Science and Psychiatry
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Science and Psychiatry Groundbreaking Discoveries in Molecular Neuroscience This page intentionally left blank Science and Psychiatry Groundbreaking Discoveries in Molecular Neuroscience By Solomon H. Snyder, M.D. Foreword by Eric R. Kandel Commentaries by Eric J. Nestler, Charles B. Nemeroff, George Aghajanian, Carol A. Tamminga, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Robert M. Post, Anne B. Young, Joseph T. Coyle, Samuel Barondes, and Nancy C. Andreasen Washington, DC London, England Note: The chapters of this volume are reprints of articles originally published across sev- eral decades. As medical research and practice continue to advance, therapeutic standards and scientific understanding of this subject matter may change. For these reasons and be- cause human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that in regard to therapeutic implications, readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family. Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opin- ions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association. You may purchase 25 to 99 copies of this or any APPI title at a 20% discount by contacting APPI Customer Service at [email protected] or 800-368-5777. If you wish to buy 100 or more copies of the same title, please e-mail us at [email protected] for a price quote. Copyright © 2008 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper 12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Typeset in Adobe’s Berkeley and Formata American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 1000 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209-3901 www.appi.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Snyder, Solomon H., 1938– Science and psychiatry : groundbreaking discoveries in molecular neuroscience / by Solomon H. Snyder. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58562-273-3 (alk. paper) 1. Molecular neurobiology. 2. Neurochemistry. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Receptors, Neurotransmitter — drug effects. 2. Receptors, Neurotransmitter — physiology. 3. Apoptosis — physiology. 4. Neurochemistry — methods. 5. Psychotropic Drugs — pharmacokinetics. 6. Psychotropic Drugs — therapeutic use. WL 102.8 S675s 2007] QP356.2.S64 2007 573.8'4—dc22 2007046827 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Disclosure of Interests: The authors have stated all professional activities in which they en- gaged within the 12 months preceding publication of this book that could represent or appear to represent a competing interest with respect to its content, as follows: None: Drs. Aghajanian, Andreasen, Barondes, Kandel, Meltzer, Nestler, Post, Snyder, Tamminga, and Young. Dr. Coyle: Holds a patent, owned by McLean Hospital, on the use of D-serine for the treatment of neuro- psychiatric disorders; consultant, Abbott Laboratories, Avera, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Takeda. Dr. Nemeroff: Scientific Advisory Board member of Astra-Zeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Pharma Neuroboost, Forest Laboratories, Quintiles, and NARSAD; Board of Directors, AFSP, APIRE, NovaDel Pharmaceuticals, Mt. Cook Pharma, and George West Mental Health Founda- tion; equity owner, CeNeRx, Reevax; stock or stock option owner, Corcept, NovaDel. To my grandchildren Abigail, Emily, and Leo, the most groundbreaking discoveries of all. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Author . xiii Foreword Sol Snyder: Audacious Scientist, Leader of the Scientific Community, and Remarkable Human Being!. .xv Eric R. Kandel Introduction . xxiii Solomon H. Snyder Part I DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OPIATE RECEPTOR Commentary Radioligand Binding Methodologies: New Inventions, New Directions . 3 Eric J. Nestler 1 Opiate Receptor Demonstration in Nervous Tissue . 9 Candace B. Pert, Solomon H. Snyder 2 Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain . 19 Candace B. Pert, Gavril Pasternak, Solomon H. Snyder 3 Historical Review Opioid Receptors . .27 Solomon H. Snyder, Gavril W. Pasternak Part II CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENKEPHALINS Commentary The Discovery of Endogenous Opiates and Their Receptors: A Snyderian Saga of Skill and Judgment. .49 Charles B. Nemeroff 4 Opiate Receptor in Normal and Drug Altered Brain Function . .53 Solomon H. Snyder 5 Morphine-Like Peptides in Mammalian Brain Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Interactions With the Opiate Receptor . .69 Rabi Simantov, Solomon H. Snyder 6 Opioid Peptide Enkephalin Immunohistochemical Mapping in Rat Central Nervous System. .81 Rabi Simantov, Michael J. Kuhar, George R. Uhl, Solomon H. Snyder Part III DOPAMINE RECEPTORS AND INFLUENCES OF NEUROLEPTICS Commentary Dopamine Receptor Binding and Its Therapeutics. .97 George Aghajanian 7 Dopamine Receptor Binding Predicts Clinical and Pharmacological Potencies of Antischizophrenic Drugs . .103 Ian Creese, David R. Burt, Solomon H. Snyder 8 Antischizophrenic Drugs Chronic Treatment Elevates Dopamine Receptor Binding in Brain . 