DOCSLIB.ORG

Loanword Adaptation in Tamil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Loanword Adaptation in Tamil View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS LOANWORD ADAPTATION IN TAMIL NEO HWEE YANG B.A. (Hons), NUS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010/2011 LOANWORD ADAPTATION IN TAMIL NEO HWEE YANG B.A. (Hons), NUS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010/2011 For my loved ones ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My undergraduate and graduate education in NUS brought to me not only intellectual gratification, but also the chance to mingle with the best, and to meet the love of my life. Graduate school was blessed with the company of excellent mentors and peers. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to my supervisor Associate Professor Bao Zhiming who mentored me not only for my undergraduate thesis but also for my graduate thesis. He encouraged me to pursue my interest in Tamil which eventually culminated into the present thesis. My debt to him is not only intellectual but also character-wise; he taught me not only linguistics but also humility. Many other professors also played integral roles; Professor Mohanan whom I will always remember as ―the matchmaker‖ because I met my wife in his Linguistic Argumentation class; Assistant Professor Xu Zheng who inspired me to read up on loanword studies; Doctor Thinnappan who taught me Tamil; and Doctor Ho Chee Lick who has been a great counselor always willing to lend a listening ear. My peers and seniors: Liangcai, Pixian, Qizhong, Stella, Songqing, Liu Yu, and Yiqiong- also contributed with advice. Graduate school became even more fulfilling because of my wife who shares similar passions in linguistics and life. If linguistics was fun before I met you, it became even more so after we were together. Last but not least, my parents for all the faith they have in me and supporting me unwaveringly knowing that I will see the light at the end of the tunnel. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS ............................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of Tamil ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Prior Research in Tamil Loanwords and Tamil ........................................................ 6 1.4 Current Views in Loanword Adaptation ................................................................... 7 1.4.1 The Perception Viewpoint ........................................................................... 8 1.4.2 The Production Viewpoint .......................................................................... 8 1.4.3 The Perception and Production Viewpoint ................................................. 9 1.4.4 Summary ..................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Goals and Structure of this Paper ........................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Tamil Orthography .................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Tamil Phonological System .................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Tamil Consonant Phonemes ............................................................................. 16 2.3.2 Tamil Vowel Phonemes ................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Tamil Syllable Structure and Phonotactics ...................................................... 19 2.4 English Phonology .................................................................................................. 22 2.4.1 English Consonant Phonemes .......................................................................... 22 2.4.2 English Vowel Phonemes ................................................................................ 23 iv 2.4.3 English Syllable Structure and Phonotactics .................................................... 24 2.5 Comparison between English and Tamil ................................................................ 28 2.6 Data ......................................................................................................................... 30 2.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 32 3.2 Consonantal Phonemes Mapping ............................................................................ 33 3.2.1 Plosives ............................................................................................................ 33 3.2.2 Nasals ............................................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Fricatives .......................................................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Affricates .......................................................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Laterals and Rhotics ......................................................................................... 45 3.2.6 Glides ............................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Vowel Phonemes Mapping ..................................................................................... 48 3.4 Explanation for Mapping ........................................................................................ 59 3.4.1 An Account of Consonant Mapping ................................................................ 59 3.4.2 An Account of Vowel Mapping ....................................................................... 72 3.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 77 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 77 4.2 Differing patterns of adaptation of consonant clusters ............................................ 77 4.2.1 Epenthesis ........................................................................................................ 78 4.2.2 Coalescence ...................................................................................................... 81 4.2.3 Direct Adaptation ............................................................................................. 81 4.2.4 Why Conflicting Patterns are attested .............................................................. 82 4.3 Differing patterns of adaptation for complex vowels .............................................. 87 v 4.3.1 Diphthongal Adaptation ................................................................................... 87 4.3.2 Triphthong Adaptation ..................................................................................... 89 4.3.3 Explanation for differing strategies .................................................................. 90 4.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................... 96 5.1 Main Findings ......................................................................................................... 96 5.2 Model of Adaptation ............................................................................................... 97 5.3 Future Studies ......................................................................................................... 98 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 100 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 106 Part 1: List of OT Constraints and Definitions ........................................................... 106 Part 2: Transcribed Data.............................................................................................. 108 vi LIST OF TABLES AND
