Donostia / San Sebastián Historia De Una Cartografía

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Donostia / San Sebastián Historia De Una Cartografía Donostia / San Sebastián Historia de una cartografía Javier Marichalar Donostia / San Sebastián Historia de una cartografía Javier Marichalar Edita: © Kutxa Fundazioa Pº Mikeletegi, nº 79 20009 Donostia Tel.: 943 001750 [email protected] © 1ª Edición: Kutxa Fundazioa © Textos: Javier Marichalar ISBN: 978-84-7173-591-1 D.L.: SS-352-2017 Michelena artes gráficas, s.l. 20115 Astigarraga (Gipuzkoa) El editor no se responsabiliza ni se vincula con las opiniones manifestadas en este libro por el autor. Queda totalmente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, así como su incorporación a cualquier sistema informático u otro tipo de almacenamiento o recuperación de información y su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, sea éste electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, por grabación u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de Kut xa Fundazioa. A ti, por la sombra que eres de mis pensamientos. A Alaia y Danel, y a sus aitas, mis primos, Cristina, David, Iñigo y Ainhoa, que tan bien lo han hecho, y de quienes tan orgulloso me siento. A Mitxi y a Mina. AGRADECIMIENTOS i hay una persona a quien tengo que expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento, ella es la profesora Rosa María Ayerbe, quien ha hecho todo lo humanamente posible, para que esta aventura cartográfica fuese posible. Su aliento Sen los momentos complicados y la implicación permanente que ha tenido conmigo tienen mi mas sincero recono- cimiento y mi profunda cariño. Por extensión, a la también profesora Asunción Urzainki, que gentilmente se ofreció a realizar la presentación de este libro, y a la Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País, por el apoyo y los medios ofrecidos. Igualmente, quiero recordar en estas líneas a Onintza Urbieta y Mikel Mendarte, miembros responsables de Kutxa Kultur, por su confianza en el proyecto, y en mi persona para la dirección del mismo. Como siempre, a mis padres, Juan Ramón y Dolores, y a mis hermanos Igor y Arkaitz, por su apoyo y ayuda. A mis familiares de Rentería, Cáceres y Sevilla, por su atención y dedicación. Una línea dedicada a esa “variopinta comuna meseteña”, que hacen que cada dia sea un poco mas soportable. No quiero olvidarme de todas las instituciones y organismos que han aportado todo tipo de documentación, y con- sejo, para la consecución de este estudio cartográfico. Quiero personalizar en este agradecimiento, a Socorro, José María y Ana, del equipo de Untzi Museoa - Museo Naval de San Sebastián, por su aportación institucional y personal a mi trabajo. Quiero reservar las últimas líneas, para tres mujeres que durante muchos años, entre otros, se han hecho responsa- bles de mi bienestar y de mi cuidado durante mi estancia en Cáceres. Ellas son mis tías Marisa y Antonia, y mi abuela Cristina. Por eso, y por muchas otras cosas, mi perenne agradecimiento y mi eterna deuda con ellas. 5 erardus Mercator kartografoak esan zuen mapak historiaren begiak direla. Eta erantsi daiteke berez historia direla ere bai. Hori da, gutxi gorabehera, Javier Marichalarrek obra honetan agerian uzten duena. Eta historia pro- Gpioa nahiz beste historia batzuekiko ekarpena izanik ere, liburu honen edizioa eta azken mende erdian Kutxak Donostiari buruzko Azterketa Historikoen Buletinaren inguruan egin duen edizio-lana lotzea saihestezina da. Editatzea da, gizartearekiko konprometituta dagoen kultura-agente batek kulturari egin diezaiokeen ekarpen nagu- sietako bat. Egungo gizartearentzako eta etorkizunekoarentzako legatu gisa. Gaur egun ohiz kanpokotzat jotzen dugun jarduera da, arraroa delako, gainera Kutxa da horri eusten dioten erakundeetako gutxi-gutxietako bat, eta horrek gogotik pozten gaitu. Eta poztasun handiz aurkezten dugu bolumen hau, izan ere, Google Earth eta bere satelite-irudien, aireko argazkien, informazio geografikoko sistemen eta 3D formatuen aro honetan, nolabaiteko erromantizismo-osagai bat baitu. Betiko mapei begiratzen dielako, munduko mapa zaharrentzat jotzen den kristo aurreko VI. mendeko oholtxo babiloniar haren oinordekoak diren mapei, alegia, etxekoak eta askoz, askoz berriagoak diren arren. Javier Marichalarren liburua, mapen bitartez geure buruari buruz dugun jakintza areagotzeko beste ekarpen garran- tzitsu bat da. Kutxaren izenean, Gipuzkoako ondare kartografiko garrantzitsurako eta gure bilduma editorialeko tituluen aberastera ongi-etorria eman nahi diot atsegin handiz. Manuel Beraza Olabarrieta Kutxako presidentea 6 ecía el cartógrafo Gerardus Mercator que los mapas son los ojos de la historia. Y podría añadirse que son también historia en sí mismos. Es lo que, aproximadamente, pone de manifiesto en esta obra Javier Marichalar. Y sea Dhistoria propia o aportación a otras historias, es inevitable