A Productive Landscape Water Remediation As a Way to Enhance Potential Existing Landscape Urbanism Study Case: Bryne Neighborhood, Time

A Productive Landscape Water remediation as a way to enhance potential existing landscape urbanism Study case: Bryne neighborhood, Time

ANNISA SOLIHAH SONTANI Time and Klepp are very rich in agricultural land. They also have main lakes; Frøylandsvatnet and Ørrevatnet, which are incorporated in Ørre watercourse (vassdrag). The watersystem in this area plays important role for watering agricultural land, natural outdoor venue for people, and ‘home’ for valuable ecosystem.

Unfortunately, water quality in this area is degrading, create unfortunate situation for its inhabitants. Agricultural activities also contibute water contamintaion. Some substances from fertilizer and animal’s waste has dissolved in the water and has formed sediment. Moreover, the town center has some issues such as disintegrated nature and city feature.

This project seek a way to improve existing condition by reducing the con- taminated water, as well as enhance what city town has to offer. The out- come from this effort resulting alternative open spaces for people to use. CONTENT:

THE BIG PICTURE

DISTINCTIVE LANDSCAPES

LITERATURE REFERENCES

DESIGN INTERVENTION (PROPOSAL) THE BIG PICTURE TO STAVANGER

KLEPP

FRØYLANDSVATNET KLEPPE

ORRETVATNET

ROSLANDSÅNA

BRYNE

Picture ortho map, plus lokasi dari stavanger

TO EGERSUND Oil job boom in the Stavanger region - Aftenbladet.no

Kundesenter Annonser Kontakt oss Meny Aenergy

FACTS FACTS ↑ annonse OIL INDUSTRY In 2010, revenue from agriculture in Rogaland estimated at 1.8 billion kroner, Stavanger city in Rogaland county is one which has made it one of the important municipality in regards to agriculture of the influential city in Norway. The oil productivity. Other municipalities following are Hedmark and Oppland, which industry is a key industry in this region reached, respectively, at 1.0 and 1.1 billion kroner. and the city is widely considered as the Oil Capital of Norway. Hå 319,2 The number of jobs in the oil services Klepp 266,3 industry in Stavanger region have in- Time 154,8 creased by 7.1% a year since 2006. Oil Sandnes 150,7 Most of the jobs in the oil services industry are based at Forus, south of Stavanger. service companies based in this area 118,0 Oil job boom in the Stavanger region earned almost NOK 90 billion in 2012 The number of jobs in the oil services industry in the Stavanger region have increased by 7.1 percent a year Finnøy 96,6 since 2006. Oil service companies based in this area earned almost NOK 90 billion in 2012.

Hilde Øvrebekk Lewis Publisert: 22. november 2013 13:42 Oppdatert: 22. november 2013 13:42 Bjerkreim 87,2 Since 2006, the number of people working in theSource: oil services industry hace Aftenbladet,risen by 10,000, from 19,000 to 29,000 in 2012. 22 November 2013 A total of 15 percent of all those employed in the region work at oil service companies, defined as Norway-registered firms supplying goods and services to the oil companies. Sola 81,5 USD 14.8-billion income There are currently 338 active companies with 29,000 employees in the region, according to two reports from research firm Rystad Energy. They were compiled on behalf of the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. Gjesdal 65,8 TheseAffluent firms’ revenues from oil and gas activities in the region jobcame to nearly NOK 90 billionopportunity last year (some USD 14.79 billion). in this industry has lead to the population http://www.aftenbladet.no/energi/aenergy/Oil-job-boom-in-the-Stavanger-region-3299578.htmlgrowth from outside[04.03.2014 11:41:50] Norway. In responding dynamic growth, a city Tysvær 63,6

or a neighborhood need Oljeto i nord maintain gir byggeboom i sør - Nordland both spatialhttp ://www.nrk.no/nordland/olje-i-nord-gir-byggeboom-i-sor-1.8369554and social qualit- - 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0 350,0 iees in order to serve good environtment for people. Verdiskaping frå jordbruket, mill kr Jæren Andreb ygder, Rogala nd Source: Norsk Institutt for Landbruksøkonomisk Forskning, 2012

From the graphic above, Ha, Klepp, and Time are the three municipalities with the highest value added from agricultural activities. Therefore, those municipalities create high workforce in that field.

