9th WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER

QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION LIGHT-MATTER SCIENCE: QUANTUM

Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Physics WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER TH

9 Moscow, September 23–26, 2019

Центр Квантовых Технологий PREFACE

WELCOME TO THE “9TH GERMAN-RUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER”!

Dear colleagues from Russia and Germany, sentations is to facilitate collaboration and to estab­ We are very delighted to welcome you to our lish and broaden research networks. The week will Ninth Week of the Young Researcher! When we illustrate how young and experienced scientists convened the “German-Russian Year of Science“, can work across borders with local authorities, Dr Andreas Hoeschen in 2011, the idea was born to invite young resear­ associations and industry in order to develop new German Academic chers from both countries to come together to dis- approaches to global challenges. Exchange Service (DAAD) cuss current topics of mutual interest. Since then it This time we discussed particular topics of inte­ Head of DAAD Office Moscow has grown from strength to strength. The success rest for quantum science and technology including Managing Director of the first week in Kazan encouraged us to turn aspects form solid-state physics, optics, and photo­ of DWIH Moscow it into an annual event. The following years we nics. Special emphasis was given to the challenges of met in Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg the interaction of light with nano-scale solid-state and Moscow. The main goal of these meetings systems as one of the key problems in nano-elec- is to foster collaboration among young scientists tronics and the integration of quantum devices. The and researchers who will be setting the agenda of organizers strove for a good mix of participants at scien­tific cooperation between Russia and Germany different career stages and different fields of exper- in the near future. tise including solid-state physics, modern photo­ Research organizations and institutions of higher nics, optics of metamaterials, and quantum optics. education of both our countries will be presen­ We express our deepest gratitude to the Faculty of ting their funding programmes and describing the Physics of Lomonosov Moscow State University platforms that they can offer to both Russian and for its academic hospitality and kind support. And, German PhD students and Postdoctoral resear­ of course, we thank all of the participants, for their Dr Wilma Rethage chers. The overarching principle behind these pre­ involvement and cooperation in this conference. German Research Foundation (DFG) Head of DFG Office Russia/CIS

IMPRESSUM

Volume of the Conference “The Ninth German-Russian Week of the Young Researcher” Moscow, September 23–26, 2019 Editors: DAAD/DWIH Moscow DFG Moscow Edited by: Julia Ilina (DFG) Layout by: “MaWi group” AG / Moskauer Deutsche Zeitung Photos by: DWIH / Sergey Teplyakov Moscow, July 2020

Supported by Federal Foreign Offi ce 1 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE CONTENTS Dr Maria Chekhova Aleksey Kazakov Dr Michael Stefszky Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen; Lomonosov Moscow State University 24 University of Paderborn 38 Dr Andreas Hoeschen / Dr Wilma Rethage 1 University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Maria Kroychuk Professor Dr Aleksey Toropov WELCOMING ADDRESSES Lomonosov Moscow State University 13 Lomonosov Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University 25 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 39 Dr Mikhail Durnev Professor Dr Sergei Kulik Aleksandr Vaskin Professor Dr Andrey Fedyanin Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 14 Centre of Quantum Technologies, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, Vice Rector, Lomonosov Moscow State University 4 Max Ehrhardt Lomonosov Moscow State University 26 Friedrich Schiller University of Jena 40 Beate Grzeski Univerity of Rostock, Institute for Physics 15 Jano Gil Lopez Sebastian Weidemann Deputy Head of Mission, German Embassy Moscow 5 Anna Fedotova Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University 26 Institute of Physics, University of Rostock 41 Dr Michael Harms Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena 16 Professor Dr Boris Luk’yanchuk Professor Dr Dieter Weiss Director Communications, Professor Dr Andrey Fedyanin Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg 42 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Bonn 6 and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University; Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 17 Jonas Zipfel Professor Dr Frank Allgöwer Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 27 Alessandro Ferreri Department of Physics, University of Regensburg 43 Vice President of the German Research Foundation (DFG); Lukas J. Maczewsky Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University 17 SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Universität Rostock; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 28 Assegid M. Flatae University of Stuttgart 7 Gregor Oelsner Faculty of Physics Moscow Lomonosov State University 44 University of Siegen, Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ 18 Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena 30 German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH) 46 Ilia Fradkin CONFERENCE SUMMARY Markus Plankl German Research Foundation (DFG) 47 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow; Department of Physics, University of Regensburg 31 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) 48 Dr Cosima Schuster Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 19 Anna Popkova The Helmholtz Association 49 Physics and Chemistry, Dr Aleksandra Galeeva German Research Foundation (DFG) 9 Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 32 The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft 50 Lomonosov Moscow State University 20 Maksim Rakhlin Professor Dr Sergey Kulik Freie Universität Berlin 51 Aleksandra Gartman Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 33 Centre of Quantum Technologies, Faculty of Physics, The University Alliance Ruhr Liaison Office Moscow 52 Lomonosov Moscow State University 20 Sergey Samoylenko Lomonosov Moscow State University 9 Contact Office of the Ministry of Culture and Science Professor Dr Vladimir Gavrilenko Lomonosov Moscow State University 34 of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia 53 PARTICIPANTS OF THE WEEK Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS, Anatoly Shukhin Russian Science Founation (RSF) 54 OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER Nizhny Novgorod 21 Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Professor Dr Evgeny Il’ichev Kazan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 34 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 55 Professor Dr Mario Agio Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology; Nikolay Skryabin University of Siegen, Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ 10 PROGRAMME 58 Novosibirsk State Technical University 22 Quantum Technologies Centre, Faculty of Physics, Dr Sascha Agne Professor Dr Nicolas Joly Lomonosov Moscow State University 35 ARCHIVE OF PUBLICATIONS 64 Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 11 Friedrich Alexander University; Florian Sledz Dmitry Akat’ev Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light 23 Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ, University of Siegen 36 Kazan E. K. Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute 11 Professor Dr Alexey Kalachev Professor Dr Isabelle Staude Susanne Candussio Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, University of Regensburg, Terahertz Centre 12 Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS; Kazan Federal University 23 Friedrich Schiller University Jena 37

2 3 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION WELCOMING ADDRESS

DEAR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN! DEAR PROFESSOR FEDYANIN, DEAR PROFESSOR ALLGÖWER, Today we are opening the Ninth Russian-German the long-standing­ and most important scientific Week of the Young Researcher at the Faculty of partners of MSU. So, I am very pleased to open DEAR DR HARMS, Physics of Lomonosov Moscow State University. a joint event here at the Faculty of Physics with Оur conference is dedicated to quantum technolo- colleagues from Germany. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN! gies. On behalf of the University, I am very glad to During the conference, there will be reports and welcome the respected members of the Presidium, discussions on various topics related to quantum I am pleased to welcome you to the 9th iteration Since March 2019, more than 90 bilateral activi- all participants and guests of the Russian-German technologies – quantum computing and commu- of the “German-Russian Week of the Young Re- ties have been registered on the website of the Sci- Week, especially those who are just starting their Professor Dr Andrey Fedyanin nications, solid state physics, optics, and photo­ searcher”, which has become a cornerstone of the ence Year. This once again underscores the inten- Beate Grzeski way in science. I think, young scientists are basi- Vice Rector, nics. Also, we will have a number of reports devo­ted German-Russian science calendar. sity of cooperation between German and Russian Deputy Head of Mission, cally the force that moves science forward, they Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov to the problems of interaction of a solid state and universities. German Embassy Moscow Also this year’s “Week of the Young Researcher” Moscow State University are the ones who will make scientific discoveries light. Separately, I am announcing with great in- will serve to develop new cooperation projects All these activities contribute to creating a solid in the future. Our mission, the mission of more ex- terest a poster section where young scientists will and partnerships, in particular between young foundation for a substantial relationship between perienced scientists, is to help them and create all present their research. possible conditions to make their work productive. scientists, thus making German-Russian science our two countries. The German-Russian Week of I wish everyone efficient and interesting work cooperation even more dynamic and intense. the Young Researcher is one of the finest examples At the opening of this event, it is necessary to say and hope that the 9th Russian-German Week will for this partnership. that international cooperation is extremely im- mark the beginning of active collaborative work In this respect, I would like to thank the German Since 2011, the Week of the Young Researcher portant for the development of science all around for the young scientists from different countries. Academic Exchange Service, the German Center has been organized annually in different cities in the world, especially if we are talking about such I hope that the exchange of ideas and scientific for Research and Innovation and the German Re- Russia covering various important topics. This a rapidly developing industry as quantum sci- discussions that will take place throughout the search Foundation and all the people who have year, the focus is set on Quantum Science, which ence. Moscow State University cooperates with days of the event will be useful for the further de- made this event possible, for their support and is an integral part of the development of modern many scientific and educational organizations velopment of individual scientific projects and the contributions. technologies. from different countries and Germany is one of global quantum technology industry. Scientific cooperation between Russia and Ger- many has a broad basis, ranging from exchanges Working together, benefiting from each other’s of students and young scientists, partner univer- strengths and skills brings advantages both to sities, joint research institutes and research groups Germany and Russia and keeps us competitive on to cooperation within the framework of voca- a global scale. Physics is a field where Russia tradi- tional training. In this vein so we work together tionally excels in. on many concrete projects such as the European I´m grateful that this year’s event is being organ- XFEL or the Arctic research expedition MOSAiC. ized at Russia’s leading university – Lomonosov Because of the importance of science and educa- Moscow State University. I would like to thank the tion for our bilateral relations, we agreed in 2018 Faculty of Physics for their kind cooperation and on a German-Russian Roadmap for Cooperation hospitality. I hope that the conference will con- in Education, Science, Research and Innovation tribute to an ever closer cooperation between your and launched the German-Russian Year of High- University and German research institutions. er Education Cooperation and Science 2018– May this year’s Week be successful and further 2020. I encourage you to participate actively in contribute to the good tradition of cooperation both initiatives.­ bet­ween German and Russian scientists!

4 5 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION WELCOMING ADDRESS

DEAR VICE RECTOR PROFESSOR FEDYANIN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, DEAR DEPUTY HEAD OF MISSION, DEAR PARTICIPANTS, DEAR MS. GRZESKI, We were very pleased that you have accepted the or metrology, requires fundamental understanding DEAR VICE PRESIDENT invitation of the joint initiative of DAAD, the Ger- at the quantum level. The decreasing size of basic man Academic Exchange Service, and DFG, the circuits in modern micro- and nano-electronics PROFESSOR ALLGÖWER, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, under the roof leads to the necessity to consider quantum effects of the German Centre for Research and Innova- and to apply quantum science approaches for the DEAR PARTICIPANTS tion in Moscow, as well as the Moscow State Uni- careful analysis of their properties. Experimental Dr Michael Harms Professor Dr Frank Allgöwer TH versity and the Quantum Technologies Centre. studies with ultrahigh resolution in space and time Director Communications, OF THE 9 GERMAN-RUSSIAN WEEK Our DFG delegation was more than happy to have Vice President of the German German Academic Exchange and advanced theoretical descriptions are manda- Research Foundation DFG welcomed you to the 9th Week of the Young Re- Service (DAAD) Bonn tory. In this sense, one of the most important issues Institute for Systems Theory OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER, searcher in Moscow! in modern quantum science is the interaction of and Automatic Control, After being focused on issues of energy, health, optical fields with micro- and nanoscale solid-state University of Stuttgart It gives me great pleasure to welcome you all to partnership opportunities with the German science aerospace, history, mathematics, urban studies circuits. The ability to manipulate these circuits this year’s Week on behalf of the DAAD, the Ger- and innovation community. Our aim is to connect and biomedicine, as well as chemistry over the by light will have amazing possibilities for study- man Academic Exchange Service. First of all, scientists, scholars, policy makers and business last nine years, this year’s topic encompasses var- ing fundamental questions as well as applications. I would like to thank very warmly our host, the people across borders and facilitate a fruitful and ious aspects of quantum science and technology Examples are the generation of spin-polarized Lomonosov Moscow State University. We highly lively dialogue. A major focus of our activities lies including solid-state physics, optics of metama- states in semiconductor nanostruc­tures, the precise appreciate the opportunity to jointly organise this on exploring as to how scientists might jointly terials, modern photonics, and quantum optics. manipulation of micro- and nanoparticles, and the outstanding German-Russian science event at Rus­ push the frontiers of knowledge and find new ways Special emphasis will be given to the challenges of non-trivial susceptibility of metastructures. In the sia’s leading university. to put their knowledge to practical use. This is in the interaction of light with nano-scale solid-state future, quantum science and technologies should many ways also what the German-Russian Week Coming together at this very special and presti­ systems as one of the key problems in nano-elec- lead to practically significant scientific and tech- of the Young Researcher is all about. gious institution is a strong manifestation of the tronics and the integration of quantum devices. nical results in the areas of spintronics, photonics, promising development of the German-Russian The German Research Foundation has taken the Taking into account the growing population and metamaterials, quantum op­tics, quantum comput- relationship in science and academia. Ms Grzeski le­ad again to identify a cutting-edge topic: light-­ rising living standards, the world is faced with an ing and quantum commu­nications. mentioned already the German-Russian Year of matter-interaction in quantum science. Thanks to increasing demand of power consumption, da­ta There is no doubt that this broad range of research Higher Education and Science Partnerships and that effort and the immediate positive response of storing and communication. Modern techno­logies­ questions is of high interest to many researchers the strategic German-Russian Roadmap. We are many experts in this field, we are able to welcome rely on devices with cleverly designed electronic worldwide. The DFG with its annual budget of optimistic that these joint initiatives will signi­ today 21 junior and senior scientists from German and optical properties. Finding new functionalities more than 3 billion euros finances and supports ficantly further German-Russian cooperation in universities and research institutions. They will dis- in quantum science, for example, for sensors, in- a large number of interdisciplinary projects in science and research. cuss most relevant aspects of their research with formation storage and processing, cryptography, this field of research at German universities and The DAAD is delighted to be able to contribute their Russian counterparts from the Moscow State to these ongoing endeavours – in the capacity as University and other highly distinguished universi- coordinator of the German-Russian Year and, of ties and research facilities from all over Russia. I am course, through our day-to-day work as a fund- very confident that the different research angles ing and facilitating organisation for international und experiences will generate an exciting exchange academic exchange and cooperation. Above all, of insights and approaches. we understand that in the end only the scientists The Week is an annual flagship event of the Mos- and academics themselves can build and develop cow DWIH and each of it is a topically unique the collaboration that delivers on the demand for one-­off occasion. Nevertheless, it offers the -op new scientific insights and innovation. portunity for longer-lasting inspiration and fur- For this reason, all German science organisations ther academic engagement. As to that, I would established the German Centres for Research and also like to recommend visiting the Science Café Innovation (DWIH) which are strongly supported on Wednesday where the German Centre for Re- by the German Federal Foreign Office. The DAAD search and Innovation and its organisations will has taken over the management of the currently provide information about support and funding five centres worldwide. The fact that Moscow for German-Russian science collaboration. hosts one of them emphasises the huge potential I would like to thank everybody for participating, we recognise in science collaboration with Russia. especially those of you who undertook a longer With the DWIH-network, we provide a platform journey – and I hope that all of you will enjoy and for a global exchange of information and ideas on make the most of the Week!

6 7 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION CONFERENCE SUMMARY

First of all, it is an important event of the ongoing German-Russian Year of Higher Education Coop- WHAT WILL WE BE TALKING ABOUT: eration and Science 2018-2020. In fact, the pro- gramme itself was incepted nine years ago during the German-Russian Year of Science in 2011/2012, LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION which led to an annual event since then. We in- tended to provide early career researchers with a platform for exchange on research topics of global interest. Also, the format itself follows a very old tradition in our bilateral collaboration. Namely, in the 1920s, the DFG’s predecessor organisation, Taking into account the rising living standards, in semiconductor nanostructures, and the shaping together with the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the world is faced with an increasing demand for of light by metamaterials or metasurfaces. In addi- organised joint science weeks. These bilateral re- less power consuming data storage and commu- tion, ultrafast laser pulses with intense laser fields search weeks, which were conducted in the nat- nication techniques. Modern technologies rely on provide a unique opportunity to study and to ma- ural sciences (1927), in history (1928), in engi- cleverly designed materials and their electronic nipulate solid-state systems. and optical properties. The decreasing size of basic neering sciences (1929), and in medical sciences A distinctive feature of modern science about the circuits in modern electronics leads to the necessi- (1932) proved to be an outstanding cooperative interaction of light with matter is the fact that ty of considering quantum effects for their further instrument. both light and matter are considered at the level of improvement. Finding new functionalities, for ex- Second, we owe our gratitude to the Lomonosov individual quantum objects. This is, perhaps, the ample, for information processing, ultrasensitive University and its Rector, Mr Sadovnichy, and the main difference between the physics of the 20th sensors, inherently secure communication and Faculty of Physics with its Vice-Rector Mr Fedya- and the current centuries. Enormous successes, Dr Cosima Schuster cryptography, or precision metrology, requires an first of all, in the technology and equipment avail- Physics and Chemistry, nin, in particular for setting up and hosting this understanding and the access to the quantum-me- able in the modern experiment, enable scientists German Rersearch event and thus giving young scientists the oppor- chanical level. Since the beginning of the 20th to study and control the properties of individual Foundation (DFG) tunity to directly engage in such a professional ex- century, quantum mechanics forms the theoreti- quantum particles – photons, atoms, ions, mol- change. In October 2018, the DFG-President Pe- cal basis for our understanding of the microscopic ecules, etc. These opportunities are widely used ter Strohschneider and Rector Sadovnichy signed world. At the core of modern quantum science, by the successes of modern physics of the inter- a joined agreement on intensifying our bilateral there is the notion of entanglement, a feature with- action of light with matter in such areas as quan- institutional cooperation. We consider this year’s out a classical analogue. For example, properties of tum computing, quantum communication, and week to be an important step towards this goal. entangled particles are perfectly correlated even if quantum sensorics – in everything that we know Yet, project-wise the DFG has always been active there is a large distance between them. This cor- as "Quantum Technology". in supporting research projects – about 113 bilat- relation is responsible for astonishing phenomena. eral cooperation projects at the MSU (30 of them For further developments, experimental studies Quantum properties of light are prominent in sin- co-funded by RFBR and 10 by RSF) in the peri- providing ultrahigh resolution on the atomic scale gle photon sources which are necessary for the re- od from 2008 to 2018, which is more than at any and advanced theoretical descriptions are manda- alization of quantum repeaters. Trapped ions and other Russian research institution. The two largest tory. Yet, individual demonstrators of quantum de- single molecules like pentacene can be used as Professor Dr Sergey Kulik research institutes with funding instruments ran­ German-Russian long-term projects at MSU were vices have been already built with semiconducting, sources of single photons; but also colour centers Quantum Technology Centre, two International Research Training Groups from created by nitrogen vacancies in diamond or sem- ging from individual grants to coordinated long- superconducting, ionic and cold atom systems. Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov the life sciences with the universities of Gießen iconductor quantum dots are widely investigated term programmes such as Research Training Groups As light is often used as a tool, the interaction of Moscow State University and Marburg (GRK 1384, 2006-2015) and the in this context. Pairs of single photons are created (Graduiertenkollegs) or Collaborative Research optical fields with matter is intensively studied Munich universities LMU and TUM (GRK 1563, in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and Centres­ (Sonderforschungsbereiche). in current quantum science. An example for in- 2009-2013). In addition to the life sciences, pro- spontaneous four-wave mixing. They are essential When it comes to the German-Russian coopera- triguing cooperative behavior based on quantum jects in soil and plant sciences, in mathematics for quantum key distribution, a cryptography pro- tion, physics profits tremendously from the annu- effects is superradiance, where the collective re- and astrophysics, in experimental and theoretical tocol using quantum mechanics, which is already al bilateral DFG calls with the Russian Foundation sponse of an ensemble of emitters irradiated with physics as well as in polymer chemistry and pro- commercially available. for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Russian Sci- light is fundamentally different from the scatter- cess engineering were funded. ing properties of individual particles. Light-matter All in all, light-matter interaction is the key ingre- ence Foundation (RSF). Those thematically open Finally, I would like to thank the German Em- interaction plays also an important role in a wide dient in implementing quantum devices and ap- calls foster long-term cooperation in physics be- bassy, always represented at the weeks by their range of different quantum systems, from the trap- plications. Modern quantum science continues to tween Russian and German scientists. Russia still ambassadors or their deputies, for the continuing ping and precise manipulation of atoms and nan- be a very active field, in particular, where quantum is and will stay one of the most important cooper- support of this format. You have long recognised oparticles, the generation of spin-polarized states optics and solid-state physics are merging. ation partners for us in physical sciences. that these scientific meetings foster research co­ Apart from the topical aspects of this week, allow operation and make a valuable contribution to de- me to point out that this year’s research week is veloping trust and partnerships among the early deeply embedded into our German-Russian part- career researchers and future generations of scien- nership in many ways. tists from both our countries.

