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The Qumran Paradigm THE QUMRAN PARADIGM Press SBL E arly Judaism and Its Literature Rodney A. Werline, Editor Editorial Board: Mark J. Boda George J. Brooke Esther Glickler Chazon Steven D. Fraade James S. McLaren Press SBLNum ber 43 THE QUMRAN PARADIGM A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SOME FOUNDATIONAL HYPOTHESES IN THE CONstRUCTION OF THE QUMRAN SECT G wynned de Looijer Press SBL Press SBLAt lanta Copyright © 2015 by SBL Press A ll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825H ous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Looijer, Gwynned de., author. The Qumran paradigm : a critical evaluation of some foundational hypotheses in the construction of the Qumran sect / by Gwynned de Looijer. p. cm. — (Early Judaism and its literature ; number 43) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Gwynned de Looijer reexamines the key hypotheses that have driven scholars’ understandings of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the archaeological site of Khirbet Qumran, and the textual descriptions of the Essenes. She demonstrates that foun- dational hypotheses regarding a sect at Qumran have heavily influenced the way the texts found in the surrounding caves are interpreted. De Looijer’s approach aban- dons those assumptions to illustrate that the Dead Sea Scrolls reflect a wider range of backgrounds reflecting the many diverse forms of Judaism that existed in the Second Temple period”— Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-88414-071-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-88414-072-6 (ebook) — ISBN 978-0-88414-073-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Qumran community. 2. Dead Sea scrolls. 3. Judaism—History—Post-exilic period, 586 B.C.–210 A.D. I. Title. BM487.L66 2015 296.8'15—dc23 Press 2015025096 Printed on acid-free paper. SBL For my father, Bert de Looijer Press SBL Press SBL Contents A cknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Figures and Tables xvii 1..Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.1. A Qumran Community? 4 1.2. A Sectarian Library? 15 1.3. Moving the Foundation Stone: Sectarianism as a Second Temple Phenomenon? 20 1.4. Judea and Judaism in Second Temple Times: Power, Privilege, and Fragmentation 24 1.5. The Qumran Paradigm: A Persistent Phenomenon? 30 2. Textual Classification of Presectarianism: On In-Between Texts and Formative Periods .....................................................................37 2.1. Dimant, A Sectarian Library and In-Between Sectarian Texts 39 2.2. Evaluating Dimant’s Qumran Library and Its Textual Classifications 48 2.3. García Martínez’s Groningen Hypothesis and a Formative Period of the Sect 62 2.4. Evaluating García Martínez’s Formative Period and Model of Chronological DPressevelopment 76 2.5. Conclusions: Classification Systems and Their Function in the Paradigm 85 3. The Provenance Of 4QMMT: A Case Of Qumran (Pre-)Sectarianism? ....................................................................................89 3.1. The Task of This Chapter 90 3.2. A HistorySBL of Controversies 91 viii CONNS TE T 3.3. The Texts 92 3.4. Genre 107 3.5. Date 108 3.6. Historical Setting 111 3.7. From 4QMMT as (Pre-)Sectarian Tool to 4QMMT in Its Own Right 113 3.8. The Parameters of 4QMMT’s Status as Foundational Document 115 3.9. Conclusions 138 4. Ideology as a Cohesive Strategy: The Development of Qumran Dualism ......................................................................................139 4.1. Dualism as a Qumran Characteristic 140 4.2. Dualism as an Aspect of Larger Socioreligious Phenomena 154 4.3. Dualism as a Concept in Religious Systems 167 4.4. Revisiting Types of Dualism at Qumran 172 4.5. Revisiting Frey’s Patterns of Dualistic Thought and TheirD evelopments 182 4.6. Revisiting Dualism in Its Socioreligious Milieu: Aspect or Core? 185 4.7. The Cohesive Ideology of Dualism: Building Block of the Qumran Paradigm? 187 5. The Zenith of Qumran Thought: The Case of Dualism and 1QS III, 13–IV, 26 ..............................................................................189 5.1. The Text: The Treatise of the Two Spirits 190 5.2. Dating the Treatise 201 5.3. Textual Correspondences and Sociohistorical Setting 204 5.4. Dualism in the Treatise 209 5.5. The Treatise and Its Position in the Sapiential Pattern of Qumran Dualism Press 231 5.6. Two Ways: A Case Study 248 5.7. The Cohesive Function of Dualism at Qumran 251 6. The Qumran Paradigm: Toward a Revisionist Approach ....................253 6.1. The Pyramid Structure of the Qumran Paradigm 255 6.2. The Proposed Alternatives: Protest Reinforces the ParadigmSBL 257 CONNS TE T ix 6.3. What Can We Learn from 4QMMT and the Treatise? 