animal studies, 131 100, 122, 124, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, animal trainers, 2, 14, 38, 82 163, 164, 165, 172, 175, 179, 193, 209, 223 animal welfare, 253 aerialist, 3, 120, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 222 animal-free circus, 6, 108 aesthetics, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 40, 49, 53, animals, 6, 10, 11, 19, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 56, 60, 69, 74, 110, 119, 122, 155, 159, 163, 164, 165, 59, 70, 80, 82, 83, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 172, 173, 175, 178, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 137, 138, 149, 152, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 179, 196, 197, 198, 222, 225, 244, 247, 249, 250, 190, 253 251, 254 Annato, Palmyre, 111, 116 Aesthetics, 10, 105, 155, 185 anthropology, 4 Africa, 42, 49, 93, 102, 136 anthropomorphic, 184 African American, 8, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 anthropomorphism, 181 African American Nadir, 35 apparatus, 6, 11, 93, 96, 98, 100, 120, 124, 155, 157, Age of Empire, 9, 49 173, 179, 192, 198 Age of Modernity, 9, 49 apprentice, 28 Al G. Barnes Trained Wild Animal Circus, 38 Arab, 32, 118, 132 Aladdin, 2, 175 Arabian, 43, 45 Alba, Thea, 250 Archaos, 191, 192 Alegria, 149 archival, 234, 236 Alhambra, 175, 179, 180, 186 archive, 234, 235, 237, 251 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, 175 Argentina, 4, 9, 48, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, Aligre, 190 72, 74, 75 All Genius All Idiots, 101 Argentinian, 63, 67, 73, 74, 75

277

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48516-6 — The Cambridge Companion to the Circus Edited by Gillian Arrighi , Jim Davis Index More Information

278 Index

Ariel Troupe, 95 Barnum and Coup, 38 Armenian Yerevan Circus, 82 Barnum, P.T., 7, 131, 132, 134, 184 artiﬁcation, 12, 193, 194, 201 Baross, Imre, 87 Arts Sauts, 192, 199, 201 Barry, Tom, 54 Asia, 8, 32, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 Bass, Eduard, 82 Asia-Paciﬁc, 49 Basu, Priyanath, 60 Astley, Philip, 1, 7, 19, 20, 24, 26, 32, 78, 107, 109, Batavia, 56, 58 128, 136, 141, 174, 192, 247 Bates, Jacob, 20, 21, 28 athletic, 39, 109, 116, 155, 164, 165, 206 battle, 10, 99, 127, 129, 130, 135, 137 Atlantic, 29, 48, 142, 144, 179, 239 Battle of Colenso, 138 Auckland, 52, 134 Battle of Waterloo, 10, 127, 129, 130 audience, 6, 12, 19, 20, 37, 39, 43, 67, 69, 71, 84, Batty, William, 30 86, 88, 94, 96, 107, 109, 112, 113, 121, 122, 129, Baucher, François, 112 132, 134, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, Be More, 218 152, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 172, 173, bear, 232 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185, 192, Belgium, 4, 9, 89, 197 208, 223, 234, 239, 240, 246, 252, 253 Belle Époque, 181 auguste, 50, 145, 152 Bengal, 60 Australasia, 8, 48, 49, 56, 58, 60, 61 Beránek, Josef, 79 Australia, 4, 6, 8, 11, 41, 42, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, Berousek family, 81 59, 60, 64, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 102, 127, 128, Bertini group, 82 134, 135, 188, 203, 206, 207, 218, 231, 247 Beside Myself, 159 Australian, 10, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 92, 95, 98, 118, Bidon, Pierrot, 191, 201 134, 135, 138, 139, 172, 185, 200, 206, 238 Big Apple Circus, 95, 148, 149 Austrian, 78 big cat, 30, 31, 83, 136, 173, 176, 181 Automne en Normadie festival, 237 big top, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 79, 80, 83, 146 avant-garde, 70, 73 Billy Buttons, 21 Billy Smart’s, 1 Bailey, James, 38 biopolitical, 131, 133, 138 Bailey, Lewis, 29 bird, 158 Baker, Josephine, 180 Birmingham, 22 BAL/Jeanne Mordaj company, 237 Black artistry, 40, 44 balance, 6, 25, 100, 108, 117, 158, 184, 245 Black circus artist, 41 balancing, 1, 3, 96, 98, 99, 101, 108, 109, 111, 120, Black culture, 41 157, 180, 209 Black labour, 41 Balkans, 79 Black showmen, 42 Ball, Erin, 164, 239, 253 Black sideshow, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45 ballerina, 99, 108, 111, 115, 116 Blackface, 40 ballet, 87, 99, 111, 115, 158, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, blackface minstrel, 40 179, 181 Blackfriars Bridge, 22 balloons, 111 blues, 44, 45 Bangladesh, 218 Boer, 11, 127, 128, 131, 136, 137, 138 banners, 111 Boer War, 11, 127, 128, 131, 136, 137, 138 Barbette, 163 Bohemia, 81 bareback, 30, 116, 120, 124 Bolton, Reg, 205, 207, 217 Barnes, Al G., 38 Bombay, 58 Barnum, 3, 29, 37, 38, 39, 82, 95, 134, 144, 147, 151, Bordeaux, 24 161, 183 Bosnia, 218 Barnum & Bailey, 29 Boston, 28 Barnum and Bailey, 38, 39, 82, 95, 134, 144, 147, Bouissac, Paul, 94, 236, 248 151, 161, 183 bowl kicking, 93, 96 Barnum and Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, bowl-balancing, 205 151 boxing, 43 Barnum and Bailey’s Greatest Show on Earth, boylesque, 100 38 Bradna, Fred, 114

