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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Occupying the Law in Ancient Judah: Military, Mimicry, Masculinity Amanda Furiasse Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES OCCUPYING THE LAW IN ANCIENT JUDAH: MILITARY, MIMICRY, MASCULINITY By AMANDA FURIASSE A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Amanda Furiasse defended this dissertation on April 13, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Matthew Goff Professor Directing Dissertation William Hanley University Representative Adam Gaiser Committee Member Nicole Kelley Committee Member David Levenson Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Research Question ................................................................................................................2 1.2 Thesis ....................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Contribution to Scholarship ..................................................................................................5 1.4 Chapter Outline .....................................................................................................................8 2. SECTARIANISM AS MIMICRY OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE: A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SECTARIANISM IN THE STUDY OF RELIGION ....................................................................13 2.1 Sociology of Sectarianism...................................................................................................15 2.1.1 Max Weber: The Church-Sect Typology ..................................................................15 2.1.2 Ernst Troeltsch: Antagonism in the Church/Sect Typology .....................................18 2.1.3 H. Richard Niebuhr: The Sect/Church as a Binary Continuum ................................21 2.1.4 Bryan Wilson: Sectarianism and the Problem of Evil ..............................................22 2.1.5 Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge: The Tension Model ..........................24 2.2 The Sociology of Sectarianism’s Subjectivity Problem .....................................................26 2.3 The Study of Sectarianism in Islamic Studies ....................................................................32 2.3.1 Gyanendra Pandey: Sectarianism as an Adjudication into Colonial Governance ....32 2.3.2 Ussama Makdisi: Sectarianism as a Sociohistorical Process ....................................35 2.3.3 Laura Robson: Sectarianism as a System of Colonial Governance ..........................38 2.4 The History of Sectarianism in Early Judaism ....................................................................43 2.5 The Historiography of Sectarianism in Biblical Studies.....................................................51 2.5.1 Sectarianism as Organizational Typology ................................................................51 2.5.2 Sectarianism as Movement of Resistance .................................................................62 2.5.3 Sectarianism as Identity Politics ...............................................................................69 2.5.4 Sectarianism as Alternative Civic Ideology ..............................................................77 2.6 A New Approach to Sectarianism .......................................................................................82 2.6.1 The Seleucid and Roman Legal Orders ....................................................................82 2.6.2 Armies as Enforcers and Disseminators of the Law .................................................95 2.6.3 Judah’s Economy of War ........................................................................................102 2.6.4 The Dominant Discourse ........................................................................................105 2.6.5 Sectarianism as Mimicry of Military Discipline .....................................................111 2.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................116 3. TRANSFORMING MEN INTO SOLDIERS: MASCULINITY AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN MILITARY MANUALS .....121 3.1 Genre, Theory, and Historical Contexts of the Military Manual .....................................122 3.2 Military Masculinity .........................................................................................................137 3.2.1 Regulations on Leadership ......................................................................................137 iii 3.2.2 Regulations on Admission ......................................................................................144 3.2.3 Regulations on Wealth ............................................................................................155 3.2.4 Regulations on Marriage .........................................................................................165 3.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................174 4. MASCULINITY IN CRISIS: THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF COVENANTAL MASCULINITY IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS .....................................................................179 4.1 The Construction of Masculinity in the Mosaic Covenant .............................................181 4.1.1 Masculine Status in the Covenant ..........................................................................181 4.1.2 Regulations for Military Camps.............................................................................190 4.1.3 Regulations for the Temple Cult ............................................................................199 4.2 Judah’s Crisis of Masculinity .........................................................................................206 4.3 Recovering Covenantal Masculinity ...............................................................................216 4.3.1 Regulations on Leadership ....................................................................................216 4.3.2 Regulations on Admission .....................................................................................225 4.3.3 Regulations on Wealth ...........................................................................................241 4.3.4 Regulations on Marriage ........................................................................................259 4.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................276 5. CONCLUSION: BECOMING MASTERS OF THEIR OWN STORY .................................286 References ....................................................................................................................................294 Biographical Sketch .....................................................................................................................309 iv ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates how ancient Jewish communities restructured the Mosaic Law to redress the physical and emotional trauma that they endured under occupation. A systematic analysis of the Seleucid and Roman Empire’s governing strategies in ancient Judea reveals that military occupation was a system of colonial governance whereby military and judicial structures converged to monopolize regional politics. Judah’s indigenous legal culture played a decisive role in reproducing this monopoly of legislative and military power with Seleucid and Roman rulers representing themselves as protectors and patrons of the Mosaic Law. By representing themselves as benevolent protectors of the the Mosaic Law, they simultaneously reproduced the assumption that the Mosaic Law made Jewish men weak, effeminate, and unable to protect themselves. This discursive practice enabled Seleucid and Roman rulers to legitimate and justify their extraction of material resources from the region and exploitation of local labor. However, analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls suggests that Jewish communities developed a discursive practice of their own to counteract this dominant discourse. This discursive practice has often been identified by scholarship as sectarian in nature, since the texts urge the readers to separate from local institutions. I argue that this discursive practice represented mimicry of Seleucid and Roman military discipline. Mimicry consisted of a strategic process of negotiation, contestation, and adaption to the defining features of professional military life and discipline. These included the idea that professional soldiers must separate themselves from civilian institutions, specfically family, wealth, and marriage. By doing so, soldiers could embody the highest levels of integrity, competency, and virtue. The scrolls seem to parallel this practice by staking covenantal membership in
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