8 9 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

PARTICIPANTS OF THE WEEK Nonlinear Polarimetry OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER with Parametric Down-Conversion Sascha Agne1, Santiago López Huidobro1,2, Maria V. Chekhova1,2,3 1 Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany 2 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany 3 Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia

Ultrafast Coupling of Light Polarization is arguably the most accessible degree nonlinear polarizers is more profound, however, Dr Sascha Agne of freedom of light fields [1]. Using readily availa- and fundamentally changes the operating princi- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen with Quantum Emitters ble polarizers of various kinds, a beam of light is ple of a polarimeter. Here we discuss this principle easily polarized and analyzed. A pair of polarizers and demonstrate a polarimeter that consists entire- M. Agio1,2 forms a polarimeter, which permits measurements ly of nonlinear polarizers. Our first experimental 1 Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ, University of Siegen, 57072 Siegen Germany of light field rotations induced by various physical results using parametric down-conversion indicate 2 National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), 50125 Florence, Italy processes with great precision. Ever since Malus’ extinction ratios many orders of magnitude better original studies on polarization in the early 19th than available with linear optical polarizers. The modification of light-matter interaction by enab­le the investigation of short-lived coherence century, polarizers are almost exclusively made of [1] Born M, Wolf E Principles of Optics. Cam- metal nanostructures has gained a considerable and quantum effects in nanoscopic systems under Professor Dr Mario Agio linear optical media. Though secondary to their bridge University Press 2013. attention across a broad range of topics [1]. Our ambient conditions [3,4]. primary role as frequency converters [2], nonlin- [2] Boyd R Nonlinear Optics. Academic Press 2008. University of Siegen, interests focus on the interrogation of single quan- Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ [1] Agio M, and Alù A., Optical Antennas (Cam- ear optical processes also polarize light fields. In- [3] Saltiel SM, Yankov PD, Zheludev NI Second tum emitters, where we have shown that huge en- bridge University Press, 2013) tuitively, one expects the nonlinearities to promote harmonic generation as a method for polariz- hancements of the spontaneous emission rate can [2] Agio M., Optical antennas as nanoscale reso- quantitative advantages such as improved degree of ing and analyzing laser light. Applied Physics coexist with large quantum efficiencies [2]. This nators, Nanoscale 4, 692 (2012) polarization [3]. The difference between linear and B 1987; 42: 115–119. makes such hybrid systems appealing for explor- [3] ing ultrafast quantum phenomena on the nano- Chen C.-W., Mohammadi A., Baradaran Gha­ scale and for developing quantum technologies. semi A.H. and Agio M., Ultrafast coherent We discuss configurations that strongly increase nanoscopy, Mol. Phys. 111, 3003 (2013) light-matter interaction and address quantum [4] Flatae A.M., Tantussi F., Messina G.C., De An­ Generation of Time-Bin Qudit coherence and nonlinear optical processes that gelis F., Agio M., Plasmon-assisted suppres- occur despite the existence of large dephasing sion of surface trap states and enhanced band- Based on Spontaneous Parametric rates. Next, we propose approaches that combine edge emission in a bare CdTe quantum dot, these findings with ultrafast techniques in order to J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 2874 (2019) Down-Conversion

D.O. Akat’ev1, A.A. Kalachev1,2, I.Z. Latypov1, A.V. Shkalikov1, D.A Turaykhanov1 1 Kazan E. K. Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, 420029 Kazan, Russia, Sibirsky tract, 10/7 2 Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia, Kremlevskaya st., 18

Single photons are actively used as information In our work, we used a lithium niobate crystal Dmitry Akat’ev

carriers in applications of quantum optics and doped of magnesium oxide LiNbO3: MgO (5%) Kazan E. K. Zavoisky quantum informatics. One of their main proper- (PPLN), the modulation period of which is Physical-Technical Institute ties is the inability to read information without Λ = 7.47 μm and the length is 25 mm. At a pump destroying the quantum state. The use of multi- wavelength of 532 nm, photon pairs are generated dimensional entangled states can increase the in- at wavelengths of 867 nm and 1377 nm during the formation capacity [1]. In addition, high-dimen- 0-type synchronism SPR (eee type) at the temper- sional states are resistant to eavesdropping attack ature of 85 degrees Celsius. As a result, photons in the quantum key distribution protocols [2] and Δνmod = 73 MHz at a wavelength of 867 nm were a strong violation of the generalized Bell inequal- obtained [5]. For generation of time-bin qubits we ities [3] with possible applications in device-inde- used scheme presented in [6]. First results of this pendent quantum cryptography [4] and random study will be presented at the poster. number generation. In our work, we consider the [1] Walborn SP, et al. Quantum key distribution possibility of generating high-dimensional states with higher-order alphabets using spatially based on time coding via spontaneous parametric encoded qudits. Physical review letters 2006; down-conversion. 96.9: 090501.

10 11 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

[2] Cerf NJ, et al. Security of quantum key distri- [5] Akat’ev DO, et al. Generation of narrow-band bution using d-level systems. Physical Review single-photon states via spontaneous para- Generation of Entangled Photons Letters 2002; 88.12: 127902 metric down-conversion for quantum mem- without Momentum Conservation [3] Kaszlikowski D, et al. Violations of local real- ories in doped crystals. Quantum Electronics ism by two entangled N-dimensional systems 2018; 48.10: 902. A. Cavanna1,2, C. Okoth1,2, J. T. Santiago Cruz1,2, M. V. Chekhova1,2,3 are stronger than for two qubits. Physical Re- [6] Islam NT et al. Provably secure and high- 1 Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany view Letters 2000; 85.21: 4418. rate quantum key distribution with time-bin 2 Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany [4] Barrett J, Hardy L, Kent, A. Physical review qudits. Science advances 2017; 3.11: e1701491. 3 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia letters 2005; 95.1: 010503. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) The new source can be optimized by passing to is a convenient source of entangled photons. Due materials with even higher nonlinearity: for ex- Dr Maria Chekhova to its relatively low efficiency, up to now it has only ample, GaAs or other semiconductors. The thick- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen; been used under the condition of phase matching. ness of the material can then be reduced to the In this case, the momentum of the pump photon nanoscale, without a large reduction in the rate of University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; is conserved by the daughter entangled photons. coincidences. Further developments can be inte- Lomonosov Moscow State University At the same time, the necessity to satisfy the phase gration into optical chips and nanostructuring of matching restricts the choice of available nonlin- the nonlinear material. ear materials. [1] Okoth C, Cavanna A, Santiago-Cruz T, and In this work, by using a 6.8 micrometre layer of Chekhova M, Microscale generation of en- lithium niobate crystal in the geometry where its tangled photons without momentum conser- strongest nonlinear tensor component was fully vation. arXiv:1902.11218v2 [quant-ph]. used, we observed SPDC without phase matching. [2] Liscidini M. and Sipe J. Stimulated emis- The longitudinal momentum conservation could sion tomography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013; 111: be relaxed due to the small thickness of the non- 193602. linear layer. Under pumping with 170 mW of con- tinuous-wave radiation at 500 nm, we have regis- tered about 1 kHz flux of photon pairs collected into single-mode fibre [1]. Terahertz Radiation Induced Edge The new SPDC source has extremely broad wave- length and angular spectra (about an octave in Currents in Graphene wavelength and about 30° in angle). This broad spectrum is a result of the relaxed longitudinal in the Quantum Hall Regime momentum conservation. Meanwhile, transverse momentum and energy are strictly conserved, S. Candussio1, H. Plank1, M.V. Durnev2, J. Pernul1, K.M. Dantscher1, E. Mönch1, A. Sandner1, which leads to tight correlations of photons in J. Eroms1, D. Weiss1, S. A. Tarasenko2, S. D. Ganichev1 angle/space and frequency/time. This, in its turn, 1 University of Regensburg, Terahertz Centre, Regensburg, 93040, Germany leads to an extremely high continuous-variable 2 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia entanglement of the produced two-photon state. Susanne Candussio In a series of experiments, we have demonstrat- University of Regensburg, We report on the observation of terahertz (THz) The used radiation has photon energies smaller ed a high rate of entangled pairs, a spectrum 200 Terahertz Centre radiation induced chiral edge currents in graphene than the cyclotron gap, and therefore, induces in- nm broad, limited only by the bandwidth of the in the quantum Hall regime (QHE) [1]. In this direct transitions within the chiral edge channel. equipment used, and a high degree of frequency regime the direction of the edge photocurrent is We demonstrate that the edge current is generated and angular entanglement. The latter was tested dictated by the polarity of the external magnetic by Drude-like transitions within this channels re- through stimulated-emission tomography (SET) field while its magnitude depends on the radiation sulting in a net velocity of the charge carriers. The [2]. In one of the experiments, angular-space SET polarization. Importantly, the current flows in the developed microscopic theory describes well the was performed, to the best of our knowledge for same direction for electrons and holes, as con- experimental data. the first time. firmed by experiments with variation of back gate voltage. The overall behaviour of the edge photo- [1] H. Plank, S.D. Ganichev et. al., 2D Mat. 6, current, therefore, is qualitatively different from 011002 (2019) the edge photocurrent excited at zero magnetic [2] M. M. Glazov and S.D. Ganichev, Phys. Rep. field [2,3] where the current direction is opposite 535, 101249 (2014) for electron and holes and can be changed by var- [3] J. Karch, S.D. Ganichev et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. iation of the radiation polarization. 107, 276601 (2011)

12 13 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Photoinduced Edge Current in Systems Realizing 3D Random Walks with Two-Dimensional Electron Gas of Correlated Photon Pairs

Max Ehrhardt1, Robert Keil2, Matthias Heinrich1, Alexander Szameit1 Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials have nation of the edge of 2D crystal with electro-mag- 1 Univerity of Rostock, Institute for Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany been in focus of scientific research since the dis- netic wave. Such photoinduced edge current was 2 University of Innsbruck, Department of Experimental Physics, Technikerstr. 25d, covery of graphene monolayers [1]. Since then the observed in graphene in [6], however the detailed 6020 Innsbruck, Austria class of 2D materials has significantly expanded microscopic theory has not yet been developed. and now includes monolayers of transition metal I will discuss possible mechanisms of the pho- Quantum Walks (QWs) provide a bright field of Y. Lahini, N. Ismail, K. Wörhoff, Y. Bromb- dichalcogenides [2], hexagonal boron nitride [3], tocurrent generation in classical and quantum Dr Mikhail Durnev application from modelling quantum processes to erg, Y. Silberberg, M. G. Thompson, and J. L. Max Ehrhardt layered semiconductors, such as GaSe, GaTe [4], regimes, the role of edge properties and external Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg quantum search algorithms and quantum com- O’Brien, “Quantum Walks of Correlated Pho- Univerity of Rostock, and many more. One can even combine those magnetic field directed perpendicularly to the lay- Institute for Physics putation. In order to study quantum interference, tons,” Science 329(1500), 1500-1503 (2010). 2D layers in stacks forming the so-called van der er. I will present results of theoretical calculations quantum walks for indistinguishable photon pairs [2] R. Keil, A. Szameit, F. Dreisow, M. Heinrich, Waals heterostructures [5]. The position of Fermi and compare it to recent experiments. have been implemented in one- and two-dimen- S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, "Photon corre- level in 2D materials can be controlled in experi- [1] A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, sional waveguide lattices [1,2]. Two-dimensional lations in two-dimensional waveguide arrays ment by changing the voltage on a gate electrode. K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim. The elec- quantum walks have demonstrated features that and their classical estimate," Phys. Rev. A 81, In the case when Fermi level lies in the conduction tronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys cannot be achieved in planar lattices [3]. Taking 023834 (2010). (or valence) band, the 2D gas of free charge carri- 2009; 81: 109. this feature as motivation, our aim is to promote [3] K. Poulios, R. Keil, D. Fry, J. D. A. Meinecke, ers (electrons or holes) is formed within the layer. [2] Gang Wang, Alexey Chernikov, Mikhail M. the understanding of QWs for correlated photons J. C. F. Matthews, A. Politi, M. Lobino, M. This gas controls electronic, optical and thermal Glazov, Tony F. Heinz, Xavier Marie, Thierry on three-dimensional lattices with the vision to Gräfe, M. Heinrich, S. Nolte, A. Szameit, properties of the system and thus its study is of Amand, and Bernhard Urbaszek. Colloqui- establish a basis for new, on-chip quantum simu- and J. L. O’Brien, “Quantum Walks of Cor- importance for both fundamental and applied sci- um: Excitons in atomically thin transition lation and computing applications. related Photon Pairs in Two-Dimensional ence. In this talk, I will present theoretical study metal dichalcogenides. Rev Mod Phys 2018; Waveguide Arrays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, of an optoelectronic phenomenon, namely, the The direct femtosecond laser-writing technique 90: 021001 143604 (2014). emergence of direct electric current upon illumi- is a promising route to nearest neighbor-coupled [3] G Cassabois, P Valvin, B Gil. Hexagonal bo- [4] geometries of waveguides for QWs in one and two K. M. Davis, K. Miura, N. Sugimoto, and ron nitride is an indirect bandgap semicon- dimensions [4]. This writing technique creates bi- K. Hirao, “Writing waveguides in glass with ductor. Nat Phot 2016; 10: 262. refringent waveguide [5] with a controllable opti- a femtosecond laser,” Opt. Lett. 21(21), 1729 [4] V. Tayari, B. V. Senkovskiy, D. Rybkovskiy, cal axis orientation [6,7]. Hence, direct laser-writ- (1996). N. Ehlen, A. Fedorov, C.-Y. Chen, J. Avila, [5] ten waveguides provide a full polarization control. P. Yang, G. R. Burns, J. Guo, T. S. Luk, and G. M. Asensio, A. Perucchi, P. di Pietro, L. Yas- A. Vawter, “Femtosecond laser-pulse-induced hina, I. Fakih, N. Hemsworth, M. Petres- In our work, we show the equivalence of cou- birefringence in optically isotropic glass,” cu, G. Gervais, A. Grüneis, and T. Szkopek. pling behavior between two waveguides and or- J. Appl. Phys. 95(10), 5280–5283 (2004). Quasi-two-dimensional thermoelectricity in thogonal polarization direction in a birefringent [6] R. Heilmann, M. Gräfe, S. Nolte, and A. Sza­ SnSe. Phys Rev B 2018; 97: 045424. waveguide. We use the polarization and its afore meit, “Arbitrary photonic wave plate opera- [5] A. K. Geim, I. V. Grigorieva. Van der Waals mentioned features to extend a two-dimension- tions on chip: realizing hadamard, pauli-x, heterostructures. Nature 2013; 499: 419. al waveguide lattice by the third dimension. We and rotation gates for polarisation qubits,” [6] J. Karch, C. Drexler, P. Olbrich, M. Fehren- observe correlations of photon pairs unveiling Sci. Rep. 4(1), 4118 (2014). bacher, M. Hirmer, M. M. Glazov, S. A. Ta­ Hong-Ou-Mandel interference as well as phe- [7] C.-Y. Wang, J. Gao, and X.-M. Jin, “On-chip rasenko, E. L. Ivchenko, B. Birkner, J. Eroms, nomena unique to these structures. rotated polarization directional coupler fab- D. Weiss, R. Yakimova, S. Lara-Avila, S. Ku­ [1] A. Peruzzo, M. Lobino, J. C. F. Matthews, ricated by femtosecond laser direct writing,” batkin, M. Ostler, T. Seyller, and S. D. Ga­ N. Matsuda,­ A. Politi, K. Poulios, X.-Q. Zhou, Opt. Lett. 44(1), 102–105 (2019). ni­chev. Terahertz Radiation Driven Chiral Edge Currents in Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107: 276601.