Index 279

Brazil, 5, 14, 48, 65 Centre National des Arts du Cirque, 84, 194, 245 Briefs:Close Encounter, 100 Ceylon, 57, 58 Briefs Factory, 95, 100, 163 chair balance, 100 Bristol, 22 Changchun Acrobatic troupe, 96 Britannia, 3, 172 Chaplin, Victoria, 189 Britannia Theatre, 3 Charleston, 28 British, 8, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 49, 50, 54, Chatre, Vishnupant, 58, 60 55, 56, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, Chennai, 55 151, 172, 174, 178, 179, 184 Chiarini, Giuseppe, 32, 58 Brno, 79, 86, 90 Chief Umkalali, 137 Broadway, 177, 181, 182 child performers, 54, 55 Brook, Peter, 3 childhood, 2, 4, 174, 217 Brothers Dare, 164 children, 2, 78, 86, 88, 89, 96, 98, 150, 177, 178, 181, Brown, Frank, 69 184, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218, 245 Browning, Todd, 2, 3 Chinese, 2, 10, 48, 55, 56, 57, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, Brtnická, Eliška, 85 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 199, 205 Buenos Aires, 64, 69, 71, 76 Chinese acrobatics, 92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 205 buffalo, 132, 133, 137 Chinese Cultural Revolution, 96 Buffalo Bill, 42, 131, 133, 139 Chocolat, 144 Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, 131, 139 choreography, 122, 254 Bulgaria, 82 Cinderella, 172, 175 burlesque, 20, 21, 67, 93, 146, 164 cinema, 2, 72, 134 Burma, 57, 58, 82, 97 Circa, 95, 100, 238 Byron, Lord, 130 Circle of Eleven, 97 circus aesthetics, 5, 6, 54, 57, 84, 157, 171, 178, 188, cabrades, 122 232, 233, 250 café chantants, 176 Circus Amok, 238 Caitano, Monsieur, 79 Circus and Its Others, 231, 233, 235, 239 calliope, 38 circus arts, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 28, 48, 50, 56, 57, 59, camel, 37, 131 63, 73, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 189, 192, 193, 194, Canada, 4, 6, 64, 102, 121, 140, 148, 188, 220, 197, 199, 200, 203, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 221, 224 216, 217, 226, 232, 244, 248 Canterbury Theatre of Varieties, 180, 186 Circus Boy, 2 Capillotractées, 199 Circus Busch-Roland, 118 Caravan Circus Network, 213, 219 circus business, 3, 29, 32, 37, 41, 43, 134 Caribbean, 28, 48 circus education, 86, 152, 204, 205, 208, 238 Carmagnole, 225 circus family, 193, 200 Carnaval Sztuk-Mistrzów, 88 circus ﬁlm, 248, 249 carnival, 222 Circus Gymnasticus, 25 Carré troupe, 118 Circus Harmony, 211 Carré, Oskar, 79 Circus Henry, 81 Carter, Angela, 4 circus history, 72, 87, 138, 142, 150, 151, 231, 251 Casino de Paris, 180 Circus Humberto, 82 Casorti, Pasquale, 25 circus industry, 36, 41, 43, 161, 194, 226 Castello, Dan, 37 Circus Jo-Joo, 83 Casus, 95, 100 Circus Katoen, 199 Catholic Irish, 35 Circus Knie, 95, 236 Cavalia, 6, 108, 121, 241 Circus Krone, 81 cavalry, 30, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134 circus manager, 43, 49, 57, 79 celebrities, 11, 71 Circus Oz, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100 celebrity, 155, 160, 177, 181 Circus Parada, 218 Central America, 58 circus schools, 84, 87, 152, 162, 193, 194, 196, 201, Centre for Comedy Studies Research, 252 204, 219, 238 Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, circus science show, 248 253 Circus Sessions, 238

280 Index

Circus Trans-Formation, 219 colonialism, 8, 32, 48, 49 circus troupes, 8, 26, 51, 57, 93, 191 colonies, 8, 11, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 58, 128, 131, 134, Circuses Together, 83 135, 136, 140 circus-for-all, 204 colony, 52, 53, 56, 58, 129 circus-in-schools, 13 comedy, 10, 11, 50, 66, 67, 72, 109, 110, 150, 174, Circusnext, 201 177, 244, 252 Circus-theatre, 48, 66 comic, 1, 20, 22, 48, 50, 51, 66, 67, 70, 79, 109, 110, Cirk la Putyka, 85 143, 145, 150, 171, 252 Cirkonet, 88 commedia dell’arte, 25, 190 Cirkus Mlejn, 85 Communist, 10, 81 Cirkusy společně, 83 community, 13, 60, 84, 93, 99, 134, 191, 195, Cirque Africa, 94, 97, 98 203, 204, 205, 210, 211, 217, 220, 223, 225, Cirque Baroque, 190 226, 244 Cirque Bidon, 190, 191, 199 community circus, 204, 217 Cirque Bonjour, 189, 190 Compagnie des Pieds Perchés, 85 Cirque d’Hiver, 180 composition, 59, 165, 254 Cirque d’Images, 83, 90 conference, 165, 201, 233, 239 Cirque des Champs-Élysées, 111, 112 conﬂict, 72, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 149 Cirque du Monde, 13, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225 conjuring, 78 Cirque du Soleil, 7, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 148, 149, conquest, 132, 234 152, 211, 218, 224, 225, 234, 236, 241, 242 consumer, 26, 33, 49, 185, 191, 253 Cirque Fernando, 180 Continent, the, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30 Cirque Hors Piste, 222, 224, 225 contortion, 50, 93, 100, 101, 150, 199 Cirque Medrano, 180 contortionist, 22, 95 Cirque Napoléon, 11, 155 Convention of Edo, 57 Cirque Olympique, 24 Copeau, Jacques, 3 Cirqueon Center for Contemporary Circus, 86 Copenhagen, 26, 86 Citizen*Ship, 238 corde lisse, 11, 155 civil war, 64 Corporal Standfast, 129 classical circus, 2, 6, 7, 191, 195, 205 corporality, 68, 72, 177 clog, 51 corporate events, 156 cloudswing, 12, 155 corporeality, 68, 220, 250 clown, 1, 3, 11, 20, 28, 50, 51, 53, 54, 65, 66, 69, corps de ballet, 111 82, 84, 95, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, Corty-Althoff, 79 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 181, 191, 193, 200, 237, Costa Rica, 218 249, 252 costume, 11, 38, 129, 141, 142, 145, 146, 151, 160, clownery, 82, 84 172, 222 clowning, 1, 6, 64, 66, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 151, Coup and Castello, 37 152, 218, 219, 240 Coup, William, 37 clowns, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 22, 32, 50, 54, 55, 59, 70, 88, Courier of St Petersburg, 129 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, cowboy, 11, 131, 134, 136 152, 173, 182, 193, 205, 254 cravache, 122 Clowns Without Borders, 218 creole, 64 Clyde, Vander, 163 Cridacompany, 199 coach, 172, 175, 205, 210 crime, 211, 224 Coco, 1 criminal, 65 Cody, William, 132 Criollo Circus, 9, 48, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, cognition, 253 72, 73, 74 cognitive, 212, 246, 254 cross-cultural, 92, 94, 96, 101, 141 Cohen, Matthew, 59 cross-dress, 54, 99, 163 Collectif Protocole, 199 cruel, 206, 250 Colligan, Mimi, 55, 61 cultural, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 24, 26, 30, 32, 35, Colombia, 52, 218 36, 39, 45, 49, 50, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 73, colonial, 5, 8, 11, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 127, 129, 130, 131, 79, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101, 102, 134, 135, 136, 138, 173 107, 135, 139, 173, 181, 188, 189, 194, 195, 197,