Agriculture activities is also an inherited tradition that already last for a long time. Robust ecosystem around agriculture area and its watershed become valuable natural resources for people in Norway.

BYGGEBOOM: I Forus i Stavanger skal det bygges 70.000 nye leiligheter og 30.000 nye arbeidsplasser. FOTO: GUNNAR MORSUND / NRK of agricultural area in Nor- Oljekåte vestlendinger ligger ikke på latsiden når Nord-Norge blir oljelandsdel. Nå planlegges flere tusen boliger i Rogaland, som skal gå til 10% way is located in Rogaland ansatte i oljebransjen – i Nord-Norge.

Knut Eirik Olsen Source: NRK, 16 October 2012 Journalist

Kaja Staude Mikalsen * refer to Kevin Lynch theory; He suggests five basic of constructing a limited set of per- AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY formance dimensions for the spatial shape of cities, all of them related to city’s qualities Susanne Lysvold that include vitality, sense, fit, access, control.

Publisert 26.10.2012, kl. 06:00 Oppdatert 26.10.2012, kl. 08:54

Rogalendingenes planer blir ikke godt mottatt i Nord-Norge.

– I den grad noen kommer nordover med et sugerør, så kommer vi til å klippe hardt og brutalt over det sugerøret, sier ordfører Kjell Børge Freiberg (Frp) i

1 of 6 3/10/2014 2:56 PM Jernbaneverket Utredning Side:53 Utviklingsplan for Jærbanen Dok. id.: IUP-00-A-01920 Dato: 04.09.2009 Rev.: 00

Trafikkgrunnlag - marked Den enkleste indikasjonen på at det finnes trafikkgrunnlag her, er bilkøen fra Ålgård mot Sandnes hver morgen. Kortere reisetid og bedre punktlighet for tog enn for bil og buss, er kanskje det sterkeste argumentet for å ta toget på denne strekningen hver morgen.

Et annen indikasjon er beregnet biltrafikk fra Ålgård og nordover. Beregnet biltrafikkmengde ÅDT på E39 nord for Ålgård/Figgjo er svært lik biltrafikkmengden ÅDT på Rv 44 nord for Bryne og Klepp, både i tellinger og beregninger for 2005, og i forskjellige beregnede alternativer for 2020 i Statens Vegvesens ”Korridorutredning Rv 505 og tverrforbindelse til E39, Forprosjekt” (Rapportnr 1297, juli 2006). Vi har altså et reisebehov i samme størrelsesorden som i den vestre korridoren, hvor vi har jernbane med en interessant passasjermengde. Hvis vi etablerer et tilbud på Ålgårdbanen som tilsvarer tilbud fra Nærbø og nordover, er det ikke urimelig å forvente samme markedsandel på de to strekningene.

Vedlagte kart (figur 2 og 3) viser at Ålgård-Figgjo har en høy befolkningstetthet innenfor 1 km fra stasjonene, og at kommuneplanens områder for fremtidig utbygging også ligger innenfor denne avstanden.

Jernbaneverket Utredning Side:53 Utviklingsplan for Jærbanen Dok. id.: IUP-00-A-01920 Dato: 04.09.2009 Rev.: 00

