DOCSLIB.ORG

Post-Conquest Puyŏ Survivals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Post-Conquest Puyŏ Survivals Chapter Seven Post-Conquest Puyŏ Survivals he series of misfortunes culminating in the final Murong assault on Puyŏ in 346 Tshattered what remained of that state’s government structure and resulted in a wide- spread dispersal of its populations. Although the state itself ceased to exist as an inde- pendent polity at this time, its people and its name continued to appear in historical records in a variety of forms and circumstances for many centuries, down to the present. This chapter will explore these later historical manifestations of Puyŏ, focusing on three primary topics. These topics include the dispersal of the Puyŏ people, the struggle for control over former Puyŏ territory, and the persistence of the Puyŏ name as political cachet wielded by later state-builders asserting claims of political or cultural legitimacy in Manchuria and Korea. Although the foundation myths of some of these later states maintained that those states were founded by Puyŏ refugees, such claims cannot easily be demonstrated to have a historical basis. It is possible instead that the leaders of later states had much to gain by creating fictive associations between themselves and the legacy of Puyŏ. The Dispersal of Populations The invasion of Puyŏ that preceded the 346 strike delivered by Murong Huang had already severely disrupted the Puyŏ social organization.1 The many captives carried away by the Xianbei armies would therefore have been for the most part groups who were 1. Zizhi tongjian 97:3069 (Mudi, Yonghe 2/1) notes that after the earlier assault the populations of Puyŏ’s villages dispersed and scattered, and some groups, including the ruling elite, “moved westward near Yan but did not set up defenses.” As noted previously, surviving sources do not specify the year of the pre-346 invasion. 232 Chapter Seven already displaced and disoriented prior to the Xianbei invasion. In addition to those Puyŏ remnants removed to Murong-held territories in 346, historical sources indicate that some Puyŏ groups fled to the north, whereas others appear to have withdrawn to the Okchŏ region in the east. Still other groups remained in the former Puyŏ territories and continued to live under Koguryŏ domination. In this section three instances of Puyŏ migration will be addressed, including the activities of Puyŏ elites in central China, the Damolou refugees in Heilongjiang, and the Eastern Puyŏ groups who withdrew to the Tumen valley. Puyŏ Elites in the Central Plains As discussed above, in 346 the king of the Former Yan state, Murong Huang, sent his sons Jün and Ke against the vulnerable Puyŏ refugee encampments and quickly over- whelmed them. The Puyŏ captives, said to have numbered in excess offift y thousand, constituted a very significant proportion of the total Puyŏ population, and though that number included the Puyŏ king Hyŏn and the remainder of his court, the far greater percentage must have represented peasant populations. These captives were removed to supplement the sparsely populated territories held by the Murong, which in 346 included the commanderies of Changli, Liaodong, and the northern part of Liaoxi, an area that approximates the extent of today’s Liaoning Province.2 Beginning in 349, however, the Murong surged southward and in less than half a decade had taken the North China plain, an event that brought into being the first of several Murong independent states headed by claimants for sovereignty over all of China. As the Murong moved into central China, the captured Puyŏ populations moved with them, and historical records allow us to trace the activities of a few Puyŏ elite individuals as their fortunes paced the vicissi- tudes of a succession of Murong states. Murong Huang did not long survive the destruction he wrought upon the remnants of the Puyŏ state, for he died in 349 and was succeeded by his son Jün 儁, who shortly after ward commenced the invasions of North China.3 In 350 the Yan capital was removed from Longcheng 龍城 to the city of Ji 薊 (Beijing) after the Later Zhao territories in the Central Plains had been secured. Murong Jün broke all pretense of loyalty to the Eastern Jin court in 353 by declaring himself to be emperor, and in 357 he moved his capital again to the city of Ye 鄴 (near Anyang) in central China.4 The fortunes of Former Yan turned upon the death of Murong Jün in 360, for the new emperor, Murong Wei 慕容暐, was an eleven-year-old child subject to the influence of competing factions within the Murong leadership. Yan’s authority was maintained for a time due to the effective regency of Murong Ke and the military prowess of his younger brother, Murong Chui 慕容垂 (326– 2. The portions of the old Liaoxi Commandery that lay to the south of today’s Shanhaiguan were in 346 still held by Later Zhao, which fell into disorder in 349 and collapsed the following year. Murong Huang’s territories in 346 were limited to an area somewhat lesser in extent than today’s Liaoning Province. 