What Are False Flag Operations?
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Cyberattack Attribution As Empowerment and Constraint 3
A HOOVER INSTITUTION ESSAY Cyberattack Attribution as Empowerment and Constraint KRISTEN E. EICHENSEHR Aegis Series Paper No. 2101 Introduction When a state seeks to defend itself against a cyberattack, must it first identify the perpetrator responsible? The US policy of “defend forward” and “persistent engagement” in cyberspace raises the stakes of this attribution question as a matter of both international and domestic law. International law addresses in part the question of when attribution is required. The international law on state responsibility permits a state that has suffered an internationally wrongful act to take countermeasures, but only against the state responsible. This limitation implies that attribution is a necessary prerequisite to countermeasures. But international Law and Technology, Security, National law is silent about whether attribution is required for lesser responses, which may be more common. Moreover, even if states agree that attribution is required in order to take countermeasures, ongoing disagreements about whether certain actions, especially violations of sovereignty, count as internationally wrongful acts are likely to spark disputes about when states must attribute cyberattacks in order to respond lawfully. Under domestic US law, attributing a cyberattack to a particular state bolsters the authority of the executive branch to take action. Congress has authorized the executive to respond to attacks from particular countries and nonstate actors in both recent cyber-specific statutory provisions and the -
Articles & Reports
1 Reading & Resource List on Information Literacy Articles & Reports Adegoke, Yemisi. "Like. Share. Kill.: Nigerian police say false information on Facebook is killing people." BBC News. Accessed November 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt- sh/nigeria_fake_news. See how Facebook posts are fueling ethnic violence. ALA Public Programs Office. “News: Fake News: A Library Resource Round-Up.” American Library Association. February 23, 2017. http://www.programminglibrarian.org/articles/fake-news-library-round. ALA Public Programs Office. “Post-Truth: Fake News and a New Era of Information Literacy.” American Library Association. Accessed March 2, 2017. http://www.programminglibrarian.org/learn/post-truth- fake-news-and-new-era-information-literacy. This has a 45-minute webinar by Dr. Nicole A. Cook, University of Illinois School of Information Sciences, which is intended for librarians but is an excellent introduction to fake news. Albright, Jonathan. “The Micro-Propaganda Machine.” Medium. November 4, 2018. https://medium.com/s/the-micro-propaganda-machine/. In a three-part series, Albright critically examines the role of Facebook in spreading lies and propaganda. Allen, Mike. “Machine learning can’g flag false news, new studies show.” Axios. October 15, 2019. ios.com/machine-learning-cant-flag-false-news-55aeb82e-bcbb-4d5c-bfda-1af84c77003b.html. Allsop, Jon. "After 10,000 'false or misleading claims,' are we any better at calling out Trump's lies?" Columbia Journalism Review. April 30, 2019. https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/trump_fact- check_washington_post.php. Allsop, Jon. “Our polluted information ecosystem.” Columbia Journalism Review. December 11, 2019. https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/cjr_disinformation_conference.php. Amazeen, Michelle A. -
American.Com That Freedom Shall Not Perish $2.95
★ ★ ★ ★ SPECIAL REPORT ★ ★ ★ ★ September 2, 2013 www.TheNewAmerican.com THAT FREEDOM SHALL NOT PERISH $2.95 How The Free Trade AGENDA Is Knocking Down AMERICA Mix or Match Spread The Word for Special Quantity Discounts Diploma Disaster? Common Core: College has long been seen as a ticket to A Scheme to Rewrite Education success, money, and leisure; but the job Common Core — an initiative to impose new national curriculum standards and market is glutted with college graduates, government surveillance on students college costs are punishing, and colleges — will harm students, not benefit them. increasingly focus on things other than (August 19, 2013, 48pp) TNA130819 academics. (August 5, 2013, 48pp) TNA130805 How The Free Trade Agenda ObamaCare Express: Is Knocking Down America Our Empty Future in Afghanistan Looking for a Refund This special report of The New American The United States plans to stay in As the requirements of ObamaCare magazine explains how the deceptive “free Afghanistan for another 10 years, but the come rumbling into force, its costs are trade” agenda is threatening our national murder of U.S. soldiers by Afghan locals exploding, its mandates are failing, and and the corruption of the Afghan regime its consequences are crippling. (July 22, independence, our personal freedoms, and our highlight the futility of our mission there. 2013, 48pp) TNA130722 jobs. (September 2, 2013, 48pp) TNA130902 (July 1, 2013, 48pp) TNA130701 ✁ QUANTITY TITLE/DESCRIPTION TOTAL PRICE How The Free Trade... Mail completed form to: ShopJBS • P.O. BOX 8040 Common Core... Mix or Match APPLETON, WI 54912 ❏ 1 copy $2.95 Order Online: www.ShopJBS.org Diploma Disaster? ❏ 10 copies $12.50 Credit-card orders call toll-free now! 1-800-342-6491 Order Online ❏ 25 copies $22.50 ObamaCare Express.. -