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Weakening Processes in the Optimality Framework K.G.Vijayakrishnan1 0
    1 Weakening Processes in the Optimality Framework K.G.Vijayakrishnan1 0. Introduction Processes of weakening may be subsumed under two heads namely, the loss of marked feature specifications such as voicing, aspiration, place specification or even the loss of an entire segment, and lenition, exemplifying processes such as voicing, spirantization and sonorization. This paper is an attempt at an analysis of both types of consonantal weakening in the framework of Optimality Theory (henceforth OT). In section 1 we take up the phenomenon of weakening as the loss of feature specification and propose an analysis in terms of prosodic alignment and featural markedness. Section 2 examines lenition in Tamil and proposes a universal constraint ‘Harmonic Sonorancy’ which explains the process as an assimilatory tendency to increase the sonority of consonants in the neighbourhood of sonorants. 1. Weakening as loss of marked feature specification The loss of marked feature specification is the converse of licensing of marked feature specification in prosodically strong positions. Extending the approach to licensing in Smolensky (1995) and Zoll (1998), we show that the distribution of marked feature specification can be accounted for in terms of alignment to prosodic categories. The loss of marked feature specification is widely attested in the following prosodically weak positions. (1) Loss of Marked Feature Specification in Prosodically Weak Positions a) syllable coda well-known examples coda devoicing in German, Dutch, Polish, Catalan lesser known example coda deaspiration in standard colloquial Bangla Standard colloquial Bangla i. lab ~ labher ‘profit ~ genetive’ ii. ghOr‘house’ iii. ciæhi ‘letter’ b) onset of non-head syllables well-known example lack of aspiration of voiceless stops in English lesser known examples lack of aspiration in non-initial stops in the Adilabad dialect of Gondi (Subrahmanian 1968), the Hooghli dialect of Bangla (Ghosh 1995); in both cases aspiration is distinctive in voiceless and voiced stops.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting Pre-Modern Lexical Influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia
    Archipel Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien 89 | 2015 Varia Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia Détecter l’influence du lexique pré‑moderne de l’Inde du Sud en Asie du Sud-Est maritime. Tom Hoogervorst Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/490 DOI: 10.4000/archipel.490 ISSN: 2104-3655 Publisher Association Archipel Printed version Date of publication: 15 April 2015 Number of pages: 63-93 ISBN: 978-2-910513-72-6 ISSN: 0044-8613 Electronic reference Tom Hoogervorst, “Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia”, Archipel [Online], 89 | 2015, Online since 15 June 2017, connection on 05 March 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/490 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.490 Association Archipel EMPRUNTS ET RÉINTERPRÉTATIONS TOM HOOGERVORST1 Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia2 Introduction In the mid-19th century, the famous Malacca-born language instructor Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir documented the following account in his autobiography Hikayat Abdullah (Munšī 1849): “[…] my father sent me to a teacher to learn Tamil, an Indian language, because it had been the custom from the time of our forefathers in Malacca for all the children of good and well-to-do families to learn it. It was useful for doing computations and accounts, and for purposes of conversation because at that time Malacca was crowded with Indian merchants. Many were the men who had become rich by trading in Malacca, so much so that the names of Tamil traders had become famous.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Tamil Phonology Acquisition in Second Language Learning Context
    44 International Journal of Assessment and Evaluation in Education Vol 5/Dec 2015 ISSN 2232-1926 An Assessment of Tamil Phonology Acquisition in Second Language Learning Context Kaaminy Kanapathy Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak email: [email protected] Abstract Second language acquisition, or sequential language acquisition, is learning a second language after a first language is already established (Krashen, 1981). The field of second language, L2 acquisition research always has been associated to understand the underpinnings of second language grammars and the factors that influence the development of those grammars. While this is a wide ranging area of interest, this paper emphasis on the common patterns of grammars of Tamil as second language in particular to phonological acquisition. It is unknown whether it could be easier for a learner of a non-quantity language to Tamil quantity if this feature would instead delay or disturb the acquisition. Therefore, the current research assess the acquisition of Tamil phonology Tamil by the Malay learners. A clear asymmetric pattern of acquisition between both the tests emerged that the subjects were able to acquire the non-identical Tamil phonology from Malay by sound than the form or structure. This is because, majority of the subjects were found that they are able to identify by sound the correct form or structure of the two vowels /ai/ and /ao/ though these vowels are not available or identical in L1. In contrast to this, majority of the subjects were not able to give a correct response to these vowels in the oral test.