3. Jün had directed the 346 attack on Puyŏ. For a survey of the history of the Former Yan state in English, see Schreiber 1949–55 and 1956. 4. Ye had served as the capital of the Later Zhao state..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 301 May, 2020 Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe by Kang, In Uk Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transition of Inner Asian Groups in the Central Plain During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Northern Dynasties
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties Fangyi Cheng University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Fangyi, "Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2781. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2781 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2781 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties Abstract This dissertation aims to examine the institutional transitions of the Inner Asian groups in the Central Plain during the Sixteen Kingdoms period and Northern Dynasties. Starting with an examination on the origin and development of Sinicization theory in the West and China, the first major chapter of this dissertation argues the Sinicization theory evolves in the intellectual history of modern times. This chapter, in one hand, offers a different explanation on the origin of the Sinicization theory in both China and the West, and their relationships. In the other hand, it incorporates Sinicization theory into the construction of the historical narrative of Chinese Nationality, and argues the theorization of Sinicization attempted by several scholars in the second half of 20th Century. The second and third major chapters build two case studies regarding the transition of the central and local institutions of the Inner Asian polities in the Central Plain, which are the succession system and the local administrative system.
    [Show full text]
  • China, Das Chinesische Meer Und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia
    China, das Chinesische Meer und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia Horses of the Xianbei, 300–600 AD: A Brief Survey Shing MÜLLER1 iNTRODUCTION The Chinese cavalry, though gaining great weight in warfare since Qin and Han times, remained lightly armed until the fourth century. The deployment of heavy armours of iron or leather for mounted warriors, especially for horses, seems to have been an innovation of the steppe peoples on the northern Chinese border since the third century, as indicated in literary sources and by archaeological excavations. Cavalry had become a major striking force of the steppe nomads since the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, thus leading to the warfare being speedy and fierce. Ever since then, horses occupied a crucial role in war and in peace for all steppe riders on the northern borders of China. The horses were selectively bred, well fed, and drilled for war; horses of good breed symbolized high social status and prestige of their owners. Besides, horses had already been the most desired commodities of the Chinese. With superior cavalries, the steppe people intruded into North China from 300 AD onwards,2 and built one after another ephemeral non-Chinese kingdoms in this vast territory. In this age of disunity, known pain- fully by the Chinese as the age of Sixteen States (316–349 AD) and the age of Southern and Northern Dynas- ties (349–581 AD), many Chinese abandoned their homelands in the CentraL Plain and took flight to south of the Huai River, barricaded behind numerous rivers, lakes and hilly landscapes unfavourable for cavalries, until the North and the South reunited under the flag of the Sui (581–618 AD).3 Although warfare on horseback was practised among all northern steppe tribes, the Xianbei or Särbi, who originated from the southeastern quarters of modern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, emerged as the major power during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • Fantastic Beasts of the Eurasian Steppes: Toward a Revisionist Approach to Animal-Style Art