Index 281

200, 205, 206, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, 225, 232, domestic objects, 100 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 244, 246, 247, 248, Dr Doolittle’s Circus, 2 249, 251, 252, 253, 254 drag, 39 curiosities, 40, 247 Dralion, 150 Custer, General, 132 drama, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 83, 86, 178, 184, Cuzent, Pauline, 112 193, 207 Czech circus, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 91 dramaturgies, 68, 73, 74, 198 Czech lands, 79, 90 dramaturgy, 66, 71, 84, 191, 198 Czech language, 78 dressage, 79, 89, 112, 123, 193 Czech Republic, 9, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91 Drury Lane, 3, 174, 175, 178 Czechoslovak Circus Organisation, 81, 90 Drury Lane Theatre, 3 Czechoslovak Circuses and Variety Shows, 81 Du Bois, W. E. B., 40, 46 Czechoslovak Republic, 78, 81, 83 Dublin, 22 Ducrow, Andrew, 30, 51, 129 Dalle Case, Luigi, 50, 61 Duel Between Two Clowns, 143 Dalmayr, Maria, 79 Duke of Brunswick, 129 Dan Castello’s Circus and Menagerie, 37 dumb act, 177 dance, 7, 9, 51, 79, 85, 89, 93, 101, 108, 111, 118, 156, Durang, John, 28, 33 171, 177, 178, 179, 185, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, Dutch Creative-World Foundation, 218 200, 218, 232, 234, 239, 245, 246 Dutch East Indies, 56, 58 dance studies, 232, 234 danger, 12, 68, 113, 123, 160, 161, 178, 206, 209 East India Company, 55 Dangerous Performances Act, 206 Eastern Han dynasty, 98 Dare, Leona, 181 eccentric, 20, 113, 171 daredevil, 150 eclectic, 33, 51 de Bach, Christoph, 25, 79 economic, 3, 19, 36, 39, 45, 64, 73, 80, 86, 93, 139, de Rhaden, Jenny, 108, 113, 123 190, 196, 197, 207, 220, 252 de Vaux, Baron, 113 economy, 26, 28, 33, 35, 49, 139, 173, 225 death, 30, 45, 81, 127, 130, 131, 137, 203 Ecuador, 52, 220, 223, 224 death-defying, 203 écuyére, 112 Decastro, 3 Edinburgh, 22, 28, 100, 101, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, deer, 101, 132 116, 192 Degas, 3 Edinburgh Equestrian Circus, 108, 109, 110, 111, Delmonico, ‘Le Dompteur Noir’, 181 114, 116 Delpini, Carlo, 142 Edinburgh Festival, 100, 101, 192 democracy, 83, 217 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, 100, 101 Denmark, 25, 90 Edison Vitascope, 38 Derby Day, 3 education, 5, 12, 14, 42, 44, 86, 87, 88, 193, 197, Descartes, René, 70 203, 204, 206, 207, 238, 253 desire, 22, 64, 112, 150, 190, 191, 195, 225, 247 Edward VI, 156 dexterity, 95, 155, 207 Egg in the Pocket, 147 diabolo, 93, 98 electric, 59, 176 Diabolo Girls, 98 electricity, 59, 173 dime museum, 176 elephant, 37, 80, 129, 131, 178, 179, 181, 182, disabilities, 164 184, 253 disabled, 164, 245, 252 emancipation, 72, 192, 193 disenfranchisement, 36 embodiment, 89, 94, 235, 241 Dive of Death, 1 embody, 4 diver, 1 emigration, 41, 49 diversity, 4, 5, 6, 8, 30, 40, 164, 174, 199, 224, 232, empire, 49, 128, 131 233, 254 en amazone, 115 divertissement, 178 England, 1, 14, 22, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60, 129, 156, dog and pony show, 37 171, 176, 178, 231 Dolenz, Micky, 2 Enlightenment, 70 domestic animals, 30 entremés, 66

282 Index

environment, 1, 13, 50, 83, 84, 85, 100, 120, 208, Ferguson and Williams Monster Show, 44 211, 212 festival, 83, 84, 88, 189, 237 epistemological, 205, 247, 248 Festival of New Circus and Theatre, 87 equestrian, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Fiala family, 81 27, 29, 30, 32, 44, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, fiction, 4, 200, 250, 251 65, 66, 79, 81, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, fight, 131, 134, 143, 147, 193 118, 119, 120, 121, 131, 132, 136, 141, 181, 193 Fighting to Save the Queen’s Colours, 135 equestrianism, 11, 24, 107, 150 Fillis, Frank, 49, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140 equitation, 89, 108, 112, 123 film, 3, 5, 9, 38, 89, 173, 185, 191, 200, 234, 248 Escuela Nacional Circo Para Todos, 218 film studies, 5 Étaix, Pierre, 193 finale, 1, 20, 96, 113, 117, 123, 165, 172 ethnic comedy, 171 Finland, 199, 207 ethnographic, 234, 237 fire eating, 192 ethnography, 231, 238 fireworks, 20, 78 ethnological, 133, 240 first nation, 128, 131, 135, 136, 138 Europe, 8, 9, 11, 20, 24, 26, 28, 29, 42, 57, 64, 79, FitzGerald Brothers’ Circus, 60 80, 89, 112, 116, 118, 129, 131, 133, 137, 140, 141, Five Bertis, 82 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 163, 174, 178, 184, flag, 129 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, Flower, Madame Sara, 53 203, 224 Flying Fruit Fly Circus, 95 European, 2, 9, 12, 35, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56, 57, 65, 68, flying meteors, 93 70, 71, 73, 80, 83, 86, 89, 127, 132, 133, 143, 145, Folies Bergère, 113, 180, 181, 185 147, 148, 174, 176, 177, 178, 185, 187, 188, 195, foot juggling, 57, 93, 97, 197, 198, 199, 202, 210 Footit and Chocolat, 144 Evetta, 151 Forepaugh, Adam, 29, 39, 134, 184 exotic, 10, 30, 31, 59, 80, 96, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, Fortunelly and Burt, 141 138, 139 Foucault, Michel, 129, 131, 235 exotic animal, 10, 30, 31, 59, 128, 131, 135, 138, 139 France, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24, 25, 48, 84, 87, 89, 112, 121, exploitation, 11, 232, 233 133, 176, 178, 179, 182, 183, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, Extraordinary Bodies, 164, 252 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 237, 238, 253 extravaganza, 51 Franconi family, 24 Franconi, Antonio, 24, 33 fair, 1, 23, 26 Fratellini Brothers, 148, 149 fairground, 22, 174, 247 Fratellini, Annie, 151, 193, 199, 201 fairy tale, 172 freakery, 164 family, 2, 24, 25, 44, 54, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 96, Freaks, 2, 3, 40, 70, 164, 190 108, 116, 118, 119, 131, 145, 148, 152, 174, 180, 189, French Cochin China, 58 190, 193, 206, 220, 221 French Ministry of Culture, 195 family act, 116, 118 French Octaroon, 43 family circus, 79, 81, 119, 152, 206 French Revolution, 24 fan, 161 Frost, Thomas, 14, 110 fantasy, 158, 159, 174, 249 Fuller, Loie, 180 farce, 51 Farini, 135 gallop, 20, 113, 114 Farque, Pablo, 95 gas, 50, 147 fashion, 19, 33, 110, 155, 244 gaucho, 9, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71 fear, 194, 209, 210 gaule, 122 feats, 11, 20, 24, 27, 33, 50, 51, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, gender, 5, 39, 40, 100, 101, 151, 155, 161, 162, 163, 107, 111, 138, 216, 250 165, 198, 222, 232, 233, 235, 238, 244 female, 39, 54, 89, 92, 96, 98, 99, 108, 110, 111, 112, genealogy, 6, 217, 237 115, 116, 121, 124, 150, 151, 157, 161, 162, 163, 176, geo-political, 5, 7, 48, 61 177, 240, 241, 242 Georgia Minstrels and Jubilee Singers, 42 femininity, 151, 159, 163, 165, 166 German Democratic Republic, 82 feminism, 240 Germany, 5, 81, 133 feminist, 162, 232, 241 Gershwin, George, 118

