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Die Turmgräber Von Palmyra Agnes Henning Die Turmgräber von Palmyra Eine lokale Bauform als Ausdruck kultureller Identität Dissertationsschrift im Fach Klassische Archäologie an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt im Mai 2001 Vorwort Viele der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit beruhen auf Vermessungsarbeiten, die im Rahmen zweier durch das Deutsche Archäologische Institut Damaskus großzügig geförderter Kampagnen erstellt wurden. Die photogrammetrische Aufnahme und Auswertung der Turmfassaden übernahm das Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik der Technischen Universität Berlin. Beteiligt waren André Brall. Michael Breuer, Fabian Hohmuth, Jana Krüger, Olaf Prümm und Torsten Stamm. Zur Realisierung des Projekts trug weiterhin die Hegemann-Stiftung Berlin bei. Die Umzeichnungen wurden von der Verfasserin angefertigt. Die topographischen Vermessungen in der Westnekropole und der Nordstadt Palmyras haben Thomas Bach, Ralf Schmid, Peter Steigenberger, Werner Stempfhuber und Peter Wasmeier vom Geodätischen Institut der Technischen Universität München durchgeführt. Bei der Aufnahme der Grundrisse der Turmgräber in Palmyra und am Euphrat hat mir Lars Petersen geholfen, wozu die Käthe Hack – Wilhelm Weiß-Stiftung Köln einen finanziellen Beitrag leistete. Bei der Bewertung der Fundstücke aus dem Turmgrab des Elahbel haben mich Jean- Baptiste Yon, der die Inschriften las und übersetze, sowie Dagmara Wielgosz, die einige der Skulpturen datierte, maßgeblich unterstützt. Allen genannten Personen und Institutionen sei an dieser Stelle bereits vorab besonders gedankt. Die in dieser Arbeit erwähnten Kataloge, Tafeln und Beilagen sind im Archäologischen Institut der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Straße 30, 50923 Köln, einzusehen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................... 1 I. Einleitung............................................................................................................................................. 4 I.1 Historischer Hintergrund............................................................................................................ 4 I.2 Ziel der Arbeit.............................................................................................................................. 9 I.3 Forschungsüberblick ................................................................................................................. 11 I.4 Praktische und methodische Vorgehensweise ......................................................................... 14 II. Die Grabbauten Palmyras ............................................................................................................... 17 II.1 Turmgräber .............................................................................................................................. 20 II.2 Hypogäen .................................................................................................................................. 22 II.3 Tempelgräber ........................................................................................................................... 24 III. Zur Definition von Turmgräbern................................................................................................... 28 IV. Die Grundlagen der Chronologie................................................................................................... 33 V. Architektonischer Befund ................................................................................................................ 37 V.1 Das Baumaterial ....................................................................................................................... 37 V.2 Das Mauerwerk ........................................................................................................................ 39 V.3 Die Fundamente........................................................................................................................ 44 V.4 Die Türen................................................................................................................................... 45 V.5 Die Treppen............................................................................................................................... 47 V.6 Der Grund- und Aufriss der Kammern ................................................................................. 49 V.7 Die Fenster ................................................................................................................................ 55 V.8 Das Dach.................................................................................................................................... 56 V.9 Die Hypogäen der Turmgräber............................................................................................... 57 V.10 Ergebnis................................................................................................................................... 59 VI. Bauablauf und Technik.................................................................................................................. 62 VI.1 Gewinnung, Bearbeitung und Versatz der Steinblöcke....................................................... 62 VI.2 Die Anfertigung der Dekorglieder......................................................................................... 66 VI.3 Statische Lösungen ................................................................................................................. 69 VI.4 Bemerkungen zur Metrologie der Turmgräber................................................................... 71 VI.5 Ergebnis ................................................................................................................................... 73 VII. Die Ausstattung der Turmgräber.................................................................................................. 75 VII.1 Der Architekturdekor ........................................................................................................... 75 VII.1.1 Die Reliefnischen in den Fassaden .................................................................................. 76 VII.1.2 Die Gestaltung der Tür..................................................................................................... 80 VII.1.3 Die Gesimse ..................................................................................................................... 84 Der Eierstab ........................................................................................................................ 88 Der Zahnschnitt................................................................................................................... 89 Die Konsolen und Rosetten................................................................................................. 90 VII.1.4 Die Kassettendecken........................................................................................................ 91 VII.1.5 Die Architekturgliederungen der Erdgeschosskammern.................................................. 99 VII.1.6 Ergebnis ......................................................................................................................... 105 VII.2 Die skulpturale Innenausstattung der Turmgräber am Beispiel des Turmgrabes des Elahbel und seiner Brüder (Nr. 13) ............................................................................................. 109 VII.3 Die Wandmalerei .............................................................................................................. 123 VII.4 Die Farbfassung des Baudekors und der Skulpturen ...................................................... 131 VII.5 Exemplarische Untersuchungen zur Ikonographie der Ausstattung ............................. 134 VII.6 Die figürlichen und gegenständlichen Graffiti im Turmgrab Nr. 12.............................. 141 VIII. Der sepulkrale Kontext der Turmgräber................................................................................... 145 VIII.1 Die Bezeichnung der Turmgräber in den Inschriften .................................................... 145 VIII.2 Die Beisetzung und die kultische Verehrung der Toten................................................. 149 VIII.3 Die Grabpflege und Bestimmungen für nachfolgende Bestattungen............................ 153 VIII.4 Die Belegungszeit der Turmgräber .................................................................................. 156 IX. Die Turmgräber als Mittel der Präsentation................................................................................ 158 IX.1 Der Grabgründer ................................................................................................................ 159 IX.2 Das Turmgrab als Familiengrab ......................................................................................... 161 X. Die Turmgräber am mittleren Euphrat und im Hauran............................................................... 168 X.1 Der mittlere Euphrat.............................................................................................................. 169 X.1.1 Dura Europos.................................................................................................................... 170 X.1.2 Baghuz.............................................................................................................................. 174 X.1.3 Al-Qaim...........................................................................................................................
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