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Revista De Historia Militar Número 129 (2021), Pp AÑO LXV Núm. 129 2021 NUESTRA CUBIERTA: Siglos XV y XVI Caballería. Hombres de armas y Estradiotes Reproducción autorizada por la Real Academia de la Historia de la lámina 28 del álbum El Ejército y la Armada, de Manuel Giménez González, obra editada por el Servicio de Publicaciones del Estado Mayor del Ejército. INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA Y CULTURA MILITAR Año LXV 2021 Núm. 129 Los artículos y documentos de esta Revista no pueden ser traducidos ni reproducidos sin la autorización previa y escrita del Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar. La Revista declina en los autores la total responsabilidad de sus opiniones. CATÁLOGO DE PUBLICACIONES DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN GENERAL DEL ESTADO https://cpage.mpr.gob.es Edita: https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es © Autores y editor, 2021 NIPO 083-15-111-0 (edición impresa) NIPO 083-15-112-6 (edición en línea) ISSN 0482-5748 (edición impresa) ISSN 2530-1950 (edición en línea) Depósito legal M 7667-1958 Publicación semestral: primer semestre de 2021 Fecha de edición: mayo de 2021 Maqueta e imprime: Ministerio de Defensa Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores de la misma. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del copyright ©. En esta edición se ha utilizado papel 100% libre de cloro procedente de bosques gestionados de forma sostenible. La Revista de Historia Militar es una publicación del Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar, autorizada por Orden de 24 de junio de 1957 (D.O. del M.E. Núm. 142 de 26 de junio). Tiene como finalidad difundir temas históricos relacionados con la institución militar y la profesión de las armas, y acoger trabajos individuales que versen sobre el pensamiento histórico militar. DIRECTOR D. Juan Jesús Martín Cabrero, general de Infantería DEM Jefe de la Subdirección de Estudios Históricos CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN Jefe de Redacción: D. Carlos José Ovejas Amondarain, coronel de Artillería DEM Vocales: Consejo de Redacción Externo: D. Gerardo López-Mayoral y Hernández, coronel D. Martín Almagro Gorbea, R.A. Historia D. José Romero Serrano, coronel D. Miguel Alonso Baquer, general D. José Ignacio Crespo García, coronel D. Jesús Cantera Montenegro, U. Complutense D. Miguel Penalba Barrios, coronel D. Emilio De Diego García, U. Complutense D. Benito Tauler Cid, coronel D. Serafín Fanjul García, R.A. Historia D. Jesús Manuel Fernández Pedraza, coronel D. Luis García Moreno, R.A. Historia D. José Manuel Llorca Díaz, coronel D. José Luis Isabel Sánchez, coronel D. Manuel García Cabezas, coronel D. Enrique Martínez Ruiz, U. Complutense D. Manuel Casas Santero, coronel D. Hugo O´Donnell y Duque de Estrada, R.A. Historia D. Manuel Rodríguez Arias, teniente coronel D. Fernando Puell de la Villa, coronel D. Rafael de la Torre Casaponsa, subteniente D. José Luis Sampedro Escolar, R.A.Matritense Dª. Mónica Ruiz Bremón, facultativa D. Juan Teijeiro de la Rosa, general Redacción: Secretario: D. Roberto Sánchez Abal, comandante de Infantería Adjunto: D. Aurelio Moreno Centeno, funcionario de la Admón. Gral. del Estado Paseo de Moret, 3. 28008-Madrid. Teléfono: 91 780 87 52 - Fax: 91 780 87 42 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Enlaces directos a la web: http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Madrid/ihycm/Instituto/revista-historia/index.html https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/revistas.html APP Revistas Defensa: disponible en tienda Google Play http://play.google.com/store para dispositivos Android, y en App Store para iPhones y iPad, http://store.apple.com/es DISTRIBUCIÓN Y SUSCRIPCIONES: Subdirección General de Publicaciones y Patrimonio Cultural. SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA. Ministerio de Defensa. Camino de los Ingenieros, 6 - 28071 - Madrid. Tel.: 91 364 74 21 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Sumario Páginas ARTÍCULOS: − España, primavera de 1939. Radiografía de un Ejército, por don Fernando CALVO GONZÁLEZ-REGUERAL, Licen- ciado en CC. Económicas y Empresariales y escritor .............. 13 − Mujeres y ejército en tiempos de Napoleón, por doña Marga- rita CIFUENTES CUENCAS, Doctora en Historia, Investi- gadora de la Fundación Napoleón de París ............................... 53 − Primeros años de Francisco de Tovar como alcaide y capi- tán de la Goleta (1538-1540), por don Ricardo GONZÁLEZ CASTRILLO, Doctor en Geografía e Historia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos ........................................................................ 