Index 283

Gesamtkünstwerk, 198 Hawaii, 41, 42, 57 gesture, 179, 198, 236, 246 He Who Gets Slapped, 249 Ghosh, Anirban, 60 Herald Square, 182 giant, 100 heritage, 1, 9, 89, 195, 205 Gilded Age, 8, 35, 36, 41, 58 Hermanos Carlo, 65 Gina the Girl in the Moon, 1 hetero-normative, 252 Gjervan, Ellen Karoline, 25, 33 Hevia, James, 130, 139 global, 8, 13, 19, 32, 39, 48, 49, 57, 59, 88, 138, 172, Hicks, Charles B., 42, 44 173, 174, 185, 204, 216, 217, 237 high school, 31, 108, 112, 113, 114, 116, 120, 123, gold rushes, 52 124, 206 goldﬁelds, 54, 93 highland ﬂing, 51 Gothenburg, 26 high-wire, 163 Gottlieb, George, 177, 186 Hindu, 60 grace, 110, 112, 119, 155, 158, 159, 161, 164 Hippisley Coxe, Antony, 14, 133, 139 grassroots, 217, 225 hippodrama, 30, 51, 126, 129 gravity, 70, 156, 157, 158, 173, 176 hippodrome, 55, 134, 175, 179, 180, 183 Gravity and Other Myths, 95 Hippogriffe et le Cirque de L’Utopie, 120 Great Bengal Circus, 60 Hippolytas, 156 Great Britain, 42 historic practices, 75 Great Chinese State Circus, 99 historiography, 231, 251 Great Indian Circus, 58, 60 HIV, 218 Great Migration, 41, 45 homeless, 218, 219 Great Moscow Circus, 2 homosexual, 163 Great Wallace Show, 39, 43, 45, 46 homosexuality, 163 Great Wallace sideshow, 42 Hong Kong, 51, 55, 56, 58, 135, 205 Greatest Show on Earth, 2, 82 hoop, 11, 92, 93, 100, 117, 122, 155, 181 Greatest Showman, 3 hoop diving, 92, 93, 100 Greenblatt, Stephen, 56, 61 hornpipe, 51 Grigolati Troupe, 175 horse, 6, 20, 21, 30, 38, 44, 51, 52, 57, 65, 66, 89, Grimaldi, Joey, 3 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, grotesque, 36, 148, 174 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, grotesquery, 2 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 142, 146, 181, 192, 250 Gruen, Sara, 4 horsemanship, 20, 23, 24, 51, 52, 107 grummelot, 149 Hoyle, Geoff, 149 Grüss, Alexis, 193 Hughes, Charles, 19, 22, 28, 78, 141, 178 Guilbert, Yvette, 171 humanities, 231, 233, 235, 237, 241, 251, 253, 254 Guitiérrez, Eduardo, 65 humanity, 84, 94, 253 Gulko, Daniel, 83, 90 Humans, 100 Gull, Atar, 118 Hundred Entertainments, 97 Guyon, James, 145 Hungarian Circus and Variety organisation, 87 gymnastic, 50, 51, 53, 55, 245 Hungarian Juggling Association, 88 Gynoïdes Project, 240 Hungary, 9, 79, 82, 86, 87, 88 Hunt, Sam, 162 Hagenbeck, Carl, 80 Hunter, James, 30 haka, 135 hunting, 113, 132, 133, 137 Halfpenny Hatch, 26 Huntley, Miss, 111 Hamburg, 80 hurdles, 108, 113, 116, 123 Han dynasty, 93 hussar, 115 Hard Times, 4 Hyam, Mr, 79 Harlem, 45 harlequinade, 174 icon, 39 Harmston and Son’s Circus, 49 iconic, 111, 173, 185, 250 Haskin, Glenn A., 206 iconography, 2, 128 Hasse, Karel, 81 identity, 5, 92, 94, 100, 101, 102, 110, 128, 132, 133, haut école, 31 136, 162, 163, 194, 207, 223, 252

284 Index

illegal, 206 Johnston, Thomas, 20 illegitimate, 69, 70, 178 Jones, George, 109 illiterate, 99 Jones, James, 28 imagination, 4, 133, 155, 189, 199, 204, 207, Joseph Rowe’s American Circus, 52 247, 251 Jubilee singers, 42 immigrant, 52, 65, 76 Jubilee troupe, 42 immigration, 50, 65 juggle, 97, 210 imperial, 49, 55, 57, 139, 181 juggler, 22, 54, 96, 97, 245 Imperial Japanese Troupe, 57 juggling, 6, 19, 64, 66, 78, 86, 87, 88, 96, 97, 109, imperialism, 8, 36, 49 110, 116, 180, 192, 193, 199, 208, 209, 221, 245 impi, 135 Juglair, Sandrine, 199 impresario, 180, 250 juvenile, 20, 28, 180, 184 Imre Baross Circus Arts School, 87 incompetence, 149, 151, 252 Karlekar Grand Circus, 60 India, 14, 48, 51, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 82, 130, 140 Karlsbad, 78 Indian, 8, 11, 49, 55, 58, 60, 130, 131, 132, 133, Kašpar Memorial, 83 134, 136 Kaye, Danny, 2 Indigenous, 48, 64, 65, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, Keith Albee Circuit, 177 218, 221, 223, 234 Kelly, Emmett, 145 Indonesia, 8, 48, 56, 59, 62 Kerala, 60 industrial, 4, 35, 49, 70, 131, 173 kinaesthetic, 158, 160, 219, 221, 224 industry, 29, 36, 44, 50, 161, 190 King and the Man Tortoise, Mr, 50 inequality, 42 Kingsley, Omar, 54 infantry, 56 Kline, Tiny, 160 ingenuity, 43 Kludský, Antonín, 80, 90 injury, 30, 179, 208, 220 Kludský, Josef, 78 injustice, 65 Kludský, Karel (Jr.), 80 innovation, 7, 8, 29, 35, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, Kludský, Karel (Sr.), 80 99, 164, 189, 197 knives, 66, 67, 209 innovative, 7, 8, 19, 22, 24, 31, 60, 63, 72, 73, 74, knockabout, 150 100, 128, 165, 173, 184, 189, 234, 245, 253, 254 Kolín, 83 interdisciplinary, 191, 193, 196, 220, 244, 252, 253 Kolkata, 55 International Festival of Street Art BuskerBus, 88 KOOZÄ, 236 International Showtime, 2 Korea, 58 intervention, 99, 194, 201, 204, 205, 208, 216 Kosonen, Sanja, 199 Irish, 20, 35, 210 Koster & Bial’s Music Hall, 184 Iron Curtain, 86 kraal, 137 Irwin, Bill, 149 Krakow, 79 itinerant, 3, 24, 28, 48, 52, 60, 171 Krembser, 79 Kroes, Rob, 132, 139 Jack Pop’s Circus of Science, 247 Krofta, Josef, 84 Jacobs, Lou, 147 Kuczyńska, Marta, 87, 91 Jakarta, 56 Kukučka, Martin, 85 Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Kunhikannan, Keeleri, 60 Arts, 86 Kuzmanic, Antonia, 199, 201 Japan, 14, 55, 57, 58, 82 Japanese, 32, 43, 57, 178, 179 La Famille Cadas, 181 Jatka78 arts centre, 85 La Forêt des Hespérides, 121 Java, 57 La Luna Caballera, 108, 119, 120, 121, 126 jazz, 44, 45 La Putyka, 85 Jeunesse du Monde, 218 labour, 4, 8, 35, 41, 42, 45, 64, 198, 206 Jeunesses Musicales, 218 ladder, 99, 101 Jim Crow, 40 Lailson, Philip, 28 jockey, 108, 113, 116, 118, 123, 124 Lakota, 43 Johannsen, Ernst, 137 lançade, 113