    [Show full text]
  • Staging 'Peranakan-Ness': a Cultural History of the Gunong Sayang
    Staging ‘Peranakan-ness’: A Cultural History of the Gunong Sayang Association’s wayang Peranakan, 1985-95 Brandon Albert Lim B.A. Hons (NUS) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History National University of Singapore Academic Year 2010/2011 Gharry and palanquin are silent, the narrow street describes decades of ash and earth. Here in the good old days the Babas paved a legend on the landscape, and sang their part – God save the King – in trembling voices. Till the Great Wars came and the glory went, and the memories grave as a museum. Ah, if only our children on the prestige of their pedigree would emulate their fathers, blaze another myth across the teasing wilderness of this Golden Peninsula. Ee Tiang Hong, Tranquerah (1985) ! i! Preface and Acknowledgements ! This is a story that weaves together many narratives. First, it is a story of how members of a specific Peranakan organisation gathered annually to stage a theatrical production showcasing aspects of their culture. It is also a story of an endeavour to resuscitate the Peranakan community’s flagging fortunes and combat an increasing apathy among its young – which by the 1980s had become leitmotifs defining the state of the community; Ee Tiang Hong’s poem on the previous page is hence an appropriate epigraph. This thesis further tells a story about an iconic performance art situated, and intertwined, within a larger narrative of 1980s Singapore socio-political realities; how did it depict the Peranakan cultural heritage while at the same time adapting its presentation to fit the context? Who was involved in the production, what were the challenges its scriptwriters and directors faced and how did its audience respond to the performance? These are but some questions we will address as the story unfolds.
    [Show full text]
  • Article an Critical Analysis of Speech Recognition of Tamil and Malay Language Through Artificial Neural Network
    Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.9 (2021),1305-1317 Research Article An Critical Analysis of Speech Recognition of Tamil and Malay Language Through Artificial Neural Network Dr.Kingston Pal Thamburaj1, Dr.Kartheges Ponniah2, Dr.Ilankumaran Sivanathan3,Dr.Muniiswaran Kumar4 1Senior Lecturer, Tamil Program Coordinator, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia 2Senior Lecturer, Tamil Program Coordinator, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia 3Senior Lecturer, Tamil Program Coordinator, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia 4Senior Lecturer, Tamil Program Coordinator, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia Article History: Received: 10 January 2021; Revised: 12 February 2021; Accepted: 27 March 2021; Published online: 20 April 2021 Abstract:Human and Computer interaction has been a part of our day-to-day life. Speech is one of the essential and comfortable ways of interacting through devices as well as a human being. The device, particularly smartphones have multiple sensors in camera and microphone, etc. speech recognition is the process of converting the acoustic signal to a smartphone as a set of words. The efficient performance of the speech recognition system highly enhances the interaction between humans and machines by making the latter more receptive to user needs. The recognized words can be applied for many applications such as Commands & Control, Data entry, and Document preparation. This research paper highlights speech recognition through ANN (Artificial Neural Network). Also, a hybrid model is proposed for audio-visual speech recognition of the Tamil and Malay language through SOM (Self-organizing map0 and MLP (Multilayer Perceptron). The Effectiveness of the different models of NN (Neural Network) utilized in speech recognition will be examined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Past in the Present
    The Past in the Present THOMAS R. TRAUTMANN University of Michigan [email protected] Abstract: The theory-deadness of antiquity under the ideology of modernism, the theory-deadness of Asia under Eurocentrism, and the theory-deadness of the precolonial under post-colonial theory converge to hide the aliveness of ancient Indian phonological analysis in the present. This case study of the hiddenness of the past in the present leads to a consideration of how historians of the ancient world may act to illuminate the present. Faulkner has said, “The past is not dead, it is not even past.” The objective of this paper is to show, rigorously and through a par- ticular case, that the ancient past is essential to the understanding of the present, because the past lives in the present. If the argument succeeds it follows that the