Et annen indikasjon er beregnet biltrafikk fra Ålgård og nordover. Beregnet biltrafikkmengde ÅDT på E39 nord for Ålgård/Figgjo er svært lik biltrafikkmengden ÅDT på Rv 44 nord for Bryne Jernbaneverket Utredning Side:24 og Klepp, både i teUlltivngiklinegrspolang bfoerrJeægnrbaninegner for 2005, og i forDskokj.eilld.i:gIUeP-b00e-Are-0g1n920ede alternativer for 2020 i Statens Vegvesens ”Korridorutredning Rv 505 og tvDearrtof:o0r4b.0i9nd.2009else til E39, Forprosjekt” (Rapportnr 1297, juli 2006). Vi har altså et reisebehov i saRmmev.:e00størrelsesorden som i den vestre korridoren, hvor vi har jernbane med en interessant passasjermengde. Hvis vi etablerer et tilbud 4.5 ScenarpiåoÅ3lgårdbanen som tilsvarer tilbud fra Nærbø og nordover, er det ikke urimelig å forvente samme markedsandel på de to strekningene. WATER FACTS POPULATION Water quality in most lakes/watersheds in Rogaland is characterized by high A B C Vedlagte kart (figur 2 og 3) viCurrently,ser at Å populationlgård-Fi ing gjo har en høy befolkningstetthet innenfor 1 km fra nutrient loads (eutrophication) due ti runoff from adjacent agricultural activit- Stavanger S Togtype KleppStrek orn Timeing are more Frekvens Rutetid stasjonene, og at kommuneplathannen 17.000s om rpeopleåder andfor fremtidig utbygging også ligger innenfor denne Paradis Godstog Alnabru - Ganddal 10 per dag avstanden. keep increasing. One Innsjø Mariero Regiontog of Otheslo reason– Kris tisian thatsand - Stavanger X pr dag ORRE VASSDRAG 5 future development 4.5 Jåttåvågen Lokaltog Egersund - Stavanger 3 pr time 00:56 4 of new train’s route 3.5 3 Gausel (Jærbanen). It allows 2.5 Lokaltog Varhaug - Stavanger 3 pr time 00:36 FROYLANDSVANET 2 more people to com- 1.5 1 Sandnes Sentrum Lokaltog Ålgård - Stavanger 6 pr time 00:27 ORREVATNET 0.5 mute in/out, resulting 0 BRYNE Sandnes more demand of city’s amenities. . Høyere frekvens på lokaltogene. . Raskere regiontog og lokaltog til Egersund. Ganddal In the meantime, Total-fosfor Total-nitrogenKlorofyll-a Siktedyp Tilstands-vurdering population growth will Orrevassdraget Frøylandsåna M M D SD Moderat Vagle not disrupt preserved Timebekken - - SD SD Svært dårlig Roslandsåna - SD - - Svært dårlig agricultural land area. Orre utløp M D D SD Dårlig Known as an important Klepp substances contained in the watershed: agriculture land, Klepp and Time will remain o n d j

Bryne r Nitrogen: this substance is introduced from sewage and fertilizers. It is difficul or e as it is but with more g å k g r g expensive to retain on site this substance brought on to farm. Excess nitrogen can i inhabitant. Good inter- A l a F Å cause overstimulation of growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of Nærbø p play between people C C e

these organisms, in turn, can clog water intakes, use up dissolved oxygen as they de- g and nature is highly n 60 compose, and block light to deeper waters. It also very dangerous for drinking water o considered in order to B B contain nitrogen as nitrate, especially for young infants and young livestocks Varhaug K create better urban life surrounded by agricul- Phosphorus is a common constituent of agricultural fertilizers, manure, and organic Vigrestad S ture land. C 45 15 C d

wastes in sewage and industrial effluent. It is an essential element for plant life, but Brusand n a d

s 18500 when there is too much of it in water, it can speed up eutrophication (a reduction n u n 18000 r u a Ogna 17500 S A 30 A s in dissolved oxygen in water bodies caused by an increase of mineral and organic b t i

r 17000 o a s l e 16500 1120 Klepp i

nutrients) of rivers and lakes. Soil erosion is a major contributor of phosphorus to n

s 1121 Time r Sirevåg l 16000 C 15500 C K E g streams. O A 15000 B Hellvik 14500 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Chlorophyll a: pigment that allows plant to convert simple molecules into organic Lokaltogruter fra compounds via photosyntesis. too little chlorophyll a indicates that there may not be enough food for support an abundant biological community. In the other hand, Stavanger too much chlorophyll a indicates that nutrient levels in the lake may be artificially of population works within high. 77% the kommune Source: Vannområde Jæren - Årsrapport 2012, IRIS, NIVA, USGS Source: Jernbaneverket 2009, regjeringen.no, ssb.no

Scenario 3 er en tredobling av frekvensen fra Scenario 1. Dvs Sandnes - Stavanger hvert 5 min, Nærbø – StavaFngiguerrhv2eDrtag10enmis bne, fooglk Engingersund - Stavanger hvert 20 min. Med denne frekvensen er det ikke behov for rushtidstog.