Index 285

Lancaster, Burt, 2 Lublin, 88 Landry, Donna, 130, 139 Lulu, 147, 162 lassoing, 132, 134 lunge, 120, 126 Last Show on Earth, The, 192 Lustre, Jean, 26 Latin America, 219, 224 Luzia, 99 Launceston, 51 Lviv, 79 Lawrence, Francis, 3 Lyceum Theatre, 56 Le Manège Anglais, 24 Lyon, 24 Le Puits aux Images, 190 lyra, 11, 155 Le Roux and Garnier, 14 Le Roux, Hughes, 14, 112 MacLoughlin, Daragh, 199 leaping, 110, 116, 123 Madison Square, 182 Leers, Luisita, 161 Madison Square Garden, 183 legitimate drama, 50 magic trick, 148 legitimisation, 9, 63, 72 magician, 44 Legs on the Wall, 95 Major Wilson’s Last Stand, 135 leisure, 19, 39, 86, 88, 173, 185 make-up, 11, 141, 142, 145, 148, 152, 153 Leitzel, Lillian, 160 Malaysia, 8, 48, 58, 59 Lenton and Smith’s Great Dragon Troupe, 57 management, 1, 8, 30, 36, 51, 52, 81, 181, 191, 203, Léotard, Jules, 11, 155, 179 209, 253 Letní Letná festival, 84 managerial, 7, 48, 57, 60 Leveau, Hélène, 121, 122 Manchester, 22 Lewis, Captain Arthur Waldo, 136 manège, 23, 123 Lewis, George, 52, 53, 54, 56 Manila, 57 LGBTQ, 100 manipulation, 74, 100 liberty act, 108, 116, 118, 119 Mankin, Joan, 151 liberty horse, 118, 120 Mao Zedong, 94 lighting, 59, 172, 176 Maori, 135, 139 Lilliputian Tom, 52, 53, 55 Marchand, Edouard, 181 limelight, 129 marginal, 150, 239 lion, 38, 80, 137, 191 Marienbad, 78 literature, 3, 4, 5, 14, 64, 65, 68, 130, 203, 209, 232, Martin, Henri, 30 234, 237, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254 masculinity, 159, 163 Little Learned Military Horse, 128 masquerade, 132, 175 live art, 156 mass culture, 133 Liverpool, 22 master class, 86 Lloyd, Marie, 171, 179 Matabele, 135 Lockhart, George William, 178 Mathews, Josephine, 151 Lockhart, Sam, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184 May 1968, 189, 190 logistics, 29 May, Vreni, 159 Lointier, Louis and Paul, 180 maypole, 51 Lola Montès, 249 meaning-making, 165, 238 Lollobrigida, Gina, 2 meaning-production, 236 London, 7, 12, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 48, 51, mechanical theatre, 78 52, 54, 78, 109, 118, 124, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139, medical, 59, 208, 245, 247 141, 142, 155, 162, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, melodrama, 66 180, 184, 185, 252 menage, 116 Lopes, D. C., 76 menagerie, 26, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 59, 80, 128, 135 Losers Cirque Company, 85 Ménard, Phia, 238 Lotman, Yuri, 248 Merry Andrew, 2 Loup pour l’Homme, 199 Metal Clown, 191 Lowery, P. G., 43, 46 Metamorphosis of a Sack, 110 Loyal, Giustino, 117 metaphorical, 84, 223, 249 Loyal-Repensky troupe, 108, 116, 117, 119 Mexican, 234 Loyo, Caroline, 112 Mexico, 4, 28, 48, 58, 139, 218, 231, 234

286 Index

Meyerhold, 3 National Circus Original Berousek, 83, 90 militarisation, 128 National Circus School, 211 military, 10, 11, 40, 55, 64, 107, 109, 110, national identity, 65, 78, 178 112, 115, 118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, National Institute of Circus Arts, 95 137, 138 national theatre, 9, 63, 67, 68, 69, 74 militia, 134 National Theatre of Strasbourg, 190 mime, 85, 87, 193 nationalism, 8, 36, 65 Ming dynasty, 98, 99 nationalist, 5, 8, 36 minstrel, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 nationality, 9, 63, 65 minstrelsy, 40, 145 nation-state, 39 mobilities, 198 Native Americans, 35, 43 mobility, 5, 7, 29, 31, 56, 61, 65, 130, 131, 198, native-born, 28, 60 219, 233 natural history, 59, 137, 247 mock battles, 135 natural science, 5, 247 Model Citizens, 100 nature, 12, 38, 50, 70, 79, 84, 109, 118, 120, 121, 131, modern bodies, 70 133, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 156, 181, 224, 232, modern circus, 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 20, 24, 48, 89, 236, 247, 248, 252 107, 124, 128, 173, 174, 192, 232, 247 Nazi, 81 modernity, 59, 70, 236, 247 Netherlands, 218 Monfort, Silvia, 193 networks, 32, 41, 44, 219, 222, 224 monkey, 80 New Canterbury Hall in Lambeth, 176 Monte Carlo Circus Festival, 82, 96 new circus, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 73, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, Moravia, 81 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 141, 148, 188, 189, Moreira, Juan, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71 191, 195, 204 Morgenstern, Erin, 4 New Orleans, 41 mortality, 131 New South Wales, 51, 58 Morton, Charles, 176 New World, 26 motorbikes, 192 New York, 12, 28, 39, 95, 139, 142, 148, 150, 155, 171, Muhonen, Elice Abonce, 199 173, 177, 179, 182, 184, 185, 238 mule, 131 New Zealand, 2, 8, 11, 41, 42, 48, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, Mulian Rescues Her Mother, 99 127, 134, 135 Müller, Hans Walter, 192 NGO, 218, 225 multimedia, 88, 244 Night Circus, The, 4 Mumbai, 58 Nights at the Circus, 4 muscular, 155, 157, 158, 161, 164 nineteenth-century, 3, 11, 22, 56, 58, 120, 127, 128, museums, 120, 131 129, 131, 138, 171 music, 2, 3, 7, 9, 12, 40, 41, 44, 45, 56, 73, 89, 93, 118, nomenclature, 6 119, 149, 156, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 184, non-human, 127, 172, 177, 253 185, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 247 non-professional, 196, 204, 205 Music and Dance Faculty of the Academy of non-proﬁt, 85, 86, 219 Performing Arts, 84, 86 non-verbal, 84, 161, 176 music hall, 3, 12, 156, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, North, Levi, 30, 32 180, 184, 185 nostalgia, 4 music theatre, 3 nostalgic, 115, 120 musical, 22, 41, 44, 86, 109, 110, 145, 148, 149 Notre-Dame-de-Rosaire, 121 musicians, 38, 42, 43, 53, 81, 82, 87, 88, 192 nouveau cirque, 6, 7, 11, 12, 141, 188, 189, 190, 192, My Land, 101 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 241 mythology, 120, 209 Nouvel Amphitheatre, 24 Novák, Rostislav (Jr.), 85 Nanjing Acrobatic troupe, 94 novelty, 23, 32, 49, 59, 68, 71, 150, 157, 172, 173, Nanjing Project, 10, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 101 185, 247 Napoleon, 129 Nunavik, 224 narrative, 7, 9, 30, 63, 67, 97, 100, 101, 110, 120, 124, 150, 152, 156, 164, 171, 172, 185, 191, 198, object manipulation, 6, 10, 57 248, 251 Oceania, 32