103 − La artillería juramentada en los sitios británicos a Badajoz en 1811, por don Jacinto Jesús MARABEL MATOS, Doctor en Derecho, Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociología .......... 139 − Sub Iugum. Humillación, sometimiento y estrategia tras la derrota en el mundo militar romano, por don Juan PÉREZ CARRANDI, Profesor de Derecho Romano en Real Centro Universitario María Cristina y Universidad Internacional de Valencia ..................................................................................... 171 − La vertiente militar del cardenal Cisneros. Un fraile francisca- no convertido en Capitán General de África, por don Agustín J. PÉREZ CIPITRIA, Doctor en Historia Contemporánea ... 197 Normas para la publicación de originales ....................................... 233 Solicitud de impresión bajo demanda de publicaciones ................. 237 Boletín de suscripción ..................................................................... 238 Summary Pages ARTICLES: − Spain, Spring, 1939, an Army in-depth analysis, by Mr. Fer- nando CALVO GONZÁLEZ-REGUERAL, Graduate in Political and Enterprise Sciences, writer .................................. 13 − Women and Army in the Napoleon days, by Ms. Margarita CIFUENTES CUENCAS, History Doctor, Researcher at the Napoleon Foundation in Paris .................................................. 53 − The first years of Francisco de Tovar as Governor and Cap- tain of la Goleta (1538-1540), by Mr. Ricardo GONZÁLEZ CASTRILLO, Doctor in Geography and History, King Juan Carlos University ...................................................................... 103 − The sworn Artillery in the British sieges of Badajoz, 1811, by Mr. Jacinto Jesús MARABEL MATOS, Doctor in Law, Gra- duate in Political Sciences and Sociology ................................ 139 − Sub Iugum. Humiliation, subduing and strategy after defeat in the Roman military world, by Mr. Juan PÉREZ CARRAN- DI, Roman Law lecturer in the Royal University Center Maria Cristina and International University in Valencia ..................... 171 − The military side of Cardenal Cisneros. A franciscan friar tur- ned Capitan General in Africa, by Mr. Agustín J. PÉREZ CIPITRIA, Doctor in contemporary History .......................... 197 Norms for publishing originals ....................................................... 233 On demand printing of publications ............................................... 237 Subscription Bulletin ...................................................................... 238 ARTÍCULOS Revista de Historia Militar Número 129 (2021), pp. 13-52 ISSN: 0482-5748 RHM.01 ESPAÑA, PRIMAVERA DE 1939. RADIOGRAFÍA DE UN EJÉRCITO Fernando CALVO GONZÁLEZ-REGUERAL1 RESUMEN Se podría afirmar, con las matizaciones cualitativas a que hubiere lu- gar, que el Ejército español surgido de la victoria en la Guerra Civil comen- zada en 1936 era, para la primavera de 1939, uno de los más poderosos del momento y, sin ninguna duda, la más formidable jamás vista en nuestro país. Lo era por la cantidad y calidad de su armamento –ambos contendien- tes se habían nutrido con las mejores armas de la época, que ahora pasaban conjuntamente a engrosar los efectivos de un nuevo Ejército español-, pero también por el número de soldados (más de un millón largo de hombres en armas), por su experiencia única y sin igual en una forma moderna de combatir que preludiaba las tácticas que se desarrollarían en la segunda con- flagración mundial y, sobre todo, por su moral de victoria, que se había ido elevando batalla tras batalla, las más grandes que nunca se hayan librado en la Península Ibérica: Brunete, Belchite y Teruel en 1937, las de Valencia y el Ebro en 1938 y la ofensiva sobre Cataluña en 1939. 1 Licenciado en CC. Económicas y Empresariales por la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, escritor y Legionario de Honor por el 4º Tercio “Alejandro Farnesio”. Autor de la novela bélica Queridísima Elena: Desde el frente de batalla (Galland Books, Valladolid, 2009) y de los libros históricos Atlas de batallas de la Guerra Civil (Susaeta, Madrid, 2010), La Guerra Civil en la Ciudad Universitaria (La Librería, Madrid, 2012, cuatro ediciones), o La guerra ha terminado. Los últimos días de la República (Galland Books, 2018). Con Almuzara, Córdoba, 2018, el ensayo histórico Guerra Civil española: Los libros que nos la contaron (La Antorcha). En la actualidad ultima una historia del arte militar para ediciones Arzalia, Homo bellius. Una historia de la humanidad a través de la guerra. Revista de Historia Militar, 129 (2021), pp. 13-52. ISSN: 0482-5748 14 FERNANDO CALVO GONZÁLEZ-REGUERAL Pretendemos en el presente trabajo hacer una especie de radiografía de tal maquinaria bélica en el periodo comprendido entre el final de la guerra, 1º de abril de 1939, y el verano de ese mismo año, en que el contexto inter- nacional
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