14 15 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Towards Spontaneous Parametric Nonlinear and Tunable All-Dielectric Down-Conversion in Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces Metasurfaces The use of the optically induced Mie resonances tures involving light localization in electric and in all-dielectric nanostructures – metasurfaces al- magnetic dipolar resonances. Special attention is Anna Fedotova1, Mohammadreza Younesi1, Jürgen Sautter1, Michael Steinert1, Reinhard Geiss1, lows us to reveal new physical effects which can addressed to nanoparticle oligomers consisting of Thomas Pertsch1,2, Frank Setzpfandt1, Isabelle Staude1 be used in many prospective applications from several, up to four, nanoparticles having collec- 1 Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, tunable antennas and flat optical devices to ul- tive resonances. Then, we discuss ultrafast tuna- 07745 Jena, Germany tra-sensitive sensors and active nanophotonic bility and all-optical switching in subwavelength Anna Fedotova 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Straße 7, Professor Dr Andrey Fedyanin components. In this talk, we discuss various opti- nonlinear dielectric nanostructures exhibiting lo- Institute of Applied Physics, 07745 Jena, Germany Faculty of Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, Jena cal effects in all-dielectric structures composed of calized magnetic Mie resonances. The results are Lomonosov Moscow State University Lithium niobate (LN), a birefringent crystal, is an in transmission, which demonstrated strong SHG Mie resonant nanoparticles upon their interaction compared with optical switching based on Bloch attractive material for nonlinear photonics due to signal when exciting at 1550 nm with a pulsed la- with femtosecond laser pulses. We consider non- surface waves and optical Tamm states in one-di- its wide transparency range and high second-or- ser. At the back-focal plane of the collecting objec- linear-optical effects based on quadratic and cubic mensional photonic crystals, and creation of a new der nonlinearity. Among other applications, it has tive, the 0th and 1st diffraction orders can be seen nonlinearities of resonant dielectric nanostruc- low-loss active nanophotonic devices is discussed. been used for fabrication of fast optical modula- corresponding to the period of the metasurface. tors and nonlinear frequency converters. Howev- With these results, we show that resonant metas- er, almost all implementations to date were using urface based on lithium niobate is a suitable plat- bulk LN crystals or waveguides. Although isolated form for second-harmonic generation. Due to the Multimode Four-Photon Mie-type nanoresonators in lithium niobate have principle of quantum-classical correspondence, been shown very recently [1], functional metasur- one can expect efficient spontaneous parametric Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference faces [2,3] based on densely packed arrangements down-conversion from this sample. Therefore, our of such nanoresonators have not yet been demon- next goal is studying the quantum behavior of the Alessandro Ferreri1, Vahid Ansari1, Benjamin Brecht1, Christine Silberhorn1, Polina R. Sharapova1 strated. The key feature of these metasurfaces, the fabricated metasurfaces. 1 Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warbugerstr. 100, resonant enhancement of local fields, may allow [1] Timpu, F., Sendra, J., Renaut, C., Lang, L., 33098 Paderborn, Germany to boost nonlinear effects such as second-har- Timofeeva, M., Buscaglia, M.T., Buscaglia, monic generation and spontaneous parametric The conventional two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel the number of Schmidt modes and the antibunch- V. and Grange, R., 2019. Lithium Niobate down-conversion (SPDC), thus offering interest- (HOM) interference plays an important role in ing behaviour is confirmed by using the chirped Nanocubes as Linear and Nonlinear Ultra- ing opportunities for the efficient generation of testifying the degree of indistinguishability of pump pulse [3]. By fixing the spectral width and Alessandro Ferreri violet Mie Resonators. ACS Photonics, 6(2), pairs of entangled photons. photons. Recently, multiphoton quantum inter- varying the spectral quadratic phase (chirp) of the Integrated Quantum Optics, pp. 545–552. Paderborn University ference is in focus of research since it is a crucial pump laser, the PDC state with the chirped pulse In this work, we have designed, fabricated and ex- [2] Löchner, F.J., Fedotova, A.N., Liu, S., Keeler, ingredient of boson samplings and a promising is characterized by the same signal-idler spectrum perimentally investigated nonlinear metasurfaces G.A., Peake, G.M., Saravi, S., Shcherbakov, tool for a high dimensional entanglement [1]. as in the single-mode regime but completely dif- consisting of an array of LN nanocubes featuring M.R., Burger, S., Fedyanin, A.A., Brener, I. In this research we investigate both theoreti- ferent mode structure. Mie-type resonances at the telecom wavelengths. and Pertsch, T., 2018. Polarization-depend- cally and experimentally the properties of the Prior to performing quantum experiments, we ent second harmonic diffraction from reso- In conclusion, it was shown that it is possible to four-photon HOM interference. characterized second-harmonic generation (SHG) nant gaas metasurfaces. ACS Photonics, 5(5), control the interference pattern, coherent length of from the metasurfaces. Firstly, in the optical trans- pp. 1786–1793. We consider four photons generated in the type- photons and bunching properties of the four-pho- mittance spectra, we observed electric dipole and [3] Decker, M., Staude, I., Falkner, M., Do­min­ II PDC process in a KTP waveguide. Dispersion ton HOM interference by modifying the number magnetic dipole Mie-type resonances in the vi- guez, J., Neshev, D.N., Brener, I., Pertsch, T. properties of KTP allow engineering a single of Schmidt modes. cinity of a target wavelength 1550 nm. Numerical and Kivshar, Y.S., 2015. High‐efficiency die- Schmidt mode source as well as a multimode [1] Y.-S. Ra, M.C. Tichy, H.-T. Lim, O. Kwon, simulations confirmed the nature of resonanc- lectric Huygens’ surfaces. Advanced Optical source by changing the pulse duration or by F. Mintert, A. Buchleitner, Y.-H. Kim, Non- es. Secondly, we carried out SHG measurements Materials, 3(6), pp. 813–820. chirping the pump pulse [2]. The type-II PDC monotonic quantum-to-classical transition source creates two photon pairs having two or- in multiparticle interference, Proceedings of thogonal polarization which were split up in two the National Academy of Sciences, 110,1227- arms of an interferometer by a polarization beam 1231 (2013) splitter. By making them have the same polariza- [2] G. Harder, V. Ansari, B. Brecht, T. Dirmeier, tion, we let them interfere on a beam splitter and C. Marquardt, and C. Silberhorn, Optics ex- finally they were detected. press 21, 13975 (2013). The theoretical simulations and the experimen- [3] V. Ansari, J. M. Donohue, M. Allgaier, L. San- tal results coincide and show that via increasing soni, B. Brecht, J. Roslund, N. Treps, G. Hard- the number of Schmidt modes, an antibunching er, and C. Silberhorn, Physical review letters peak appears. Furthermore, the relation between 120, 213601 (2018).

16 17 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Plasmon-Assisted Ultrafast Light Scattering by Lattices of Resonant Photodynamics in Quantum Dots Nanoparticles in Dipole Approximation

A.M. Flatae1, F. Tantussi2, G.C. Messina2, F. De Angelis2, and M. Agio1,3 Ilia Fradkin1,2, Sergey Dyakov1, Nikolay Gippius1 1 University of Siegen, Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ, Siegen, 57072, Germany 1 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street 3, Moscow 143025, Russia 2 Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, 16163, Italy 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok 9, 3 National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), Florence, 50125, Italy Moscow Region 141701, Russia

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) represent a prom- of magnitude. Increasing the quantum efficiency Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) is a very We demonstrate the performance of the proposed Assegid M. Flatae ising nanoscale material for application in opto- of the excitonic transitions turns the defect-rich effective tool for studying optical properties of method by considering plasmonic lattices embed- Ilia Fradkin University of Siegen, electronics, photovoltaics and in the life sciences. bare QD into a bright photon source, with impli- multilayered vertically invariant periodic struc- ded in a homogeneous ambiance and placed inside Skolkovo Institute of Science Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ and Technology, Moscow; Limitations like fluorescence blinking, Auger pro- cations for nanoscale lasers, light emitting devices, tures. However, it fails to deal with arrays of small and onto optical waveguides, and compare our re- Moscow Institute of Physics cess and surface traps are commonly addressed by solar cells and ultrafast single-photon sources. The particles because of high gradients in a local field. sults with experimental papers. Such phenomena and Technology growing a wide-bandgap shell. However, the shell approach can also be used to shape the emission In our paper [1], we implement discrete dipole as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) isolates the excitonic wave function and reduces spectrum and for achieving strong coupling at approximation (DDA) for the construction of and lattice plasmon resonances (LPRs) are ob- its interaction with the external environment nec- room temperature. scattering matrices of arrays of resonant nanopar- served as well as their hybridization with photonic essary for different applications. In addition, the [1] Flatae AM, Tantussi F, Messina GC, Moham- ticles. This strongly speeds up the calculations and guided modes. High accuracy and fast conver- long fluorescence lifetime hinders their applica- madi A, De Angelis F, Agio M. Plasmon- therefore provides an opportunity for thorough gence of our approach are shown by a comparison tion in high-speed optoelectronics. ic gold nanocones in the near-infrared for consideration of various layered structures with with other computational approaches. Typical lim- We demonstrate a high degree of control on the quantum nano-optics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2017; small periodic inclusions in terms of the RCWA. its of applicability of our approximate method are emission dynamics of a bare core CdTe quantum 5: 1700586. We study in detail three main stages of the meth- determined by an exploration of the dependence of dot by plasmon coupling to gold nanocones. We [2] Flatae AM, Tantussi F, Messina GC, De An- od: calculation of polarizability tensor of a single its error on the parameters of the structure. show that surface defect state emission and Au- gelis F, Agio M. Plasmon-assisted suppression nanoparticle, effective polarizability of this parti- [1] Fradkin IM, Dyakov SA, and Gippius NA ger processes from a trap-rich quantum dot can of Surface trap states and enhanced band- cle in a lattice and corresponding scattering ma- Fourier modal method for the description of be significantly quenched by enhancing the band- edge emission in a bare CdTe Quantum dot. trix of the layer for further integration in the con- nanoparticle lattices in the dipole approxima- edge state emission rate by more than three orders J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019; 10: 2874-2878. ventional RCWA approach. tion Phys. Rev. B 2019; 99: 075310

Fig. 1. Extinction of the gold nanoparticle lattice in bulk silica for a normally incident light calculated by different methods as a function of total number of Fourier harmonics. The proposed approach (1) converges even faster than conventional Fourier modal method enhanced by adaptive spatial resolution (RCWA-ASR) and provides precise results.

18 19 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Terahertz Probing of Electron States Optical Metasurfaces and Integral in 3d Topological Insulator Materials Photonic Structures for Control

A.V. Galeeva1, A.S. Kazakov1, S.N. Danilov2, L.I. Ryabova1, D.R. Khokhlov1 of Nonclassical Light on Subwave-Scale 1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, 2University of Regensburg, Germany The work is devoted to the creation and study of multiplexers, optical developers and waveguides, Optoelectronic probing in terahertz spectral range riers [2]. We find the specific features of electron flat and integral optical nanostructures that can which can effectively manipulate non-classical ra- is a powerful tool that may provide us with infor- energy relaxation in Bi Se topological insulator. 2 3 control non-classical quantum radiation at mi- diation using the two-photon lithography method. mation on electron dynamics in different type of In contrast, Hg1–xCdxTe structures are character- croscales. Within this research, special attention is The results obtained can be applied in quantum Dr Aleksandra Galeeva materials, in particular, in topological insulators Aleksandra Gartman ized by rather low bulk carrier concentration val- paid to the introduction of flat dielectric meta-sur- cryptography to increase the degree of protection Lomonosov Moscow State featured by non-trivial surface electron states for- Lomonosov Moscow State University ues. Another important feature of these objects faces for tomography of orbital-angular pulses and and security of broadband communication chan- University mation [1]. In this paper, we present our results is a zero band gap in composition range x<0.16. on terahertz radiation induced photoelectric phe- the creation of integrated optical elements, such as nels and information processing. In this situation, we observe terahertz photocon- nomena in Bi Se - and HgTe-based 3D topological 2 3 ductivity. We show that the photoconductivity materials in close vicinity to the topological phase changes both its sign and kinetics across the tran- transition point. Taking into account the differ- sition from the topological to the trivial state [3]. ence between these two materials in Fermi level We provide arguments for edge non-equilibrium Far and Mid IR Stimulated location with respect to the band edge, we take an approach that best suits for each specific system of transport channel formation in magnetic field in Emission in HgCdTe Quantum Well Hg Cd Te topological phase. the mentioned above. 1–x x We study photoelectromagnetic effect excited by [1] Hasan M.Z., Kane C.L. Topological insula- Heterostructures tors. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2010; 82: 3045–3067 terahertz radiation and magnetic field in Bi2Se3- [2] Galeeva A.V. et al. Manifestation of topological In2Se3 solid solutions, which demonstrate com- Far IR range still lacks compact and efficient ra- CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 μm), and SE was obtained at position-driven transition between topological surface electron states in photoelectromagnet- diation sources. Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) a record wavelength 31 μm (9.7 THz) where the and trivial states. High bulk carrier concentration ic effect induced by terahertz laser radiation. demonstrate remarkable performance in the range existing QCLs do not operate. At shorter wave- Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2016; 31: 095010. in combination with the low energy of the inci- 1–5 THz and above 15 THz. In between 5 and 15 lengths λ ~ 10 μm the excitation threshold pow- Professor Dr Vladimir Gavrilenko dent quantum lead to the diffusive fluxes defined [3] Galeeva A.V. et al. Non-Equilibrium Electron THz, their characteristics drop because of phon- er (λ ~ 2 μm) proved to be as low as 120 W/ exc Institute for Physics 2 by the mobility gradient between the surface and Transport Induced by Terahertz Radiation in the on absorption. The interband lasers based on Hg- cm [1] and the SE has been obtained even at of Microstructures RAS,

the bulk carriers. We show that the surface carri- Topological and Trivial Phases of Hg1–xCdxTe. CdTe quantum wells (QWs) are a straightforward CW excitation. Nizhny Novgorod er mobility exceeds the mobility of the bulk car- Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018; 9: 1035–1039. alternative since in this system the nonradiative In narrow (1.5–2 nm) HgTe/CdHgTe QWs, the SE Auger recombination can be suppressed due to was obtained in 2.8–3.5 μm at temperatures avail- a symmetry” of electron and hole dispersion [1]. able with thermoelectric cooling [2], making such Structures under study were designed so as to con- lasers of interest for spectroscopy applications in fine light to in-plane direction, therefore the “ac- the atmospheric transparency window 3–5 μm. tive” region (5–11 QWs) was placed at the antinode [1] Ruffenach S. et al. HgCdTe-based heterostruc­ position of TE0 mode of the dielectric waveguide tures for terahertz photonics APL Materials [1]. The samples were mounted either on the cold 2017; 5: 035503(1-8). finger of a closed-cycle helium cryostat (T = 8-200 [2] Fadeev MA. et al. Stimulated emission in K) or in a Peltier cooler (T = 200–300 K). The light the 2.8–3.5 μm wavelength range from Pel- was collected from the sample's facet [1,2]. tier cooled HgTe/CdHgTe quantum well In the long wavelength range the best results were hete­rostructures. Optics Express 2018; 26: achieved at a “cold” excitation with pulsed (100 ns) 12755-12760.

20 21 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Quantum Metamaterials Composed of Superconducting Flux Qubits

E. Il’ichev Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, P.O. Box 100239, D-07702 Jena, Germany Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 Karl Marx Avenue, Novosibirsk, Russia 630092

We propose a single photon detector based on su- One of the key issues for the realisation of this pro- perconducting quantum metamaterials. The main tocol is to demonstrate the existence of collective Professor Dr Evgeny Il’ichev idea here is to exploit the entangling interaction of modes corresponding to coherent oscillations of Leibniz Institute the incoming photon with the quantum metama- the meta-atoms. In the first set of experiments, of Photonic Technology; terial sensor array [1]. The interaction produces 20 meta-atoms, in our implementation so-called Novosibirsk State Technical a spatially correlated quantum state of the sensor flux qubits, are embedded into a microwave res- University array, characterized by a collective observable onator. A collective mode for interaction with the (e.g., total magnetic moment), which is read out cavity field was experimentally demonstrated [2]. using a quantum non-demolition measurement. In a second set of experiments, the transmission We demonstrate that the effects of local noise are of a microwave signal through a metamaterial suppressed relative to the signal from the spatial- based on double-loop flux qubits has been stud- ly coherent field of the incoming photon as 1/√N, ied [3]. We observed the periodical dependence where N is the number of array elements. of the transmission on the applied magnetic field. A field-controlled change of the ground state configuration of the meta-atoms induces a sup- pression of the transmission. Additionally, an ex- citation of meta-atoms leads to resonant enhance- ment of the transmission. [1] A. M. Zagoskin, R. D. Wilson, M. Everitt, S. Sa­velev, D. R. Gulevich, J. Alle, V. K. Du­bro­ vich and E. Il'ichev, "Spatially resolved single Racing to Triplet States photon detection with a quantum sensor ar- ray," SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 3, 3464, (2013). The Fibres are under Pressure [2] Pascal Macha, Gregor Oelsner, Jan-Michael Reiner, Michael Marthaler, Stephan Andre, Here, we present three different fibres schemes tar- The core of the fibre consists in a microstructured Gerd Schön, Uwe Hübner, Hans-Georg Mey- geting the generation of efficient third harmonic arrangement of glasses with low (LFF1 Schott er, Evgeni Il'ichev, and Alexey V. Ustinov, so as to identify by this way the most suitable plat- glass) and high (SF6 Schott glass) refractive indi- "Implementation of a quantum metamaterial form for the generation of photon triplet states. ces allowing the guidance of the visible wavelength using superconducting qubits," The creation of triplet photon states, which can by solid-bandgap effect [1]. This core is surround- [3] K. V. Shulga, E. Il'ichev, M. V. Fistul, I. S. Be- be regarded as the reverse process of the genera- ing by large air-channels ensuring the guidance Professor Dr Nicolas Joly sedin, S. Butz, O. V. Astafiev. U. Hübner, A. V. tion of third harmonic requires to fulfill the same by total internal reflection of the IR. These two Ustinov "Magnetically induced transparency Friedrich Alexander University; phase-matching conditions. At first, we focus on guidances mechanism ensure intra-modal phase- of a quantum metamaterial composed of twin Max-Planck Institute gas-filled hollow-core photonics crystal fibres. matched THG. In the last scheme we propose to for the Science of Light flux qubits," Nature Comm., 9, 150, (2018). These fibres allow the propagation of the light use tapered optical fibres. The stringent fabrica- in the hollow central region of the fibre in a dif- tion tolerances are mitigated by embedded the ta- fractionless manner. Here, we used a 38 μm core per inside a gas-cell so as to allow the tuning of the diameter AR-PCF consisting of 12 non-touching phase-matching conditions, and by this means the capillaries (Fig. 3b) and filled the fibre with 9.2 bar tuning of the generated third harmonic [2]. of Xenon. We demonstrated the THG from 1600 [1] Andrea Cavanna, et al. “Hybrid photonic-­ nm in the fundamental mode into several high-or- crystal­ fiber for single-mode phase matched der modes around 532 nm by adjusting the filling generation of third harmonic and photon tri- gas-pressure. In an alternative approach aiming plets,” Optica 3, 952 (2016). to increase the overlap between the modes of the [2] Jonas Hammer, et al., “Dispersion tuning in sub-­ pump and the generated third harmonic, we de- micron tapers for third-harmonic and photon signed and fabricated a totally new hybrid fibre. triplet generation,” Opt. Lett. 43, 2320 (2018)

22 23 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Single Photons from Photonic Molecules Nonlinear Optical Effects in Isolated Oligomers of Mie-Resonant Developing integrated sources of single-photon In doing so, a system of coupled microring res- and entangled two-photon states of light is an onators, which is often referred to as a photonic Nanoparticles Excited by Gaussian important task of quantum optics and optical molecule, has proved to be a promising struc- quantum technologies. In particular, preparing ture for creating effective quantum light sources and Vector Beams single-photon states via nonlinear optical effects and controlling basic properties of the generated in microring resonators is a forward-looking ap- quantum states. In this talk, I will give an over- Maria K. Kroychuk1, Damir F. Yagudin1, Alexander S. Shorokhov1, Daria A. Smirnova2,3, proach to develop compact and effective on-chip view of the recent progress in this field and de- Irina I. Volkovskaya3, Daniil A. Shilkin1, Maxim R. Shcherbakov1,4, Gennady Shvets4, Professor Dr Alexey Kalachev devices that are compatible with existing CMOS scribe some viable schemes of such single-pho- Yuri S. Kivshar2, Andrey A. Fedyanin1 Maria Kroychuk Zavoisky Physical-Technical technology. ton and two-photon sources. 1 Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia Lomonosov Faculty of Physics, Institute, Kazan Scientific 2 Nonlinear Physics Centre, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Moscow State University Centre of RAS; 3 Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia Kazan Federal University 4 School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

Nanostructures based on high-index dielectric nanoparticles with optical response governed by multipolar Mie-type resonances have been proved to enhance the efficiency of nonlinear optical Photoinduced Nonlocal Electron effects [1]. Combining dielectric particles in ol- Transport in HgCdTe Solid Solutions igomers leads to the collective modes formation governed by near-field coupling between the con- with Inverted Energy Band Order stituent nanoobjects [2], which results in largely increased nonlinear optical response [3]. This ef- A.S. Kazakov1, A.V. Galeeva1, A.I. Artamkin1, L.I. Ryabova1, S.A. Dvoretskiy2, N.N. Mikhailov2, fect is sensible both for the nanocluster geometry S.N. Danilov3, S.D. Ganichev3, M.I. Bannikov4, D.R. Khokhlov1,4 and laser excitation conditions [4] such as pump 1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia beam polarization. 2 A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductors Physics, Syberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia In this work, we studied experimentally and nu- 3 Aleksey Kazakov University of Regensburg, Germany merically the third-harmonic generation (THG) 4 Lomonosov Moscow State P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russia from isolated subwavelength oligomers made of University three and four Si nanodisks in spectral vicinity of Topological insulators (TI) are featured by high-­ In this work, we demonstrate our results on a ter- their magnetic dipolar Mie type resonance (MDR) mobility conductive surface (or edge) states forma­ ahertz photoconductivity in Hg Cd Te thick epi- x 1–x under different fundamental beam polarizations tion and are of great interest [1]. Demonstration of taxial films with an inverted energy spectrum. Our (azimuthal (AP), radial (RP) and linear (LP)). topological states existence was done by the angle experimental approach includes measurements in We made THG intensity spectroscopy of isolated resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) so-called nonlocal geometry of the sample cou- nanoclusters using nonlinear microscopy setup their point-group symmetry governed by near- [2]. However, ARPES technique does not provide pling that provides us an opportunity to vary bulk based on near-infrared femtosecond laser for AP, field interaction of nanodisks. Experimental data any information related to electron transport via transport contribution to the net photoresponse. RP and LP and sample azimuthal angle rotation. are in a good agreement with analytical and nu- these states. Experimental manifestation of the We reveal the nonlocal component in the net We demonstrated that the THG power from sam- merical predictions. topological states in electron transport is a quite response that indicates an additional transport channel formation. Behavior of the photoresponse ples pumped with AP vector beams is two orders [1] M.R. Shcherbakov et al., Nano Lett. 14, 6488– relevant problem. An application of direct trans- in magnetic field indicates the chirality of the larger comparing to the LP pump beams on the 6492 (2014). port measurement techniques and optoelectronic channel formed. The observed nonlocal transport wavelength of the collective out-of-plane mag- [2] B. Hopkins et al., ACS Photonics 2, 724–729 approaches is still quite challenging for most of features of photoexcited carriers may be related to netic modes excitation by AP light and two times (2015). TIs due to high bulk carrier concentration. the topological states contribution. larger comparing to the same AP illumination but [3] A.S. Shorokhov et al., Nano Lett. 16, 4857– MBE grown Hg Cd Te epitaxial layers are con- 1–x x [1] Hasan M.Z., Kane C.L. Topological insulators. on the wavelength of MDR. We also observed the 4861 (2016). sidered as a distinctive example of realisation of Rev. Mod. Phys. 2010; 82: 3045–3067. rotational dependence of the THG signal from the [4] M. Rahmani et al., ACS Photonics 4, 454–461 topological phase with relatively low bulk carrier [2] Chen, Y. L. et al. Experimental Realization of clusters pumped by LP beams in accordance with (2017). density. Hg1–xCdxTe ternary alloys are character- a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator, ized by inverted energy spectrum in composi- Bi2Te 3. Science, 2009, 325(5937), 178–181. tion range x<0.16 and normal band structure at [3] Galeeva A.V. et al. Non-Equilibrium Elec- x>0.16 thus demonstrating a topological phase tron Transport Induced by Terahertz Radia- transition. The energy spectrum modification is tion in the Topological and Trivial Phases of

followed by qua­litative changes in photoelectric Hg1–xCdxTe. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018; phenomena [3]. 9: 1035–1039.