The Future of North American Trade Scenarios and Economic Implications 02 the Future of North American Trade | a Scenario Approach
The Future of North American Trade Scenarios and Economic Implications 02 The Future of North American Trade | A Scenario Approach Scenario Thinking 04 Critical Uncertainties 06 Four Possible Scenarios for the Future 08 Economic Impact 12 Conclusions and Outlook 14 Methodology 16 Contacts 18 03 04 The Future of North American Trade | A Scenario Approach Scenario Thinking A Glimpse into the Future of North American Trade The North American Free Trade Agreement The challenge is to capture the complex ways Following the Breakdown of NAFTA in our (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the in which North America’s economic and third scenario, Mexico intensified its alliance United States is facing great uncertainty. political set-up may evolve. This will help to with Latin America to emerge from recession Political change, protectionist agendas, and a identify each country’s risk exposure and and foster the region’s socio-economic growing row over the agreement’s imbalance develop suitable strategic options on the development. Canada strengthened its ties to of benefits endanger its continued existence. basis of robust needs for action. the EU to compensate for its small domestic At the same time, disruptive technologies, market, while the US has isolated itself both new digital business models, and changing Scenario design provides the basis for politically and economically. social values also question the validity of the decision-making in the context of great existing trade agreement. uncertainty by analyzing and structuring In the North American Union scenario, drivers into critical uncertainties that could political, economic, and social integration has While the US administration contemplates the impact the future. -
Fake News and Misinformation Policy Lab Practicum (Spring 2017)
ST ANFORD Fake News & Misinformation Policy Practicum 2017 PRACTICUM RESEARCFacebookH TEAM: Research Team Jacob Finkel, JD ’19, Steven Jiang,Mufan BS ’17, Luo, PhD ‘22 Mufan Luo, PhD ’22, Rebecca Mears, JD/MPP ’19, Danaë Metaxa-Kakavouli, PhD ’20Camille, Peeples, JD ‘18 Camille Peeples, JD ’18, BrendanArjun Sasso, Shenoy,JD ’19, JD ‘19 Arjun Shenoy, JD ’19, Vincent Sheu, JD/MS ’18 , Nicolás Torres-Echeverry, JSM ’17 Google Research Team INSTRUCTOR AND PROJECTDanaë LEAD MetaxaS: -Kakavouli, PhD ‘20 Nicolás Torres-Echeverry, JSM ‘17 SENATOR RUSS FEINGOLD Edwin A. Heafey, Jr., Visiting Professor of Law Luciana Herman, Ph.D. Twitter Research Team Lecturer in Law Program Director, Law and Policy LabJacob Finkel, JD ‘19 Steven Jiang, BS ‘17 Ashwin Aravind, JD ‘18 Teaching Assistant Rebecca Mears, JD/MPP ‘19 Katie Joseff, MA ‘19 Research Assistant Reddit Research Team October POLICY CLIENT: Brendan Sasso, JD ‘19 Hewlett Foundation MadisonVincent Initiative Sheu, JD/MS ’18 2017 1 Acknowledgements This report reflects the research and analysis of an inter-disciplinary law and graduate student team enrolled in the Stanford Law School Fake News and Misinformation Policy Lab Practicum (Spring 2017). Under the guidance of instructor Senator Russ Feingold, the Edwin A. Heafey Visiting Professor of Law, the practicum surveyed the roles of four major online platforms in the spread of fake news beginning with the 2016 U.S. election. Assisting Senator Feingold in the practicum were Policy Lab Program Director and Lecturer Luciana Herman, Ph.D., and Teaching Assistant Ashwin Aravind, J.D. ’18. Brendan Sasso, J.D. ’19, served as the exceptional lead student editor for the report. -
Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and Its Multifarious Enemies
Angles New Perspectives on the Anglophone World 10 | 2020 Creating the Enemy The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies Maxime Dafaure Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/angles/369 ISSN: 2274-2042 Publisher Société des Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur Electronic reference Maxime Dafaure, « The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies », Angles [Online], 10 | 2020, Online since 01 April 2020, connection on 28 July 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/angles/369 This text was automatically generated on 28 July 2020. Angles. New Perspectives on the Anglophone World is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The “Great Meme War:” the Alt-Right and its Multifarious Enemies 1 The “Great Meme War:” the Alt- Right and its Multifarious Enemies Maxime Dafaure Memes and the metapolitics of the alt-right 1 The alt-right has been a major actor of the online culture wars of the past few years. Since it came to prominence during the 2014 Gamergate controversy,1 this loosely- defined, puzzling movement has achieved mainstream recognition and has been the subject of discussion by journalists and scholars alike. Although the movement is notoriously difficult to define, a few overarching themes can be delineated: unequivocal rejections of immigration and multiculturalism among most, if not all, alt- right subgroups; an intense criticism of feminism, in particular within the manosphere community, which itself is divided into several clans with different goals and subcultures (men’s rights activists, Men Going Their Own Way, pick-up artists, incels).2 Demographically speaking, an overwhelming majority of alt-righters are white heterosexual males, one of the major social categories who feel dispossessed and resentful, as pointed out as early as in the mid-20th century by Daniel Bell, and more recently by Michael Kimmel (Angry White Men 2013) and Dick Howard (Les Ombres de l’Amérique 2017). -