Vi har indikert en mulighet for å forlenge pendel B helt til Vigrestad, dersom kjøretiden reduseres. FigurVigr2estadDer eagt ønsket vnensdepubnktefofr openldkel Bn, viungrdert ut fra passasjergrunnlaget. (PARTIAL) ORRE WATERSHED

RISK EVALUATION The map shows river quality and its area impacted. based on this map, the water source has bad qual- KLEPPE KLEPP ity. Area around the rivers and lakes are vurnerable due to this condition.

FRØYLANDSVATNET

ORREVATNET

Karakterisering Risikovurdering Ingen risiko Elvevannforekomster Mulig risiko Risiko Udefinert Ingen risiko Innsjøvannforekomster Mulig risiko ROSLANDSÅNA Risiko Udefinert Ingen risiko BRYNE Kystvannforekomster Mulig risiko Risiko Udefinert Risiko Grunnvannsforekomster Mulig risiko Ingen risiko Udefinert risiko

Kilometers § 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 © EEA Copenhagen 2011 (PARTIAL) ORRE WATERSHED

ECOLOGICAL CONDITION Some elements to measure this condition are; macro algae, deep water fauna, plankton, nutrients, oxygen, chlorophyll, sediments, temperat- KLEPPE KLEPP ure and salinity.

FRØYLANDSVATNET

ORREVATNET

Karakterisering Risikovurdering Ingen risiko Mulig risiko Risiko Udefinert Økologisk tilstand Ingen risiko Ingen risiko Mulig risiko Mulig risiko Risiko Elvevannforekomster ROSLANDSÅNA Risiko Udefinert Udefinert Ingen risiko Ingen risiko Mulig risiko Mulig risiko Risiko Innsjøvannforekomster Risiko Udefinert BRYNE Udefinert Risiko Ingen risiko Mulig risiko Mulig risiko Ingen risiko Kystvannforekomster Risiko Udefinert risiko Udefinert Kilometers Kilometers § 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 § 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 © EEA Copenhagen 2011 © EEA Copenhagen 2011 TO STAVANGER

(PARTIAL) ORRE WATERSHED

WATERCOURSE KLEPP This map shows the flow of water regarding to the natural topography. Accumulation of water drainage from the northern and southern part of KLEPPE KLEPP Roslandsåna influence its water qualitty FRØYLANDSVATNET KLEPPE FRØYLANDSVATNET

ORREVATNET

ORRETVATNET

ROSLANDSÅNA

BRYNE ROSLANDSÅNA

BRYNE

Kilometers § 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 TO EGERSUND TO STAVANGER

KLEPP

FRØYLANDSVATNET KLEPPE

ORRETVATNET

DETAIL AREA

ROSLANDSÅNA

BRYNE

TO EGERSUND DISTINCTIVE LANDSCAPES

Sandtangen recreational area

Bryne city center and pedestrian sreet

Roslandsåna agricutural lan CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AREAS

SANDTANGEN

M44 SHOPPING MALL PEDESTRIAN STREET TRAIN STATION

DISTINCTIVE LANDSCAPES

ROSLANDSÅNA Sandtangen recreational area

Bryne city center and pedestrian sreet

Roslandsåna agricutural lan

1 AGRICULTURE 2 CITY CENTER AND PEDESTRIAN STREET 3 RECREATIONAL AREA 1 PRIVATE PROPERTIES, NARROW 2 HUGE SHOPPING MALL, 3 POTENTIAL OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL AREA RIVER WITH HIGH TORRENT DRAIN VACANT BUILDINGS IN AND ON SITE WATER REMEDIATION OFF POLLUTED WATER FROM PEDESTRIAN STREET, UN- AGRICULTURE. INTEGRATED WATERFRONT WITH COMMERCIAL AREA, ADJACENCY TRANSIT NODES TO PEDESTRIAN STREET AND THE RIVER DETAIL AREA Road 44 INFRASTRUCTURE Fragmented bicycle path create uncomfortable journey for cyclist. Moreover, it may also create fragmented area becouse of the less develop that infrastructure.