24 25 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Quantum Computation Based High Order Fano-Resonances on Photonic Chips and Trapped and Extreme Effects in Field Localization

Neutral Atoms Zengbo Wang1, Boris Luk’yanchuk2,3, Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez4, Bing Yan1, James Monks1, Oleg V. Minin5, Igor V. Minin6, Sumei Huang7, Andrey A. Fedyanin3 1 In this work, we will consider state of art and orig- • Linear-optical quantum computing; School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Dean Street, Bangor, inal results in the field of Quantum computations. • Fabrication of integrated photonic devices; Gwynedd, LL57 1UT, UK 2 In particular, we will discuss two physical plat- • Reconfigurable devices; Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, forms based on photonic chips and trapped neu- • Single atoms in optical microtraps for quantum Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore Professor Dr Sergei Kulik 3 Professor Dr Boris Luk’yanchuk tral atoms, advantages and troubles with experi- computing; Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia Quantum Technology Centre, 4 Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Division of Physics and Applied Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov mental implementations. Basically, the talk covers • Optical traps for single atoms; Physics, School of Physical Moscow State University the following issues: • Scaling up the system: holographic traps coher- Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore and Mathematical Sciences, 5 • Integrated optics for photonic quantum compu- ence and logical gates. National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave., 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia Nanyang Technological University; 6 tation; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave., 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov 7 Engineering Research centre for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Moscow State University Ministry of Education, School of Physics and material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China Orchestrating PDC Temporal Modes This work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (#14.W03.31.0008). Fano resonances resulting from the interference of etc.) permit to realize high order Fano resonances Jano Gil Lopez1, Vahid Ansari1, Benjamin Brecht1, Christine Silberhorn1 broad and narrow excitation modes have emerged for internal Mie modes. These resonances for spe- 1 Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warbugerstr. 100, with many promising applications in physical, cific values of the size parameter yield field-inten- 33098 Paderborn, Germany chemical, and biological sciences [1]. The sharp- sity enhancement factors on the order of 104–107, ness and the amplitude of the Fano resonance which can be directly obtained from analytical cal- Temporal modes are field-orthogonal spectral-­ on the number of modes and provides a good fig- increase for higher order mode, e.g. interference culations. These “super-resonances” provide mag- tem­poral amplitudes of light pulses, for instance ure of merit for experimental demonstration [4]. of the broad dipole (Rayleigh) mode and narrow netic nanojets with giant magnetic fields, which is Hermite-Gauss functions. They form a high- Here, we experimentally demonstrate full control octupole mode provide a sharper resonance than attractive for many applications [3]. dimen­sional basis which can be used for net- Jano Gil Lopez over PDC states with up to ten temporal-modes. a similar interference of the dipole and quadru- worked quantum information applications [1]. [1] Luk`yanchuk B., Zheludev N. I., Maier S. A., Integrated Quantum Optics, By measuring both the joint spectrum of the gen- pole mode in plasmonic particle (see e.g. Fig. 3 There are several aspects that render temporal Halas N. J., Nordlander P., Giessen H., Chong Paderborn University erated photon pairs as well as broadband Glauber in Ref. 1). Excitation of the higher order Fano T. C. The Fano resonance in plasmonic nano- modes appealing basis states. They can be dense- correlation functions of individual PDC outputs, resonances [2] permit to enhance the sensitivi- structures and metamaterials, Nature Materi- ly packed in time-frequency space, they are nat- we conclusively show that not only can we con- ty of resonant nanostructures. High order Fano als 9, 707–715 (2010). urally compatible with single-mode fibres, and, trol the number of modes, but also their relative resonances (quadrupolar, octupolar, hexadecap- [2] Fu Y. H., Zhang J. B., Yu Y. F., Luk`yanchuk B. due to their pulsed nature, they lend themselves weights. These results pave the way towards appli- olar, and triakontadipolar) were generated in the Generating and Manipulating Higher Order to precise timing measurements. To fully unlock cations based on user-defined multi-dimensional optimized disk ring silver plasmonic nanostruc- Fano Resonances in Dual-Disk Ring Plas- their potential, however, we need the ability to quantum states of light. ture [2]. However, further progress towards higher generate photonic quantum states that exhibit a monic Nanostructures. ACS Nano 6, 5130– [1] B. Brecht, D. V. Reddy, C. Silberhorn, and M. order resonances is quite complicated due to the tailored temporal-mode structure. 5137 (2012). G. Raymer, “Photon temporal modes: a com- dissipation within the plasmonic structures in the [3] Wang Z.B., Luk’yanchuk B., Paniagua-­Do­ We can address this challenge by deploying dis- plete framework for quantum information visible range. On the contrary, in dielectric ma- mín­guez R., Yan B., Monks J., Minin O.V., persion-engineered parametric down-conversion science,” Phys. Rev. X 5, 041017 (2015) terials dissipation effect can be very small, which Minin I.V., Huang S., and Fedyanin A. A. Su­ (PDC). Using our group-velocity matched PDC [2] G. Harder, V. Ansari, B. Brecht, T. Dirmeier, permits to realize high order Fano resonances. The per-resonances­ in microspheres: extreme ef- source as basic tool [2], we generate photon-pair C. Marquardt, and C. Silberhorn, „An opti- weakly dissipating dielectric spheres (glass, quartz, fects in field localization, arXiv:1906.09636 states with well-defined dimensionality and user-­ mized photon pair source for quantum cir- controlled temporal-mode distribution [3]. To do cuits”, Opt. Exp. 21, 13975 (2013) so, one only needs to shape the complex spectrum [3] V. Ansari, J. M. Donohue, B. Brecht, and C. of the pump pulses, which means that a change Silberhorn, „Tailoring nonlinear processes for of operation mode, say from single-mode to few- quantum optics with pulsed temporal-mode mode, doesn’t require any additional experimental encodings”, Optica 5, 534–550 (2018) overhead. The underlying temporal-mode struc- [4] A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Casse­ ture of multi-dimensional states can be described miro and C. Silberhorn, “Probing multimode via the Schmidt decomposition. The second-order squeezing with correlation functions”, New J. correlation function of the states depends directly Phys. 13 (033027)

26 27 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

tem an excellent quantum simulator. We consider dynamics is observed as summarized in Fig. 1(d)- Realisation of Photonic Anomalous a bipartite square lattice with two site species A (g). As readily identifiable, the excited edge state and B (with same on-site potential), as it was sug- travels dispersionless and without any scattering Floquet Topological Insulator gested in [6]. Along the propagation direction, the along edges, around corners and various defects structure consists of four sections with each hav- (Fig. 1(d)-(f)). This highly robust, unidirectional Lukas J. Maczewsky1,2, Julia M. Zeuner2, Stefan Nolte2, Alexander Szameit1,2 ing length T/4, and the entire period is T. In the state is a clear signature of topological protection. 1 Universität Rostock first section, a particular A-site couples to neigh- However, as opposed to the common Floquet 2 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena boring B-site on its right, in the second section to topological insulator, in our system we find a flat its neighboring B-site above, and in the third and band of bulk modes. This is shown by exciting the We undertake the first observation of a photonic only for systems that are static, that is, where the fourth section to its left and below, respectively sites in the bulk of the lattice and observing that anomalous Floquet insulator in the waveguide re- Hamiltonian is constant in the evolution coordi- light is trapped in a loop, indicating the excita- Lukas J. Maczewsky (as sketched in Fig. 2a). The inter-site coupling in gime. In contrast to the common understanding, nate. To characterize periodically driven (Floquet) the individual sections is achieved by appropriate- tion of only localized modes (see Fig. 1(g) for one Universität Rostock; the system exhibits topological edge modes de- systems, it was shown recently that the appropriate ly engineering directional couplers as sketched for example). As we observe the same dynamics for Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena spite vanishing Chern number of all bands. topological invariants are winding numbers [6]. one unit cell and one period in Fig.1(a). This sys- any bulk site, we can conclude that there is indeed The solid-state concept of topological insulators is They use the information in the Hamiltonian for tem is described by the Bloch-Hamiltonian: only one band, which consists of localized degen- associated with extraordinarily robust edge trans- all times within a single driving period. erate states: A single flat band, which has to have port. The idea of transferring topological protec- In our work, we experimentally demonstrate so- a Chern number of zero. This is the unequivocal proof of having implemented an A-FTI, as clearly tion to electromagnetic waves [1] was first realized called anomalous Floquet topological insulators , in the microwave regime [2] and recently brought (A-FTI) with chiral edge states being present al- the Chern number does not predict the existence where the vectors are given by to the optical domain [3,4], and may enable novel though the Chern numbers of all bands are zero. of the chiral edge states. and , with a being the distance be- and more robust photonic devices. It is commonly To this end, we employ arrays of evanescently cou- tween adjacent lattice sites. Additionally, for each Summarizing our work, the results presented here accepted that for two-dimensional spin-decou- pled waveguides. This is the first explicitly driven partial step n, the coupling coefficients are clearly demonstrate the significance of the wind- pled topological systems a complete topological system to show this phenomenon which, up to definedas c = δ c. The coupling coefficient is cho- ing number as the appropriate topological invar- characterization is provided by Chern numbers now, has only been implemented in static network j jn iant characterising periodically driven systems. sen as c = 2π/T, such that during each step com- [5] – the number of chiral edge modes residing in systems which can be mapped onto a Floquet Our experimental observation of an A-FTI in a plete coupling into the respective neighboring a band gap is given by the sum of the Chern num- Hamiltonian [7]. In the structures applied with- photonic chip opens a new chapter in the field of waveguide occurs. As a result, this configuration bers of all bands below this gap. Hence, the Chern in our work, the light evolution is governed by a topological physics. Based on this results on-chip exhibits no transport in the bulk as an excitation number is equal to the difference between the Schrödinger equation (see Ref. [8] for details) in photonic circuitry and slow light is feasible. is trapped by moving only in loops, whereas at the chiral edge modes entering the band from below two transverse directions x and y with an evolu- edge transport occurs (see Fig. 2b). Obviously, the [1] F. D. M. Haldane and S.Raghu, Possible real- and exiting it above. However, this is strictly true tion along the z coordinate, constituting the sys- Hamiltonian is z-dependent, which for waveguide ization of directional optical waveguides in lattices is analogue to time-dependence in quan- photonic crystals with broken time-reversal tum mechanics [8] and, hence, no eigenstates ex- symmetry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 013904 (2008) ist. However, due to the periodicity in z, Floquet [2] Z. Wang et.al., Observation of unidirectional theory can be applied to derive a band structure backscattering-immune topological electro- of so-called quasi-energies [6] in full correspond- magnetic states, Nature 461, 772 (2009) ence to Bloch's theory for spatial periodicity. [3] M. C. Rechtsman et. Al., Photonic floquet Consequently, the Floquet spectrum is periodic to­po­lo­gical insulators, Nature 496, 196–200 in its quasi-energies as the transverse momentum (2013) [4] caused by Bloch's theorem. Our lattice structure M. Hafezi, et. al., Imaging topological edge sta­tes in silicon photonics, Nature Photon. 7, exhibits two flat degenerate bands (that appear as 1001 (2013). a single band), as the bipartite character of the lat- [5] A. P. Schnyder et. al., Classification of topo­ tice arises only from the sequential coupling steps logical insulators and superconductors in with four equal coupling coefficients c . Since the j three spatial dimensions, Phys. Rev. B 78, sum of the Chern numbers of all bands has to be 195125 (2008) zero, we find that the Chern number of the flat [6] M. S. Rudner et. al., Anomalous edge states band in our system is zero. Though, when con- and the bulk-edge correspondence for perio­ sidering a finite system, we observe the formation dically driven two-dimensional systems, Phys. of chiral edge states (see Fig. 2d). In this vein, the Rev. X 3, 031005 (2013) Chern number is not the appropriate topological [7] F. Gao et. al., Probing topological protection invariant that characterizes the existence and the Figure 1(a). One lattice unit cell with four different coupling steps and schematic of its waveguide implementation bringing each waveguide pair together using a designer surface plasmon structure, during each respective coupling step. (b) Sketch of light propagation during four different steps exhibiting transport along the edges and localization amount of chiral edge states in our system. This is Nature Commun. 7, 619 (2016) in the bulk after a full period with complete coupling per step. (c) Associated quasi energy edge band structure with flat bulk band and dispersionless the very nature of an A-FTI. topological edge modes. (d)-(g) Experimental light output images after three full periods while exciting a single waveguide (marked by red ellipse).­ [8] A. Szameit et. al., Discrete optics in femtose­ Evolution of the chiral edge state (d) along the edge, (e) around a corner, and (f) along artificial defects in the lattice structure. (g) In the bulk, For the experiments, light is launched into single cond-laser-written photonic structures, J. of light follows a loop trajectory, as only localized flat-band modes are excited. sites of the laser direct-written lattice and the light Phys. B 43, 163001 (2010)

28 29 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Optically Pumped Magnetometers – Tracing Light-Matter Coupling Quantum Sensors for a Variety on the Nanometer Length- of Applications and the Femtosecond Timescale

G. Oelsner1, T. Scholtes1, V. Schultze1, F. Wittkämper1, C.B. Schmidt1, R. IJsselsteijn1,2, R. Stolz1 M. Plankl1, M. A. Huber1, F. Mooshammer1, F. Sandner1, M. Zizlsperger1, L. Z. Kastner1, 1 Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, P.O. Box 100239, D-07702 Jena, Germany M. S. Vitiello2, T. L. Cocker3, R. Huber1 2 Supracon AG, An der Lehmgrube 11, D-07751 Jena, Germany 1 Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany 2 NEST CNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy Gregor Oelsner Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, 48824 Michigan, USA Markus Plankl Leibniz Institute of Photonic quantum sensors based on the interaction of Department of Physics, Technology, Jena atomic vapors with the external magnetic field. Interesting low-energy elementary excitations, such [2] M. Eisele et al. Ultrafast multi-terahertz nano-­ University of Regensburg Usually alkali atoms are used due to their favora- as phonons, plasmons and magnons, strongly in- spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolu- ble electronic structure. Especially when exposed teract with light in the terahertz and mid-infrared tion, Nature Photonics 2014; 8: 841–845. to a magnetic field, these materials feature a large spectral domain. Ultrafast optical spectroscopy [3] M. A. Huber et al. Ultrafast mid-infrared na- Zeeman Effect. Additionally, their large electrical has provided key insights into the dynamics of noscopy of strained vanadium dioxide nano- dipole moment allows convenient manipulation these collective excitations. Unfortunately, the spa­ beams, Nano Letters 2016; 16: 1421–1427. and readout by the aid of laser radiation at readily tial resolution of such (far-field) studies is intrinsi- [4] M. A. Huber et al. Femtosecond photo-swit­ ­ accessible wavelengths. cally limited to the scale of the probing wavelength ching of interface polaritons in black phos- by diffraction. Thus, the optical response cannot phorus heterostructures, Nature Nanotech- Recent advances in the miniaturisation [1] and resolve individual nano-objects, confined polari- nology 2017; 12: 207–211. scalability of the required alkali vapor cells open ton waves, or local surface effects. [5] Eric Yue Ma et al. Recording interfacial cur- the path to applications in the field of sensor arrays rents on the subnanometer length and fem- for biomagnetic fields and miniaturized atomic In this talk, I will show how we use ultrafast scan- tosecond time scale by terahertz emission, clocks. Employing recently developed operational ning near-field optical microscopy to bypass this limitation and to gain access to the transient, na- Science Advances 2019; 5: eaau0073 modes, such as the Spin-exchange relaxation-free [6] noscale dielectric functions [1] of materials after P. Merkl et al. Ultrafast transition between [2] and light-shift dispersed Mz [3] modes, sensi- exciton phases in van der Waals heterostruc- tivities in the single-digit fT range have been re- photo-excitation by femtosecond near-infrared pulses. We have applied this technique – simulta- tures, Nature Materials 2019; 18: 691–696. alised; and using the latter method even magnet- neously achieving a 10 nm spatial and 10 fs tem- ically unshielded, highly-sensitive measurements poral resolution – to study carrier dynamics in within the Earth’s magnetic field become possible. single semiconductor nanowires on their intrinsic In mobile, unshielded applications, moveable length and time scales [2,3]. Furthermore, we di- OPM instruments should be able to operate at [2] J. C. Allred, R. N. Lyman, T. W. Kornack and rectly observe photo-activated surface polaritons field amplitudes of the order of 50 µT at which M. V. Romalis. High-Sensitivity Atomic Mag- in real space and trace their decay dynamics [4]. they are usually influenced by heading errors. This netometer Unaffected by Spin-Exchange Re- Most recently, also the ultrafast vertical charge term summarizes systematic measurement errors laxation. Phys.Rev.Lett. 2002; 89: 130801 transfer based on transition metal dichalcogenides and sensitivity changes depending on the sensor [3] V. Schultze, B. Schillig, R. IJsselsteijn, T. Schol­ (TMDCs) has attracted significant interest [5], es- orientation. We will report on experimental and tes, S. Woetzel and R. Stolz. An Optically pecially the ultrafast formation of interlayer exci- theoretical studies about such effects [4,5]. Pumped Magnetometer Working in the tons [6]. With our approach, we can resolve the Another interesting application for OPMs lies in Light-Shift Dispersed Mz Mode. Sensors spectral change between single TMDC flakes and the field of fundamental physics. Theory predicts 2017; 17: 561 heterostructures with nanometer spatial resolu- interactions of spin systems with special kinds of [4] G. Oelsner, V. Schultze, R. IJsselsteijn, F. Wit­ tion and reveal spatial contrast in the conductivity dark matter, namely axions or axion-like particles. tkämper and R. Stolz. Sources of heading of a single heterostructure, which are not linked to We will shortly introduce our work connected to er­rors in optically pumped magnetometers topographic features. We also monitor the change this interesting topic. operated in the Earth’s magnetic field. Phys. of the local scattering response upon photoexcita- [1] S. Woetzel, V. Schultze, R. IJsselsteijn, T. Schulz, Rev.A 2019; 99: 013420 tion and even resolve the local terahertz emission S. Anders, R. Stolz and H.-G. Meyer. Micro- [5] G. Oelsner, V. Schultze, R. IJsselsteijn and due to the ultrafast interlayer charge transfer. fabricated atomic vapor cell arrays for mag- R. Stolz. Performance analysis of an optically [1] F. Mooshammer et al. Nanoscale near-field to­-

netic field measurements. Rev. Sci. Instr. 2011; pumped magnetometer in Earth’s magnetic mography of surface states on (Bi0.5Sb0.5)2Te 3, 82: 033111. field. Arxiv: 1908.06639 Nano Letters 2018; 18: 7515–7523.

