Kukla Ve Objelerle Canlandirma Sinemasi

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Kukla Ve Objelerle Canlandirma Sinemasi T.C. MARMARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ İLET İŞİ M B İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI RADYO TELEV İZYON B İLİMDALI KUKLA VE OBJELERLE CANLANDIRMA S İNEMASI Yüksek Lisans Tezi NESL İHAN BA ŞAK İstanbul, 2007 T.C. MARMARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ İLET İŞİ M B İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI RADYO TELEV İZYON B İLİMDALI KUKLA VE OBJELERLE CANLANDIRMA S İNEMASI Yüksek Lisans Tezi NESL İHAN BA ŞAK DANI ŞMAN: PROF. DR. AHMET ŞAH İNKAYA İstanbul, 2007 GENEL B İLG İLER İsim ve Soyadı : Neslihan Ba şak Anabilim Dalı : İleti şim Bilimleri Programı : Radyo TV Tez Danı şmanı : Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şahinkaya Tez Türü ve Tarihi : Yüksek Lisans - Temmuz 2007 Anahtar Kelimeler : Animasyon, Stop-Motion, Kukla, Armatür, Canlandırma Sineması, Çizgi Film ÖZET Sinemada dijital ça ğa geçilmeden önceki döneme ait tüm fantastik filmler ve üç boyutlu cansız kahramanların yer aldı ğı bütün çocuk filmleri hep stop-motion tekni ği ile çekilmi ştir. Silikon kuklaların ba şrol oyuncuları oldu ğu bu filmler, tek kare çekim tekni ğiyle filme alınmı ştır. Her bir hareketin foto ğraflanarak ard arda dizildi ği ve yüzlerce karenin birle ştirildi ğinde ancak bir film olabildi ği için uzun metrajlı stop- motion yapımların ortaya çıkması yıllar süren çekimlerle mümkün olmu ştur. Tüm sinema filmlerindeki kamera hareketleri, ı şık teknikleri ve set düzenlemeleri, stop- motion çekimler ile aynıdır. Tek fark canlı insanların yerine kukla karakterler kamera kar şısına geçer. Stop-Motion animasyonlar dünya sinema tarihinde sanatsal de ğere sahip yapımlar olarak yer alırlar. Stop-Motion animasyon, dijital tekniklerin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte önemini büyük ölçüde yitirmi ş olsa da günümüzde hâlâ tarihsel fantezi, serüven ya da çocuk filmlerinde zaman zaman uygulanmaktadır. i GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Name and Surname : Neslihan Ba şak Field : İleti şim Bilimleri Programme : Radyo TV Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şahinkaya Degree Awarded and Date : Yüksek Lisans - Temmuz 2007 Keywords : Animation, Stop-Motion, Puppet, Armature, Movie, Cel animation ABSTRACT Before the transformation to the digital era, all fantastic movies as well as the movies for children with 3–D non living characters were shot by the stop–motion technique. Those movie pictures, which were leaded by silicon puppets, were filmed by single frame shooting technique. Since each motion was photographed, arranged consecutively and a whole movie could be created only after the combination of hundreds of frames; long footage stop–motion productions could be created by shootings that took years. The camera movements, light techniques and set arrangements in all movie pictures are the same as those in stop–motion shootings. The only difference here is that the stop–motion uses puppets instead of humans. The stop– motion animations are reputed in the global cinema history as productions with artistic value. Although the stop– motion animation lost majority of its value as the digital techniques emerged, the technique is still applied from time to time for historical fantasy, adventure or child movies. ii ÖNSÖZ Animatörlük bir nevi tanrı olma, yaratma duygusudur. Ka ğıt üzerine çizilen bir karaktere ya şam vererek onu konu şturup atlatarak, a ğlatıp güldürerek tanrısal bir davranı ş gösterir animatör. Bu tanrısal davranı şın en verimli sergilendi ği canlandırma tekni ği şüphesiz stop motion’ dır. Bilinen ve en çok kullanılan malzeme, “kil” yani çamur ile yapılmı ş bir kuklaya, ya şam yaratmaktır. Hollywood ba şta olmak üzere dünya sinema sektöründe kullanılan stop motion tekni ği ile insano ğlu belki de milyonlarca yıldır bastırdı ğı yaratma duygusunu böylece dı şavurabilmi ştir . İstanbul, 2007-08-09 Neslihan BA ŞAK iii İÇİNDEK İLER ŞEK İL L İSTES İ......................................................................................................VII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................ 