study of ancient history is not something that comes to an end at some date in the past, but has a continuing life in the present. It also follows that historians of the recent past cannot elucidate their field fully without the help of historians of the ancient past. It is not easy to demonstrate, because contemporary forces actively hide the continuing life of the past in the present. The hiddenness of this history is produced. There are, to be sure, areas of contemporary life whose pastness is not obscure. Everyday life contains abundant material contrivances and prac- tical routines that we know we owe to the ancestors. Learning from our parents how to button a button or tie a shoe, we set out upon a lifetime of performed routines that reenact techniques and use products of human inventiveness that we vaguely know we owe to some anonymous fore- bear, transmitted to us by an unbroken chain of teaching and performed iterations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geometry of Phonological Features Author(S): G
    The Geometry of Phonological Features Author(s): G. N. Clements Source: Phonology Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1985), pp. 225-252 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4419958 . Accessed: 30/12/2014 12:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Phonology Yearbook. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.37.209.182 on Tue, 30 Dec 2014 12:01:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Phonology Yearbook2 (1985) 225-252 Printed in Great Britain The geometry of phonological features* G. N. Clements Cornell University x On the notion 'feature bundle' The study of the phonological aspect of human speech has advanced greatly over the past decades as a result of one of the fundamental discoveries of modern linguistics - the fact that phonological segments, or phonemes, are not the ultimate constituents of phonological analysis, but factor into smaller, simultaneous properties or features. The apparently vast number of speech sounds found in the languages of the world turn out to be surface-level realisations of a limited number of combinations of a very small set of such features - some twenty or so, in current analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • An Critical Analysis of Speech Recognition of Tamil and Malay Language Through
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 February 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0156.v1 AN CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SPEECH RECOGNITION OF TAMIL AND MALAY LANGUAGE THROUGH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK Kingston Pal Thamburaj 1, Kartheges ponniah 2 and Ilankumaran Sivanathan3 MuniiswaranKumar 4 1 Universiti Pendidikan sultan Idris 1; [email protected] 2 Universiti Pendidikan sultan Idris 2; [email protected] 3 Universiti Pendidikan sultan Idris 3; [email protected] 4 Universiti Pendidikan sultan Idris 4; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: (+6 0162691801) Abstract Human and Computer interaction has been a part of our day-to-day life. Speech is one of the essential and comfortable ways of interacting through devices as well as a human being. The device, particularly smartphones have multiple sensors in camera and microphone, etc. speech recognition is the process of converting the acoustic signal to a smartphone as a set of words. The efficient performance of the speech recognition system highly enhances the interaction between humans and machines by making the latter more receptive to user needs. The recognized words can be applied for many applications such as Commands & Control, Data entry, and Document preparation. This research paper highlights speech recognition through ANN (Artificial Neural Network). Also, a hybrid model is proposed for audio-visual speech recognition of the Tamil and Malay language through SOM (Self-organizing map0 and MLP (Multilayer Perceptron). The Effectiveness of the different models of NN (Neural Network) utilized in speech recognition will be examined. Keywords: ANN, NN, Speech Recognition, interaction, hybrid method 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomegranates and English Education Shirley Geok-Lin Lim the Women's
    Pomegranates and English Education Shirley Geok-lin Lim The Women's Review of Books, Vol. 13, No. 10/11. (Jul., 1996), pp. 9-11. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0738-1433%28199607%2913%3A10%2F11%3C9%3APAEE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F The Women's Review of Books is currently published by Old City Publishing, Inc.. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ocp.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Wed Apr 2 21:51:01 2008 "He's so smart!" my mother replied sweetly.