30 31 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Optical Switching in One-Dimensional Efficient Single-Photon Source Photonic Crystal Enhanced at 200 K Based on a CdSe Quantum Dot by Bloch Surface Waves in a Photonic Nanowire

Anna Popkova1, Aleksandr Chezhegov1, Vladimir Bessonov1, Maxim Rybin2, M.V. Rakhlin1, K.G. Belyaev1, S.V. Sorokin1, V. Yu. Mikhailovskii2, A.A. Toropov1 Elena Obraztsova2, Andrey Fedyanin1 1 Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytekhnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia 1 Quantum Electronic Department and Quantum Technology Centre, Faculty of Physics, 2 Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia Anna Popkova 2 A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia In the last decades, a lot of attention has been with CdSe/Zn(S,Mg)Se [1] and CdTe/ZnTe [2] ep- Maksim Rakhlin Faculty of Physics, paid to development of the sources of quantum itaxial QDs and room temperature operation has Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg Lomonosov Moscow State Bloch surface waves (BSWs) are propagating elec- ulation on the nonlinearity of the PC upper lay- light such as single-photon emitters possessing been achieved under both optical [3] and electri- University tromagnetic modes which can be excited at the er was demonstrated by placing a monolayer of non-classical photon statistics and sources of en- cal [4] pumping. The fabrication of intense II–VI surface of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals graphene to the PC surface. tangled pairs of single photons. These devices are single-photon sources is, nevertheless, hampered key elements for the systems of quantum cryp- by a difficulty with growth of monolithic cavity (PC) [1]. These states are excited within the pho- The presented data demonstrate the possibility of tonic band gap spectral region for different polar- tography, information teleportation, and quan- structures suitable for increasing extraction effi- creating optical modulators based on BSWs. izations of incident radiation; they demonstrate tum computing. Self-organised single quantum ciency of the single-QD emission. [1] Yeh P et al. 1977 JOSA 67(4) 423-438 long propagation length (up to several millimeters dots (QDs) based on wide-gap II–VI compounds, In this work, we demonstrate a relatively simple [2] Weeber J C et al. 2001 Physical review B 64(4) range [2]) along with prolonged lifetime and man- grown by epitaxial techniques (usually by molecu- approach to improving the photons collection 045411 lar beam epitaxy (MBE)), are considered as prom- ifest themselves as narrow spectral-angular reso- efficiency, based on hybrid semiconductor-die- [3] Wu X et al. 2014 Journal of the European Op- ising candidates for creation of the room-temper- nances in reflectance spectra. The BSWs optical lectric and semiconductor photonic nanowires. tical Society-Rapid publications 9 ature single photon sources due to exceptionally properties lead to considerable interest to photon- To this purpose, the 1.5 μm-thick ZnMgSSe layer [4] Descrovi E et al. 2010 Nano letters 10(6) large binding energy of excitons and biexcitons. ic devices and optical sensors based on BSWs. The for semiconductor nanowire was grown by MBE 2087–2091 So far, single-photon emission at elevated temper- possibility of using BSWs to create waveguides [3], on the surface of the structure with CdSe QDs [5] Dubey R et al. 2017 Proc. of SPIE 10106 101061 atures has been demonstrated for the structures sensors [4] and elements of integrated circuits [5] and ZnSSe/ZnMgSSe barriers. For semiconduc- had been recently studied, while the possibility tor-dielectric nanowire, the heterostrucure with of using BSWs as optical modulators hasn’t been CdSe QDs was covered with a thick layer of a studied so far. transparent e-beam resist. After performing the In this work, we study the ultrafast dynamics focused ion beam etching, the photonic nanow- of BSWs in 1D PC. The pump-probe technique ire with carefully tailored ends can be obtained. in Kretschmann prism configuration was used. Using thus fabricated photonic structures we In the experiment, the value of relative change of demonstrated the single-photon flux with an reflectance coefficient (dR/R) was measured. We average intensity exceeding 1 MHz at the tem- obtained the optical switching with characteristic perature of 80 K for semiconductor-dielectric switching time around 1 ps at excitation of PC by nanowire [5] and at the temperature of 200 K for Ti:Sapphire laser (750–850 nm) with duration 50 semiconductor nanowire. fs. Using the spectral dependence of the value of [1] K. Sebald, P. Michler, T. Passow, D. Hommel, dR/R, a significant increase of dR/R at the wave- G. Bacher, A. Forchel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, length corresponding to the BSW resonance was 2920 (2002). observed. The dependence of the switching mod- [2] C. Couteau, S. Moehl, F. Tinjod, J. M. Gerard, K. Kheng, H. Mariette, J.A. Gaj, R. Romestain, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6251 (2004). [3] O. Fedorych, C. Kruse, A. Ruban, D. Hom- mel, G. Bacher, T. Kümmell, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 061114 (2012). [4] W. Quitsch, T. Kümmell, A. Kruse, D. Hom- mel, G. Bacher, Phys. Status Solidi C 11 1256 (2014). [5] M.V. Rakhlin, K.G. Belyaev, S.V. Sorokin, S.V. Sedova, D.A. Kirilenko, A.M. Mozharov, I.S. Mukhin, M.M. Kulagina, Y.M. Zadiranov, S.V. Ivanov, A.A. Toropov, JETP Lett. 108, 3, 201 (2018).

32 33 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

In this work, we discuss SFWM in tapered op- [5] Morrissey MJ et al. Spectroscopy, manipu- Evaluation of the Possibility tical fibers in terms of their use for generation of lation and trapping of neutral atoms, mole- non-classical states of light: single-photon and cor- cules, and other particles using optical nano- of Dynamic Phase Holograms Usage related two-photon states. We fabricated a bunch fibers: a review. Sensors 2013; 13: 10449 of identical tapered optical fibers and observed [6] Balykin VI. Quantum manipulation of atoms for Single Atom Arrays Reconfiguration SFWM in them. For the source characterization, we and photons by using optical nanowavegui­ measured several functions, including spectral in- des. Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 2014; 184: 656 Sergey Samoylenko1, Alexey Lisitsin1, Schepanovich Danilo1, Ivan Bobrov1, tensity of the created field and heralded auto-corre- [7] Nayak KP, Sadgrove M, Yalla R., Le Kien F., Stanislav Straupe1, Sergey Kulik1 lation histogram. All the performed measurements and Hakuta K. Nanofiber quantum photon- 1 Lomonosov Moscow State University prove quantum nature of the generated light. ics. Journal of Optics 2018; 20: 073001 [8] [1] O’brien JL, Furusawa A. Photonic quantum Spillane S. et al. Observation of nonlinear Sergey Samoylenko Cold single atoms are the ones of the most promis- cantly bigger than 1/e2 radius of the focal spot size technologies. Nature Photonics 2009; 3: 687. optical interactions of ultralow levels of light Lomonosov Moscow State ing candidates to be considered as physical qubits of the dipole trap due to finite time of image up- [2] Eisaman MD, Fan J., Migdall A., and Polyakov in a tapered optical nanofiber embedded in a University [1]. Unfortunately, “collisional blockade” regime, date. Acquired data was fitted by results of Monte-­ SV. Single-photon sources and detectors. Re- hot rubidium vapor. Physical review letters that allows one to load single atoms into dipole Carlo simulation for atom movement. Also, we view of scientific instruments 2011; 82: 071101 2008; 100: 233602 trap, reduces probability to catch an atom down to introduce our modification of Gerchberg-Saxton [9] [3] Brambilla G. Optical fibre nanowires and Le Kien F., Balykin V., and Hakuta K. Atom 0.5 that prevents production of fully loaded single algorithm that could be used for intensity flicker microwires: a review. Journal of Optics 2010; trap and waveguide using a two-color evanes- atom arrays. The common way to overcome this minimization. Nevertheless, development of an ef- 12: 043001 cent light field around a subwavelength-di- issue is to create reconfigurable atomic arrays [2, 3]. fective algorithm for phase holograms generation [4] Tong L., Zi F., Guo X., and Lou J. Optical mi- ameter optical fiber. Physical Review A 2004; This could be done via computer generated dy- is an object for further discussions. crofibers and nanofibers: A tutorial. Optics 70: 063403 namic phase holograms displayed by spatial light [1] M. P. A. Jones, J. Beugnon, A. Gaetan, J. Zhang, Communications 2012; 285: 4641 modulator (SLM), that give rise to the possibility G. Messin, A. Browaeys, P. Grangier, Fast to move several atoms at once. The goal of current Quantum State Control of a Single Trapped work was to estimate the scope of this method. Neutral Atom (2006) 1–4. It was demonstrated that intensity flicker which [2] D. Barredo, S. De Leseleuc, V. Lienhard, T. La­ arises while the image displayed by SLM updates haye, A. Browaeys, An atom-by-atom as- Femtosecond Laser Writing Technology causes almost no heating. Moreover, it was shown sembler of defect-free arbitrary two-dimen- that probability of successful atom movement is sional atomic arrays, Science 354 (2016) for Integrated Quantum Photonics limited mostly by atom lifetime in dipole trap, 1021–1023. therefore, the maximum distance that an atom [3] W. Lee, H. Kim, J. Ahn, Three-dimensional N. Skryabin1,2, S. Zhuravitskii1, I. Dyakonov1, M. Saygin1, S. Straupe1, S. Kulik1 could be transferred is determined by SLM re- rearrangement of single atoms using actively 1 Quantum Technologies Centre, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, fresh rate. It was demonstrated that the possible controlled optical microtraps, Optics Express Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia size of single step of atom movement is signifi- 24 (2016) 9816. 2 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia

Direct femtosecond laser writing technology is a this technology. In addition, waveguides with de- Nikolay Skryabin powerful tool for integrated photonics. It is based pressed cladding inside 7LiYF4 crystals with ra- on a local and permanent change in the refractive re-earth erbium ions were created and studied [3]. Quantum Technologies Centre, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov index (up to 10–2) of various transparent dielectric These waveguides can serve as a base for integrated Single Photon and Entangled Photon Moscow State University materials under the action of tightly focused ultra- optical quantum memory on photon echo. Pair Generation Using Tapered short laser pulses (300 fs), and allows in one stage Currently, work is underway to create an integral Optical Fibers to prototype various kinds of three-dimension- device for controlling the polarization of a photon, al integral elements and devices based on wave- based on polarization beam splitters [4]. And it is guides in optical glasses and crystals [1]. also planned to create quantum optical comput- A.A. Shukhin1, J. Keloth2, K. Hakuta2, A.A. Kalachev1 ing elements based on quantum random walks of 1 Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Centre This technology has also recommended itself in photons on a lattice of coupled waveguides. of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia solving problems of quantum optics on miniaturi- 2 Centre for Photonic Innovations, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan zation and increasing work stability by integrating [1] “Femtosecond Laser Micromachining” / ed. Anatoly Shukhin quantum computing circuits and control elements by R. Osellame, R. Ramponi, G. Cerullo. – Zavoisky Physical-Technical Single-photon and entangled two-photon states used in the telecommunication net. One of the into a monolithic optical chip. We have created and London: Springer-Verlag, 2012 – 481 c. Institute, Kazan Scientific Centre are the core of optical quantum computing and most promising medium for SFWM observa- tested a programmable 4-channel optical circuit on [2] Dyakonov I.V. et al., Phys. Rev. Applied 10, of the Russian Academy of Sciences quantum communications [1]. Non-classical sta­ tion is tapered optical fiber [3–7]. Tapered opti- a chip, consisting of 6 interferometers and imple- 044048 (2018). tes of light can be generated via nonlinear op­ti­cal cal fibers allow one to observe nonlinear optical menting universal unitary transformations [2]. [3] Minnegaliev M.M. et al., Laser Phys. Lett. 15, effects, such as spontaneous parametric down-­ phenomena at very low pump power (less that Heating elements (electrodes) that control the pa- 045207 (2018). conversion and spontaneous four-wave mixing 10 nW) [8], manipulate single atoms [9], achieve rameters of integrated interferometers due to the [4] Dyakonov I.V. et al., Optics Letters 42, 4231– (SFWM) [2]. Particularly, the latter is observed high-efficiency coupling between light and mat- thermo-optical effect have also been formed using 4234 (2017). in the standard silica optical fibers that are widely ter [10], etc.

34 35 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Optical Studies of SiV Colour Centres Light-Emitting Dielectric Metasurfaces in Phosphorous-Doped Diamond All-dielectric nanoparticles with a high refractive cies via various nonlinear frequency generation index can support electric and magnetic multipo- processes [8–10]. F. Sledz1, A.M. Flatae1, S. Lagomarsino1,2, N. Soltani1, S.S. Nicley3, K. Haenen3, lar Mie-type resonances [1], which can be tuned by M.F. Becker4, M. Agio1,5 In order to characterize the emission properties the nanoparticle geometry and environment [2]. 1 Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ, University of Siegen, 57072 Siegen Germany of the light-emitting metasurfaces, we perform Thereby, they offer unique opportunities for en- 2 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy micro-photoluminescence imaging, spectrosco- gineering their near-field and far-field responses, 3 Institute for Materials Research (IMO) & IMOMEC, Hasselt University & IMEC vzw, py, and Fourier imaging for a variety of different while exhibiting very low absorption losses [3]. 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium metasurface architectures. Our results show that Florian Sledz In particular, semiconductor nanoresonators were­ Professor Dr Isabelle Staude 4 Fraunhofer USA Centre for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Mie-resonant metasurfaces provide a powerful exten­ ­sively used as building blocks of wavefront-­ Laboratory of Nano-Optics and Cµ, 5 National Institute of Optics (INO-CNR), 50125 Florence, Italy platform for manipulating the spectral and direc- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Siegen Abbe Centre of Photonics, shaping metasurfaces. However, Mie-resonant se­ tional properties of both spontaneously emitted Friedrich Schiller University Jena A robust narrow-band solid-state single photon the colour centres operate well at room temper- miconductor­ nanoparticles can also be employed and nonlinear generated light. source is desirable for applications in quantum ature, the emission rate is small as compared to as building blocks of optical nanoantennas, exhib- [1] G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, cryptography and quantum computation. Silicon semiconductor quantum dots excited in a similar iting high directivity, Purcell enhancement, and speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen”, Annal. vacancy (SiV) colour centres are promising candi- fashion. However, theoretical studies show that near-unity radiation efficiencies [4]. Phys. 330, 377–445 (1908). dates as most of the fluorescence emission (>90%) by efficient electrical pumping an emission rate of [2] A. I. Kuznetsov, “Magnetic light”, Sci. Rep. 2, [1] is concentrated in a narrow zero phonon line. 100 MHz could be reached [2]. 492 (2012). In addition, the centre exhibits a short excited Currently, we aim at developing efficient electrical [3] I. Staude & J. Schilling, Nature Photon. 11, state lifetime of ~1 ns [1] and a small inhomoge- pumping schemes of SiV colour centres to obtain 274–284 (2017). neous linewidth broadening. emission rates in the order of 100 MHz in phos- [4] A. Vaskin et al., “Light-Emitting Metasurfaces“, For efficient operation and integration into -de phorous doped diamond. Optical characteristics Nanophotonics, 8, 1151-1198 (2019). vices, SiV single-photon sources operating upon show that background due to doping of phospho- [5] S. Liu et al., “Light Emitting Metasurfaces: electrical injection are necessary. This possibility rous and ion beam induced unwanted defects dur- simultaneous control of spontaneous emis- has been recently shown by few research groups ing silicon implantation can be significantly sup- sion and far-field radiation”, Nano Lett. 18, based on p-i-n diode structures [3,4]. Although pressed. This enables the observation of single SiV 6906–6914 (2018). colour centres in phosphorous-doped diamond [6] T. Bucher et al., “Tailoring photolumines-

samples by optical excitation. cence from MoS2 monolayers by Mie-reso- [1] Lagomarsino S., Flatae A.M., Sciortino S., Go­ nant metasurfaces”, ACS Photonics 6, 1002– relli F., Santoro M., Tantussi F., De Angelis F., 1009 (2019). Gelli N., Taccetti F., Giuntini L., Agio M., [7] A. Vaskin et al., “Manipulation of magnetic 3+ Optical properties of silicon-vacancy color dipole emission from Eu with Mie-resonant centers in diamond created by ion implanta- dielectric metasurfaces”, Nano Lett. 19 1015– tion and post-annealing, Diam. Relat. Mater. 1022 (2019). This talk will provide an overview of our recent ad- 84, 196 (2018) [8] S. Liu et al., “An all-dielectric metasurface as vances in enhancing and tailoring light emission [2] Fedyanin D. Yu and Agio M., Ultrabright sin- a broadband optical frequency mixer”, Nat. in the visible and near-infrared spectral range by gle-photon source on diamond with electri- Commun. 9, 2507 (2018). cal pumping at room and high temperatures, metasurfaces composed of designed Mie-resonant [9] F. Löchner et al., “Polarization-Dependent Se­ New J. Phys. 18, 073012 (2016) semiconductor nanoparticles hybridized with var- cond Harmonic Diffraction from Resonant [3] Berhane A.M., Choi S., Kato H. Makino T., ious types of emitters, including semiconductor GaAs Metasurfaces”, ACS Photonics 5, 1786– Mizuochi N., Yamasaki S. and Aharonovich I., quantum dots [5], monolayers of transition metal 1793 (2018). Electrical excitation of silicon-vacancy cen­ dichalcogenides [6], and trivalent lanthanide ions [10] J. D. Sautter et al., “Tailoring Directional Scat- ters in single crystal diamond, Appl. Phys. [7]. We also consider metasurfaces composed of tering of Second-Harmonic Generation from Lett. 106, 171102 (2015) nonlinear materials, which, when pumped at the (111)-GaAs Nanoantennas”, Nano Lett. 19, [4] Tegetmeyer, B., Schreyvogel, C., Lang, N., fundamental frequency, emit light at new frequen- 3905–3911 (2019). Müller-Sebert, W., Brink, D. and Nebel, C.E., Electroluminescence from silicon vacancy centers in diamond p-i-n diodes, Diam. Relat. Mater. 65, 42-46 (2016)