Index 287

oddities, 40, 146 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 231, 232, 234, 235, oddity, 40, 43 236, 237, 238, 240, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253 Oller, Joseph, 180 peripatetic, 26, 48, 51 Olympic Circus, 52 permanent arenas, 28 Olympic Theatre, 50 permanent circus buildings, 110 Omaha, 134 phenomenological, 175, 245 one-ring circus, 1, 143 Philadelphia, 27, 28, 39, 142 oppression, 36 Philippines, 8, 48, 58, 59 Oradea, 79 philosophy, 70, 207, 234, 235, 246, 254 orchestras, 82 phonograph, 38, 173, 185 Orfeu, 121, 122, physical, 1, 12, 13, 24, 40, 41, 48, 57, 59, 60, 83, 86, Orientalist, 172 88, 94, 97, 100, 102, 141, 144, 151, 155, 159, 162, Oslo, 26 165, 173, 179, 193, 199, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, Ottoman Empire, 79 209, 210, 211, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 232, Out of Area, 218 236, 245, 246, 252, 254 OVO, 97 physical theatre, 83, 86, 88, 97, 100, 101, 102 physiology, 247 Paciﬁc, 32, 42, 53, 58, 139 Pickle Family Circus, 148, 150, 151 pad, 116, 124 Pilsen, 79 Palace Theatre, 177 Pink Gazelle (Vreni May), 159, 162 Palmerston North, 134 pioneer, 52, 84, 205 Palmyre, Annette, 108 pioneering, 24, 28, 29, 53, 192 Panama, 52 pirouettes, 113 panneau, 116, 124 Pisoni, Larry, 149 pantomime, 2, 4, 5, 12, 50, 65, 79, 83, 84, 86, 129, planche rope, 160 145, 146, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 185 plate spinning, 93 pantomime clowns, 145 pleasure gardens, 3, 20, 22 pantomime dame, 174 Pleasure Palace, 184, 186 parade, 37, 39, 144, 211 Pocheros ensemble, 83 paradoxes, 68 Podestá, José, 65, 66, 67 Paris, 11, 12, 24, 30, 33, 48, 155, 171, 173, 178, 179, poetics, 73, 74, 85, 87, 198 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 193, 245 Poland, 9, 82, 86, 87 Parker, William, 109 polar bear, 1, 31 parodied, 142, 159 pole acts, 93, 97, 98, 101 parody, 22, 153, 162, 191, 252 police, 55, 67, 71, 145, 218, 222 pas de deux, 89, 99, 116, 124 policy, 5, 12, 188, 193, 217, 252 passage, 113, 114 political, 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24, 35, 39, 49, 64, 86, 92, patent theatres, 22, 178 94, 99, 100, 101, 127, 132, 136, 162, 173, 188, 189, patriarchal, 150 190, 196, 197, 217, 232, 252 patriot, 65 ponies, 22, 30, 37, 119, 121, 172, 175 patronage, 94 pony, 38 Pavilion Circus, 142 popular culture, 8, 36, 59, 237 pedagogies, 13, 206, 216, 217, 219, 224 popular entertainment, 5, 12, 19, 20, 23, 26, 30, 33, pedagogy, 196, 217, 220, 223 48, 49, 52, 59, 68, 134, 172, 173, 176, 180, 185, 194 penal colony, 52 popular performance, 19, 74, 157, 248 Penang, 57 port, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 Pepino 88, 65, 66 Portugal, 58 perche, 54 poster art, 3 performance, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 24, posters, 39, 156, 171 26, 29, 30, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 63, 66, 71, 74, 78, practice-based research, 246 82, 83, 85, 87, 92, 94, 98, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, Prague, xx, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 235, 239 112, 113, 119, 121, 123, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, prestidigitation, 67 139, 141, 142, 143, 146, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, Prince Mungo the Zulu, 43 162, 163, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, Prince of Wales, 133 185, 188, 192, 194, 198, 199, 203, 205, 210, 211, Prince Oskazuma, 42

288 Index

principal boy, 174 rebel, 65, 71 Proctor, F.F., 184 Recirquel, 100 professionalise, 88, 197 Reconstruction era, 36 Professor Williams’ Consolidated American and recreational circus, 13, 86, 203 German Railroad Shows, 44 recruitment, 223, 224 Progressive Era, 8, 35, 36, 41 red nose, 145, 148, 151, 152 propaganda, 99, 128 refugee, 217, 218 properties, 51 regional, 4, 32, 38, 61, 218, 219, 224, 233, 247 props, 147, 199 reinvention, 1, 10, 48, 73, 96, 204 proscenium, 176, 178 relationships, 55, 100, 164, 212, 238, 252, 253 prosthetic, 165, 253 religious, 35, 60, 205 provinces, 24, 133 Renoir, 3 provincial, 1, 51 repertoire, 5, 10, 51, 70, 72, 92, 95, 98, 113, 116, 164, Prussian, 133 165, 224 psycho-physical, 59 representation, 9, 63, 64, 65, 66, 73, 74, 84, 158, punk, 192, 217 164, 234, 246, 252, 253 puppet, 78, 99 research, 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 25, 73, 75, 85, 164, 185, puppeteers, 78, 80, 81, 83 203, 208, 210, 211, 212, 219, 231, 233, 234, 235, puppetry, 5, 78 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, Purdy Brown, Joshuah, 29 252, 253 pyramid, 143, 220, 222 resistance, 134, 135, 136, 150 respectability, 176, 179 Qing dynasty, 93, 98, 99 revival, 78 Quebec, 120, 218 revolution, 12, 188, 190, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200 Queen Elizabeth II, 82 revue, 82 Queen Victoria, 133 Rhapsody in Blue, 118 Queenie, 151 rhetoric, 66, 176 queer, 163, 233, 238 rice bowl, 96 Quidam, 98 Ricketts, John Bill, 27, 28, 110 rider, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, race barrier, 44 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 143 race norm, 36 riding, 11, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 52, 56, 58, race papers, 41 79, 89, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 123, 124, race relations, 8, 36, 40 128, 129, 132, 133, 138, 141, 181 race struggles, 45 ring, 2, 3, 11, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 51, racial discrimination, 44 54, 59, 66, 79, 80, 81, 107, 109, 116, 119, 120, 141, racial diversity, 40, 128 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 178, 184, 192, racial minorities, 36 193, 207, 244, 249, 251 racial minority, 36 Ringling Bros., 114, 147 racial norm, 40, 41 Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 114 racial oppression, 35 Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus racial others, 40 Clown College, 151, 152 racial politics, 135 ringmaster, 1, 112, 172, 250 racial superiority, 40 Rio de Janeiro, 50, 76 racial tensions, 35, 45 risk, 12, 55, 113, 155, 157, 160, 161, 165, 173, 179, 184, racial violence, 36 192, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 216, racist, 36, 41, 44 217, 220, 232, 246 Radford, Robert, 51 risky play, 13, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212 radical, 198, 200 Risley, Richard Carlisle, 32, 57, 97 radio, 72 ritual, 60 ragtime, 44, 45 rola bola, 209 rail, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 58 rolling globe, 120 railroad, 8, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45 Roman riding, 89, 109, 111, 120, 124 Raulff, Ulrich, 131, 139 roman rings, 160 realism, 64, 67 Romania, 79, 80, 82, 218