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Petya Andreeva University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Andreeva, Petya, "Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal- Style Art" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2963. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Abstract Animal style is a centuries-old approach to decoration characteristic of the various cultures which flourished along the urE asian steppe belt in the later half of the first millennium BCE. This astv territory stretching from the Mongolian Plateau to the Hungarian Plain, has yielded hundreds of archaeological finds associated with the early Iron Age. Among these discoveries, high-end metalwork, textiles and tomb furniture, intricately embellished with idiosyncratic zoomorphic motifs, stand out as a recurrent element. While scholarship has labeled animal-style imagery as scenes of combat, this dissertation argues against this overly simplified classification model which ignores the variety of visual tools employed in the abstraction of fantastic hybrids. I identify five primary categories in the arrangement and portrayal of zoomorphic designs: these traits, frequently occurring in clusters, constitute the first comprehensive definition of animal-style art.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 233 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018) An Investigation on the Creation and Existence of Yuefu Lyric Poetry of the Xianbei Regime during the Northern and Southern Dynasties* Xing Tang School of Liberal Arts Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China Abstract—During the period of the Northern and Southern Five Dynasties. Scholars paid much attention to Yuefu lyric Dynasties, the regimes of northern ethnic minority were poetry of the Northern Dynasties. However, the focus of everywhere. After the Xianbei nationality began to rise in the research has been on individual articles and important writers northeast, they turned to fight in the east and the west, and for a long time. In recent years, this situation has been established a number of independent regimes. They almost improved. However, there are still many problems that need crossed the entire period of the Northern Dynasties. With the further investigation. establishment of these Xianbei ethnic regimes, the Yuefu lyric poetry has both inherited and newly created in various political powers. It shows differences and uniqueness in the II. CREATION AND EXISTENCE OF YUEFU LYRIC POETRY subject matter, content, quantity, and ethnic composition of DURING FOEMER YAN TO NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY the author. And at the same time, it presents a certain degree The Yuefu lyric poetry created under Xianbei regime of of commonality and succession. South and North Dynasties should be "Agan Song" in Foemer Yan established by Murongwei. In "Jin Shu", Keywords—Southern and Northern Dynasties; Xianbei "Xianbei called the brother Agan, and Murongwei recalled it regime; Yuefu lyric poetry; creation; existence with a song of Agan"[1].
    [Show full text]
  • New Information on the Degree of “Sinicization” of the Tuyuhun
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 New Information on the Degree of “Sinicization” of the Tuyuhun Clan during Tang Times through Their Marriage Alliances: A Case Study Based on the Epitaphs of Two Chinese Princesses Escher, Julia Barbara Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-181630 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Escher, Julia Barbara (2019). New Information on the Degree of “Sinicization” of the Tuyuhun Clan during Tang Times through Their Marriage Alliances: A Case Study Based on the Epitaphs of Two Chinese Princesses. Journal of Asian History, 53(1):55-96. Offprint from: JOURNAL OF ASIAN HISTORY edited by Dorothee Schaab-Hanke and Achim Mittag 53 (2019) 1 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Editors / Contact: Dorothee Schaab-Hanke (Großheirath): [email protected] Achim Mittag (Tübingen): [email protected] International Advisory Board: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Behr (Zuerich), Prof. Dr. Timothy Brook (British Columbia), Prof. Dr. Christopher Cullen (Cambridge), Prof. Dr. Roderich Ptak (Munich), Prof. Dr. Nicolas Standaert (Leuven), Prof. Dr. Barend Jan Terwiel (Hamburg) The Journal of Asian History is a refereed journal. Zugang zur elektronischen Version / Access to electronic format Diese Zeitschrift kann auch in elektronischer Form über JSTOR (www.jstor.org) bezogen werden. This journal can also be accessed electronically via JSTOR (www.jstor.org). © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2019 This journal, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Folk Song of Tu Nationality in Min He, Qinghai, China
    Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X THE FOLK SONG OF TU NATIONALITY IN MIN HE, QINGHAI, CHINA E Fuquan1, Khomkrich Karin2 1Ph.D candidate, College of Music, Mahasarakham University 2Assit.Prof., College of Music, Mahasarakham University ABSTRACT: This article has objective was to study Folk song of Tu Nationality in Min he, Qinghai, China. Using the methodology of musicology. The data were collected at Minhe in Qinghai, China. The sample group comprised scholars, singers and audiences. The findings revealed the following: The Lullaby music structure is a three-sentence pattern composed of a single phrase with an introduction, that is, introduction+a+'+a". The structure has expanded, and the tune has changed significantly compared with the early folk songs. The Party song is a Shangzheng mode, the structure is a three-sentence with expansion, to the fourth bar is the first phrase, the quotient starts from the quotient and falls, the middle knot is on the long quotient plus the glide, and the phrase uses the same tone repetition technique The Love song melody and the tune of the song is a five-tone palace mode with a transition. The musical structure is a three-sentence structure with expanded sentences Keywords: Tu nationality; multi-culture; music analyze I. INTRODUCTION China is an ancient country with a long history of multi-ethnic civilization. In the long years, 56 ethnic groups in the country have jointly created a splendid national culture and accumulated a very rich national cultural heritage. The cultural heritage of all ethnic groups is vast and colorful, and the Tu ethnic group is one of these 56 great ethnic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The -Yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 146 February, 2005 The -yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica by Hoong Teik Toh Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Commencing the Dual System: the Yan Kingdom of Mu-Rong Xianbei
    EAST ASIAN HISTORY: A KOREAN PERSPECTIVE Vol. 1. No. 9. 2005. 2. 19. 1 IC-2.S-6.5-0219 Commencing the Dual System: the Yan Kingdom of Mu-rong Xianbei PORTENDING THE ADVENT OF CONQUEST DYNASTY Wontack Hong Professor, Seoul University There is a clear continuity from the Hong-shan culture (c. 4,000-3,000 BC) to the later cultural stages of Southern Manchuria, notably the Lower Xiajia-dian culture (c. 2,000- 1,500 BC).1 The (Northern) Yan kingdom, alledgedly enfeoffed to Shao-gong in 1027 BC, does not come into clear view in Chinese dynastic history until the Warring States period (403- 221 BC). Ethnically, linguistically and culturally, the Liao-xi area around the Luan-Daling River basins, alledgedly conquered by the Yan in 311 BC, would not have contained any Han Chinese element. The nomadic bronze culture of Upper Xiajia-dian (1100-300 BC) was contemporaneous with the Shao-gong’s Yan kingdom (1027-222 BC) in Hebei. The ethnic foundation of the entire Liao-xi area must have incorporated proto- 1. Xianbei Tomb Paintings Xianbei-Yemaek elements in its ethnic composition that may (of Former Yan) excavated in well be connected with the Hong-shan culture. The Yan was 1982 at the Zhao-yang 袁台子 conquered by Qin Shi-huang-di in 222 BC. According to the 朝陽 area, across the Daling Shi-ji, the power of Xianbei seems to have reached its peak at River, Liao-xi the time Mao-dun became Shan-yu in 209 BC. The Xianbei were subjugated by the newly emerging Xiong-nu empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Other and the Tragic Subject in Chinese Martial Arts Fiction, Viewed Through Lacan’S Schema L
    ISSN 1751-8229 Volume Twelve, Number One The Other and the Tragic Subject in Chinese Martial Arts Fiction, Viewed Through Lacan’s Schema L Yen-Yin Lai, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia Abstract This paper looks at the tragedy of Qiao Feng in Jin Yong’s The Demi-Gods and the Semi-Devils. While it is common practice for Žižekean scholars to examine genre writing and popular culture with Lacanian theory, the martial arts genre has received little attention. In Demi-Gods, Qiao Feng experiences an ‘identity crisis’ at the peak of his career: rumour has it that though he was raised and trained in China, he was born a Khitan. Qiao Feng at first believes it is a just conspiracy, and henceforth is blind-sided by the imaginary relation between