36 37 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

Optical Squeezing From Single-Photon Sources of Red Light Lithium Niobate Waveguide Resonators Based on Tapered Nanowires

M. S. Stefszky1, R. Ricken1, C. Eigner1, V. Quiring1, H. Herrmann1, C. Silberhorn1 with an InAs/AlGaAs Quantum Dot 1 University of Paderborn A. A. Toropov1, K. G. Belyaev1, M. V. Rakhlin1, A. I. Galimov1, G. V. Klimko1, M. M. Kulagina1, U. M. Zadiranov1, S. V. Ivanov1 1 Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Dr Michael Stefszky The development of quantum cryptography for [1] Michler P, ed. Quantum Dots for Quantum Professor Dr Aleksey Toropov University of Paderborn protected optical communication lines as well Information Technologies, Springer (2017). Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg as of linear optic quantum computations rely on [2] Rakhlin MV, Belyaev KG, Klimko GV, Mukh- nonclassical light sources capable of emitting sin- in IS, Kirilenko DA, Shubina TV, Ivanov SV, gle photons on demand at a defined frequency Toropov AA. InAs/AlGaAs quantum dots for with high quantum efficiency [1]. Self-organised single-photon emission in a red spectral ran­ single quantum dots (QDs) grown by epitaxial ge. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 5299. techniques are most promising candidates for the [3] Rakhlin MV, Belyaev KG, Klimko GV, Sedo- creation of such devices. In this work, we inves- va IV, Kulagina MM, Zadiranov YuM, Tro- tigate the possibility of creating an efficient sin- shkov SI, Guseva YuA, Terentiev YaV, Ivanov gle-photon source for the red part of the spectrum SV, Toropov AA. An efficient semiconductor with wavelengths around 700 nm and shorter. source of single photons in a red spectral This spectral range is especially attractive since range. JETP Lett. 2019; to be published. it is the region of the highest sensitivity of mod- ern single-photon avalanche diodes based on Si. Furthermore, it is suitable for the development of Optical squeezing was first demonstrated in the 25 mW of 775 nm light (also generated in a wave- protected lines of atmospheric and airspace opti- 1980’s [1] but it has taken a number of decades for guide resonator [5]) and single-mode vacuum cal communication. the technology to improve and mature to a level squeezing is produced at 1550 nm. Using balanced where it is beginning to find everyday usage. For homodyne detection 2.9 dB of squeezing is direct- The developed source is based on InAs/AlGaAs example, squeezed states of light are now routinely ly observed, corresponding to 4.9 dB of squeezing QDs grown by molecular beam epitaxy [2]. We used to enhance the sensitivity of laser interfero- exiting the waveguide. investigated the statistics of correlations of pho- metric gravitational-wave detectors [2] and can be The presented results show that the titanium in- tons emitted by a photonic nanostructure, in used for quantum key distribution protocols [3]. diffused waveguide system is capable of producing which an InAs/AlGaAs QD was placed in a co- Much like the development of integrated devices large levels of squeezing and is a promising plat- lumnar (nearly cylindrical) AlGaAs waveguide was crucial in establishing a global fibre network, form for further investigation. with a variable cross section. Such a waveguide, it is also expected that similar integrated devices fabricated by dry reactive ion etching through a [1] Slusher R. Hollberg L, Yurke B, Mertz J and will be required to generate, manipulate and de- sapphire nanoparticle, operates essentially as a Val­ley, J. Observation of Squeezed States Ge­ tect squeezed states. This is due to the fact that photonic nanoantenna coupling the QD emis- nerated by Four-Wave Mixing in an Optical these integrated devices offer reproducibility, sta- sion to far optical field. By properly choosing Cavity. Phys. Rev. Lett 1985; 55: 2409 bility and miniaturization on a scale that is gener- the parameters of the waveguide (base diameter, [2] The LIGO Scientific Collaboration. A gravi- ally not possible with standard bulk optics setups. refractive index, and height), it is possible to in- tational wave observatory operating beyond crease the efficiency of the radiation extraction Whilst shifting these devices towards integrated the quantum shot-noise limit. Nature Physics many times [3]. The use of such nanoantennas solutions presents many advantages, generation 2011; 7: 962–965 allowed us to implement a bright source of sin- and manipulation of these states has been some- [3] Hillery M. Quantum cryptography with sque­ gle photons with an average intensity exceeding what limited, due primarily to the increased losses ezed states. Phys. Rev. A 2000; 61: 022309 16 MHz at the temperature of 10 K with the auto­ typically observed in these systems, imperfection [4] Stefszky M, Ricken R, Eigner C, Quiring V, correlation function g(2)(0) = 0.03. in the waveguides and the oft observed photore- Herrmann H and Silberhorn C. Waveguide fractive damage. Cavity Resonator as a Source of Optical Sque­ Here we present our recent squeezing results from ezing. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2017; 7: 044026 an integrated waveguide resonator [4]. Using an [5] Stefszky M, Ricken R, Eigner C, Quiring V, 8mm long titanium-indiffused lithium niobate Herrmann H and Silberhorn C. O High-pow- waveguide and by coating both ends of the sam- er waveguide resonator second harmonic de- ple with dielectric coatings, a waveguide resona- vice with external conversion efficiency up to tor is constructed. This resonator is pumped with 75%. J. Opt. 2018; 20: 065501

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Manipulation of Quantum Dots Non-Hermitian Quantum Walks Photoluminescence with Resonant in Coupled Optical Fiber Loops

Dielectric Nanostructures Sebastian Weidemann1, Mark Kremer1, Alexander Szameit1 1 Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany Aleksandr Vaskin1, Sheng Liu2,3, Stefan Fasold1, Sadhvikas Addamane4, Matthias Zilk1, Polina P. Vabishchevich2,3, Benjamin Leung2, Miao-Chan Tsai2, Yuanmu Yang2, Gordon A. Keeler2, George Wang2, Ganesh Balarishnan4, Michael B. Sinclair2, Thomas Pertsch1, Igal Brener2, Isabelle Staude1 Aleksandr Vaskin 1 Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Sebastian Weidemann Institute of Applied Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745 Jena, Germany Institute of Physics, Abbe Centre of Photonics, University of Rostock 2 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States Friedrich Schiller University of Jena 3 Centre for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States 4 Centre for High Technology Materials (CHTM), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) [1] are na- luminescence (PL) from InAs QDs integrated into noscale light sources, whose optical properties Mie-resonant GaAs metasurface. We perform PL can be engineered. Indeed, control over the size spectroscopy, back-focal-plane imaging and mo- and/or composition of the QDs structures allows mentum-resolved spectroscopy of the emission for a tuning of the absorption and emission peak from the metasurface. We demonstrate spectral wavelengths. Moreover, QDs have potential ap- and spatial control of PL, which is achieved by plications in quantum computing and quantum coupling of the emission into the Mie- and lattice cryptography, as they can act as single or entan- modes excited in the metasurface. gled photon sources. However, since QDs are This work was supported by the EPSRC (EP/ much smaller than the wavelength, these applica- L015277/1, EP/P021859/1, EP/L015455/1) and it Coupled optical fiber loops are a very promising The fiber loop system allows for the implementa- tions suffer from the QDs’ weak interaction with was performed, in part, at the Centre for Integrat- experimental platform for demonstrating com- tion of well-controlled dissipative quantum walks. electromagnetic field. ed Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User plex phenomena that were inspired from various Thus, we report the first experimental realization of Metasurfaces such as two-dimensional arrays of Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Ener- fields of physics. the predicted localization in randomly dissipative quantum walks. Additionally, an intriguing spatial Mie-resonant dielectric nanoparticles provide a gy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Lab- It was recognised that light propagation in coupled hopping of the localized wave packet is observed, promising route for improving and controlling the oratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed optical fiber loops can be mapped onto a system although all Floquet-Bloch modes are localized. excitation and emission of QDs coupled to them and operated by National Technology and Engi- that performs a one-dimensional discrete-time This observation, which seems to be a unique fea- [2]. First, the metasurfaces can strongly confine neering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned quantum walk (DTQW) [1]. This implementation ture of non-Hermitian systems, imposes new ex- and enhance the excitation field at the positions of subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for is based on the fact that DTQWs are interference citing perspectives on the localization of quantum the QDs, thus increasing the excitation rate. Next, the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nucle- phenomena, that can be obtained by purely clas- ar Security Administration under contract DE- states in dissipative (open) quantum systems. the resonances of the metasurfaces at the emission sical means [2]. The basic properties of DTQWs NA-0003525. This article describes objective tech- [1] A. Schreiber et al. “Photons Walking the Line: wavelength enhance the local density of states, in fiber loops are currently well understood and nical results and analysis. The views expressed in A Quantum Walk with Adjustable Coin Op- which modulates the radiative decay rate of the studied both theoretically and experimentally [3]. the article do not necessarily represent the views erations”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 050502 (2010) QDs via the Purcell effect and can improve their One particular interest is the influence of disorder of the U.S. DOE or the United States Government. [2] Knight, P. L., Roldan, E. & Sipe, J. E. “Quan- quantum efficiency. Finally, the metasurfaces can on quantum walks. A celebrated example is the tum walk on the line as an interference phe- tailor the QD emission pattern into a single nar- [1] Michler P. Single Semiconductor Quantum so-called Anderson localization (AL) phenom- nomenon” Phys. Rev. A 68, 020301(R) (2003) row lobe to achieve a better collection efficiency in Dots. Springer 2009. enon associated with a localization of quantum [3] A. Schreiber et al. “Decoherence and Disor- the experiment. In our work we study the spectral [2] Vaskin A, et al. Light-emitting metasurfaces. states and halt of transport in a random medium der in Quantum Walks: From Ballistic Spread reshaping and the directional properties of photo- Nanophotonics 2019; 8(7): 1151–1198. due to interference effects originating from mul- to Localization”, Physical Review Letters 106, tiple-scattering events [4]. While in previous ex- 180403 (2011) periments on AL the wave localization originates [4] P. W. Anderson “Absence of diffusion in cer- from randomness pertaining to the spatial profile tain random lattices” Phys. Rev. 109, 1492– of the real part of the potential, just recently, the 1505 (1958). emergence of localization phenomena in a differ- [5] A. Basiri, Y. Bromberg, A. Yamilov, H. Cao & ent setting, namely a class of systems, whose spa- T. Kottos “Light localization induced by a ran­ tial potential profile has random dissipative part, dom imaginary refractive index” Phys. Rev. has been predicted [5]. A 90, 043815 (2014).

40 41 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PARTICIPANTS

HgTe Nanowires as Platform Exciton Propagation to Search for Majorana States in Monolayer Semiconductors

M. S. Stefszky1, R. Ricken1, C. Eigner1, V. Quiring1, H. Herrmann1, C. Silberhorn1 J. Zipfel1, M. Kulig1, J. D. Ziegler1, P. Nagler1, S. Blanter1, T. Taniguchi3, K. Watanabe3, C. Schüller1, 1 University of Paderborn T. Korn1, M. M. Glazov2, A. Chernikov1 1 Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany The discovery of 2D and 3D topological insulators ires [5] aiming at realizing topological supercon- 2 Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation (TI) has opened an exciting new area of condensed ductivity [6]. To explore topological superconduc- 3 National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan matter physics. It has been theoretically predicted tivity we realize Josephson junctions by placing Professor Dr Dieter Weiss [1] and recently shown experimentally that strained superconducting stripes across the wire and search Coulomb-bound electron-hole pairs, or excitons, in the effective diffusion coefficient, depending on Jonas Zipfel Experimental and Applied Physics, HgTe films constitute a 3D TI [2-4]. This means for the fractional (4p–) Josephson effect [7] explor- have been in the focus of the solid-state research the in­jected exciton density. Department of Physics, University of Regensburg University of Regensburg that two-dimensional surface states with Dirac ing Shapiro steps under microwave irradiation [8]. for many decades [1,2]. They are of paramount [1] J. Frenkel, Phys. Rev. 37, 30 (1931) type electron dispersion and high electron mobility importance for the fundamental understanding of Work done in close collaboration with J. Ziegler, [2] E.F. Gross and N.A. Karrjew, Dokl. Akad. enclose the insulating bulk of HgTe. The advantage interacting charge carriers in semiconductors [3]. R. Fischer, H. Maier, D. A. Kozlov, Z. D. Kvon, Nauk SSSR 84, 471 (1952). of exploring 3D HgTe is its very high electron mo- More recently, they were found to dominate the N. N. Mikhailov, S. A. Dvoretsky, R. Kozlovsky, [3] E.L. Ivchenko, Optical Spectroscopy of Se­ bility, which allows probing of mesoscopic effects. electro-optical properties in two-dimensional single C. Gorini, M. H. Liu and K. Richter. mi­conductor Nanostructures (Alpha Scien­ After introducing some basic measurements to layers of semiconducting transition-metal dichalco- [1] Fu L, Kane CL. Topological insulators with ce, Har­row, England, 2005) characterise the topological electron system (trans­ genides (TMDCs) and their heterostructures [4–6]. [4] P. Cudazzo, I.V. Tokatly and A. Rubio, Phys. port, (magneto-)capacitance, cyclotron reso­ nan­ ce)­ inversion symmetry. Phys. Rev. B 2007; 76: In contrast to a number of nanoscale systems, an Rev. B 84, 085406 (2011). I am focusing on measurements on HgTe nanow- 045302 [2] Brüne C et al. Quantum Hall Effect from the intrinsic property of excitons in these materials, is [5] C. Zhang, H. Wang, W. Chan, C. Manolatou Topological Surface States of Strained Bulk their ability to freely move in the two dimensions and F. Rana, Phys. Rev. B 89, 205436 (2014). HgTe Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011; 106: 126803. across comparatively large distances [7], in close [6] X. Xu, W. Yao, D. Xiao and T.F. Heinz, Nat. [3] Kozlov DA et al. Transport Properties of a analogy to quantum well systems [8,9]. More im- Phys. 10, 343 (2014). 3D Topological Insulator based on a Strained portantly, however, the high exciton binding ener- [7] N. Kumar, Q. Cui, F. Ceballos, D. He, Y. Wang High-Mobility HgTe Film. Phys. Rev. Lett. gies in these systems allow for the investigation of and H. Zhao, Phys. Rev. B 89, 125427 (2014) 2014; 112: 196801 exciton dynamics, such as propagation and den- [8] H. Hillmer, S. Hansmann, A. Forchel, M. Mo­ [4] Kozlov DA et al. Probing Quantum Capac- sity driven non-linear phenomena even at room rohashi, E. Lopez, H.P. Meier and K. Ploog, itance in a 3D Topological Insulator. Phys. temperature and ambient conditions. Phys. Rev. B 38, 5788 (1988). Rev. Lett. 2016; 116: 166802 In our study [10], we address these topics by di- [9] L. V. Butov, A. C. Gossard, and D. S. Chemla, [5] Ziegler J et al. Probing spin helical surface rectly monitoring the spatial behaviour of opti- Nature (London) 418, 751 (2002) [10] states in topological HgTe nanowires. Phys. cally excited excitons in WS2 monolayers under M. Kulig, J. Zipfel, P. Nagler, S. Blanter, Rev. B. 2018; 97: 035157 a wide range of excitation density. We find high- C. Schuller, T. Korn, N. Paradiso, M.M. Gla- [6] Cook A, Franz M. Majorana fermions in a to­ ly non-linear behaviour with qualitative changes zov and A. Chernikov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, po­logical-insulator nanowire proximity-­coup- in the spatial emission profiles and an increase 207401 (2018). ­led to an s-wave superconductor. Phys. Rev. B 2011; 84: 201105 [7] Kitaev A Yu. Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires. Phys.-Usp. 2001; 44:131 [8] Shapiro S. Josephson currents in superconduc­ ting tunneling: The effect of microwaves and other observations Phys. Rev. Lett 1963; 11:80

42 43 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

FACULTY OF PHYSICS MOSCOW LOMONOSOV STATE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Physics is a major training and research Six divisions of the Faculty (Experimental and centre and a leading institution in the field of Theoretical Physics, Solid State Physics, Radio physics education in Russia. Physics and Electronics, Nuclear Physics, Geo- Physics has been taught at Moscow University physics, Astronomy) with their 39 departments of- fer fundamental education covering nearly all the since 1755 when the Department of Experimen- branches of modern physics: Experimental and tal and Theoretical Physics was opened at the first Theoretical Physics, Geophysics and Astronomy, Russian university. The Faculty of Physics and Nuclear and Particle Physics, Accelerator Physics, Mathematics was founded in 1850, while the Fac- Solid State Physics, Radio Physics and Quantum ulty of Physics was established in 1933. Since that Professor Dr Nikolay N. Sysoev Electronics, Nonlinear Optics and Laser Physics, time, the Faculty has constantly been expanding Dean of the Faculty of Physics, Classical and Quantum Field Theory, Theory of Moscow Lomonosov and widening the scope of its research and aca- Gravitation, Earth Physics, Atmospheric, Oceanic State University demic activities. and Planetary Physics, Cosmic-Ray Physics and At the Faculty, research is carried out in practical- Cosmophysics, Black Holes and Pulsar Astrophys- ly all fields of fundamental and applied modern ics, Biophysics, Medical Physics, etc. physics. The Faculty of Physics has its own well-equipped The Faculty consists of eight Departments and laboratories and affiliations with research cen- includes 39 Divisions (Chairs). It closely cooper- tres, such as the Shternberg Astronomical Insti- ates with plenty of Russian and foreign research tute and the Scobeltsyn Nuclear Physics Institute. centres and universities that regularly carry out Some of our departments are located outside schools, seminars, conferences. Moscow, at the High Energy Physics Institute Since 1933, the Faculty have trained over 28,000 (Protvino, Moscow region), at the Joint Institute physicists and have awarded over 4,000 Candidate for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Moscow region), highest ranks in fundamental physics globally. tive advantage in the labor market over “pure” IT and 500 Doctor degrees. A third of the members and at the RAS scientific centres in Chernogolov- The presence of young researchers, students and professionals. Our senior students are offered op- ka and Pushchino. of the Russian Academy of Sciences, experts in post-graduates in a team is a competitive advan- tional program in Communications and Comput- Physics, Geophysics, and Astronomy, are our With our international links with universities in tage of the Faculty over research institutes. er Network Security. graduates. Europe, America and Japan, our senior students The Faculty of Physics enjoys all the benefits of An old University tradition is very democratic re- may participate in internship programs and write Today, the Faculty is training 2500 undergradu- modern computer and information technology. lationships between professors and students which their graduation papers at universities, research ates, 400 post-graduates; we employ 20 academics The core curriculum includes a compulsory 2-year is true of the Faculty of Physics as well. Numerous centres, and institutes abroad. and corresponding members of the Russian Acad- Computational Physics and Software Engineering issues concerning students’ life are addressed by emy of Sciences, 120 professors, 300 instructors, As the Faculty of Physics trains researchers in course, a number of general and special lecture students themselves through self-governing orga­ 330 research fellows, 200 candidates and 500 doc- physics, our students participate in research work courses follow in the senior years. Their IT train- nisations. tors of science. from their second year – or earlier, if they wish. In ing allows our students to contribute to develop- Our graduates have no problems finding a job in 35 Faculty’s professors have become Honored their second year all our students write their first ing new generations of computers and processor Russia or abroad. For them the doors are open Scientists of Russia; 8 Nobel Prize winners have year paper. devices on new principles, such as optical memo- to the most prestigious laboratories and research worked at the Faculty, as well as 38 Lenin Prize Today the Faculty of Physics successfully competes ry and optical computers, neural networks, quan- centres. The graduates also work successfully in winners, 172 State Prize winners, and 78 Lomo­ in the field of research with the leading institutes tum information, quantum computers, quantum other fields: economics, finance, business, mana­ nosov Prize winners. of the Russian Academy of Sciences and holds the counting, etc., thus our graduates have competi- gement, etc.