The Public Eye, Spring 2008
The New Secular Fundamentalist Conspiracy!, p. 3 TheA PUBLICATION OF POLITICAL RESEARCH PublicEye ASSOCIATES SPRING 2008 • Volume XXIII, No.1 $5.25 The North American Union Right-wing Populist Conspiracism Rebounds By Chip Berlet he same right-wing populist fears of Ta collectivist one-world government and new world order that fueled Cold War anticommunism, mobilized opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, and spawned the armed citizens militia movement in the 1990s, have resurfaced as an elaborate conspiracy theory about the alleged impending creation of a North American Union that would merge the United States, Canada, and Mexico.1 No such merger is seriously being con- templated by any of the three govern- ments. Yet a conspiracy theory about the North American Union (NAU) simmered in right-wing “Patriot Movement” alter- native media for several years before bub- bling up to reach larger audiences in the Ron Wurzer/Getty Images Wurzer/Getty Ron Dr. James Dobson, founder of the Christian Right group Focus on the Family, with the slogan of the moment. North American Union continues on page 11 IN THIS ISSUE Pushed to the Altar Commentary . 2 The Right-Wing Roots of Marriage Promotion The New Secular Fundamentalist Conspiracy! . 3 By Jean V. Hardisty especially welfare recipients, to marry. The fter the 2000 presidential campaign, I rationale was that marriage would cure their Reports in Review . 28 Afelt a shock of recognition when I read poverty. Wade Horn, appointed by Bush to that the George W. Bush Administration be in charge of welfare programs at the Now online planned to use its “faith-based” funding to Department of Health and Human Services www.publiceye.org . -
Conspiracy Theories.Pdf
Res earc her Published by CQ Press, a Division of SAGE CQ www.cqresearcher.com Conspiracy Theories Do they threaten democracy? resident Barack Obama is a foreign-born radical plotting to establish a dictatorship. His predecessor, George W. Bush, allowed the Sept. 11 attacks to P occur in order to justify sending U.S. troops to Iraq. The federal government has plans to imprison political dissenters in detention camps in the United States. Welcome to the world of conspiracy theories. Since colonial times, conspiracies both far- fetched and plausible have been used to explain trends and events ranging from slavery to why U.S. forces were surprised at Pearl Harbor. In today’s world, the communications revolution allows A demonstrator questions President Barack Obama’s U.S. citizenship — a popular conspiracists’ issue — at conspiracy theories to be spread more widely and quickly than the recent “9-12 March on Washington” sponsored by the Tea Party Patriots and other conservatives ever before. But facts that undermine conspiracy theories move opposed to tax hikes. less rapidly through the Web, some experts worry. As a result, I there may be growing acceptance of the notion that hidden forces N THIS REPORT S control events, leading to eroding confidence in democracy, with THE ISSUES ......................887 I repercussions that could lead Americans to large-scale withdrawal BACKGROUND ..................893 D from civic life, or even to violence. CHRONOLOGY ..................895 E CURRENT SITUATION ..........900 CQ Researcher • Oct. 23, 2009 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ........................901 Volume 19, Number 37 • Pages 885-908 OUTLOOK ........................902 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................906 THE NEXT STEP ................907 CONSPIRACY THEORIES CQ Re search er Oct. -
Indian False Flag Operations
Center for Global & Strategic Studies Islamabad INDIAN FALSE FLAG OPERATIONS By Mr. Tauqir – Member Advisory Board CGSS Terminology and Genealogy The term false flag has been used symbolically and it denotes the purposeful misrepresentation of an actor’s objectives or associations. The lineage of this term is drawn from maritime affairs where ships raise a false flag to disguise themselves and hide their original identity and intent. In this milieu, the false flag was usually used by pirates to conceal themselves as civilian or merchant ships and to prevent their targets from escaping away or to stall them while preparing for a battle. In other cases, false flags of ships were raised to blame the attack on someone else. A false flag operation can be defined as follows: “A covert operation designed to deceive; the deception creates the appearance of a particular party, group, or nation being responsible for some activity, disguising the actual source of responsibility.” These operations are purposefully carried out to deceive public about the culprits and perpetrators. This phenomenon has become a normal practice in recent years as rulers often opt for this approach to justify their actions. It is also used for fabrication and fraudulently accuse or allege in order to rationalize the aggression. Similarly, it is a tool of coercion which is often used to provoke or justify a war against adversaries. In addition, false flag operations could be a single event or a series of deceptive incidents materializing a long-term strategy. A primary modern case of such operations was accusation on Iraqi President Saddam Hussain for possessing weapons of mass-destruction ‘WMD’, which were not found after NATO forces, waged a war on Iraq. -