113 David R. Burt, Ian Creese, Solomon H. Snyder 9 Dopamine Receptors, Neuroleptics, and Schizophrenia . 121 Solomon H. Snyder Part IV DRUG EFFECTS EXPLAINED AS ACTIONS ON NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS Commentary Perspectives on Simplicity and Discovery . 133 Carol A. Tamminga 10 Antischizophrenic Drugs and Brain Cholinergic Receptors Affinity for Muscarinic Sites Predicts Extrapyramidal Effects. 137 Solomon Snyder, David Greenberg, Henry I. Yamamura 11 Tricyclic Antidepressants Therapeutic Properties and Affinity for α-Noradrenergic Receptor Binding Sites in the Brain . 147 David C. U’Prichard, David A. Greenberg, Peter P. Sheehan, Solomon H. Snyder Part V DRUG ACTIONS AND SEROTONIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPES Commentary Clinical Data Stimulation of Basic Research: The Far-Reaching Clinical Significance of Serotonin Receptor Subtype Identification. 157 Herbert Y. Meltzer 12 Long-Term Antidepressant Treatment Decreases Spiroperidol-Labeled Serotonin Receptor Binding . 163 Stephen J. Peroutka, Solomon H. Snyder 13 Two Distinct Central Serotonin Receptors With Different Physiological Functions . .171 Stephen J. Peroutka, Richard M. Lebovitz, Solomon H. Snyder Part VI INOSITOL PHOSPHATES AND ACTIONS OF LITHIUM Commentary Lithium, Second Messengers, and Downstream Effects . .181 Robert M. Post 14 Lithium Blocks a Phosphoinositide-Mediated Cholinergic Response in Hippocampal Slices . .189 Paul F. Worley, William A. Heller, Solomon H. Snyder, Jay M. Baraban 15 Solubilization, Purification, and Characterization of an Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor . .195 Surachai Supattapone, Paul F. Worley, Jay M. Baraban, Solomon H. Snyder 16 Second Messenger Systems and Psychoactive Drug Action Focus on the Phosphoinositide System and Lithium. .209 Jay M. Baraban, Paul F. Worley, Solomon H. Snyder 17 Purified Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Mediates Calcium Flux in Reconstituted Lipid Vesicles . .231 Christopher D. Ferris, Richard L. Huganir, Surachai Supattapone, Solomon H. Snyder Part VII NITRIC OXIDE AS A NEUROTRANSMITTER Commentary Just Say “Yes”: Snyder's Approach to the Difficult Problem of NO . .243 Anne Young 18 Nitric Oxide Mediates Glutamate-Linked Enhancement of cGMP Levels in the Cerebellum . 249 David S. Bredt, Solomon H. Snyder 19 Cloned and Expressed Nitric Oxide Synthase Structurally Resembles Cytochrome P-450 Reductase. 261 David S. Bredt, Paul M. Hwang, Charles E. Glatt, Charles Lowenstein, Randall R. Reed, Solomon H. Snyder 20 Behavioral Abnormalities in Male Mice Lacking Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase . 277 Randy J. Nelson, Gregory E. Demas, Paul L. Huang, Mark C. Fishman, Valina L. Dawson, Ted M. Dawson, Solomon H. Snyder Part VIII D-AMINO ACIDS AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS Commentary Disruptive Science: Incongruent Findings Lead to Novel Insights Into How the Brain Works. 291 Joseph T. Coyle 21 D-Aspartate Localizations Imply Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Roles . 297 Michael J. Schell, Odelia B. Cooper, Solomon H. Snyder 22 Serine Racemase A Glial Enzyme Synthesizing D-Serine to Regulate Glutamate-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Neurotransmission. 313 Herman Wolosker, Seth Blackshaw, Solomon H. Snyder 23 Serine Racemase Activation by Glutamate Neurotransmission via Glutamate Receptor Interacting Protein and Mediation of Neuronal Migration . 329 Paul M. Kim, Hiroyuki Aizawa, Peter S. Kim, Alex S. Huang, Sasrutha R. Wickramasinghe, Amir H. Kashani, Roxanne K. Barrow, Richard L. Huganir, Anirvan Ghosh, Solomon H. Snyder Part IX NEURAL MESSENGERS OF CELL LIFE AND DEATH Commentary Beyond Neurotransmitters . .351 Samuel Barondes 24 Cytochrome c Binds to Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors, Amplifying Calcium-Dependent Apoptosis . .355 Darren Boehning, Randen L. Patterson, Leela Sedaghat, Natalia O. Glebova, Tomohiro Kurosaki, Solomon H. Snyder 25 Bilirubin Benefits Cellular Protection by a Biliverdin Reductase Antioxidant Cycle . .383 Thomas W. Sedlak, Solomon H. Snyder 26 S-Nitrosylated GAPDH Initiates Apoptotic Cell Death by Nuclear Translocation Following Siah1 Binding. .399 Makoto R. Hara, Nishant Agrawal, Sangwon F. Kim, Matthew B. Cascio, Masahiro Fujimuro, Yuji Ozeki, Masaaki Takahashi, Jaime H. Cheah, Stephanie K. Tankou, Lynda D. Hester, Christopher D. Ferris, S. Diane Hayward, Solomon H. Snyder, Akira Sawa Part X WHAT MAKES FOR CREATIVE DISCOVERY IN SCIENCE? Commentary What Creates Creative Science and Scientists?. .435 Nancy C. Andreasen 27 The Audacity Principle