44 45 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

GERMAN CENTRE FOR RESEARCH GERMAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION AND INNOVATION (DWIH) (DEUTSCHE FORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT, DFG) The German Centres for Research and Innovation science and innovation which are represented in (DWIH) are a network of German research or- Russia, such as the German Academic Exchange ganisations, universities and research-based com- Service, the German Research Foundation, the The German Research Foundation (Deutsche For- for a successful doctorate. Post-docs help design panies. In five cities around the world, the DWIH Helmholtz Association, the Contact Office of schungsgemeinschaft, DFG) is the biggest funding the research and qualification programmes of an provide a joint platform for German innovation the Ministry of Culture and Science of North agency in Europe for the development of funda- existing RTG and explore new research topics for leaders, showcase the capabilities of German re- Rhine-Westphalia, the Freie Universität Berlin, mental research with an annual budget of approx- your future career. imately 3 billion euro. Its membership consists search and connect German researchers with local the German Historical Institute, the University Following completion of the doctorate there is the of German research universities, non-university cooperation partners. Alliance Ruhr, Thuringia International, the Rep- possibility to assume responsibility as an investi- research institutions, scientific associations and The core mission of the German Centre for Re- resentation of the State of Lower Saxony in Mos- gator in an existent DFG-funded project. This the Academies of Science and the Humanities. Dr Jörn Achterberg search and Innovation (DWIH) in Moscow is to cow, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation will give young researchers the opportunity to ad- The DFG has expanded its presence in other re- Director, DFG Office Russia/CIS represent German science, research and innova- and the German Russian Chamber of Commerce. vance their qualifications and improve their career Dr Andreas Hoeschen search regions around the world with its seven tion in Russia. It provides information about the 2019 RWTH Aachen joined the DWIH Moscow prospects by gaining experience and by building Director of the DWIH, Moscow liaison offices. The office Russia/CIS was opened German research and innovation landscape and network as an associate supporter. new networks. in Moscow in 2003. Framework agreements on helps connect German and Russian researchers Since 1st January 2017, the German Academic the co-funding of research projects and research- The Temporary Position is a funding mechanism and decision makers in science and innovation. Exchange Service (DAAD) is responsible for the er mobility exist with the Russian Foundation that provides young researchers with funding for a Through its activities the DWIH Moscow aims to management of the German Centres for Re­search for Basic Research (RFBR), the Russian Science temporary post-doctoral position in conjunction foster deeper science and technology collabora- and Innovation (DWIH). At the local level, the Foundation (RSF). with a proposal for a research grant. Researchers tion between Germany and Russia. individual DWIH design their activities in co- How does the DFG promote young researchers? may select the scientific setting in Germany that The activities of the DWIH Moscow are support- operation with their supporters in a local Ad- they think will provide the best conditions for Creative and intelligent minds are the key to suc- ed by German organisations with a leading role in visory Board. their project. cessful science and research. That is why the Ger- man Research Foundation places a special focus Excellence programmes. The Emmy Noether Pro- on promoting young researchers. We are commit- gramme is aimed at outstanding scientists and ac- Dr Cosima Schuster ted to helping young talents pursue cutting-edge ademics with at least two and no more than four Engineering Science, DFG Bonn Mikhail Rusakov investigations in top-level settings and help them years of post-doctoral research experience (or up Coordinator, DWIH Moscow to become independent early on in their careers. to six years for licensed medical doctors). It allows Flexible individual funding and customised ex- young researchers to head their own independent cellence programmes give young researchers the junior research group that will work on a project opportunity to advance in their careers and un- for five or, in exceptional cases, six years. It offers a dertake projects from all branches of science and fast-track opportunity to qualify for a leading po- the humanities. The DFG accepts funding propos- sition in research. als from researchers with a doctoral degree (PhD) For young researchers, who have all the qualifi- who live and work in Germany or plan to do so in cations for a professorship, the Heisenberg Pro- the future. PhD students are not supported indi- gramme may be the right option. This programme vidually, but can be, indirectly through the fund- provides them with funding for up to five years so Dr Astrid Evers ing of programmes and projects. they can distinguish themselves further academi- Research Careers, DFG Bonn Project-based doctoral and post-doctoral quali- cally. There are two variations of the programme: fications. For doctoral researchers, who like work- the portable Heisenberg fellowship, which also ing in a team and value a well-designed frame- allows one to go abroad for some time; and the work, a Research Training Group (RTG) may be Heisenberg professorship, which offers the pros- the right choice. It combines an ambitious research pect of acquiring a tenured position at a German programme with target-oriented supervision and university, provided the candidate receives a pos- academic freedom to form an ideal environment itive review.

46 47 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

GERMAN ACADEMIC EXCHANGE THE HELMHOLTZ ASSOCIATION SERVICE (DAAD) The Helmholtz Association was created in 1995 infrastructure – in some cases with unique major to formalise existing relationships between seve­ scientific facilities and instrumentation – clearly The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) • renders scholarship support to German stu- ral globally renowned independent research cen- demonstrates the strength, which has made the is a self-regulating organisation of institutions of dents, trainees, graduates and young scientists tres. The Helmholtz Association distributes core Helmholtz Association a much sought-after re- higher education in Germany. It is an intermedi- for study at Russian institutions of higher edu- funding from the German Federal Ministry of search partner. Each year, several thousand vis- ary in the implementation of Germany's foreign cation Edu­cation and Research (BMBF) to its, now, 19 iting scientists from all around the world use the cultural policy and its policy in the field of edu- • supports the development of international pro­ auto­nomous research centres and evaluates their research opportunities that the Helmholtz Centres cation and science. DAAD supports internation- grams of education within the country and effectiveness against the highest international offer. The Association acts as a core focal point for al ties between institutions of higher education abroad stan­dards. The Association’s work follows in the worldwide research project – whether in the ob- through the development of exchange among stu- • promotes the spread of the German language tradition of its namesake, the natural scientist servation and study of the global climate or in the Dr Andreas Hoeschen dents, graduates and scientists within the frame- worldwide Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894). field of basic research in physics. The Helmholtz Dr Elena Eremenko work of scholarship programs and projects. • sends lecturers and assistant professors to teach Association aims to be an active and driving force Director of the DAAD Moscow The Helmholtz Association pursues the long-term Head of Helmholtz Moscow Office at foreign institutions of higher education in establishing the research area worldwide. This is DAAD: research goals of the state and society, including • • is responsible for the development of partner why Helmholtz opened branch offices in Brussels, grants scholarships to Russian students as well basic research, in scientific autonomy. To do this, Moscow and Beijing. In the autumn of 2018, the as to young specialists and scientists for educa- relations between German and Russian institu- the Helmholtz Association conducts top-level re- Helmholtz Association is scheduled to open an of- tion and research-and-development training in tions of higher education search to identify and explore the major challeng- • fice in Tel Aviv/Israel. German institutions of higher education, as well provides information on education and research es facing society, science and the economy. Helm- as in research-and-development institutions in Germany and Russia. holtz Association scientists focus on researching The Helmholtz Association chose Russia to be the highly complex systems, which determine one of its key strategic partners to jointly face the human life and the environment. challenges of the future through scientific coop- eration. Partners in Germany looking for spe­cific The Helmholtz Association brings together 18 sci- information about Russia and Russian seeking entific-technical and biological-medical research contacts in Germany have an excellent starting centres, a high-performance infrastructure and point in identifying the right people for their spe- modern research management. With more than cial interests. The transfer of new technologies and 40,000 employees and the annual budget of over the exchange of promising young research talent € 4,8 billion, the Helmholtz Association is Ger- hold great potential for the future development many’s largest scientific organisation. Its work is of both Germany and Russia. The Moscow Office divided into six research fields: Energy, Earth & represents the interests of Helmholtz Association Environment, Health, Aeronautics, Space and as a whole in Russia. It serves both Helmholtz sci- Transport, Matter, and Key Technologies. entists and Russian researchers interested in coop- Within the six research fields, Helmholtz scien- eration. Its main tasks are to provide help for sci- tists cooperate with each other and with external entific partners to establish contacts, to promote partners – working across disciplines, organisa- joint projects and to foster the exchange of scien- tions and national borders. The Helmholtz As- tists, with the goal of helping initiate and establish sociation uses this research to create an effective new strategic networks of scientific excellence bet­ basis for shaping the future. An excellent research ween Russia and Germany.

48 49 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

THE FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN: BERLIN – AT THE EDGE OF BASIC The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is the leading organ- collaboration and team work promote synergies isation for applied research in Europe. Its research and enhance our performance. AND APPLIED RESEARCH activities are conducted by 74 institutes and re- • Our success relies on the knowledge and en- search units at locations throughout Germany. thusiasm of our employees for applied research. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft employs 28 000 peo- Fraunhofer offers its staff excellent work condi- The 9th Week of the Young Researcher stands in in light of the rising demand to integrate oneself ple, who work with an annual research budget of tions paired with a high degree of autonomy. an already long line of conferences dedicated to internationally into the scientific community, the 2.8 billion euros. Of this sum, 2.2 billion euros is bringing together young academics from Russia weeks of the young researcher offer a great pos- Customers and contractual partners are: generated through contract research. Around 70 and Germany. Fostering careers in science by de- sibility to gain first experience. Many opportuni- • Industry percent of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s contract veloping professional networks is one of the key ties – not only during the lectures and scientific • Service sector research revenue is derived from contracts with elements of Freie Universität Berlin’s career path sessions, but also during excursions, evening re- • Public administration industry and from publicly financed research model. Career development of young researchers ceptions, and coffee breaks – are available for so- Guzel Shaykhullina projects. International collaborations with excel- Fraunhofer remains the leader among German was a cornerstone of the International Network cialising and networking. Senior Advisor Tobias Stüdemann lent research partners and innovative companies research institutions in terms of the annual num- University concept, successful in the German of the Fraunhofer Headquarters This year’s conference location at Lomonosov Sta­ ber of invention disclosures, patent applications Excellence Initiative in 2007 and 2012 and will Liaison Office of Freie Universität in the Russian Federation around the world ensure direct access to regions te University of Moscow allowed young research- Berlin in Moscow and total industrial property rights. Its perfor- be continued as part of the objective Promot- of the greatest importance to present and future ers and students to join for one or another session. mance is outstanding even when compared with ing Talent within the Berlin University Alliance, scientific progress and economic development. Already for the fourth time, Moscow was an excel- that of industrial enterprises. Over the last ten successful in the German Excellence Strategy in Mission. Applied research is the foundation of our lent place to organise the Week. years, Fraunhofer has always ranked among the 2019. It is therefore no surprise that Freie Univer- organisation. We partner with companies to trans- German Patent and Trade Mark Office’s 10 to 20 sität Berlin has been present at all prior weeks and The role of Freie Universität Berlin’s liaison offices, form original ideas into innovations that benefit most prolific patent applicants. Similar statistics has actively taken part with about half a dozen in seven countries around the globe, is not only to society and strengthen both the German and Eu- compiled by the European Patent Office (EPO) keynote speakers and more than a dozen doctoral attract highly talented young researchers to the ex- ropean economy. have also placed Fraunhofer among the most ac- students and young scientists. Interdisciplinary citing scientific environment in Berlin. It also sup- Our employees shape the future – in ambitious tive patent applicants. topics such as Men and Energy, Global History, ports scientists in Berlin who are interested in for- positions at Fraunhofer or in other areas of science Discrete Geometry, and Computational Biology eign experience to learn more about the respective Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, which provides contract and business. Fraunhofer therefore places great and Biomedicine are core research fields of Freie regions, to motivate them to pursue a research stay research services to governments, multinational importance on their professional and personal de- Universität, and the conference weeks have there- abroad, and to connect with (young) colleagues, corporations and small to medium sized com- velopment. fore been actively supported by the Moscow liai- panies, is keen to tap into the Russian market for e.g., in Russia. High-level conferences, like the son office from the very outset. Vision. Fraunhofer is the international leader of new business opportunities. Focused to move ide- 2019 Week on Quantum Science: Light-Matter applied research. as quickly out of the lab and into the market, the The three main formats of the Week – opening Interaction are ideal for fostering networks be- tween the next generations of scientists at the edge As an innovation driver, we lead strategic initia- group aims to help research organisations, start- session, keynote lectures by experienced German of basic and applied research. Although it is still tives to master future challenges and thus achieve ups and established businesses of all sizes to turn and Russian scientists, and young researchers giv- a major challenge to plan scientific careers, Freie technological breakthroughs. their innovative ideas into successful products ing short presentation or participating in poster and services. sessions – are open to all interested specialists and Universität Berlin offers excellent opportunities Principles: even students of the hosting institution. Early ca- for career advancement, including structured doc- • Through our research we contribute to sustain- The tasks of the Senior Advisor Fraunhofer Ge- reer researchers are actively involved in the confer- torate programs with its professional development able development of an ecologically sound en- sellschaft in Russia are: ence and get a first impression on how conferenc- program and postdoc fellowships offered within vironment, and an economically successful and • Forming a bridge to companies, excellent re- es conducted entirely in English “feel”. Especially the Dahlem Research School. socially balanced world. We are strongly com- search organisations and governmental aut­ mitted to this responsibility. horities • We promote a well-balanced combination of ex- • Supporting Fraunhofer’s Institutes in promot- cellent research and application-oriented devel- ing and enhancing their business interests and opment. This unique characteristic motivates us increasing their contract research activity in and ensures added value for our partners. Russia, mainly by acquiring projects. • We understand our clients and know their chal- • Assisting Fraunhofer's Institutes in establishing lenges of tomorrow. Together we develop inte- research co-operations in Russia and promoting grated solutions for their long-term success. the exchange of researchers. • We cooperate with the world's best in science • Initiating, organizing and coordinating relevant and business. This strengthens our own innova- events, meetings and negotiations. tive capacity and that of the German and Euro- • Establishing and maintaining links to the re- pean economy. sponsible contact persons in the Fraunhofer He­ • We emphasize the great variety and interdisci- adquarters­ and to Fraunhofer Institutes where plinary cooperation of our institutes. Faithful required.

50 51 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION SCIENCE ORGANISATIONS

THE UNIVERSITY ALLIANCE RUHR CONTACT OFFICE LIAISON OFFICE MOSCOW OF THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE FEDERAL STATE The Ruhr Area is not only Germany’s largest ac- Outstanding examples of that standard-setting col- ademic hub, but also an epicentre of innovation laboration include the Flagship Programs Materi- OF NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA that fosters close interaction between academia als Chain and Ruhr Explores Solvation (RESOLV), and the private sector – and our alliance provides set up in 2015, where numerous researchers from students and researchers from around the world the UA Ruhr universities work hand in hand, often mental economics, life sciences and the media and with an open gateway to our region. in cooperation with other third-party and inter- creative industries. They have a particularly high national partners. The research cluster RESOLV is potential for the economy and employment and More than 120,000 students, of which 19,000 are thus have a high priority for the economic devel- financed by the DFG Excellence Initiative. international, as well as over 9,000 researchers opment of the state. These topics are also reflect- study and work within the UA Ruhr universities Moreover, 100 additional joint research institutions ed in the content orientation of universities. The Elena Resch (Ruhr University Bochum, TU Dortmund and and projects have been established spanning all dis- close cooperation between an innovative, indus- Ekaterina Karpushenkova Director of the Liaison Office University of Duisburg-Essen). Together, the three ciplines, from American studies to cell biology. trial economy and outstanding research enables a Contact Office universities have 800 partnerships with universi- Moscow, University Alliance Ruhr One of our strengths is nurturing young talent. quick transfer of ideas into practice. of the Ministry of Culture ties in over 130 countries and a combined annual and Science of the Federal State Research Academy Ruhr is one of the largest and budget of close to 1.4 billion euros – which pro- The Russian Federation is one of the key countries of North Rhine-Westphalia most powerful platforms in Germany to support vides our students and researchers with virtually for North Rhine-Westphalia in the field of interna- young researchers and prepare them for careers unlimited possibilities for exchange and resources tional scientific cooperation. inside and outside academia. Research Academy for development. The contact office in Moscow conducts together Ruhr is sponsored and supported by the three UA with its German partner – centre of innovation and Research at UA Ruhr is developing at a rapid pace. Ruhr universities and is instrumental for the de- technique ZENIT GmbH the project Cooperation By bundling the complementary strengths of our velopment of UA Ruhr as academic location. partner universities, we successfully open up in- Axis North Rhine-Westphalia – the Russian Feder- To support our already strong global network of novative research fields. With joined forces, we ation. The requests from relevant universities and international exchange and collaboration, the Uni­ thus form critical masses in terms of personnel research organisations from both sides in the field versity Alliance established liaison offices. The Liai­ and infrastructure that are indispensable for han- of science and development of cooperation are be- son Office Moscow is in charge of the cooperation dling large research topics. ing processed and supported in the establishment with Russia and the region of Eastern Europe and of bilateral contacts in the Russian Federation and Central Asia and the Liaison Offices New York is in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. responsible for the region of Northern America. The tasks of the contact office of the Ministry of As the Liaison Office Moscow, we represent the Culture and Science of the Federal State of North Ministry of Culture and Science of the Federal three universities of the alliance in Russia as well Rhine-Westphalia in Moscow are: State of North Rhine-Westphalia has been operat- as Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA). It is • The first contact person for universities and re­ ing a contact office in Moscow on interuniversity our mission to facilitate and foster the internation- search institutes from Russia and North Rhine-­ and research cooperation since 2005. al academic exchange and collaboration between Westphalia; East and West, and to raise the local profile and North Rhine-Westphalia (capital city Duesseldorf) • Marketing and publicity to promote the state of visibility of Germany’s thriving Ruhr Region as is the leading German State not only in economy North Rhine-Westphalia as a centre for innova- an epicentre for research, science, and innovation. but also in the field of science and research where tion and research; The Liaison Office Moscow is the first, immediate innovative ideas become reality. The densest sci- • Representation of North Rhine-Westphalia at partner for researchers, students and alumni of the entific region in Europe with 72 universities and conferences, exhibitions, seminars, specialised university alliance Ruhr (UA Ruhr) interested in more than 50 non-university research institutions fo­rums and negotiations; Russia and the region of Eastern Europe and Cen- offers the best conditions to find answers to the • Bilateral support in establishing contacts with tral Asia (EECA). We help those seeking to initi- major social challenges and to open up the mar- universities and research institutes; ate cooperation and support ongoing projects. We kets of tomorrow. For North Rhine-Westphalia • Accompanying delegations from North Rhine-­ are also the first point of contact for students and these are primarily the markets for new materials, Westphalia and Russia in cooperation with researchers coming from Russia and EECA coun- mechanical and plant engineering and production ZENIT GmbH; tries who are interested in the many and diverse technology, health, information and communica- • Providing information on support programs opportunities offered by the UA Ruhr. tions, mobility and logistics, energy and environ- and initial support for joint projects.