260 6.4. Proposals for Future Research 261 6.5. Conclusion 268 Bibliography ...................................................................................................271 Index of Primary Texts .................................................................................287 Index of Modern Authors.............................................................................295 Press SBL Press SBL A cknowledgments One of the main arguments of this book is that texts do not emerge as the result of solitary contemplation, but rather as the reflection of a process in which the active engagement with others is of vital importance. Accord- ingly, this work is a reflection not only of my own thoughts and ideas, but it also was shaped by the many conversations and discussions, both aca- demic and leisurely, that I have had with colleagues and friends. This book is a reworking of my PhD dissertation, and I am grateful to the people who then helped me structure and shape my work: First and foremost, I thank my supervisors, John Barclay, Lutz Doering, and Loren Stuckenbruck. I especially thank John Barclay, whose clear mindedness and professionalism I greatly admire and to whom I am very grateful for taking on a project outside of his subject area. Also, I have learned much from Lutz Doering, whose fundamentally different views of Qumran kept me on my toes and whose near-photographic knowledge of relevant literature has profoundly humbled me. A very special thanks to Loren Stuckenbruck, whose relentless interest, enthusiasm, support, and friend- ship have made the gravel road of dissertation writing worth traveling. During this project, many people challenged, helped, and supported me in many ways and I would like to thank them for that: Kate Hamp- shire and Johannes Haubold for seeing what was right in front of me; Jürgen Zangenberg for his keen interest in the topic; my examiners Stuart Weeks and Philip Davies for their candid comments and creative sugges- tions for further research; Mary LedgerPress and Ed Kaneen, for believing in me and providing practical support; Eibert Tigchelaar, for always being scarily critical and cheerfully helpful at the same time (a true gift); Brian Black for our shared joy in talking “text” and “history” anthropologically; Tobias Nicklas, for his kind advice and positive attitude throughout the years; Douglas Davies for his brilliant ideas and for being Douglas Davies; Frans Louwers for his steady friendship and true southern hospitality at the Dutch side of the North Sea (NU EVEN NIET!); Helen Ball and Jamie SBL-xi - xii AckOL N W EDGMENTS Tehrani at the Anthropology Department for giving me the opportunity to teach; Ellen Middleton and Susan Tait, without whom the Theology and Religion Department simply would not have been the same; and finally, Robert Hayward for his generosity and kindness and for being an extraordinary language teacher! Of course, my gratitude extends to the British Arts and Humanities Research Council for granting me a scholar- ship, which has helped me tremendously throughout the years. Finally, I am very honored that Rod Werline has kindly accepted my manuscript to be published in the Early Judaism and Its Literature series, and I am grateful for all the help from the people at SBL Press, particularly Nicole Tilford. In Durham, I have been part of a truly international academic com- munity, thus enjoying the company of friends and colleagues from all over the globe, especially: Christian Schneider, Simon Walsh (my Teacher of Righteousness!), Eduardo Díaz-Amado, Nidhani de-Andrado, Karin Neutel, Yulia Egorova, Susana Carro-Ripalda, Jan de Ruiter, Justin Mihoc, and Claudia Merli. A special thank you to Dorothe Bertschmann, for her warm friendship, her willingness to have poignant and challenging theo- logical conversations, and her encouragement regarding my work. Finally, I am deeply indebted to Iain Edgar, who over time became a most loyal supporter, cooking meals at the end of long days of revising and finally reading through the final versions of my chapters on the search for typos and “Dutchisms.” Any mistakes that might occur in this final version are, of course, my own! Press SBL Abbreviations 1Qpb Ha Pesher Habakkuk 1QS Rule of the Community AB Anchor Bible AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums A.J. Josephus, Antiquitates judaicae ANYAS Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences BAAS Bulletin of the Anglo-American Archaeological Society BARIS British Archaeological
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