Index 289

ROOM 100, 199 Shanghai, 55, 56, 57, 95 rope dancing, 25 Shanghai Acrobatic Troupe, 95 rope performer, 156 Shell Questacon Science Circus, 247 rope walking, 19, 24 Shields, G. A., 42 Rosalind, Rosa, 118 shipping, 54, 57 Rouault, 3 show bills, 41 roustabouts, 38 showman, 20, 31, 32 route books, 42 side-saddle, 115, 123 Royal Circus, 22, 29, 51, 141, 142, 178 sideshow, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 Royal Music Hall, 179 sight acts, 177, 184 Royal Victoria, 50 Silas Green From New Orleans, 45 rural, 8, 36, 65, 78, 120 silks, 11, 124, 155, 165, 240 Ruskin, 4 Silva, Father, 217 Russia, 8, 14, 205 Simons, John, 130, 139 Russian circus, 26 Singapore, 8, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 135 Rydell, Robert, 132, 139 singing clowns, 146 single rope, 11 saddles, 30 Sioux, 132, 134, 139 safety nets, 44 Skerbeck, Frank, 44 sainetes, 71 skills sharing, 94, 95 saloon, 176 slack rope, 2, 50, 54, 141, 142, 157 same-sex, 164 slapstick, 143, 144, 150, 151, 173, 174, 252 San Francisco, 52, 57, 58, 95, 135 slavery, 35 San Francisco School of Circus Arts, 95 Sleeping Beauty and the Beast, The, 175 Sands, Richard, 31 Slovak State, 81 Sanger, George, 7, 133, 175 Slovakia, 9, 86, 88 Sari, Leon, 181 Smart, Billy, 1, 119 savage, 133 Smart, Yasmine, 108, 118, 119 Scandinavia, 8, 9, 28, 89, 102 Smith, Bessie, 45 scenery, 51 Smith, Mr J. L., 53 scenic, 73, 85, 110, 129, 133, 136, 172, 175, 198 snake charmer, 42 scenography, 82, 192 snakes, 181 Schumann, Albert, 79 Soap, 97 science, 5, 59, 235, 245, 246, 247, 248, 253 social arts, 220 sciences, 248, 253, 254 social circus, 12, 13, 88, 201, 203, 204, 208, 212, scientiﬁc, 14, 49, 59, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 253 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, scientists, 88 232, 233, 235, 237, 244 Scotland, 109 Social Circus without Borders, 88 Seibel, Beatriz, 64, 66, 76 social context, 10, 68 self-determination, 210 social criticism, 65, 74 self-expression, 204 social dancing, 107, 109, 111 self-image, 207 social disintegration, 68 Sells and Renfrow Circus, 42 social function, 49 Sells Brothers, 41, 42, 43 social inclusion, 100, 204, 217, 218 Sells Brothers Circus, 41, 42, 43 social injustice, 65 semantic, 194, 249 social intervention, 7, 89 semiotics, 5, 236, 248 social order, 68, 99 semi-permanent structure, 52 social organisation, 13, 216, 225 sensation, 12, 107, 157, 160, 184, 247 social science, 231, 233, 234, 237, 241, 253, 254 Serbia, 79 social systems, 39 set design, 71 social transformation, 216, 219, 220, 221 settler societies, 49, 50 social turmoil, 216 settlers, 51, 52, 134, 139 social upheaval, 39 Seven Years’ War, 20 social work, 88 sexuality, 100, 101, 161, 162, 163 sociality, 221, 224

290 Index

socially engaged, 217, 237 street performances, 48 socioeconomic, 19, 32 street theatre, 83 sociological, 12, 194, 196, 237 strength performers, 59 sociology, 4, 72, 188, 237, 252 strongman, 22, 32, 50, 53 Sohm, Dorothea, 250 stunt, 42, 136, 250 solidarity, 8, 35, 39, 196, 224, 225 suffering, 130, 252, 253 somersault, 30, 95, 117, 120 suffrage, 39 Song dynasty, 98 Sui dynasty, 97, 98 Sotho, 136 Šumava region, 81 Soullier, Louis, 32 superhuman, 71, 94 South Africa, 42, 49, 139, 218 superstars, 44 South African, 49 Svaldbard, 100 South America, 9, 48, 58, 73, 204 Swan Lake, 99 South Asia, 8, 48 Sweden, 4, 100, 207, 246 Southeast Asia, 8, 48, 54, 58, 61 swinging trapeze, 160 southern Africa, 11, 127, 134, 135, 136 sword swallower, 44 Soviet Union, 82 Sydney, 50, 53, 58, 95, 135, 138, 211 Spain, 58, 64, 69, 234 Spanish Riding School, 89, 123 taboo, 252 Spanish walk, 122 Taguet, Christian, 190 Spanish-American War, 40 Tahiti, 52, 57 Speaight, George, 22, 118 Tailor Riding to Brentford, 21 special effects, 172 talent shows, 93 specialty act, 115 Tang dynasty, 98 spectacular, 33, 35, 38, 48, 64, 66, 107, 108, 109, Tanzania, 218 113, 116, 118, 156, 174, 175, 178, 184, 216, 223 Tasmania, 51, 58 Spinacuta, Antonio, 28 tattooed people, 42 spoken drama, 69, 173, 178, 184 taverns, 19, 20 spoken word, 65, 70 Taylor Rides to Brentford, 109 sports, 39, 85, 87, 145, 205, 207, 245 teacher, 164, 196 springboard, 44, 85, 109 technical skills, 7, 190, 250 Sri Lanka, 58, 59 technological, 8, 35, 71, 73, 173, 236 St Leon, Mark, 51, 138 technology, 7, 8, 36, 71, 133, 240, 245, 246, 252 St Louis Fair and Exposition, 136 teeterboard, 93 St Petersburg, 26, 79 television, 2, 72, 83, 191, 200 stamps, 92 temporary circus building, 51 Stars of Beijing circus, 97 temporary wooden arena, 26 state circus, 80, 87, 193 temporary wooden shack, 79 State School of Circus Art, 87 tent, 8, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 54, 55, state-operated circuses, 81 59, 69, 97, 142, 144, 146, 190, 192, 193, 236 status, 9, 80, 89, 133, 150, 151, 152, 153, 177, 180, 184, tenting circus, 142 185, 189, 194, 197, 207, 233, 249 Teplitz-Schönau, 78 status quo, 207 tertiary courses, 5 stereotypes, 40, 163, 165, 206 Tetu, Heather, 98 Stewart/Stuart Dare, 164 The 7 Fingers, 95, 98 stilettoes, 101 The Era, 180, 186 still vaulting, 109, 110 theatre, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 19, 22, 23, 32, 48, 50, 56, 63, stilt walkers, 88 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 83, 84, 85, Štipka family, 81 86, 87, 88, 89, 129, 152, 156, 171, 173, 174, 176, Stockholm, 28, 240 178, 185, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 199, 205, 221, Stosch-Sarrasani, Hans, 132 232, 234, 236, 240 Streb, 161 theatre and performance studies, 4, 234, 236 street art, 84, 88, 189, 190, 217, 219 Théâtre du Centaure, 6, 108, 121 street circus, 74 Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing street parades, 37, 120 Arts, 84, 86