500 m 1000 m

Road 506

LEGEND Europaveir Fylkeveier Road 44 Riksveier GangSykkelveg

Kilometers § 0 0.25 0.5 1 DETAIL AREA

TRAFFIC Bryne is a small town. The traffic is never been so heavy either in the town center nor in main road (44) along the agriculture area. Therefore it should be walkable and pedestrian friendly.

THE HIDDEN WATERFRONT AND EMPTY PEDESTRIAN STREET Despite adjacency to the waterfront, pedestrian street area doesn’t have a good accessibility towards waterfront area. there are some buildings block its view, and unactive facade along the waterfront makes it unattractive for peple. M44 Shop- However, a big shopping mal lay down in the corner of the ping Mall perdestrian street area. It anchored more people to come, so commercial area within the pedestrian street is became derelict. No wonder, many buildings are vacant.

Pedestrian street area

LEGEND >=55000 35000-55000 30000-35000 25000-30000 20000-25000 15000-20000 10000-15000 5000-10000 <=5000

Kilometers § 0 0.25 0.5 1 PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE | THE CONCEPT WATER PHYSICAL REVITALIZATION FILTERING RE-EMERGING COMMUNITY CLEANING MODIFYING/REGRADING the elements CITY CENTER AGRICULTURE

IDENTITY COMMODITY 2 1 C B A C D

C 3 4 PROPOSAL

THE WATER THE CITY 1 Phyto remediation A Integrating waterfront with pedestrian street 2 Regrading the topography B Defragment bicycle path to enhance accessibility 3 Slow down the current C Integrating 3 different zones (characteristic) by 4 Widening the river establishing green corridor. D. Enhance city’s permeability by performing small design intervention LITERATURE REFERENCES LITERATURE REVIEWS

1. CITY CENTER AND PEDESTRIAN STREET 2. CITY CENTER AND EXISTING NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Pedestrian precinct in city centers certainly improved usability of these areas. How- The needs of integrating river area into the city center: ever, it was soon observed that the character of these areas was too business or Source: River, space, design : planning strategies, methods and projects for urban rivers / Martin Prominski retail oriented. Discussion centered around the fact that it was insufficient for a city center simply to be commercially alive, and that the social and cultural livability was at stake as well. While the report confirmed positive consequences of down- Prerequisite for Planning Urban River Spaces town “pedestrianisation” schemes, it also very clearly spelled out side effects that, in fact, decreased livability with respect to some dimensions, particularly in the If the complex task of designing urban river spaces is to be undertake successfully, areas surrounding the pedestrian zones. in our view three fundamental prerequisites are required: a. The need to take into acount the multiple demands made on urban river spaces - Key aspect of Pedestrian Street as Urban Spaces: multifunctionality b. Constructuve collaboration between professionals responsible for the design - - Places for people interdisciplinary - Enrich the existing c. Observing the principles and in-dept knowledge of the various water processes - - Make connection process orientation - Work with the landscape - Mix uses and forms ------Manage the investment - Design for change a. Multifunctionality Based on book “Life between Building” by Jan Gehl, spaces within the pedestrian street is not merely pedestrian traffic or recreational or social activities. It com- It is particularly in towns that the hybrid character of river spaces manifests itself; prises the entire spectrum of activities, which combine to make communal spaces they are both artificial and natural at one and the same time. Urban rivers are spa- in cities and residential areas meaningful and attractive. tially confined, artificially controlled hydraulic infrastructures. They are also important recreational spaces for city dwellers. Furthermore, they are linear ecosystem that link cities and regions to their entire cathment areas - the water from upstream regions flows through downstream regions and thus creates a feeling of community and a dependent relationship between riverside inhabitants, as changes in the up- per reaches of a river always have consequences for the lower reaches.

the question to be posed about the current restoration and restructuring of river systems in towns and cities is: How can the multifarious functional demands on the design of urban water spaces be combined? how can these demands be reconciled with the natural internal dynamics within the water itself.