vincular la edición de este libro a la tarea editora que alrededor del Boletín de Estudios Históricos sobre San Sebastián lleva a cabo Kutxa desde hace medio siglo. Editar es una de las principales contribuciones que un agente cultural comprometido con la sociedad puede hacer a la cultura. A la presente y a la futura como legado. Es una actividad que hoy vemos extraordinaria por rara, en la que Kutxa es una de las poquísimas instituciones que persevera, lo que nos llena de satisfacción. La satisfacción con la que presentamos este volumen que, en este tiempo de Google Earth y su combinación de imágenes de satélite, fotografías aéreas, sistemas de información geográfica y formatos 3D, tiene un cierto componente de romanticismo. Porque mira a los mapas de siempre, herederos de aquella tablilla babilónica del siglo VI A de C que se considera el mapa más antiguo del mundo, aunque sean de casa y mucho, mucho más recientes. El libro de Javier Marichalar es otra notable contribución al conocimiento que a través de los mapas tenemos de nosotros mismos. En nombre de Kutxa me complace darle la bienvenida al importante acervo cartográfico de Gipuzkoa y al enriquecimiento de los títulos de nuestra colección editorial. Manuel Beraza Olabarrieta Presidente de Kutxa 7 ultura-hiriburutzaren oihartzuna oraindik ere entzuten den eta 2016. urtea hiriaren ondare “historikoan” baina etorkizunari begira sartzen den une honetan, Donostiari lotutako beste liburu bat dator argitara, “Historia de Kuna cartografía” izenburuarekin. Izenburuak irakurle bat baino gehiago nahasi dezake, testuan kartografia baten bitartez Donostiako historiari egindako ekarpen bat zuzenean bilatuz hurbiltzen bada lan honetara; izatekotan, zeharkako ekarpen bat da, ikerketaren funtsa hiri-espazioari buruzko mapa zaharren katalogo zabala eta ondo zaindutakoa egitea baita, egileak mapa horiek baliatuz Donostiako eremua irudikatzeko moduan izan den bilakaera agerian uzteko. Oraingo honetan, eta hasierako izenburuari dagokionez, esan liteke faktoreen ordenak ustez produktua aldatzen duela, espekulazio historikoaren nukleo zentrala ez baita hiria, haren irudikapena baizik: obra honetan aztergaia kartogra- fia da, eta hiria “aitzakia” besterik ez, egileak edukiak mugatzeko baliatzen duen esparrua. Baina gehiago zehazteko xedez, adierazi beharra dago espazio geografikoak —Donostia— eta bereziki gertakari historikoek plano sekundarioa, hots, dokumentu grafikoaren espazio-denborazko testuingurua eratzen badute ere, kasu bakoitzean islatzen den une sozio-politikoaren testigantza baliozkoa dakarte beren deskribapenean. Mapa, taula edo karta —dokumentu grafiko mota horri denboran zehar horrela ere deitu baitzaio—, geografiaren eremuan tresna lagungarritzat jo da, eta oso balio handikoa izan da informazio espaziala bilatzeko nahiz ikerketa baten emaitzak adierazteko moduan; ildo horretan, ikuspegi erabat instrumental eta aplikatuarekin, Geografiaren osagarri per- fektutzat jo izan da mapa, “jakintza estrategiko” gisa. Baina denboraren poderioz, eta neurri batean jarduera mota asko- rentzat ia modu esponentzialean handitu den eskariaren ondorioz, mapak eta, hedaduraz, Kartografiak —mapak eta mapa horiek egiteko modua aztertzen dituen zientzia, RAEren hiztegiaren arabera— berezko izaera lortu dute, eta interes zien- tifikoko objektu bihurtu dira merezimendu osoz; intuizioak hori esaten zuen jada XVIII. mendean, gerrako profesionalen artean eta esplorazio geografikoen edota fisiokrata ilustratuen munduan. Ondorioz, mapagintzan adituak direnek prestakuntza akademiko konplexua eskuratu behar dute, eta oinarri teorikoa, printzipio eta kontzeptu espazialak eta geografikoak biltzen dituzten metodo eta teknikak, baita matematika, estatistika, topografia, informatika, proiekzio-sistema, informazio geografikoko sistema eta abarretik ateratako tresnak ere, eskura izan behar dituzte. Azken batean, zientzia, teknika eta artea proportzio egokitan bateratzen jakin behar dute. Eta, zer esan behar da “Corpus” teorikoari, kartografia baten historia aztertzen duen ikertzailearen arauei eta meto- dologiari dagokienez, aipagai dugun obra honen kasuan bezalaxe? Hirian izan ziren gertakari historiko azpimarragarrien arabera hautatutako mapa zaharren —XVI. mendetik XX. mendera artekoak— bilduma baten azterketaren bitartez Donostiako kartografiaren bilakaera azaltzeko, egileak arrakasta handiz egiten dio aurre dokumentu grafiko bakoitzarentzat galdera ugari eta oso desberdinei erantzun behar izateko egoerari: egileari eta hark espazioari buruz duen pertzepzioari, bere asmo edota helburuei, bere informazio espazialeko iturriei, neurketa- eta proiekzio-teknikei, irudikapenean erabilitako eskalari eta abarri buruzko galderak, eta ezin du baz- ter utzi testuinguru historiko, zientifiko eta kulturalaren interpretazio zehatza; horrekin guztiarekin bidea prestatzen du ondoren teknologia digitalarekin,
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