Index 291

theatre regulations, 173 trick pony, 51 Théâtre Zingaro, 6, 108, 126 trick riders, 20, 30 theatrical effects, 129 trick riding, 10, 30, 50, 56, 120 theatricalised, 9, 57, 73, 120 Trpišovský, Lukáš, 85 theatricality, 190, 192 Truman, Rebecca, 3 Thierrée, Jean-Baptiste, 189 trust, 100, 203, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 220, Third Reich, 81 221, 222 Three Musicians, 149 Tsar Nicholas I, 26 Three-Ring-Circus, 2 Tucker, Sophie, 171 tiger, 181, 191 tumblers, 3 tight rope, 50, 54, 99 tumbling, 25, 50, 95, 209 tightrope, 2, 42, 51, 78, 79, 121, 181 Turba, Ctibor, 84 tight-rope dancing, 50 Turek, Jiří, 83 tightrope walkers, 42, 181 two-man high, 143 Times Square, 177, 182, 184 two-high pyramid, 109, 116, 117 tissu, 120, 126, 155 tissue, 11 Uganda, 218 tolerance, 94 unicycle, 82, 93, 96 Tom Belling, 145 unicycling, 42 Tonio, 147 Union Square, 182 top spinners, 57 United Kingdom, 4, 82, 142, 172, 192, 206, 207 Totem, 96, 234 United States, 2, 4, 8, 11, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37, 40, totems, 253 41, 44, 45, 48, 53, 57, 58, 59, 64, 93, 98, 102, 171, Toulouse-Lautrec, 3, 120 174, 176, 178, 184, 188, 204, 206, 207 tour, 25, 29, 31, 37, 44, 54, 56, 58, 79, 94, 113, 133, Unity, 176 135, 156, 190, 192, 197 University of the Arts, Rotterdam, 86, 241 touring, 8, 12, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, 42, 44, 45, 49, Up in the Gallery, 250 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 73, 80, 97, 102, 118, 128, 135, uplift, 45 136, 142, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 201 USA, 11, 95, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 142, Tourniaire, Jacques, 26 143, 144, 145, 146, 185, 231, 234 Tourniaire, Louise, 32 traditional circus, 4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 72, 73, 74, 82, 83, Valla, Vlastimír ‘Vlastek’, 82 87, 89, 93, 95, 150, 152, 190, 195, 198, 205, 253 Vallée-Charest, Anouk, 121, 122 tragedy, 66 Van Amburgh, Isaac, 30, 32 trained animal acts, 6 Van der Merwe, Floris, 138 trained canary act, 24 variety acts, 43 trainer, 44, 95, 108, 118, 119, 122, 237, 249 Variety Era, 12, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, training centres, 85 180, 185 training programs, 5, 92, 94, 238 variety theatre, 171, 172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 185, 247 tramp, 145 variety venue, 3, 12, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180 trampoline, 78, 100 vaudeville, 5, 12, 171, 173, 176, 177, 184, transcontinental, 37 vaulting, 19, 51, 79, 89, 95, 110, 116, 124 Transcontinental Railroad, 37, 58 Velvet Revolution, 83, 84 transculturation, 49, 59 Venezuela, 52 transformation scene, 172, 174 Venice, 24, 51 transgressive, 39, 99, 245 Versailles, 24 transnational, 9, 10, 24, 32, 33, 49, 185, 251 vestibular, 158 trapeze, 1, 2, 3, 11, 38, 44, 81, 85, 107, 110, 155, 156, veterinarian, 130 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 174, 178, 179, 181, 192, 194, Victoria, 51, 52, 53, 58, 189 240, 245, 249 Vienna, 25, 80, 89, 123, 155, 184, 236 trauma, 216, 219 Vietnam, 58, 59 Treaty of Nanking, 55 Vilar, Jean, 189, 200 treaty ports, 55, 56, 57 Villiers, Edwin, 176 trend, 39, 116, 149, 250 violence, 35, 41, 67, 128, 131, 133, 134, 252 Trick Brothers, 85 violent, 131, 134, 179

292 Index

virtual, 249 wildness, 239, 240, 241 virtuosic, 156, 158, 159, 160 Williams, Ephraim, 44 virtuosity, 107, 123, 179, 190, 198 Williams, Peggy, 151 Visegrád, 9, 86 Williams, Raymond, 73, 76 visual spectacle, 24, 110 Wilmington, 142 Vizváry, Radim, 85 Winchester repeating riﬂe, 133 Vokes family, 175 Wings of Desire, 249 voltige, 108, 116, 120, 124 Winnipeg, 221 vulnerability, 159, 165, 208 winter quarters, 29 wire-walker, 157 Wadiwel, Dinesh, 131, 139 Wirth Brothers’ Circus, 59, 60 wagon, 36, 37, 38, 129 Wirth, George, 134, 135, 139 Wales, 207 Wirth, May, 118, 206 Walhalla, 53 Wisconsin, 44, 45 Wallaces, 43 wood, 50 war arts, 135 wooden, 22, 29, 50, 51, 79, 96, 142 war corroborees, 135 working class, 35, 177 war cries, 135, 139 World War I, 137, 234 war dances, 132 Worrell and Gardiner’s North American war on animals, 127 Circus, 53 war re-enactment, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, wrestler, 163 137, 138 wrestling, 60, 209 war veterans, 137 Wunderkammer, 238 warhorse, 130 Wuqiao, 205 warrior, 99, 132 Warsaw, 79 Yeamans, Madame, 53 Water for Elephants, 3 Yeamans, Mr, 53, 54 Waterloo, 130, 139 Yengibarov, Leonid, 82 weapon, 133, 249 Yi, Lu, 94, 95, 98 weightless, 159, 162 Yokohama, 57 welfare, 130 Yoshitaro, 180 well-being, 206, 209, 219 You and I, 100 West Indies, 52, 58 youth circus, 12, 13, 203–212 West, James, 28 youth studies, 5 Western civilisation, 133 Yugoslavia, 80 whip, 1, 119, 126 white supremacy, 35 Zaccarini, John-Paul, 159, 160, 165 White, Solomon, 44 Ziegfeld Follies, 181 whiteface, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153 Zip Coon, 40 whiteness, 35, 40 Zip Zap Circus School, 218 wild animal acts, 1, 107 Zoyara, Ella, 54 Wild West Show, 37, 42, 43, 59, 60, 139 Zulu, 135, 136