Integration between build up structure and the port able to create attractive place for people Nyhavn, Copenhagen. Source: getintravel.com In the past, changing the internal dynamicsof watercourses caused various prob- lems; the attitude that urban spaces close to water could only be used to their full potential when they were protected from flooding and not subject to the river dynamics led to strict limitations on the space within the direct sphere of influence of the water or even to building over the water. Together with the frequently very poor water quality in the past, the result was that water spaces vanished almost com- pletely from the awareness and daily life of city dwellers. At the same time, many aquatic plants and animals disappeared from the technically modified rivers; weirs and ground sills presented insuperable obstacles for many species and canalisa- tion with its hard construction methods for riverbeds and banks destroyed natural inhabitats. Type of processes b. Interdisciplinarity Rivers are highly complex system within which interconnected processes occur sim- The future design of water spaces presents a challenge that is not to be met by one ultaneously: physical, chemical and biological processes exert reciprocal influence. discipline alone. In th elight of this is makes sense to observe and reflect upon the 1. Temporary flow fluctuations mutual conditionality of hydraulic, ecological, urban planning and landscape archi- sub-process 1 : vertical water level fluctuation tectural desicions. sub-process 2 : lateral spread of the water c. Process orientation 2. Morphodynamic processes sub-process 1 : sedimentation shift within the river Urban river spaces are an excelent research subject for such process orientation sub-process 2 : self-dynamic river channel development. for in them natural processes, civil engineering systems and designed landscapes are superimposed, constantly informing and reshaping one another in response to shifting conditions such as climatic change. Process-oriented designing means thinking and planning in terms of options, follow-up measures and responses to spontaneous developments. For many local authority and planner, this ‘evolutionary’ way of designing is new; nevertheless, it is great importance for the future.

Rivers are dynamic. The entire scope of a river’s dynamic is hard to comprehend at first glance; nowadays it is ti a large extent deliberately restricted and thereby mostly forgotten. Even so, the forces from which it is derived are ever-present and always potent. Pocess spaces

In Process Space A, ‘Embankment Walls and Promenades’, the banks are very steep and there is hardly any flood area available. For this reason fluctuations in watercourse conditions are mainly vertical and morphodynamic processes are con- sequently excluded

In Process Space B, ‘Dikes and Flood Walls’, large vertical elements limit the flood area at some distance from the normal watercourse. Both horizontal and vertical fluctuations in the watercourse conditions take place, whereby the borders of this Process Space only permit very small-scale morphodynamic processes

Process Space C, ‘Flood Areas’. comprises spaces near the watercourse that are reg- ularly submerge under its horozontal expansion and in which spatial design has to work with these processes

In these three Process Spaces A-C no alterations to the water space itself is intended; water flow fluctuations alone bring about their constantly changing appeareance. In Process Spaces D and E, by contrast, morphodynamic processes dominate, such as the shifting or sediment or changes to the river’s course; the fluvial dynamics can be read not only in the changing water level but also in changes to the river itself.

In Process Space D, ‘Riverbeds and Currents’, when the river is not sealed in places, reversible aggradation and erosion processes can happen along the riverbed, with consequences for the form of the riverbed and also the banks.

Process Space E, ‘Dynamic River Landscapes’, is shaped by processes that are to be found in natural watercourse. By including the flood areas in the erosion and aggradation processes, the river can shift its entire course Design Strategies List of process spaces and design strategies

The design strategies illustrate ways of responding to river processes in the design of waterside spaces. They describe an approach or an attitude that the designer adopts towards the water, for instance, to tolerate it, go with it, divert it, or do many other things. Each design strategy combines several practical design tools or measures that have all been influenced by this attitude.