    [Show full text]
  • Diasporic Tastescapes : Intersections of Food and Identity In
    Diasporic Tastescapes: Intersections of Food and Identity in Asian American Literature Os sabores da diáspora: comida e identidade na literatura asiático-americana Paula Torreiro Pazo Doctoral Thesis/Tese de doutoramento UDC 2014 Directora e titora da tese: Dra. Begoña Simal González Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa A meus pais, por crer en min. Por acompañarme e darme forzas neste longo camiño. O meu agradecemento á miña titora, Begoña Simal González, pola súa inspiración e valiosos consellos. Abstract Diasporic Tastescapes: Intersections of Food and Identity in Asian American Literature This dissertation seeks to explore the culinary metaphors present in a selection of Asian American narratives written by authors such as Jhumpa Lahiri, May-lee Chai, Shoba Narayan, Leslie Li, Bich Minh Nguyen, Linda Furiya, Mei Ng, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, Patricia Chao, Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Anita Desai, Sara Chin and Andrew X. Pham. It is my contention that the intricate web of culinary motifs featured in these texts offers a fertile ground for the study of the real and imaginary [hi]stories of the Asian American community, an ethnic minority that has been persistently racialized through its eating habits. Thus, I will examine those literary contexts in which the presence of food images becomes especially meaningful as an indicator of the nostalgia of the immigrant, the sense of community of the diasporic family, the clash between generations, or the shocks of arrival and return. My approach to the culinary component will combine previous theorizations on the subject, such as Sau-ling Cynthia Wong’s or Anita Mannur’s, at the same time that I provide new points of departure from which to look into the trope of food against the backdrop of globalization and transnationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Topics in the Morphophonology of Standard Spoken Tamil (Sst): an Optimality Theoretic Study
    TOPICS IN THE MORPHOPHONOLOGY OF STANDARD SPOKEN TAMIL (SST): AN OPTIMALITY THEORETIC STUDY MOHANA DASS RAMASAMY A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSHOPHY SCHOOL OF ENGLISH LITERATURE, LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS UNIVERSTY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE UNITED KINGDOM OCTOBER 2010 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have reached this shape without the contribution of many good souls who have offered their valuable time and invaluable help on many occasions. It is my privilege to register my sincere heartfelt thanks to everyone who has contributed directly and indirectly to the completion of this thesis. First and foremost in the list of generous souls deserving my gratitude is my supervisor, S. J. Hannahs. I am indebted to him for accepting me as his student and introducing me to the study of generative linguistics, especially Optimality Phonology. He has contributed immensely in completing this study. Without his enthusiasm, valuable guidance, constructive comments, moral support, motivation and immense patience, it would have been impossible for me to complete this study. I wish to convey my heartfelt gratitude to him. My sincere thanks are due also to the authorities of the University of Malaya for granting me a scholarship and study leave to conduct this research work successfully. I also owe a great deal of gratitude to my colleagues at my home institution, especially my foster father Professor Dr N Kanthasamy, Head of Department of Indian Studies, Associate Professor Dr S Kumaran, and Associate Professor Dr M Krishanan for their continuous encouragement and moral support which were shown in every possible way. Special thanks also due to them for verifying the collected data and the accuracy of the transcriptions.
    [Show full text]
  • Spoken Indian Language Identification: a Review of Features and Databases
    Sådhanå (2018) 43:53 © Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-018-0841-ySadhana(0123456789().,-volV)FT3](0123456789().,-volV) Spoken Indian language identification: a review of features and databases BAKSHI AARTI1,* and SUNIL KUMAR KOPPARAPU2 1 Department of Electronics and Communication, UMIT, SNDT University, Mumbai 400020, India 2 TCS Innovation Labs - Mumbai, TATA Consultancy Services, Yantra Park, Thane 400606, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] MS received 14 October 2015; revised 10 April 2017; accepted 19 February 2018; published online 12 April 2018 Abstract. Spoken language is one of the distinctive characteristics of the human race. Spoken language processing is a branch of computer science that plays an important role in human–computer interaction (HCI), which has made remarkable advancement in the last two decades. This paper reviews and summarizes the acoustic, phonetic and prosody features that have been used for spoken language identification specifically for Indian languages. In addition, we also review the speech databases, which are already available for Indian languages and can be used for the purposes of spoken language identification. Keywords. SLID; phonetic; characteristics; features. 1. Introduction and phonotactics associated with speech are widely used in automatic SLID task [1]. Spoken language is the most natural mode of communi- Speech features are a compact representation and/or cation in today’s world, especially given the advances that parameterization of the raw acoustic speech signal. have happened in the area of automatic speech recognition Acoustic features extracted from the speech signal have (ASR). However, to achieve good ASR performance in been widely used for SLID.
    [Show full text]