his ego and small others. He mis-recognises others’ scheming as ‘the Other of the Other,’ while his supposedly deceased Khitan father occupies the corner of the Other in the schema L to orchestra the manipulation game. However, what Qiao Feng is really under prey is the desire of the father, and of the two fatherlands, one Han-Chinese, one Khitan: his tragedy lies in the split of the national Other, in the impossibility of the ethical imperative Your duty is to be loyal to your country. And yet, it is exactly because of the emptiness in the ethical call that Qiao Feng can start to act as a subject, a subject that is by definition already always split. This paper thus interprets the actions of Jin Yong’s hero according to Lacan’s schema L, and also provides variations of the schema based on the twists and turns of this martial arts tragedy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quasi-Qazaqlïq Activities and Quasi-Qazaq Groups in Pre-Mongol and Mongol Central Eurasia
    CHAPTER 2 The Quasi-Qazaqlïq Activities and Quasi-Qazaq Groups in Pre-Mongol and Mongol Central Eurasia Quasi-Qazaqlïq Activities in Pre-Mongol Central Eurasia Described in the Chinese Dynastic Histories In post-Mongol Central Eurasia, the political adventurers or underdogs who fled from their original abodes and went to some remote regions where they engaged in brigandage came to be designated as qazaq, meaning a fugitive, freebooter, or vagabond. As a matter of fact, the practices of flight and plun- dering had existed in Central Eurasia during the pre-Mongol period. Being highly mobile horsemen and natural warriors, Central Eurasian nomads, when confronted with adversity, would readily move to remote regions and acquire provisions through plunder if needed. In this study, I refer to the fleeing and plundering activities performed by the nomad fugitives who were seeking their survival as “quasi-qazaqlïq” activities. Quasi-qazaqs differed from mobile pastoralists in that they were fugitives who, sometimes forming an all-male war band, relied mainly on brigandage and not pastoralism. Through their quasi-qazaqlïq activities, lesser tribal leaders were able to secure their own territories, while the fugitive bands they led sometimes developed into a new polity or even acquired a new identity. The Standard Chinese Histories record quite a few instances of such quasi-qazaqlïq activities in the sections on the “northern barbarians.”1 Fugitive Tribal Leaders and Their Nomad Followers Mugulü (ca. r. 308–316), the progenitor of the Rou-ran nomadic tribe, perhaps best deserves the title quasi-qazaq among the fugitive tribal leaders recorded in the Chinese dynastic histories.2 According to the Weishu [Book of the Wei 1 The Standard Histories (zhengshi 正史), also known as the Twenty-Four Histories, are a col- lection of official Chinese annals covering the period from antiquity to the Ming Dynasty in the seventeenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing China, 150-1850
    Gove rni ng Chi na 15 0–1850 John W. Dardess GOVERNING CHINA 150–1850 GOVERNING CHINA 150–1850 JOHN W. DARDESS Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge Copyright © 2010 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 For further information, please address Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. P.O. Box 44937 Indianapolis, Indiana 46244-0937 www.hackettpublishing.com Cover design by Abigail Coyle Text design by Mary Vasquez Maps by William Nelson Composition by Cohographics Printed at Sheridan Books, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dardess, John W., 1937– Governing China : 150–1850 / John W. Dardess. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60384-311-9 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-1-60384-312-6 (cloth) 1. China—Politics and government. 2. China—Social conditions. 3. China—History—Han dynasty, 202 B.C.–220 A.D. 4. China—History— Qing dynasty, 1644–1912. 5. Political culture—China—History. 6. Social institutions—China—History. 7. Education—China—History. I. Title. DS740.2.D37 2010 951—dc22 2010015241 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI z39.48–1984. CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction: Comparing China in 150 and China in 1850 x Timelines xxiii Maps xxvii PART 1. FROM FRAGMENTATION TO REUNIFICATION, 150–589 1 The Unraveling of the Later Han, 150–220 3 The Three Kingdoms, 221–264 5 The Western Jin, 266–311 6 A Fractured Age, 311–450 8 Unity in the North: The Northern Wei, 398–534 12 Not by Blood Alone: Steps to Reunification, 534–589 16 PART 2.
    [Show full text]