In Process Space A, for example, all the design primarily address vertical fluctuations in the watercourse. One design strategy is to shape elements in such a way that they can be submerged when the water level rises without suffering damage. They are capable of ‘toleranting’ the rising water. Another strategy is to design elements to ‘adapt’ to rising water levels, as houseboats or floating jetties do. The spectrum of various design strategies makes it clear how many different ways there are within each Process Space of dealing with the respective water dynamics through design. Analysing the case studies made it possible to identify between four and six discrete strategies for each Process Space

3. NATURE’S REMEDIATION

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants and their associated 2. Growing plants in water (aquaculture). Water from deeper aquifers can be microorganisms to stabilize or reduce contamination in soils, sludges, sedi- pumped out of the ground and circulated through a “reactor” of plants and ments, surface water, or ground water. First tested actively at waste sites in then used in an application where it is returned to the earth (e.g. irrigation). the early 1990s, phytoremediation has been tested at more than 200 sites nationwide. Because it is a natural process, phytoremediation can be an ef- 3. Growing trees on the land and constructing wells through which tree fective remediation method at a variety of sites and on numerous contam- roots can grow. This method can remediate deeper aquifers in-situ. The wells inants. However, sites with low concentrations of contaminants over large provide an artery for tree roots to grow toward the water and form a root sys- cleanup areas and at shallow depths present especially favorable conditions tem in the capillary fringe. This is illustrated in Figure 2 (M. Wagner, personal for phytoremediation. Plant species are selected for use based on factors communications, September, 1997). such as ability to extract or degrade the contaminants of concern, adapta- tion to local climates, high biomass, depth root structure, compatibility with Determining which plant to use soils, growth rate, ease of planting and maintenance, and ability to take up The majority of current research in the phytoremediation field revolves around large quantities of water through the roots. determining which plant works most efficiently in a given application. Not all plant species will metabolize, volatize, and / or accumulate pollutants in the same man- Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Kelly E. Belz. Phytoremedi- ner. The goal is to ascertain which plants are most effective at remediating a given ation. Soil and Groundwater Pollution. Civil Engineering Dept, Virginia Tech. pollutant. Plant Chemicals Clean-up numbers 0.016-0.019 mg of TNT Pondweed, Arrowroot, / L per day & 0.133 - Mechanism: TNT & RDX Coontail 0.291 mg RDX / L per Phytoremediataion uses one basic concept the plant takes the pollutant day Nitrates from From 150 mg/L to 3 mg through the roots. The pollutant can be stored in the plant (phytoextrac- Poplars tion), volatilized by the plant (phytovoatilization), metabolism by the plant fertilizers / L in under 3 years Mustard Greens & 45% of the excess was Lead (phytodegradation), or any combination of those. Pumpkin Vines removed Reduced the salt levels Halophytes Salts Techniques: in the soils by 65% 108 lb / acre per year Pennycress Zinc & Cadmium Phytoremediation is more than just planting and letting the foliage grow; & 1.7 lb / acre per year the site must be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize --- Hydrocarbons Lab: 91% of the pollutant uptake. There are 3 main planting techniques for phytoremedi- Poplar Trees Atrazine atrazine was taken up ation. in 10 days Lead(II), Lab: Concentration in Strontium(II), the plant was 2000 - Cadmium(II), Indian Mustard Seedlings 100 times the 1. Growing plants on the land, like crops. This technique is most useful Nickel(II), concentration in Cesium(I), when the contaminant is within the plant root zone, typically 3 - 6 feet solution Cromium (IV) Lab: From 1.8mM GTN (Ecological Engineering, 1997), or the tree root zone, typically 10-15 feet (T. Nitroglycerin Sugar Beet cell cultures to undetectable levels (GTN) Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997). in 20 hours Plant Chemicals Arabidopsis Mercury Bladder campion Zinc, Copper Brassica family (Indian Mustard & Selenium, Sulfur, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Zinc, Broccoli) Copper, Cesium, Strontium Buxaceae (boxwood) Nickel Compositae family Cesium, Strontium Euphorbiaceae Nickel Tomato plant Lead, Zinc, Copper Pesticides, Atrazine, Trichloroethylene (TCE), Carbon Trees in the Populus genus (Poplar, tetrachloride, Nitrogen compounds, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Cottonwood) (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX) Pennycress Zinc, Cadmium Sunflower Cesium, Strontium, Uranium genus Lemna (Duckweed) Explosives wastes Parrot feather Explosives wastes Pondweed, arrowroot, coontail TNT, RDX Polychlorinatedphenyls (PCP's), polyaromatichydrocarbons Perennial rye grass (PAH's)