52 53 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION LIST OF PARTICIPANTS RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNATION (RSF) LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

With an annual budget of about US$ 350 million The rigorous review process involves AI-based (fiscal year 2019), RSF is the excellence-driven toolkit that helps to find appropriate reviewers premier research funder in Russia providing suf- from internally developed database of 6,000 high- ficient financial support for the cutting-edge -re ly qualified reviewers, including over 1,000 honor- search projects in all branches of frontier science, ary contributors from around the globe represent- including humanities. Scientists and scholars of ing some 54 countries. NAME INSTITUTION any nationality and in any discipline can apply to An ambitious presidential program to support 1 ACHTERBERG, Jörn International Cooperation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn the RSF for a grant to undertake research at the early-career researchers was launched by the RSF frontiers of knowledge. in the spring 2017. This program resulted during 2 AGIO, Mario Laboratory of Nano-Optics, University of Siegen Since 2014, more than 6,000 projects have been 2017–2019 in awards for 1501 young scientists un- selected for funding, engaging 34,300 researchers, der the age of 33 (20,000–30,000 euros annually 3 AGNE, Sascha Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen Dr Alexander Khlunov including 23,300 young scientists, from 578 host for 2 years with a special relocation bonus) and for General Director of the RSF organisations nationwide. Some 12,000 articles 892 youth research groups (40,000–80,000 euros 4 AKATYEV, Dmitry Kazan Federal University; ack­nowledging RSF support were published in annually for 3–5 years). These youth-support pro- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences highly reputable international journals in 2018. grams became regular funding source provided by At least half of each research team funded by the the RSF on a yearly basis. 5 ALLGÖWER, Frank Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); RSF are the young scientists aged under 39, which The RSF actively encourages international research Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart contributes to the training of a new generation of cooperation. The Foundation participates in a excellent researchers in Russia. number of bilateral funding schemes that provide 6 CANDUSSIO, Susanne Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg Through peer-reviewed competitions the most assistance to the outstanding Russian researchers 7 CHEKHOVA, Maria Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen pro­mising research projects, the best scientists are to participate in collaborative research projects funded to perform their research in Russia. The with their top international peers based on the 8 DOBIS, Michael Department of Science, German Embassy in Moscow recipients of the RSF grants enjoy a stable long- principles of excellence, parity funding, credible term prospective for their research with all nec- independent peer-review and mutual trust. 9 DOBROWOLSKAJA, Natalja Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Russia/CIS, Moscow essary financial support provided for their signifi- The RSF secured a diversified portfolio of the -bi cant research contribution to the global science as lateral collaborations with funders from Germany 10 DURNEV, Mikhail Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg well as to the Russian economy and society. (DFG, Helmholtz Association), France (ANR), In a multi-layered review process, each proposal Belgium (FWO), Austria (FWF), Japan (MAFF), 11 EHRHARDT, Max Institute for Physics, Univerity of Rostock is evaluated by 2 to 5 external reviewers from Rus- India (DST) and Taiwan (MOST). As a result, 83 sia and abroad exclusively according to scientific international collaborative projects were co-fund- 12 EREMENKO, Elena The Helmholtz Association, Moscow Office merit; on the basis of these review reports, it is ed by RSF in amount of US$ 8 million in 2019. 13 EVERS, Astrid Research Careers, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn assessed by the members of an expert panel, and Since 2016, 54 joint projects have received support the final decision is made by an interdisciplinary under the RSF-DFG funding program. 14 FEDOTOVA, Anna Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena expert council consisting of members that are reg- ularly rotated by research community on the basis 15 FEDYANIN, Andrey Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University of the on-line voting process. 16 FERRERI, Alessandro Integrated Quantum Optics, University of Paderborn

17 FLATAE, Assegid Laboratory of Nano-Optics, University of Siegen

18 FRADKIN, Ilia Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

19 GALEEVA, Aleksandra Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

20 GARTMAN, Aleksandra Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

21 GAVRILENKO, Vladimir Semiconductor Physics Department, Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod

22 GRZESKI, Beate Deputy Head of Mission, German Embassy in Moscow

54 55 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

NAME INSTITUTION NAME INSTITUTION

23 HARMS, Michael German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Bonn 49 SAVOSTINA, Anna German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH Moscow)

24 HOESCHEN, Andreas German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD Moscow); 50 SHAIKHULLINA, Guzel Senior Advisor of the Fraunhofer Headquarters in the Russian Federation; German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH Moscow) Representative Office of the State Thuringia, Moscow

25 ILICHEV, Evgeni Novosibirsk State Technical University; 51 SHEVEREVA, Svetlana Division of International Bilateral Cooperation, International Relations Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, University of Jena Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), Moscow

26 ILINA, Julia Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Russia/CIS, Moscow 52 SHIPILOV, Aleksey The Helmholtz Association, Moscow Office

27 JOLY, Nicolas Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg 53 SHUKHIN, Anatoly Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 28 KADANTSEVA, Maria Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Office Russia/CIS, Moscow 54 SCHUSTER, Cosima Physics and Chemistry, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn 29 KALACHEV, Aleksey Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Department of Optics and Nanophotonics, Kazan Federal University 55 SKRYABIN, Nikolay Quantum Technologies Centre, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 30 KARPUSHENKOVA, Ekaterina Representative of the Ministry of Culture and Science of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia in Russia 56 SLEDZ, Florian Laboratory of Nano-Optics, University of Siegen

31 KAZAKOV, Aleksey Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 57 STAUDE, Isabelle Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena

32 KÖHLER, Mechthild International Cooperation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn 58 STEFSZKY, Michael Department of Physics, University of Paderborn

33 KONOVALOV, Sergey International Relations, Russian Science Foundation (RSF), Moscow 59 STÜDEMANN, Tobias Liaison Office of Freie Universität Berlin in Moscow

34 KRASIKOVA, Nadezhda German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD Moscow) 60 TISHKOV, Vladimir Ambassador Scientist of Humboldt Foundation; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 35 KROYCHUK, Maria Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 61 URUMYAN, Anna Representative Office of the State Lower Saxony, Moscow 36 KULIK, Sergey Centre of Quantum Technologies, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University 62 VASKIN, Aleksandr Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena 37 KULIKOVA, Oksana German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH Moscow) 63 WEIDEMANN, Sebastian Institute of Physics, University of Rostock 38 LOPEZ, Jano Jil Integrated Quantum Optics, University of Paderborn 64 WEISS, Dieter Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg 39 MACZEWSKY, Lukas Institute for Physics, University of Rostock 65 ZIPFEL, Jonas Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg 40 MANTSEVICH, Vladimir Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

41 OELSNER, Gregor Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Novosibirsk State Technical University

42 PARSHINTSEV, Aleksandr Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

43 PLANKL, Markus Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg

44 RAKHLIN, Maksim Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg

45 RESCH, Elena Liaison Office Moscow, University Alliance Ruhr

46 RUSAKOV, Mikhail German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH Moscow)

47 SADOVNICHY, Viktor Lomonosov Moscow State University

48 SAMOILENKO, Sergey Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

56 57 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PROGRAMME

14:30–16:00 LECTURES: METAMATERIALS PROGRAMME Chair: Professor Dr Isabelle Staude, University of Jena Professor Dr Evgeni Ilichev, Novosibirsk State Technical University; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena 14:30 Professor Dr Isabelle Staude, University of Jena September 23, Monday “Light-Emitting Dielectric Metasurfaces” Short Lectures of Young Researchers Arrival of Participants, Transfer to the Hotel, Check-in 15:15 Ilya Fradkin, Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology 17:00–18:30 Panel Discussion of Freie Universität Berlin “Light Scattering by Lattices of Resonant Nanoparticles in Dipole Approximation” “Science Diplomacy through Representation?” 15:30 Anna Fedotova, University of Jena 19:00 Evening Reception by DWIH Moscow “Towards Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion in Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces” 15:45 Dr Michael Stefszky, University of Paderborn “Optical Squeezing from Lithium Niobate Waveguide Resonators” September 24, Tuesday 16:00 Dr Maria Kroychuk, Lomonosov Moscow State University “Nonlinear Optical Effects in Isolated Oligomers of Mie-Resonant Nanoparticles Excited 10:30 Registration of Participants by Gaussian and Vector Beams”

11:00 OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE WEEK 16:00 Coffee Break with welcome addresses by Professor Dr Victor Sadovnichy, 16:30–17:30 Quantum Technologies: Reality and Prospective (Discussion) Rector of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) Professor Dr Sergey Kulik, Lomonosov Moscow State University Beate Grzeski, Dr Maria Chekhova, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen Deputy Head of Mission, German Embassy in Moscow Professor Dr Frank Allgöwer, Professor, University of Stuttgart; 17:30 Conference Group Photo Vice-President of the German Research Foundation (DFG) Dr Michael Harms, 17:40–18:40 Visit to the Quantum Technology Centre Director Communications of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) of Lomonosov Moscow State University (by foot)

11:45–12:30 OPENING LECTURE Social Programme (Boat Tour and Dinner) Dr Maria Chekhova, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen “Generation of Entangled Photons without Momentum Conservation” September 25, Wednesday Professor Dr Andrey Fedyanin, Lomonosov Moscow State University “Nonlinear and Tunable All-Dielectric Metasurfaces” 09:30–10:30 LECTURES: SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES Chair: 13:30 Lunch Break Professor Dr Sergey Kulik, Lomonosov Moscow State University 09:30 Professor Dr Dieter Weiss, University of Regensburg “HgTe Nanowires as Platform to Search for Majorana States” 10:00 Professor Dr Vladimir Gavrilenko, Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the RAS, Nizhny Novgorod “Far and Mid IR Stimulated Emission in HgCdTe Quantum Well Heterostructures”

58 59 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PROGRAMME

10:30–11:30 Short Lectures of Young Researchers 14:30–15:30 DISCUSSION ROUNDS Chair: Progress towards Microwave Quantum Engineering Professor Dr Dieter Weiss, University of Regensburg Chair: Professor Dr Vladimir Gavrilenko, Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Nizhny Novgorod Professor Dr Evgeni Ilichev, Novosibirsk State Technical University; 10:30 Dr Mikhail Durnev, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg Spintronics “Photoinduced Edge Current in Systems with Two-Dimensional Electron Gas” Chair: 10:45 Aleksey Kazakov, Professor Dr Dieter Weiss, University of Regensburg Lomonosov Moscow State University Light-Matter Interaction in Nanostructures “Photoinduced Nonlocal Electron Transport in HgCdTe Solid Solutions with Inverted Energy Band Order” Chair: 11:00 Lukas Maczewsky, Professor Dr Isabelle Staude, University of Jena University of Rostock Quantum Memory “Realization of Photonic Anomalous Floquet Topological Insulator” Chair: 11:15 Jonas Zipfel, Professor Dr Aleksey Kalachev, Kazan Physical-Technical Institute University of Regensburg “Exciton Propagation in Monolayer Semiconductors” 15:30–16:00 Short Lectures of Young Researches Chair: 11:30 Coffee Break Professor Dr Aleksey Kalachev, Kazan Physical-Technical Institute 15:30 Nikolai Skryabin, 12:00–12:30 LECTURES: PHOTONICS Lomonosov Moscow State University Chair: “Femtosecond Laser Writing Technology for Intergrated Quantum Photonics” Dr Cosima Schuster, DFG Bonn 15:45 Dmitry Akatyev, Professor Dr Aleksey Kalachev, Kazan Physical-Technical Institute Kazan Physical-Technical Institute “Generation of Time-Bin Qudit Based on Spontaneous Parametric “Single Photons from Photonic Molecules” Down-Conversion”

12:30–13:30 Short Lectures of Young Researchers 16:00 Presentations of the Supporting Organisations of the DWIH (Deutsches Wissenschafts- und Innovationshaus / Chair: German Centre for Research and Innovation, DWIH Moscow) Professor Dr Dieter Weiss, University of Regensburg Professor Dr Aleksey Kalachev, Kazan Physical-Technical Institute Dr Andreas Hoeschen, DWIH Moscow 12:30 Dr Aleksandra Galeeva, Lomonosov Moscow State University 16:15–18:00 Coffee Break and Science Café “Terahertz Probing of Electron States in 3D Topological Insulator Materials” Presentation of the Funding Programmes of German and Russian Funding and Research Organisations: 12:45 Markus Plankl, German Research Foundation (DFG) University of Regensburg German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) “Tracing Light-Matter Coupling on the Nanometer Length- and the Femtosecond Timescale” German Russian Chamber of Commerce (AHK) 13:00 Dr Assegid Flatae, Freie Universität Berlin (FU Berlin) University of Siegen The Helmholtz Association “Plasmon-Assisted Ultrafast Photodynamics in Quantum Dots” Representative of the Ministry of Culture and Science of the German State 13:15 Florian Sledz, of North Rhine-Westphalia in Russia University of Siegen Representative Office of the State Thuringia “Optical Studies of SiV Color Centers in Phosphorous-Doped Diamond” Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Representative Office of the State Lower Saxony 13:30 Lunch Break Alexander von Humboldt Foundation University Alliance Ruhr (UA Ruhr) Centre of Quantum Technologies Russian Science Foundation (RSF) Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)

60 61 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION PROGRAMME

September 26, Thursday 13:00–13:30 Short Lectures of Young Researches Chair: Professor Dr Evgeni Ilichev, Novosibirsk State Technical University; 09:30–10:30 LECTURES: PHOTONICS University of Jena Chair: 13:00 Sergey Samoylenko, Professor Dr Nicolas Joly, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Lomonosov Moscow State University 09:30 Professor Dr Mario Agio, “Evaluation of the Possibility of Dynamic Phase Holograms Usage University of Siegen for Single Atom Arrays Reconfiguration” “Ultrafast Coupling of Light with Quantum Emitters” 13:15 Max Ehrhard, 10:00 Professor Dr Evgeni Ilichev, University of Rostock Novosibirsk State Technical University; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena “Realizing 3D Random Walks of Correlated Photon Pairs” “Quantum Metamaterials Composed of Superconducting Flux Qubits” 13:30 Lunch Break 10:30 Coffee Break 14:30–17:30 LECTURES: QUANTUM OPTICS 10:30–12:30 Market Place / Posters for further discussions Chair: Chair: Dr Cosima Schuster, DFG, Bonn Professor Dr Mario Agio, University of Siegen 14:30 Professor Dr Nicolas Joly, Dr Aleksandra Gartman, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Lomonosov Moscow State University “Racing to Triplet States. The Fibres Are under Pressure” “Optical Metasurfaces and Integral Photonic Structures for Control of Nonclassical Light on Subwave-Scale” 15:00 Professor Dr Sergey Kulik, Susanne Candussio, Lomonosov Moscow State University University of Regensburg “Quantum Computation Based on Photonic Chips and Trapped Neutral Atoms” “Terahertz Radiation Induced Edge Currents in Graphene in the Quantum Hall Regime” Aleksandr Vaskin, 15:30 Coffee Break University of Jena “Manipulation of Quantum Dots Photoluminescence with Resonant 16:00–17:00 Short Lectures of Young Researchers Dielectric Nanostructures” Alessandro Ferreri, Chair: University of Paderborn Professor Dr Nicolas Joly, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg “Multimode Four-Photon Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference” Professor Dr Sergey Kulik, Lomonosov Moscow State University Gregor Oelsner, 16:00 Anatoly Shukhin, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena Kazan Physical-Technical Institute “Optically Pumped Magnetometers – Quantum Sensors for a Variety of Applications” “Single Photon and Entangled Photon Pair Generation Using Tapered Optical Fibers” 16:15 Dr Sascha Agne, Maksim Rakhlin, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg “Nonlinear Polarimetry with Parametric Down-Conversion” “Single-Photon Sources at 200 K Based on a CdSe Quantum Dot in a Photonic Nanowire” 16:30 Sebastian Weidemann, And All Young Researchers with Presentations University of Rostock “Non-Hermitian Quantum Walks in Coupled Optical Fiber Loops” 12:30 Funding Opportunities for Early Career Researchers 16:45 Jano Gil Lopez, Chair: University of Paderborn Dr Cosima Schuster, DFG Bonn “Orchestrating PDC Temporal Modes” Dr Astrid Evers, DFG, Bonn Nadezhda Krasikova, DAAD, Moscow 17:00 Coffee Break and Cooperation Workshop Anna Savostina, DWIH

18:00 Closing Remarks Professor Dr Sergey Kulik

62 63 QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION ARCHIVE OF PUBLICATIONS

QUANTUM SCIENCE: CHEMICAL ENERGY COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION STORAGE AND CONVERSION AND BIOMEDICINE 2019, Moscow 2018, Kazan 2017, Skolkovo, Moscow

th 9th WEEK 8 WEEK OF THE YOUNG OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER RESEARCHER THE SEVENTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER QUANTUM SCIENCE: CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION AND CONVERSION “COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY MOSCOW, SEPTEMBER 1114, 2017 1114, SEPTEMBER MOSCOW, AND BIOMEDICINE” QUANTUM SCIENCE: LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION LIGHT-MATTER SCIENCE: QUANTUM

German-Russian Institute of Advanced Technologies (GRIAT) Lomonosov Moscow State University Kazan National Research Technical University Faculty of Physics named after A. N. Tupolev – KAI WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER TH 9 Moscow, September 23–26, 2019 Kazan, September 10–13, 2018

Moscow, September 11–14, 2017 THE SEVENTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER “COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE” AND BIOLOGY “COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN SEVENTH THE

Центр Квантовых Технологий

URBAN STUDIES: THE CITY OF THE FUTURE DISCRETE GEOMETRY GLOBAL HISTORY 2016, Moscow 2015, Moscow 2014, St. Petersburg

THE SIXTH GERMANRUSSIAN THE FIFTH GERMANRUSSIAN THE FOURTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER

“URBAN STUDIES: “GLOBAL HISTORY. GERMANRUSSIAN MOSCOW, SEPTEMBER 1216, 2016 1216, SEPTEMBER MOSCOW, THE CITY OF THE FUTURE” 2015 711, SEPTEMBER MOSCOW, “DISCRETE GEOMETRY” PERSPECTIVES ON REGIONAL STUDIES” SAINT PETERSBURG, OCTOBER 610, 2014 610, OCTOBER SAINT PETERSBURG,

Moscow, September 12–16, 2016 Moscow, September 7–11, 2015 Saint Petersburg, October 6–10, 2014 THE SIXTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER “URBAN STUDIES: THE CITY OF THE FUTURE” THE CITY THE OF STUDIES: “URBAN RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN SIXTH THE THE FOURTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER “GLOBAL HISTORY” “GLOBAL RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN FOURTH THE THE FIFTH GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER “DISCRETE GEOMETRY” “DISCRETE RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN FIFTH THE

AVIATION AND SPACE HEALTH AND SOCIETY MAN AND ENERGY 2013, Novosibirsk 2012, Yekaterinburg 2011, Kazan

THIRD GERMANRUSSIAN SECOND GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER

“AVIATION AND SPACE” “HEALTH AND SOCIETY” NOVOSIBIRSK, SEPTEMBER 2327, 2013 2327, SEPTEMBER NOVOSIBIRSK, YEKATERINBURG, SEPTEMBER 1621, 2012 1621, SEPTEMBER YEKATERINBURG, “HEALTH AND SOCIETY” AND “HEALTH

Novosibirsk, September 23–27, 2013 Yekaterinburg, September 16-21, 2012 THIRD GERMANRUSSIAN WEEK OF THE YOUNG RESEARCHER “AVIATION AND SPACE” AND “AVIATION RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN THIRD RESEARCHER YOUNG THE OF WEEK GERMANRUSSIAN SECOND

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