1. KUKLA VE OBJELERLE CANLANDIRMA S İNEMASININ TAR İHSEL GEL İŞİ Mİ 3 1.1. TAR İHSEL GEL İŞİ M .........................................................................................3 2. CANLANDIRMA TEKN İKLER İ 10 2.1. KLAS İK METOD...............................................................................................10 2.2. B İLG İSAYAR GRAF İĞİ ...................................................................................10 2.3. STOP-MOTION VE TEK KARE ÇEK İM MANTI ĞI.....................................13 2.3.1. STOP-MOTION ARMATÜRLER İ VE KUKLALARI.................................16 2.3.2. KUKLA YAPIMI VE MALZEMELER İ........................................................17 2.3.3. ARMATÜR YAPIMI VE MALZEMELER İ..................................................19 2.3.4. KUKLANIN HAREKET İ ..............................................................................20 2.3.4.1. Eylemsizlik kanunu.......................................................................................21 2.3.4.2. Dinami ğin temel ilkesi (F = m. a) .................................................................21 2.3.4.3. Etki-tepki kanunu.........................................................................................21 2.3.5. KUKLANIN AYAKTA DURAB İLMES İ.......................................................22 2.3.6. KARAKTER TASARIMI ...............................................................................23 2.3.7. KONU ŞMA VE SENKRON............................................................................27 2.4. B İR STOP-MOTION ÇEK İMDE PLANLAMA VE ÖN HAZIRLIK 30 2.4.1. PLANLAMA....................................................................................................30 2.4.2. POZ Ç İZELGES İ (X-SHEET)........................................................................31 2.4.3. H İKÂYE, SENARYO VEYAPIM ..................................................................32 2.4.3.1. STORYBOARD ............................................................................................33 2.5 B İR STOP-MOTION F İLM ÇEK İMİNDEK İ TEKN İK GEREKS İNİMLER 35 2.5.1. OBJEKT İF.......................................................................................................35 2.5.1.1. AMAÇLARINA GÖRE OBJEKT İFLER ...................................................35 2.5.1.1.1. Sabit Objektifler ........................................................................................35 2.5.1.1.1.1. Tele Objektifler (Dar Açılı Objektifler) .................................................36 2.5.1.1.1.2. Normal Açılı Objektifler.........................................................................36 2.5.1.1.1.3. Geni ş Açılı Objektifler............................................................................36 2.5.1.1.2. Zum Objektifler.........................................................................................36 2.5.1.2. D İYAFRAM..................................................................................................38 2.5.1.3. ALAN DER İNL İĞİ ......................................................................................40 2.5.2. KAMERA HAREKETLER İ...........................................................................40 2.5.2.1. İNSAN YA DA NESNELER İN KAMERA ÖNÜNDEK İ HAREKET İ......41 2.5.2.1.1. Zum Hareketi.............................................................................................41 iv 2.5.2.1.2. Pan Hareketi ..............................................................................................43 2.5.2.1.3. Tilt Hareketi...............................................................................................44 2.5.2.2. KAMERA’NIN GÖVDE HAREKET İ.........................................................45 2.5.2.3. SON TEKNOLOJ İ İLE FLOW-MOT İON .................................................46 2.5.3. KAMERA AÇILARI.......................................................................................47 2.5.3.1. ÇEK İM PLANLARI.....................................................................................47 2.5.3.1.1. Yüz Tam ekran çerçeve .............................................................................47 2.5.3.1.2. Yüz yakın plan ...........................................................................................47 2.5.3.1.3. Omuz plan ..................................................................................................48 2.5.3.1.4. Gö ğüs plan..................................................................................................48 2.5.3.1.5. Bel plan.......................................................................................................48 2.5.3.1.6. Diz plan.......................................................................................................48 2.5.3.1.7. Boy plan......................................................................................................48 2.5.4. BAKI Ş AÇISI BO ŞLU ĞU...............................................................................48 2.5.5. TERS AÇI........................................................................................................49 2.5.6. SIÇRAMA ETK İSİ .........................................................................................49 2.5.7. I ŞIK..................................................................................................................50 2.5.7.1. ÇE Şİ TLER İNE GÖRE I ŞIK KAYNAKLARI............................................51 2.5.7. 1.1. Tungsten....................................................................................................51
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