Disadvantages:

1. Can take many growing seasons to clean up a site. 2. Plants have short roots. They can clean up soil or groundwater near the surface in-situ, typically 3 - 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work. 3. Trees have longer roots and can clean up slightly deeper contamination than plants, typically 10-15 feet (T. Crossman, personal communication, November 18, 1997), but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work 4. Trees roots grow in the capillary fringe, but do not extend deep in to the aquifer. This makes remediating DNAPL’s in situ with plants and trees not recommended. 5. Plants that absorb toxic materials may contaminant the food chain. 6. Volatization of compounds can transform a groundwater pollution problem to an air pollution problem. 7. Returning the water to the earth after aquaculture must be permitted. 8. Less efficient for hydrophobic contaminants, which bind tightly to soil.

Interplay between ecology, flood protection and amenity

An understanding of the internal dynamic processes of rivers serves as the starting point for all sustainable interdisciplinary projects with a view to contributing to the better integration of the many and various needs and challenges encountered in river restoration design. Three aspects dominate fulfilling this objective: more space for the water, more space for plants and animals, and more space for people. It is a matter of demonstrating the possibilities of an new synergy between what often appear to be incompatible demands. DESIGN INTERVENTION (PROPOSAL)

Sandtangen recreational area existing bicycle path new connection water remediation parcel A B C new type of development

A B C SANDTANGEN WATER REMEDIATION

A B C Expectations: - Filter the water - Slow down the current - Expand more productive area for people

‘Sykepleier’ building

phytoremediation new bicycle track Section marshland

0 5 15 m New bicycle track accross the marshland connect nature and the built-up structure. Bryne city center and pedestrian street existing path

NODES plaza/open space shopping centers/train station/ cultural purpose

DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES vacant buildings 2 existing parking area A B C new type of development

1 C B

A PEDESTRIAN STREET PROMENADE

A B C Expectations

- Integrate existing pedestrian street and the river - Re-open the promenade - Enhance permeability towards river - Treat the water subtly - Unite the “hybrid” city center

hotel

commercial building

pedestrian street new promenade main road SECTION 1

5 15 m CITY CENTER’S BUILDING TYPOLOGY There are a lot of building types in the city center. From (either) derelict or preserved old building, post modern building apartment, big building mass of shopping center, and ambitious tall tower. This small city happen to be impulsive in developing the city, yet disregard of the genius loci. The strategy of re-developing this city is by optimizing the existing elements of the city, rather than create new things apart from the previous concept of this small city/community. New riverbank steps offer more public spaces along the river. It also ables to bring the vibrancy that is missed in this part of the city center bryne church

bryne senteret

SECTION 2 new urban plaza floating jetty 5 15 m Floating jetty and living revetment surround it able to filter the water as well as slow down the current. This design intervention enhance accessibility for people to experience the river space. New family playground transform less valuable parking area into higher quality of public space along the river. This open area allows urban permeability from pedestrian street towards the river.

Credit: playground equipment by Monstrum.no Roslandsåna agricultural land riverside physical treatment

phytoremediation in meander area

A B C new type of development

A B C

Roslandsåna agricultural land Roslandsåna

A B C Expectations: - Dynamic waterflow; avoid sediment - Slow down the current

Section phytoremediation 0 2 4 6 m plantation The Productive Landscape Green corridor