Puppet Masters of TACTICAL DIVERSIONS and FALSE FLAG
Puppet Masters of Media Propaganda, Banking and War Profiteering, TACTICAL DIVERSIONS and FALSE FLAG DECEPTIONS, Boogieman Terrorists, Police Brutality Against It’s Citizens, The Big Picture of Global Politics and Change We Must To Live Again (Part III Tactical Diversions and False Flag Deceptions) “Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain!” ― L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) Tactical Diversions are the literal equivalent of a magician’s sleight of hand trick. With one hand the magician diverts the attention of the observer to a specific hand whilst with the other hand they manipulate a certain item or situation so as to create the illusion of magic, a super natural occurrence. In other words, a tactical diversion serves to distract attention elsewhere so that the mind is tricked and deceived into believing that an illusionary occurrence represents some new form of an unknown reality. “Nothing is easier than self-deceit. For what every man wishes, that he also believes to be true.” ― Demosthenes, Greek Statesman (384 BC - 322 BC) A False Flag Distraction works like and harnesses the elements of a tactical diversion however its primary purpose is to divert attention away from what the true perpetrator has done (or is about to do) so as to blame a negative occurrence onto another. The real intent of the False Flag Distraction (or operation) is to psychologically and/or politically disempower the reality of perception so as to establish a negative belief or narrative (someone or something is wrong, bad or evil) about a person, organization, government or country so as to justify within the patriotic or group mind of society, a rationalized reaction toward this new view point or newly defined enemy (“enemy” means “not friend”). -
Beyond Reparations: an American Indian Theory of Justice
OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 66, NUMBER 1, 2005 Beyond Reparations: An American Indian Theory of Justice WILLIAM BRADFORD* It is perhaps impossible to overstate the magnitude of the human injustice perpetrated againstAmerican Indianpeople: indeed,the severity and duration of the harms endured by the original inhabitants of the US. may well rival those suffered by any other group past or present, domestic or international. While financialreparations for certainpast transgressionsmay be appropriateto some groups and situations, the historical and ongoing injustices committed against Indians living within the US. cannot be adequately understood in material terms. Although in recent decades various models of justice have been proposed in respect of a series of gross human injustices, incomplete and even erroneous understandingsof the nature of Indian claims and an overly narrow conception of the potential parameters of remedial justice render these approachesineffectual. This Article presents a alternative theory of justice, termed "Justice as Indigenism" (JAI). As applied JAI commits its practitioners to a sequential process consisting of seven distinct stages: acknowledgment, apology, peacemaking, commemoration, compensation, land restoration, legal reformation, and reconciliation. JAI advances the frontiers of thinking about justice on behalf of Indians in that its normative mission is not the award of materialcompensation or the attribution of blame but ratherthe ultimate healing of the American and Indian nations and the joint authorship -
False Flag Operation
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.14006 Thursday AUGUST 5, 2021 Mordad 14, 1400 Dhul Hijjah 25, 1442 Raisi to be sworn in Tokyo 2020: Iran Energy Ministry unveils Imam Mosque: as Irani president weightlifter Davoudi water, electricity elegant, iconic, and today Page 2 snatches silver Page 3 training system Page 4 visually stunning Page 6 Iran: Reports of maritime incidents Western psywar for new adventurism The Iranian Armed Forces have de- coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). nounced recent contradictory reports Citing maritime security sources, the False flag operationSee page 3 of maritime incidents and hijacking in report identified the seized vessel as the the Sea of Oman as a Western “psycho- Panama-flagged asphalt/bitumen tanker logical warfare” meant to set the ground Asphalt Princess. for new adventurism. Meanwhile, The Times of London Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, newspaper quoted British sources as spokesman of the Armed Forces, made saying that they were “working on the the remarks on Tuesday, after Reuters assumption Iranian military or proxies claimed that “Iran-backed forces” were boarded” the Asphalt Princess. believed to have seized an oil tanker off the Continued on page 2 Loading, unloading of goods up 16% at Shahid Rajaee port TEHRAN- Loading and unloading of goods goes were loaded and unloaded at Shahid rose 16 percent at Shahid Rajaee port, Iran’s Rajaee port in the four-month period.